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Alonso-Matilla R, Provenzano PP, Odde DJ. Biophysical modeling identifies an optimal hybrid amoeboid-mesenchymal phenotype for maximal T cell migration speeds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.29.564655. [PMID: 39026744 PMCID: PMC11257493 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.29.564655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent experimental progress in characterizing cell migration mechanics, our understanding of the mechanisms governing rapid cell movement remains limited. To effectively limit tumor growth, antitumoral T cells need to rapidly migrate to find and kill cancer cells. To investigate the upper limits of cell speed, we developed a new hybrid stochastic-mean field model of bleb-based cell motility. We first examined the potential for adhesion-free bleb-based migration and show that cells migrate inefficiently in the absence of adhesion-based forces, i.e., cell swimming. While no cortical contractility oscillations are needed for cells to swim in viscoelastic media, high-to-low cortical contractility oscillations are necessary for cell swimming in viscous media. This involves a high cortical contractility phase with multiple bleb nucleation events, followed by an intracellular pressure buildup recovery phase at low cortical tensions, resulting in modest net cell motion. However, our model suggests that cells can employ a hybrid bleb- and adhesion-based migration mechanism for rapid cell motility and identifies conditions for optimality. The model provides a momentum-conserving mechanism underlying rapid single-cell migration and identifies factors as design criteria for engineering T cell therapies to improve movement in mechanically complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alonso-Matilla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paolo P. Provenzano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, USA
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - David J. Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota Center for Multiparametric Imaging of Tumor Immune Microenvironments, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, USA
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2
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Safarians G, Sohrabi A, Solomon I, Xiao W, Bastola S, Rajput BW, Epperson M, Rosenzweig I, Tamura K, Singer B, Huang J, Harrison MJ, Sanazzaro T, Condro MC, Kornblum HI, Seidlits SK. Glioblastoma Spheroid Invasion through Soft, Brain-Like Matrices Depends on Hyaluronic Acid-CD44 Interactions. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203143. [PMID: 36694362 PMCID: PMC10238626 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid (HA), a glycosaminoglycan abundant in the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), correlates with worse clinical outcomes for glioblastoma (GBM) patients. GBM cells aggressively invade the brain parenchyma while encountering spatiotemporal changes in their local ECM, including HA concentration. To investigate how varying HA concentrations affect GBM invasion, patient-derived GBM cells are cultured within a soft, 3D matrix in which HA concentration is precisely varied and cell migration observed. Data demonstrate that HA concentration can determine the invasive activity of patient-derived GBM cells in a biphasic and highly sensitive manner, where the absolute concentration of HA at which cell migration peaked is specific to each patient-derived line. Furthermore, evidence that this response relies on phosphorylated ezrin, which interacts with the intracellular domain of HA-engaged CD44 to effectively link the actin cytoskeleton to the local ECM is provided. Overall, this study highlights CD44-HA binding as a major mediator of GBM cell migration that acts independently of integrins and focal adhesion complexes and suggests that targeting HA-CD44-ezrin interactions represents a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor cell invasion in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevick Safarians
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alireza Sohrabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Itay Solomon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Weikun Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soniya Bastola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Bushra W Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Epperson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Isabella Rosenzweig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kelly Tamura
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Breahna Singer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joyce Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mollie J Harrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Talia Sanazzaro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Michael C Condro
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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3
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Merino-Casallo F, Gomez-Benito MJ, Martinez-Cantin R, Garcia-Aznar JM. A mechanistic protrusive-based model for 3D cell migration. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151255. [PMID: 35843121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a variety of biological processes, such as embryogenesis, wound healing, and the immune response. After more than a century of research-mainly on flat surfaces-, there are still many unknowns about cell motility. In particular, regarding how cells migrate within 3D matrices, which more accurately replicate in vivo conditions. We present a novel in silico model of 3D mesenchymal cell migration regulated by the chemical and mechanical profile of the surrounding environment. This in silico model considers cell's adhesive and nuclear phenotypes, the effects of the steric hindrance of the matrix, and cells ability to degradate the ECM. These factors are crucial when investigating the increasing difficulty that migrating cells find to squeeze their nuclei through dense matrices, which may act as physical barriers. Our results agree with previous in vitro observations where fibroblasts cultured in collagen-based hydrogels did not durotax toward regions with higher collagen concentrations. Instead, they exhibited an adurotactic behavior, following a more random trajectory. Overall, cell's migratory response in 3D domains depends on its phenotype, and the properties of the surrounding environment, that is, 3D cell motion is strongly dependent on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Merino-Casallo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Ruben Martinez-Cantin
- Robotics, Perception and Real Time Group (RoPeRT), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Department of Computer Science and System Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
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4
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Actin Turnover Required for Adhesion-Independent Bleb Migration. FLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids7050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for many vital processes, such as wound healing, as well as harmful processes, such as cancer metastasis. Experiments have highlighted the diversity in migration strategies employed by cells in physiologically relevant environments. In 3D fibrous matrices and confinement between two surfaces, some cells migrate using round membrane protrusions, called blebs. In bleb-based migration, the role of substrate adhesion is thought to be minimal, and it remains unclear if a cell can migrate without any adhesion complexes. We present a 2D computational fluid-structure model of a cell using cycles of bleb expansion and retraction in a channel with several geometries. The cell model consists of a plasma membrane, an underlying actin cortex, and viscous cytoplasm. Cellular structures are immersed in viscous fluid which permeates them, and the fluid equations are solved using the method of regularized Stokeslets. Simulations show that the cell cannot effectively migrate when the actin cortex is modeled as a purely elastic material. We find that cells do migrate in rigid channels if actin turnover is included with a viscoelastic description for the cortex. Our study highlights the non-trivial relationship between cell rheology and its external environment during migration with cytoplasmic streaming.
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Vernerey FJ, Lalitha Sridhar S, Muralidharan A, Bryant SJ. Mechanics of 3D Cell-Hydrogel Interactions: Experiments, Models, and Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11085-11148. [PMID: 34473466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are highly water-swollen molecular networks that are ideal platforms to create tissue mimetics owing to their vast and tunable properties. As such, hydrogels are promising cell-delivery vehicles for applications in tissue engineering and have also emerged as an important base for ex vivo models to study healthy and pathophysiological events in a carefully controlled three-dimensional environment. Cells are readily encapsulated in hydrogels resulting in a plethora of biochemical and mechanical communication mechanisms, which recapitulates the natural cell and extracellular matrix interaction in tissues. These interactions are complex, with multiple events that are invariably coupled and spanning multiple length and time scales. To study and identify the underlying mechanisms involved, an integrated experimental and computational approach is ideally needed. This review discusses the state of our knowledge on cell-hydrogel interactions, with a focus on mechanics and transport, and in this context, highlights recent advancements in experiments, mathematical and computational modeling. The review begins with a background on the thermodynamics and physics fundamentals that govern hydrogel mechanics and transport. The review focuses on two main classes of hydrogels, described as semiflexible polymer networks that represent physically cross-linked fibrous hydrogels and flexible polymer networks representing the chemically cross-linked synthetic and natural hydrogels. In this review, we highlight five main cell-hydrogel interactions that involve key cellular functions related to communication, mechanosensing, migration, growth, and tissue deposition and elaboration. For each of these cellular functions, recent experiments and the most up to date modeling strategies are discussed and then followed by a summary of how to tune hydrogel properties to achieve a desired functional cellular outcome. We conclude with a summary linking these advancements and make the case for the need to integrate experiments and modeling to advance our fundamental understanding of cell-matrix interactions that will ultimately help identify new therapeutic approaches and enable successful tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J Vernerey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Shankar Lalitha Sridhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309-613, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
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6
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Mathematical modelling in cell migration: tackling biochemistry in changing geometries. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:419-428. [PMID: 32239187 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Directed cell migration poses a rich set of theoretical challenges. Broadly, these are concerned with (1) how cells sense external signal gradients and adapt; (2) how actin polymerisation is localised to drive the leading cell edge and Myosin-II molecular motors retract the cell rear; and (3) how the combined action of cellular forces and cell adhesion results in cell shape changes and net migration. Reaction-diffusion models for biological pattern formation going back to Turing have long been used to explain generic principles of gradient sensing and cell polarisation in simple, static geometries like a circle. In this minireview, we focus on recent research which aims at coupling the biochemistry with cellular mechanics and modelling cell shape changes. In particular, we want to contrast two principal modelling approaches: (1) interface tracking where the cell membrane, interfacing cell interior and exterior, is explicitly represented by a set of moving points in 2D or 3D space and (2) interface capturing. In interface capturing, the membrane is implicitly modelled analogously to a level line in a hilly landscape whose topology changes according to forces acting on the membrane. With the increased availability of high-quality 3D microscopy data of complex cell shapes, such methods will become increasingly important in data-driven, image-based modelling to better understand the mechanochemistry underpinning cell motion.
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7
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Shatkin G, Yeoman B, Birmingham K, Katira P, Engler AJ. Computational models of migration modes improve our understanding of metastasis. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041505. [PMID: 33195959 PMCID: PMC7647620 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells migrate through changing microenvironments of diseased and healthy tissue, making their migration particularly challenging to describe. To better understand this process, computational models have been developed for both the ameboid and mesenchymal modes of cell migration. Here, we review various approaches that have been used to account for the physical environment's effect on cell migration in computational models, with a focus on their application to understanding cancer metastasis and the related phenomenon of durotaxis. We then discuss how mesenchymal migration models typically simulate complex cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, while ameboid migration models use a cell-focused approach that largely ignores ECM when not acting as a physical barrier. This approach greatly simplifies or ignores the mechanosensing ability of ameboid migrating cells and should be reevaluated in future models. We conclude by describing future model elements that have not been included to date but would enhance model accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Shatkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Katherine Birmingham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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8
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Dong S, Liu Z, Liu Y, Tang L, Cheng T, Zhou X. Evaluation of Cell's Passability in the ECM Network. Biophys J 2020; 119:1056-1064. [PMID: 32891186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microstructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in affecting cell migration, especially nonproteolytic migration. It is difficult, however, to measure some properties of the ECM, such as stiffness and the passability for cell migration. On the basis of a network model of collagen fiber in the ECM, which has been well applied to simulate mechanical behaviors such as the stress-strain relationship, damage, and failure, we proposed a series of methods to study the microstructural properties containing pore size and pore stiffness and to search for the possible migration paths for cells. Finally, with a given criterion, we quantitatively evaluated the passability of the ECM network for cell migration. The fiber network model with a microstructure and the analysis method presented in this study further our understanding of and ability to evaluate the properties of an ECM network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrou Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Modern Control Technology, Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zetao Huang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shoubin Dong
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zejia Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yiping Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Taobo Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Modern Control Technology, Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Modern Control Technology, Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Aoun L, Farutin A, Garcia-Seyda N, Nègre P, Rizvi MS, Tlili S, Song S, Luo X, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Galland R, Sibarita JB, Michelot A, Hivroz C, Rafai S, Valignat MP, Misbah C, Theodoly O. Amoeboid Swimming Is Propelled by Molecular Paddling in Lymphocytes. Biophys J 2020; 119:1157-1177. [PMID: 32882187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells developed two main migration modes. The slow mesenchymatous mode, like crawling of fibroblasts, relies on maturation of adhesion complexes and actin fiber traction, whereas the fast amoeboid mode, observed exclusively for leukocytes and cancer cells, is characterized by weak adhesion, highly dynamic cell shapes, and ubiquitous motility on two-dimensional and in three-dimensional solid matrix. In both cases, interactions with the substrate by adhesion or friction are widely accepted as a prerequisite for mammalian cell motility, which precludes swimming. We show here experimental and computational evidence that leukocytes do swim, and that efficient propulsion is not fueled by waves of cell deformation but by a rearward and inhomogeneous treadmilling of the cell external membrane. Our model consists of a molecular paddling by transmembrane proteins linked to and advected by the actin cortex, whereas freely diffusing transmembrane proteins hinder swimming. Furthermore, continuous paddling is enabled by a combination of external treadmilling and selective recycling by internal vesicular transport of cortex-bound transmembrane proteins. This mechanism explains observations that swimming is five times slower than the retrograde flow of cortex and also that lymphocytes are motile in nonadherent confined environments. Resultantly, the ubiquitous ability of mammalian amoeboid cells to migrate in two dimensions or three dimensions and with or without adhesion can be explained for lymphocytes by a single machinery of heterogeneous membrane treadmilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Paulin Nègre
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sham Tlili
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Solene Song
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Luo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Galland
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sibarita
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Paris, France
| | - Salima Rafai
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Chaouqi Misbah
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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10
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Campbell EJ, Bagchi P. A computational study of amoeboid motility in 3D: the role of extracellular matrix geometry, cell deformability, and cell-matrix adhesion. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:167-191. [PMID: 32772275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amoeboid cells often migrate using pseudopods, which are membrane protrusions that grow, bifurcate, and retract dynamically, resulting in a net cell displacement. Many cells within the human body, such as immune cells, epithelial cells, and even metastatic cancer cells, can migrate using the amoeboid phenotype. Amoeboid motility is a complex and multiscale process, where cell deformation, biochemistry, and cytosolic and extracellular fluid motions are coupled. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a confined, complex, and heterogeneous environment for the cells to navigate through. Amoeboid cells can migrate without significantly remodeling the ECM using weak or no adhesion, instead utilizing their deformability and the microstructure of the ECM to gain enough traction. While a large volume of work exists on cell motility on 2D substrates, amoeboid motility is 3D in nature. Despite recent progress in modeling cellular motility in 3D, there is a lack of systematic evaluations of the role of ECM microstructure, cell deformability, and adhesion on 3D motility. To fill this knowledge gap, here we present a multiscale, multiphysics modeling study of amoeboid motility through 3D-idealized ECM. The model is a coupled fluid‒structure and coarse-grain biochemistry interaction model that accounts for large deformation of cells, pseudopod dynamics, cytoplasmic and extracellular fluid motion, stochastic dynamics of cell-ECM adhesion, and microstructural (pore-scale) geometric details of the ECM. The key finding of the study is that cell deformation and matrix porosity strongly influence amoeboid motility, while weak adhesion and microscale structural details of the ECM have secondary but subtle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Campbell
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Prosenjit Bagchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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11
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Martin P, Wood W, Franz A. Cell migration by swimming: Drosophila adipocytes as a new in vivo model of adhesion-independent motility. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:160-166. [PMID: 31812445 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several cell lineages migrate through the developing and adult tissues of our bodies utilising a variety of modes of motility to suit the different substrates and environments they encounter en route to their destinations. Here we describe a novel adhesion-independent mode of single cell locomotion utilised by Drosophila fat body cells - the equivalent of vertebrate adipocytes. Like their human counterpart, these large cells were previously presumed to be immotile. However, in the Drosophila pupa fat body cells appear to be motile and migrate in a directed way towards wounds by peristaltic swimming through the hemolymph. The propulsive force is generated from a wave of cortical actomyosin that travels rearwards along the length of the cell. We discuss how this swimming mode of motility overcomes the physical constraints of microscopic objects moving in fluids, how fat body cells switch on other "motility machinery" to plug the wound on arrival, and whether other cell lineages in Drosophila and other organisms may, under certain circumstances, also adopt swimming as an effective mode of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Anna Franz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Cell migration is essential for physiological processes as diverse as development, immune defence and wound healing. It is also a hallmark of cancer malignancy. Thousands of publications have elucidated detailed molecular and biophysical mechanisms of cultured cells migrating on flat, 2D substrates of glass and plastic. However, much less is known about how cells successfully navigate the complex 3D environments of living tissues. In these more complex, native environments, cells use multiple modes of migration, including mesenchymal, amoeboid, lobopodial and collective, and these are governed by the local extracellular microenvironment, specific modalities of Rho GTPase signalling and non-muscle myosin contractility. Migration through 3D environments is challenging because it requires the cell to squeeze through complex or dense extracellular structures. Doing so requires specific cellular adaptations to mechanical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or its remodelling. In addition, besides navigating through diverse ECM environments and overcoming extracellular barriers, cells often interact with neighbouring cells and tissues through physical and signalling interactions. Accordingly, cells need to call on an impressively wide diversity of mechanisms to meet these challenges. This Review examines how cells use both classical and novel mechanisms of locomotion as they traverse challenging 3D matrices and cellular environments. It focuses on principles rather than details of migratory mechanisms and draws comparisons between 1D, 2D and 3D migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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13
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Supracellular migration - beyond collective cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/8/jcs226142. [PMID: 30988138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly complex process in which groups of cells move together. A fundamental question is how cell ensembles can migrate efficiently. In some cases, the group is no more than a collection of individual cells. In others, the group behaves as a supracellular unit, whereby the cell group could be considered as a giant 'supracell', the concept of which was conceived over a century ago. The development of recent tools has provided considerable evidence that cell collectives are highly cooperative, and their migration can better be understood at the tissue level, rather than at the cell level. In this Review, we will define supracellular migration as a type of collective cell migration that operates at a scale higher than the individual cells. We will discuss key concepts of supracellular migration, review recent evidence of collectives exhibiting supracellular features and argue that many seemingly complex collective movements could be better explained by considering the participating cells as supracellular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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14
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Fang C, Hui TH, Wei X, Yan Z, Qian J, Lin Y. Interaction and fusion dynamics between cellular blebs. J Biomech 2018; 81:113-121. [PMID: 30366658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane blebbing, as a mechanism for cells to regulate their internal pressure and membrane tension, is believed to play important roles in processes such as cell migration, spreading and apoptosis. However, the fundamental question of how different blebs interact with each other during their life cycles remains largely unclear. Here, we report a combined theoretical and experimental investigation to examine how the growth and retraction of a cellular bleb are influenced by neighboring blebs as well as the fusion dynamics between them. Specifically, a boundary integral model was developed to describe the shape evolution of cell membrane during the blebbing/retracting process. We showed that a drop in the intracellular pressure will be induced by the formation of a bleb whose retraction then restores the pressure level. Consequently, the volume that a second bleb can reach was predicted to heavily depend on its initial weakened size and the time lag with respect to the first bleb, all in quantitative agreement with our experimental observations. In addition, it was found that as the strength of membrane-cortex adhesion increases, the possible coalescence of two neighboring blebs changes from smooth fusion to abrupt coalescence and eventually to no fusion at all. Phase diagrams summarizing the dependence of such transition on key physical factors, such as the intracellular pressure and bleb separation, were also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Hin Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zishen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Campbell EJ, Bagchi P. A computational model of amoeboid cell motility in the presence of obstacles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5741-5763. [PMID: 29873659 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion of amoeboid cells is mediated by finger-like protrusions of the cell body, known as pseudopods, which grow, bifurcate, and retract in a dynamic fashion. Pseudopods are the primary mode of locomotion for many cells within the human body, such as leukocytes, embryonic cells, and metastatic cancer cells. Amoeboid motility is a complex and multiscale process, which involves bio-molecular reactions, cell deformation, and cytoplasmic and extracellular fluid motion. Additionally, cells within the human body are subject to a confined 3D environment known as the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), which resembles a fluid-filled porous medium. In this article, we present a 3D, multiphysics computational approach coupling fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, and a pattern formation model to simulate locomotion of amoeboid cells through a porous matrix composed of a viscous fluid and an array of finite-sized spherical obstacles. The model combines reaction-diffusion of activator/inhibitors, extreme deformation of the cell, pseudopod dynamics, cytoplasmic and extracellular fluid motion, and fully resolved extracellular matrix. A surface finite-element method is used to obtain the cell deformation and activator/inhibitor concentrations, while the fluid motion is solved using a combined finite-volume and spectral method. The immersed-boundary methods are used to couple the cell deformation, obstacles, and fluid. The model is able to recreate squeezing and weaving motion of cells through the matrix. We study the influence of matrix porosity, obstacle size, and cell deformability on the motility behavior. It is found that below certain values of these parameters, cell motion is completely inhibited. Phase diagrams are presented depicting such motility limits. Interesting dynamics seen in the presence of obstacles but absent in unconfined medium, such as freezing or cell arrest, probing, doubling-back, and tug-of-war are predicted. Furthermore, persistent unidirectional motion of cells that is often observed in an unconfined medium is shown to be lost in presence of obstacles, and is attributed to an alteration of the pseudopod dynamics. The same mechanism, however, allows the cell to find a new direction to penetrate further into the matrix without being stuck in one place. The results and analysis presented here show a strong coupling between cell deformability and ECM properties, and provide new fluid mechanical insights on amoeboid motility in confined medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Campbell
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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16
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Um E, Oh JM, Granick S, Cho YK. Cell migration in microengineered tumor environments. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4171-4185. [PMID: 28971203 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microengineered cell migration platforms are discussed critically with a focus on how cell migration is influenced by engineered tumor microenvironments, the medical relevance being to understand how tumor microenvironments may promote or suppress the progression of cancer. We first introduce key findings in cancer cell migration under the influence of the physical environment, which is systematically controlled by microengineering technology, followed by multi-cues of physico-chemical factors, which represent the complexity of the tumor environment. Recognizing that cancer cells constantly communicate not only with each other but also with tumor-associated cells such as vascular, fibroblast, and immune cells, and also with non-cellular components, it follows that cell motility in tumor microenvironments, especially metastasis via the invasion of cancer cells into the extracellular matrix and other tissues, is closely related to the malignancy of cancer-related mortality. Medical relevance of forefront research realized in microfabricated devices, such as single cell sorting based on the analysis of cell migration behavior, may assist personalized theragnostics based on the cell migration phenotype. Furthermore, we urge development of theory and numerical understanding of single or collective cell migration in microengineered platforms to gain new insights in cancer metastasis and in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eujin Um
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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17
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Fang C, Hui TH, Wei X, Shao X, Lin Y. A combined experimental and theoretical investigation on cellular blebbing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16666. [PMID: 29192221 PMCID: PMC5709380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence has demonstrated the important role of membrane blebbing in various cellular processes, the fundamental question of how the initiation/evolution of blebs are influenced by physical factors like membrane-cortex interactions and intracellular pressure remains unclear. Here, we report a combined modeling and experimental study to address this outstanding issue. Specifically, boundary integral method was used to track the motion of membrane (in 3D) during blebbing while possible rupture of the bilayer-cortex adhesion has also been taken into account. We showed that, for a given differential pressure across the cell membrane, the size of the weakened cortex must be over a critical value for blebbing to occur and the steady-state volume of a bleb is proportional to its initial growth rate, all in good agreement with recent experiments. The predicted shape evolution of blebs also matches well with our observations. Finally, a blebbing map, summarizing the essential physics involved, was obtained which exhibits three distinct regimes: no bleb formation corresponding to a low intracellular pressure or a small weakened cortex region; bleb formed with a fixed width when the disrupted cortex zone is very large; and a growing bleb resulted from progressive membrane-cortex detachment under intermediate weakened cortex size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - T H Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - X Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Boquet-Pujadas A, Lecomte T, Manich M, Thibeaux R, Labruyère E, Guillén N, Olivo-Marin JC, Dufour AC. BioFlow: a non-invasive, image-based method to measure speed, pressure and forces inside living cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9178. [PMID: 28835648 PMCID: PMC5569094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is governed by a complex molecular machinery that converts physico-chemical cues into whole-cell movement. Understanding the underlying biophysical mechanisms requires the ability to measure physical quantities inside the cell in a simple, reproducible and preferably non-invasive manner. To this end, we developed BioFlow, a computational mechano-imaging method and associated software able to extract intracellular measurements including pressure, forces and velocity everywhere inside freely moving cells in two and three dimensions with high spatial resolution in a non-invasive manner. This is achieved by extracting the motion of intracellular material observed using fluorescence microscopy, while simultaneously inferring the parameters of a given theoretical model of the cell interior. We illustrate the power of BioFlow in the context of amoeboid cell migration, by modelling the intracellular actin bulk flow of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica using fluid dynamics, and report unique experimental measures that complement and extend both theoretical estimations and invasive experimental measures. Thanks to its flexibility, BioFlow is easily adaptable to other theoretical models of the cell, and alleviates the need for complex or invasive experimental conditions, thus constituting a powerful tool-kit for mechano-biology studies. BioFlow is open-source and freely available via the Icy software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Lecomte
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Maria Manich
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Roman Thibeaux
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U786, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Leptospirosis Research Unit, New Caledonia
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U786, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre C Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France.
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19
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Lee W, Lim S, Kim Y. The role of myosin II in glioma invasion: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171312. [PMID: 28166231 PMCID: PMC5293275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are malignant tumors that are commonly observed in primary brain cancer. Glioma cells migrate through a dense network of normal cells in microenvironment and spread long distances within brain. In this paper we present a two-dimensional multiscale model in which a glioma cell is surrounded by normal cells and its migration is controlled by cell-mechanical components in the microenvironment via the regulation of myosin II in response to chemoattractants. Our simulation results show that the myosin II plays a key role in the deformation of the cell nucleus as the glioma cell passes through the narrow intercellular space smaller than its nuclear diameter. We also demonstrate that the coordination of biochemical and mechanical components within the cell enables a glioma cell to take the mode of amoeboid migration. This study sheds lights on the understanding of glioma infiltration through the narrow intercellular spaces and may provide a potential approach for the development of anti-invasion strategies via the injection of chemoattractants for localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanho Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States of America
| | - Yangjin Kim
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Strychalski W, Guy RD. Intracellular Pressure Dynamics in Blebbing Cells. Biophys J 2016; 110:1168-79. [PMID: 26958893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebs are pressure-driven protrusions that play an important role in cell migration, particularly in three-dimensional environments. A bleb is initiated when the cytoskeleton detaches from the cell membrane, resulting in the pressure-driven flow of cytosol toward the area of detachment and local expansion of the cell membrane. Recent experiments involving blebbing cells have led to conflicting hypotheses regarding the timescale of intracellular pressure propagation. The interpretation of one set of experiments supports a poroelastic model of the cytoplasm that leads to slow pressure equilibration when compared to the timescale of bleb expansion. A different study concludes that pressure equilibrates faster than the timescale of bleb expansion. To address this discrepancy, a dynamic computational model of the cell was developed that includes mechanics of and the interactions among the cytoplasm, the actin cortex, the cell membrane, and the cytoskeleton. The model results quantify the relationship among cytoplasmic rheology, pressure, and bleb expansion dynamics, and provide a more detailed picture of intracellular pressure dynamics. This study shows the elastic response of the cytoplasm relieves pressure and limits bleb size, and that both permeability and elasticity of the cytoplasm determine bleb expansion time. Our model with a poroelastic cytoplasm shows that pressure disturbances from bleb initiation propagate faster than the timescale of bleb expansion and that pressure equilibrates slower than the timescale of bleb expansion. The multiple timescales in intracellular pressure dynamics explain the apparent discrepancy in the interpretation of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Robert D Guy
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
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21
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Abstract
Cell migration is central to a multitude of physiological processes, including embryonic development, immune surveillance, and wound healing, and deregulated migration is key to cancer dissemination. Decades of investigations have uncovered many of the molecular and physical mechanisms underlying cell migration. Together with protrusion extension and cell body retraction, adhesion to the substrate via specific focal adhesion points has long been considered an essential step in cell migration. Although this is true for cells moving on two-dimensional substrates, recent studies have demonstrated that focal adhesions are not required for cells moving in three dimensions, in which confinement is sufficient to maintain a cell in contact with its substrate. Here, we review the investigations that have led to challenging the requirement of specific adhesions for migration, discuss the physical mechanisms proposed for cell body translocation during focal adhesion-independent migration, and highlight the remaining open questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT; .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT
| | - Irene M Aspalter
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT; .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 6BT
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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22
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Guan BX, Bhanu B, Talbot P, Weng NJH. Extraction of Blebs in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Videos. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:678-688. [PMID: 26394438 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2480091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Blebbing is an important biological indicator in determining the health of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially, areas of a bleb sequence in a video are often used to distinguish two cell blebbing behaviors in hESC: dynamic and apoptotic blebbings. This paper analyzes various segmentation methods for bleb extraction in hESC videos and introduces a bio-inspired score function to improve the performance in bleb extraction. Full bleb formation consists of bleb expansion and retraction. Blebs change their size and image properties dynamically in both processes and between frames. Therefore, adaptive parameters are needed for each segmentation method. A score function derived from the change of bleb area and orientation between consecutive frames is proposed which provides adaptive parameters for bleb extraction in videos. In comparison to manual analysis, the proposed method provides an automated fast and accurate approach for bleb sequence extraction.
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23
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Lehtimäki J, Hakala M, Lappalainen P. Actin Filament Structures in Migrating Cells. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 235:123-152. [PMID: 27469496 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is necessary for several developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Furthermore, many physiological processes such as wound healing and immunological events in adult animals are dependent on cell migration. Consequently, defects in cell migration are linked to various diseases including immunological disorders as well as cancer progression and metastasis formation. Cell migration is driven by specific protrusive and contractile actin filament structures, but the types and relative contributions of these actin filament arrays vary depending on the cell type and the environment of the cell. In this chapter, we introduce the most important actin filament structures that contribute to mesenchymal and amoeboid cell migration modes and discuss the mechanisms by which the assembly and turnover of these structures are controlled by various actin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Lehtimäki
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Hakala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Dufour AC, Olivo-Marin JC, Guillen N. Amoeboid movement in protozoan pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:128-34. [PMID: 26459974 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, is a protozoan parasite characterised by its amoeboid motility, which is essential to its survival and invasion of the human host. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms leading to invasion of human tissues by E. histolytica requires a quantitative understanding of how its cytoskeleton deforms and tailors its mode of migration to the local microenvironment. Here we review the wide range of methods available to extract biophysical information from amoeboid cells, from interventional techniques to computational modelling approaches, and discuss how recent developments in bioimaging and bioimage informatics can complement our understanding of cellular morphodynamics at the intracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3691 "Pathological and Physiological Cell Dynamics", Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3691 "Pathological and Physiological Cell Dynamics", Paris, France.
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Cell Biology of Parasitism Unit, Department of Cell Biology & Infection, Paris, France; INSERM U786, Paris, France.
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25
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Koch B, Meyer AK, Helbig L, Harazim SM, Storch A, Sanchez S, Schmidt OG. Dimensionality of Rolled-up Nanomembranes Controls Neural Stem Cell Migration Mechanism. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5530-8. [PMID: 26161791 PMCID: PMC4538455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We employ glass microtube structures fabricated by rolled-up nanotechnology to infer the influence of scaffold dimensionality and cell confinement on neural stem cell (NSC) migration. Thereby, we observe a pronounced morphology change that marks a reversible mesenchymal to amoeboid migration mode transition. Space restrictions preset by the diameter of nanomembrane topography modify the cell shape toward characteristics found in living tissue. We demonstrate the importance of substrate dimensionality for the migration mode of NSCs and thereby define rolled-up nanomembranes as the ultimate tool for single-cell migration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Koch
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Anne K. Meyer
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Division
of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Helbig
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Harazim
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division
of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Center for
Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material
Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische
Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center
for
Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische
Universität Dresden, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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26
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Taloni A, Kardash E, Salman OU, Truskinovsky L, Zapperi S, La Porta CAM. Volume Changes During Active Shape Fluctuations in Cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:208101. [PMID: 26047252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.208101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells modify their volume in response to changes in osmotic pressure but it is usually assumed that other active shape variations do not involve significant volume fluctuations. Here we report experiments demonstrating that water transport in and out of the cell is needed for the formation of blebs, commonly observed protrusions in the plasma membrane driven by cortex contraction. We develop and simulate a model of fluid-mediated membrane-cortex deformations and show that a permeable membrane is necessary for bleb formation which is otherwise impaired. Taken together, our experimental and theoretical results emphasize the subtle balance between hydrodynamics and elasticity in actively driven cell morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Taloni
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems and Department of Physics, University of Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Kardash
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sciences II, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Oguz Umut Salman
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
- CNRS, LSPM UPR3407, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cit, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Lev Truskinovsky
- LMS, CNRS-UMR 7649, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Via Roberto Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems and Department of Physics, University of Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems and Department of Bioscience, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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27
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The role and regulation of blebs in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:582-90. [PMID: 23786923 PMCID: PMC3989058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blebs are cellular protrusions that have been shown to be instrumental for cell migration in development and disease. Bleb expansion is driven by hydrostatic pressure generated in the cytoplasm by the contractile actomyosin cortex. The mechanisms of bleb formation thus fundamentally differ from the actin polymerization-based mechanisms responsible for lamellipodia expansion. In this review, we summarize recent findings relevant for the mechanics of bleb formation and the underlying molecular pathways. We then review the processes involved in determining the type of protrusion formed by migrating cells, in particular in vivo, in the context of embryonic development. Finally, we discuss how cells utilize blebs for their forward movement in the presence or absence of strong substrate attachment.
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