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Loureirin C and Xanthoceraside Prevent Abnormal Behaviors Associated with Downregulation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and AKT/mTOR/CREB Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex Induced by Chronic Corticosterone Exposure in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2865-2879. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Loureirin C and Xanthoceraside Attenuate Depression-Like Behaviors and Expression of Interleukin-17 in the Prefrontal Cortex Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2880-2889. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Rong W, Han K, Zhao Z, An J, Li Q, Bi K. The protective effect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks on cognitive disorder based on metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113094. [PMID: 32634462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge mainly used in north China as folk medicine were reported to have potential protective effect on cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In order to fully understand the mechanism of the protection, a complementary study of the husks was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS The urinary and fecal metabolomics were used to analyze the potential biomarkers by the liquid chromatography-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry, and the16S rDNA technology was applied to conduct the analysis of microbiota species in the fecal samples of the rats, which is a significant influencing factor for the development of cognitive impairment. RESULTS In metabolomics study, ten potential metabolic biomarkers, which are hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, creatinine, phenylalanine, xanthurenic acid, phenylacetylglycine, succinyladenosine, cresol sulfate, tryptophan 2-C-mannoside and N4-Acetylcytidine in urine, along with two, including isoleucine and phenylalanine in feces, were preliminarily identified, involving multiple pathways such as tryptophan, purine, kynurenine, and phenylalanine metabolism. The perturbation of these metabolic pathways could be related with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, energy metabolism deficit and neuroinflammation, which were risk factors to cause cognitive impairment. In gut microbiota analysis, the relative abundance of c_Bacteroidia, c_Alphaproteobacteria, f_Prevotellaceae, f_Sphingomonadaceae, f_Burkholderiaceae, g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group and p_Bacteroidetes was significantly changed in the rats with cognitive impairment. Spearman's analysis showed obvious correlation between the metabolites and the microbiota species. In the rats with pretreatment of the husks extract, metabolites maintained a relative normal level, and the husks extract could regulate the gut microbiota, especially f_Prevotellaceae and g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, indicating the effect of the husks on the metabolic pathways via GMs. Such amino acids as isoleucine and phenylalanine failed to show any significant correlation with the microbiota species, indicating that the husks exhibited the potential protective effect through gut microbiota and other pathways. CONCLUSIONS The husks extract could improve the intestinal microenvironment, and the stability of intestinal microenvironment was associated with normality of tryptophan, purine, kynurenine and phenylalanine metabolic pathways etc, which probably had an effect on cognitive function. This complementary work suggested that gut microbiotas were potential targets of the husks to exert its effect on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Kefei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Junying An
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China.
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
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Zang E, Qiu B, Chen N, Li C, Liu Q, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li M. Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge: A Review on Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708549. [PMID: 34526898 PMCID: PMC8435727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge (Sapindaceae) is a native Chinese plant with promising applications as a biofuel feedstock and a source of novel drugs. Historical records and documents from different periods have mentioned the use of X. sorbifolium and its botanical constituents in treating diseases, highlighting its central role in Chinese and Mongolian traditional medicinal therapies. Phytochemical research has focused on the husks, leaves, trunks, and branches of this herb. A total of 278 chemical compounds have been isolated and divided into 8 categories: triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, phenols, fatty acids, alkaloids, and quinones. Modern pharmacological studies on X. sorbifolium have demonstrated positive effects on learning and memory, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the available research on X. sorbifolium, focusing on the relationship between chemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects. We also assess the potential for therapeutic and other applications of this plant in support of further research and development of X. sorbifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhuan Zang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resource, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Namuhan Chen
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, China
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Wang P, Li XL, Cao ZH. STC1 ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease mice via inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152092. [PMID: 34004549 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulatory role of STC1 (Stanniocalcin-1) mediated ERK1/2 pathway in cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS WT mice and STC1 Tg mice (transgenic overexpression of STC1) were used to establish AD models to perform behavioral test by Morris water maze. Hippocampal cell apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL staining, the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and hippocampal tissues determined by ELISA, as well as oxidative stress-related factors detected by corresponding testing kits, and protein expression of STC1 and ERK1/2 pathway measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with WT Sham group, WT AD mice had prolonged escape latency, decreased crossing platform times, increased hippocampal cell apoptosis with up-regulated inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related factors, as well as increased STC1 and ERK1/2 pathway-related molecules. By contrast, STC1 Tg AD mice showed shortened escape latency, increased crossing platform times than WT AD mice, and they also exhibited the decreased apoptosis index and inflammatory cytokines, alleviated oxidative stress-injury, down-regulated protein expression of ERK1/2 pathway, and up-regulated the protein expression of STC1 and UCP2. CONCLUSION STC1 overexpression could alleviate oxidative stress-induced injury, reduce neuroinflammation, improve cognitive function to play a neuro-protective role by inhibiting ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Long Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Cao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
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Chen G, Xie Y, Yang Y, Zhou D, Hao Y, Liu Y, Cheng M, Hou Y, Li N. Natural therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases from the shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104038. [PMID: 32629284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, manifested by the microglial-released over-production of nitric oxide (NO). However, so far there is no effective strategy regarding curing or preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Triterpene saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolium were proved to be capable of eliciting a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, a systematic chemical study on the 70% ethanol extract of X. sorbifolium was conducted, leading to the identification of 22 compounds, including four previously undescribed triterpenes saponins and 14 known ones, along with four alkaloids. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectral methods. The in vivo anti-AD effects of 1-18 were predicted with a field-based 3D-QSAR model and anti-neuroinflammatory activities were assayed in BV-2 cells by assessing LPS-induced NO production and examine levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 to support the predicted results. As a result, compounds 14, 16, 19, and 20 could have therapeutic potentials for neurodegenerative diseases due to their potent anti-neuroinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yumeng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingtu Hao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Chen G, Xie Y, Zhou D, Yang Y, Liu J, Hou Y, Cheng M, Liu Y, Li N. Chemical constituents from shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 172:112288. [PMID: 32045741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three undescribed triterpenes and four previously unreported saponins, along with two known ones, were isolated from shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium (Sapindaceae). Their structures were elucidated by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data. The nitric oxide (NO) assay revealed that 28-O-isobutyryl-21-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-6-O-methylglucuronopyranosyl-21,22-di-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol possessed stronger inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO overproduction (IC50 = 18.5 ± 1.2 and 28.2 ± 1.8 μM, respectively) than the positive drug minocycline (IC50 = 30.1 ± 1.3 μM) in activated BV2 cells. Western blot, RT-qPCR, and docking experiments further validated that the regulation of iNOS and IL-1β expressions was involved in the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of these two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yumeng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hou
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Jin G, Zhu L, Liu P, Xu Q, Qi Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Ji X, Chi T, Zou L. Xanthoceraside prevented synaptic loss and reversed learning-memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:477-488. [PMID: 30767122 PMCID: PMC10718037 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin, has been found to attenuate learning and memory impairments in AD animal models. However, whether xanthoceraside has a positive effect on synaptic morphology remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairments and the abnormalities of synaptic structure in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The behavioral experiments demonstrated that xanthoceraside attenuated the imaginal memory and spatial learning impairments, and improved social interaction. Transmission electron microscopy and Golgi staining showed that xanthoceraside ameliorated synapse morphology abnormalities and dendritic spine density deficits, respectively. Western-blot analysis identified that xanthoceraside increased the expression of SYP and PSD95, activated BDNF/TrkB/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, meanwhile decreased the expression of RhoA, ROCK and Snk, increased the levels of SPAR, and activated the BDNF/TrkB/cofilin signaling pathway. Taken together, our study indicated that xanthoceraside improved cognitive function and protected both synaptic morphology and dendritic spine in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which might be related in part to its activation in the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Seo EJ, Fischer N, Efferth T. Phytochemicals as inhibitors of NF-κB for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:262-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rong W, Ding K, Guo S, Yuan Z, Li Q, Bi K. A time-of-flight mass spectrometry based strategy to fast screen triterpenoids in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks for bioactive substances against Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14732-14739. [PMID: 35541365 PMCID: PMC9079961 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is a folk medicine in China. Recently, the triterpenoids in its husks have attracted more and more attention for potential prevention against Alzheimer's disease. However, current studies on its bioactive substances were still insufficient. To reveal more bioactive substances, an efficient and practical strategy based on high resolution mass spectra coupled with multiple data mining techniques was developed to characterize the barrigenol type triterpenoids in the husks and dosed rat plasma. A total of 50 barrigenol type triterpenoids were identified in the husks, and 6 of these were detected in the rat plasma, which were regarded as bioactive candidates. To find the real bioactive substances, the neuroprotective effect of the candidates was further tested by calculating the PC12 cell viability against amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity. As a result, three out of the six candidates exhibited obvious neuroprotction against amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity on PC12 cells, indicating their potential to be bioactive substances against Alzheimer's disease. This study will be a valuable reference of the bioactive substances in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks against Alzheimer's disease and the provided strategy can also be applied to the exploration of the effective constituents in other medicines. An efficient strategy was developed to reveal the neuroprotective substances in X. sorbifolia husks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kewen Ding
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Sirui Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Ziyue Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Qing Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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Qi Y, Ji XF, Chi TY, Liu P, Jin G, Xu Q, Jiao Q, Wang LH, Zou LB. Xanthoceraside attenuates amyloid β peptide 1-42-induced memory impairments by reducing neuroinflammatory responses in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:18-30. [PMID: 29229533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, has neuroprotective effects in vivo and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. However, the exact mechanism of xanthoceraside on anti-amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammatory responses has not been elucidated. Therefore, we used intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) to establish a mouse model to test the effects of xanthoceraside on Aβ-induced cognitive impairments and the TLR2/NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The mice received xanthoceraside (0.02, 0.08 or 0.32mg/kg) or vehicle from the day of Aβ1-42 injection. The Morris water maze test was performed 4 days after Aβ1-42 injection. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) in the hippocampus were determined with an immunohistochemistry assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were analysed by Western blotting; iNOS, COX-2 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA expression levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Here, we observed that xanthoceraside at doses of 0.08 and 0.32mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory impairments and significantly inhibited GFAP and CD11b overexpression induced by Aβ1-42 in mice. ELISA results revealed that xanthoceraside suppressed IL-6 release and increased IL-4 levels. Western blotting results showed that xanthoceraside reduced iNOS and COX-2 protein levels in hippocampus; xanthoceraside also inhibited translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65 into the nucleus and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. RT-PCR confirmed that xanthoceraside decreased iNOS, COX-2 and TLR2 mRNA levels. These results suggest that xanthoceraside inhibition of the TLR2 pathway and down-regulation of MAPK and NF-κB activities may be related to the improvement in learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Liaoning Chinese Medical University, Shenyang 110034, PR China
| | - Xue-Fei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Tian-Yan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Li-Bo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Ling J, Wang N, Wang S, Liu Y, Xia D, Bi K. Determination and Pharmacokinetics of WGA in Rat Plasma by LC–MS After Oral Administration of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Extract. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 56:68-73. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ling
- Schools of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaoning Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- Schools of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Zhou W, Zhong G, Fu S, Xie H, Chi T, Li L, Rao X, Zeng S, Xu D, Wang H, Sheng G, Ji X, Liu X, Ji X, Wu D, Zou L, Tortorella M, Zhang K, Hu W. Microglia-Based Phenotypic Screening Identifies a Novel Inhibitor of Neuroinflammation Effective in Alzheimer's Disease Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1499-1507. [PMID: 27504670 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, anti-AD drug discovery using target-based approaches is extremely challenging due to unclear etiology of AD and absence of validated therapeutic protein targets. Neuronal death, regardless of causes, plays a key role in AD progression, and it is directly linked to neuroinflammation. Meanwhile, phenotypic screening is making a resurgence in drug discovery process as an alternative to target-focused approaches. Herein, we employed microglia-based phenotypic screenings to search for small molecules that modulate the release of detrimental proinflammatory cytokines. The identified novel pharmacological inhibitor of neuroinflammation (named GIBH-130) was validated to alter phenotypes of neuroinflammation in AD brains. Notably, this molecule exhibited comparable in vivo efficacy of cognitive impairment relief to donepezil and memantine respectively in both β amyloid-induced and APP/PS1 double transgenic Alzheimer's murine models at a substantially lower dose (0.25 mg/kg). Therefore, GIBH-130 constitutes a unique chemical probe for pathogenesis research and drug development of AD, and it also suggests microglia-based phenotypic screenings that target neuroinflammation as an effective and feasible strategy to identify novel anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Natural Products and Green Chemistry, School of Light Industry
and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifa Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihai Fu
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luyi Li
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiurong Rao
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Sheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghai Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department
of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Micky Tortorella
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacy, South China Center of Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou 510663, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
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Meng DL, Shang L, Feng XH, Huang XF, Che X. Xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles, green pharmaceutics preparation for poorly water-soluble natural anti-AD medicine. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:184-90. [PMID: 27102991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble natural product, xanthoceraside, an effective anti-AD compound from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, and maintain its natural property, the xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles were successively prepared by green ultrasonic method with silica spheres as templates and HF solution as selective etching solvent. Hollow gold nanoparticles and drug-loaded hollow gold nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solubilities of xanthoceraside loaded on hollow gold nanoparticles were increased obviously from 3.0μg/ml and 2.5μg/ml to 12.7μg/ml and 10.7μg/ml at 25°C and 37°C, respectively. The results of XRD and DSC indicated that the reason for this increase was mainly due to the amorphous state of xanthoceraside loaded on the hollow gold nanoparticles. In summary, the method of loading xanthoceraside onto hollow gold nanoparticles was a green and useful strategy to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble natural products and worth to applying to other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Li Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiao-He Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xing-Fei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Che
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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16
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Sun A, Xu X, Lin J, Cui X, Xu R. Neuroprotection by saponins. Phytother Res 2014; 29:187-200. [PMID: 25408503 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, an important group of bioactive plant natural products, are glycosides of triterpenoid or steroidal aglycones. Their diverse biological activities are ascribed to their different structures. Saponins have long been recognized as key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulated evidence suggests that saponins have significant neuroprotective effects on attenuation of central nervous system disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed effects remains incomplete. Based on recently reported data from basic and clinical studies, this review highlights the proposed mechanisms of their neuroprotective function including antioxidant, modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating Ca(2+) influx, modulating neurotrophic factors, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, and regeneration of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University and Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Quanzhou, China
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17
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Jiao Q, Zou L, Liu P, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zou L, Chi T, Ji X. Xanthoceraside induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the activation of caspases and the suppression of the IGF-1R/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. J Med Food 2014; 17:1070-8. [PMID: 25116791 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a saponin extracted from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the antitumor properties of xanthoceraside as well as its mechanism of action remain unclear. Therefore, we proposed to investigate its potential anticancer property. In this study, the viability of cells was measured by the MTT assay. Cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry, and the expressions of procaspase-9, procaspase-3, Cyto.c, Apaf-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bad, p53, and IGF-1R/Raf/MEK/ERK were tested by Western blotting. Xanthoceraside significantly inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma A375.S2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner but did not impair the viability of normal cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Further analysis revealed that xanthoceraside induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a time-dependent manner through the mitochondrial pathway but did not activate caspase-8 in the cells. In addition, xanthoceraside inhibited the expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which is an important prosurvival, antiapoptotic signaling growth factor receptor that is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells and used as a therapeutic target for multiple cancers. Interestingly, xanthoceraside also decreased the expression of Raf, p-MEK, and p-ERK, the downstream effectors of IGF-1R. Taken together, these findings indicate that xanthoceraside induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, which is induced by the downregulation of IGF-1R/Raf/MEK/ERK cascades in A375.S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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18
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Jin G, Wang LH, Ji XF, Chi TY, Qi Y, Jiao Q, Xu Q, Zhou XY, Zhang R, Zou LB. Xanthoceraside rescues learning and memory deficits through attenuating beta-amyloid deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in APP mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xanthoceraside ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the improvement of learning and memory impairment in mice with intracerebroventricular injection of aβ1-42. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:969342. [PMID: 24976855 PMCID: PMC4058193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/969342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairment were investigated and the possible mechanism associated with the protection of mitochondria was also preliminarily explored in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice model induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42. The results indicated that xanthoceraside (0.08–0.32 mg/kg) significantly improved learning and memory impairment in Morris water maze test and Y-maze test. Xanthoceraside significantly reversed the aberrant decrease of ATP levels and attenuated the abnormal increase of ROS levels both in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice injected with Aβ1-42. Moreover, xanthoceraside dose dependently reversed the decrease of COX, PDHC, and KGDHC activity in isolated cerebral cortex mitochondria of the mice compared with Aβ1-42 injected model mice. In conclusion, xanthoceraside could improve learning and memory impairment, promote the function of mitochondria, decrease the production of ROS, and inhibit oxidative stress. The improvement effects on mitochondria may be through withstanding the damage of Aβ to mitochondrial respiratory chain and the key enzymes in Kreb's cycle. Therefore, the results from present study and previous study indicate that xanthoceraside could be a competitive candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Liu P, Zou LB, Wang LH, Jiao Q, Chi TY, Ji XF, Jin G. Xanthoceraside attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits in intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin injected rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:345-56. [PMID: 23958944 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the fruit husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, reverses cognitive deficits in intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 or Aβ1-42 mice. However, whether xanthoceraside has a positive effect on hyperphosphorylated tau protein remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of xanthoceraside on behavioural impairments induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats and its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were administered with xanthoceraside (0.06, 0.12 or 0.24 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily after STZ intracerebroventricular injections. The Y-maze test and novel object recognition test were performed 21 and 22 days after the second STZ injection, respectively. The levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A) were also tested by Western blot. RESULTS Xanthoceraside treatment significantly attenuated learning and memory impairments and reduced the level of STZ-induced hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Xanthoceraside also enhanced PP-2A and PP-1 expressions, increased PI3K (p85) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation and decreased GSK-3β (tyr216) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Xanthoceraside has protective effect against learning and memory impairments and inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus, possibly through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-dependent GSK-3β signalling pathway and an enhancement of phosphatases activity.
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Chi TY, Wang LH, Ji XF, Shen L, Zou LB. Protective effect of xanthoceraside against β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:1013-1022. [PMID: 23909924 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.821982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity is a major pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Xanthoceraside, a triterpene extracted from the husk of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, has been shown to have therapeutic effects on learning and memory impairment induced by Aβ intracerebroventricular infusion in mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of xanthoceraside on the neurotoxicity of Aβ25-35 in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT (3-(3,4-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrion membrane potential (MMP) were measured using Annexin V/propidium iodide, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, and rhodamine 123 with flow cytometry, respectively. Intracellular calcium level was determined with Fura-2/AM. Caspase-3 activity in cell lysates was measured using the spectrophotometric method. Results indicated that pretreatment with xanthoceraside (0.01 and 0.1 μM) obviously increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells injured by Aβ25-35 in a dose-dependent manner. Aβ25-35-induced early apoptosis, ROS overproduction, MMP dissipation, intracellular calcium overload, and increase in caspase-3 activity were markedly reversed by xanthoceraside. These findings suggested that xanthoceraside might be useful in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yan Chi
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , China
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22
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Qi Y, Zou LB, Wang LH, Jin G, Pan JJ, Chi TY, Ji XF. Xanthoceraside Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Aβ25–35/IFN-γ–Stimulated Microglia Through the TLR2 Receptor, MyD88, Nuclear Factor-κB, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:305-17. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13031fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Schizandrin, an antioxidant lignan from Schisandra chinensis, ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced memory impairment in mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:721721. [PMID: 22829961 PMCID: PMC3399599 DOI: 10.1155/2012/721721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of schisandrin (SCH) of Schisandra chinensis on the amyloid-beta1–42- (Aβ1–42-) induced memory impairment in mice and elucidated the possible antioxidative mechanism. Mice were intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injected with the aggregated Aβ1–42 and then treated with SCH (4, 12, and 36 mg/kg body weight) or donepezil (DPZ), a reference drug (0.65 mg/kg) by intragastric infusion for 14 days. Noncognitive disturbances and cognitive performance were evaluated by locomotor activity test, Y-maze test, and water maze test. Antioxidative enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice were measured to elucidate the mechanism. Our results showed that SCH significantly improved Aβ1–42-induced short-term and spatial reference memory impairments in Y-maze test and water maze test. Furthermore, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice, SOD and GSH-px activities, GSH level, and GSH/GSSG ratio were increased, and levels of MDA and GSSG were decreased by the treatment of SCH. These results suggest that SCH is a potential cognitive enhancer against Alzheimer's disease through antioxidative action.
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Lu P, Mamiya T, Lu L, Mouri A, Ikejima T, Kim HC, Zou LB, Nabeshima T. Xanthoceraside attenuates amyloid β peptide₂₅₋₃₅-induced learning and memory impairments in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:181-90. [PMID: 21735075 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the deposition of amyloid peptides is invariably associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Xanthoceraside has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. However, it remains unclear whether xanthoceraside improves amyloid β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of xanthoceraside on behavioral impairments, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress induced by Aβ peptide(25-35) (Aβ(25-35)) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were treated orally with xanthoceraside (0.02, 0.08, or 0.32 mg/kg, once daily) after the intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ(25-35) (day 0). Cognitive functions were evaluated in Y-maze (day 6) and novel object recognition tests (days 7 and 8). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine levels in the hippocampus were examined (day 9). The mRNA expressions of iNOS and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the hippocampus were measured 2 h and 3 days after the Aβ(25-35) injection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Xanthoceraside significantly attenuated behavioral impairments induced by Aβ(25-35) in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Repeated treatment with xanthoceraside significantly inhibited the increase in the expression of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in the hippocampus induced by Aβ(25-35), which is associated with an enhanced expression of the IL-4 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that xanthoceraside attenuates memory impairments through amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by Aβ(25-35) and is a potential candidate for an AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Ling J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu R, Li Q, Wang Y, Yang B, Chen X, Bi K. Characterization and quantification of the triterpenoids in different parts of Xanthoceras sorbifolia by HPLC–ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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