Probiotic Fermentation of Plant Based Products: Possibilities and Opportunities

Nutritional, Biochemical, and Functional Properties of Spinach Leaf-Enriched Dough: A Healthier Alternative to Conventional Pasta

This study explored the effects of spinach flour (SF) enrichment on pasta, focusing on chemical, nutritional and sensory properties, cooking performance, and microbiological stability. SF was added at 12.5% (PSP12) and 25% (PSP25). The enriched pasta had a lower pH than the control (CP), due to spinach-derived organic acids, with PSP25 showing the highest fiber content. Enrichment increased B vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. PSP25 had a shorter cooking time, higher water absorption, and greater cooking loss. Enriched pasta showed lower starch hydrolysis index and predicted glycemic index, suggesting potential benefits for managing postprandial blood sugar levels. SF significantly altered the free amino acid (FAA) profile, with PSP25 showing the highest concentration of total FAAs. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that spinach-enriched pasta retained higher levels of phenols and flavonoids, after cooking also, compared to CP. Sensory analysis indicated that while PSP12 had higher overall acceptability, PSP25 exhibited stronger herbaceous flavors, which could affect consumer preference. Microbiologically, all samples were stable for 110 days. The findings suggest that SF enrichment enhances the nutritional value, antioxidant potential, and sensory qualities of pasta, with potential for commercial applications, although consumer acceptance could be influenced by its non-traditional taste and texture.

Metabolome and Metagenome Integration Unveiled Synthesis Pathways of Novel Antioxidant Peptides in Fermented Lignocellulosic Biomass of Palm Kernel Meal

Approximately one-third of the entire world's food resources are deemed to be wasted. Palm kernel meal (PKM), a product that is extensively generated by the palm oil industry, exhibits a unique nutrient-rich composition. However, its recycling is seldom prioritized due to numerous factors. To evaluate the impact of enzymatic pretreatment and Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus reuteri fermentation upon the antioxidant activity of PKM, we implemented integrated metagenomics and metabolomics approaches. The substantially enhanced (p < 0.05) property of free radicals scavenging, as well as total flavonoids and polyphenols, demonstrated that the biotreated PKM exhibited superior antioxidant capacity. Non-targeted metabolomics disclosed that the Lactobacillus fermentation resulted in substantial (p < 0.05) biosynthesis of 25 unique antioxidant biopeptides, along with the increased (p < 0.05) enrichment ratio of the isoflavonoids and secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathways. The 16sRNA sequencing and correlation analysis revealed that Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and polysaccharide lyases had significantly dominated (p < 0.05) proportions in PMEL, and these bacterial species were strongly (p < 0.05) positively interrelated with antioxidants peptides. Fermented PKM improves nutritional value by enhancing beneficial probiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants and minimizing anti-nutritional factors, rendering it an invaluable feed ingredient and gut health promoter for animals, multifunctional food elements, or as an ingredient in sustainable plant-based diets for human utilization, and functioning as a culture substrate in the food sector.

Modulatory Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei-Fermented Turmeric on Metabolic Dysregulation and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

Turmeric, derived from Curcuma longa, and Lactobacillus paracasei, a lactic acid bacteria, have been studied for their potential antiobesity effects. To date, the antiobesity effects of turmeric fermented with L. paracasei have not been sufficiently investigated. This study was conducted via oral administration of 5% L. paracasei-fermented (FT) and unfermented turmeric (UT) in diet over 16 weeks using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Results showed that the curcuminoid content of turmeric decreased following fermentation. Furthermore, FT significantly suppressed weight gain and liver and visceral adipose tissue weight and reduced plasma metabolic parameters in both the UT and FT experimental groups. The effects of FT were more noticeable than those of the unfermented form. Moreover, FT downregulated the expression of adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammatory-related protein, but upregulated liver β-oxidation protein SIRT 1, PPARα, and PGC-1α in perigonadal adipose tissue. Additionally, FT ameliorated insulin resistance by activating insulin receptor pathway protein expressions in visceral adipose tissues. FT also modulated gut microbiota composition, particularly in two beneficial bacteria, Akkermansia muciniphila and Desulfovibrio, as well as two short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: Muribaculum intestinale and Deltaproteobacteria. Our findings indicate that the modulation effect of FT may be an important pathway for its antiobesity mechanisms.

The green seaweed Ulva: tomorrow's "wheat of the sea" in foods, feeds, nutrition, and biomaterials

Ulva, a genus of green macroalgae commonly known as sea lettuce, has long been recognized for its nutritional benefits for food and feed. As the demand for sustainable food and feed sources continues to grow, so does the interest in alternative, plant-based protein sources. With its abundance along coastal waters and high protein content, Ulva spp. have emerged as promising candidates. While the use of Ulva in food and feed has its challenges, the utilization of Ulva in other industries, including in biomaterials, biostimulants, and biorefineries, has been growing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status, challenges and opportunities associated with using Ulva in food, feed, and beyond. Drawing on the expertise of leading researchers and industry professionals, it explores the latest knowledge on Ulva's nutritional value, processing methods, and potential benefits for human nutrition, aquaculture feeds, terrestrial feeds, biomaterials, biostimulants and biorefineries. In addition, it examines the economic feasibility of incorporating Ulva into aquafeed. Through its comprehensive and insightful analysis, including a critical review of the challenges and future research needs, this review will be a valuable resource for anyone interested in sustainable aquaculture and Ulva's role in food, feed, biomaterials, biostimulants and beyond.

Plant-Derived Fermented Products: An Interesting Concept for Human Health

The health benefits of fermenting plant-derived products remain an underexplored domain. Plants and other natural products serve as medicinal agents when consumed as part of our diets, and the role of microorganisms in fermentation garners significant scientific interest. The present narrative review investigates the effects of fermentation of substances such as plants, algae, and fungi on their therapeutic and related purposes. Among the microorganisms used in fermentation, lactic acid bacteria are often linked to fermented products, particularly dairy and animal-based ones, and take center stage. These microorganisms are adept at synthesizing vitamins, active peptides, minerals, proteinases, and enzymes. Plant-derived fermented products are a significant source of active peptides, phytochemicals, flavonoids, and bioactive molecules with a profound impact on human health. They exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, the effects being substantiated by experimental studies. Clinical investigations underscore their effectiveness in managing diverse health conditions. Various studies highlight a synergy between microorganisms and plant-based materials, with fermentation as an innovative method for daily food preparation or a treatment option for specific ailments. These promising findings highlight the need for continued scientific inquiry into the impact of fermentation-derived products in clinical settings. Clinical observations to date have offered valuable insights into health improvement for various disorders. This current narrative review explores the impact of natural and plant-originated fermented products on health and well-being.

Chemical changes of potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus starter cultures in natural Gemlik type black olive fermentation

The aim of this study was to determine the ability of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus starter cultures to maintain Olea europaea L. cv. Gemlik fermentation and some chemical changes occurred by HPLC. It was observed that starter cultures decreased the pH by increasing the acidity of the fermentation medium. In addition, it was determined that the number of yeast-mold (Y-M) and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) were lower than the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the samples with starter cultures. As the fermentation period progressed, it was observed that the amount and variety of phenolic substances increased, albeit slightly, in the brined olive samples to which the starter culture was added. Alcohols, biogenic amines, sugars and organic acids increased or decreased in all samples. During the fermentation gallic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, curcumin, vanillin, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, putrescine, triamine, spermidine and maleic acid could not be detected.

An overview of fermentation in the food industry - looking back from a new perspective

Fermentation is thought to be born in the Fertile Crescent, and since then, almost every culture has integrated fermented foods into their dietary habits. Originally used to preserve foods, fermentation is now applied to improve their physicochemical, sensory, nutritional, and safety attributes. Fermented dairy, alcoholic beverages like wine and beer, fermented vegetables, fruits, and meats are all highly valuable due to their increased storage stability, reduced risk of food poisoning, and enhanced flavor. Over the years, scientific research has associated the consumption of fermented products with improved health status. The fermentation process helps to break down compounds into more easily digestible forms. It also helps to reduce the amount of toxins and pathogens in food. Additionally, fermented foods contain probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria that help the body to digest food and absorb nutrients. In today's world, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and allergies have increased. In this regard, scientific investigations have demonstrated that shifting to a diet that contains fermented foods can reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. Moreover, in the last decade, there has been a growing interest in fermentation technology to valorize food waste into valuable by-products. Fermentation of various food wastes has resulted in the successful production of valuable by-products, including enzymes, pigments, and biofuels.

Significance of Fermentation in Plant-Based Meat Analogs: A Critical Review of Nutrition, and Safety-Related Aspects

Plant-based meat analogs have been shown to cause less harm for both human health and the environment compared to real meat, especially processed meat. However, the intense pressure to enhance the sensory qualities of plant-based meat alternatives has caused their nutritional and safety aspects to be overlooked. This paper reviews our current understanding of the nutrition and safety behind plant-based meat alternatives, proposing fermentation as a potential way of overcoming limitations in these aspects. Plant protein blends, fortification, and preservatives have been the main methods for enhancing the nutritional content and stability of plant-based meat alternatives, but concerns that include safety, nutrient deficiencies, low digestibility, high allergenicity, and high costs have been raised in their use. Fermentation with microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Neurospora intermedia, and Rhizopus oryzae improves digestibility and reduces allergenicity and antinutritive factors more effectively. At the same time, microbial metabolites can boost the final product's safety, nutrition, and sensory quality, although some concerns regarding their toxicity remain. Designing a single starter culture or microbial consortium for plant-based meat alternatives can be a novel solution for advancing the health benefits of the final product while still fulfilling the demands of an expanding and sustainable economy.

Fermented Oats as a Novel Functional Food

Fermented oats are gaining popularity due to their nutritional value and the increasing consumer demand for health-conscious foods. These oats are believed to offer enhanced phytochemical and nutritional profiles compared to unfermented oats. The increased nutritional content of fermented oats is associated with various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which could potentially reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the nutritional benefits of fermented oats in human nutrition. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview of fermented oat products available on the market and the various production methods employed for fermenting oats. Furthermore, this review investigates how fermentation affects the chemical composition and biological functions of oats. Additionally, this manuscript presents some future perspectives on fermented oat products by discussing potential research directions and opportunities for further development. The findings presented in this review contribute to the expanding body of knowledge on fermented oats as a promising functional food, paving the way for future studies and applications in the field of nutrition and health.

Understanding the Probiotic Bacterial Responses Against Various Stresses in Food Matrix and Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review

Probiotic bacteria are known to have ability to tolerate inhospitable conditions experienced during food preparation, food storage, and gastrointestinal tract of consumer. As probiotics are living cells, they are adversely affected by the harsh environment of the carrier matrix as well as low pH, bile salts, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure, and commensal microflora of the host. To overcome the unfavorable environments, many probiotics switch on the cell-mediated protection mechanisms, which helps them to survive, acclimatize and remain operational in the harsh circumstances. In this review, we provide comprehensive understanding on the different stresses experienced by the probiotic when added in carrier food as well as during human gastrointestinal tract transit. Under such situation how these health beneficial bacteria protect themselves by activation of several defense systems and get adapted to the lethal environments.

Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Isolated from Algerian Honeybee and Honey and Exploration of Their Potential Probiotic and Functional Features for Human Use

Using culture enrichment methods, 100 strains of bacilli of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from honeybee Apis mellifera intermissa and fresh honey, collected from apiaries located in the north-east of Algeria. Amongst all of the isolated LAB, 19 selected strains were closely affiliated to four species-Fructobacillus fructosus (10), Apilactobacillus kunkeei (5), Lactobacillus kimbladii and/or Lactobacillus kullabergensis (4)-using phylogenetic and phenotypic approaches. The in vitro probiotic characteristics (simulated gastrointestinal fluids tolerance, autoaggregation and hydrophobicity abilities, antimicrobial activity and cholesterol reduction) and safety properties (hemolytic activity, antibiotic resistance and absence of biogenic amines) were evaluated. The results indicated that some strains showed promising potential probiotic properties. In addition, neither hemolytic activity nor biogenic amines were produced. The carbohydrate fermentation test (API 50 CHL) revealed that the strains could efficiently use a broad range of carbohydrates; additionally, four strains belonging to Apilactobacillus kunkeei and Fructobacillus fructosus were found to be exopolysaccharides (EPS) producers. This study demonstrates the honeybee Apis mellifera intermissa and one of her products as a reservoir for novel LAB with potential probiotic features, suggesting suitability for promoting host health.

Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids-Rich Fermented Pistachio Milk in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Pistachio milk (PM), an extraction product of pistachio, is protein- and fat-dense food. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known for inducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells. This study aimed to find an optimal combination of probiotics that can produce a higher amount of SCFAs in PM. In addition, the anti-cancer effect of fermented PM on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) was determined. The combinations of probiotics were as follows: Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus bulgaricus (C); C + Lactobacillus acidophilus (C-La); C + Lactobacillus gasseri (C-Lg); C + Bifidobacterium bifidum (C-Bb). The results indicated that fermented PM was produced after a short fermentation time in all the probiotics combinations. C-Bb produced up to 1.5-fold more acetate than the other probiotics combinations did. A significant amount of cytotoxicity, i.e., 78, 56, and 29% cell viability was observed in Caco-2 cells by C-Bb-fermented PM at 1, 2.5 and 5%, respectively. C-Bb-fermented PM (5%) induced early and late apoptosis up to 6-fold. Additionally, Caco-2 cells treated with C-Bb-fermented PM significantly induced the downregulation of α-tubulin and the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, as well as nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Our data suggest that fermented PM, which is rich in acetate, may have the potential as a functional food possessing anti-colon cancer properties.

Lactobacillus Strains for Vegetable Juice Fermentation-Quality and Health Aspects

Vegetable juices are new carrier variants for beneficial bacteria, representing an alternative to dairy-fermented products, especially for vegan, strict vegetarian, or allergic consumers. The aim of this study was to characterize several Romanian native lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains to select valuable nutritional and probiotic strains for vegetable juice fermentation. Nineteen LAB strains were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility (disc-diffusion method), the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, the presence of functional genes. and the production of organic acids by HPLC. Antibiotic resistant strains were observed only with ampicillin (Amp10) and kanamycin (K30), 79% and 32%, respectively, with results partially confirmed by molecular analysis. Multiplex PCR revealed the presence of LBA1272, dltD, folP, agl, α-amy, malL, and ribA genes, related to stress resistance, starch metabolism, and production of vitamins, except for folK. HPLC analyses were performed on beet roots (SF), tomato (TM), and a mixture of carrots, celery, and beet (MTS) juices. High values of lactic acid were recorded in all cases of LAB fermentation (5034-14,176 µg/mL). The maximum values recorded for acetic acid did not exceed 2.5 mg/mL having a positive influence on the product's taste.

Plant-Based Innovations for the Transition to Sustainability: A Bibliometric and in-Depth Content Analysis

Plants maintain the ecological equilibrium of the earth and stabilize the ecosystem. Today, traditional commodities and new value-added markets can be served simultaneously. There is significant biosource and bioprocess innovation for biobased industrial products. Furthermore, plant-based innovation is associated with the transition to sustainability. This study performed a bibliometric and in-depth content analysis to review plant-based innovations in the research field between 1995 and 2022. A set of 313 articles was identified from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Different analytical scientometric tools (topic mapping and overlay visualization networks) were used to analyze 124 articles; the most influential countries, institutions, authors, journals and articles were identified. Through in-depth studies, based on the grounded theory approach, five leading research areas related to plant-based innovation were determined: (1) agricultural/environmental innovation, (2) plant-based food or feed innovation, (3) innovation within the medical/pharmaceutical research area, (4) technology-related innovation and (5) economic/business aspects of plant-based innovations. Future research directions include exploring less examined and new topics, such as the sustainability implications of incorporating various plant-based foods and Industry 4.0 in plant-based innovation, and linking and developing findings from different research areas.

Microbiota- Brain-Gut-Axis Relevance to Parkinson's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common type of neurogenerative disease among middleaged and older people, characterized by aggregation of alpha-synuclein and dopaminergic neuron loss. The microbiota- gut-brain axis is a dynamic bidirectional communication network and is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. The aggregation of misfolded protein alpha-synuclein is a neuropathological characteristic of PD, originates in the gut and migrates to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve and olfactory bulb. The change in the architecture of gut microbiota increases the level short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites, acting on the neuroendocrine system and modulating the concentrations of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. It also alters the vagus and intestinal signalling, influencing the brain and behaviour by activating microglia and systemic cytokines. Both experimental and clinical reports indicate the role of intestinal dysbiosis and microbiota host interaction in neurodegeneration. Probiotics are live microorganisms that modify the gut microbiota in the small intestine to avoid neurological diseases. Probiotics have been shown in clinical and preclinical studies to be effective in the treatment of PD by balancing the gut microbiota. In this article, we described the role of gut-microbiota in the pathogenesis of PD. The article aims to explore the mechanistic strategy of the gut-brain axis and its relation with motor impairment and the use of probiotics to maintain gut microbial flora and prevent PD-like symptoms.

Probiotic Characteristics of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus as Influenced by Carao (Cassia grandis)

Carao is considered a functional ingredient since its bioactive compounds are meaningful in nutritional, pharmacological, and medicinal applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of carao pulp powder on the bacterial viability, acid tolerance, bile tolerance, and protease activity of S. thermophilus STI-06 and L. bulgaricus LB-12. M17 broth with 0.5% lactose and MRS broth were used for S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, respectively, for determining bacterial viability, acid tolerance, and bile tolerance. Skim milk was used to study the protease activity of both bacteria. The carao was added at 0 (control), 1.3, 2.6, and 5.3 (g/L) into the broths and skim milk. The broths were enumerated for bacterial viability (every 2 h), bile tolerance (every 4 h), and acid tolerance (every 30 min), and the skim milk was analyzed for protease activity (every 12 h). The General Linear Model (PROC GLM) was used to analyze the data. The 2.6 g/L and 5.3 g/L usage level of carao improved the acid tolerance of S. thermophilus. Carao did not affect the acid tolerance of L. bulgaricus. The usage of 5.3 g/L of carao significantly improved the bile tolerance and protease activity of both bacteria. However, carao did not affect the viability of either bacteria. Overall, 5.3 g/L of carao with these probiotics could be recommended in fermentation processes.

Fermentation of the Cucurbita ficifolia Fruit Juice: Its Antioxidant Activity and Effects on the Glycemia

Cucurbita ficifolia is an edible plant whose fruits have hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Fermentation might improve these properties. This research aims to perform and characterize its fermentation in native and induced conditions with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and evaluate its antioxidant activity and effect on glycemia. Fresh juice from mature fruits was characterized. One portion of this juice was spontaneously left to ferment (native fermentation), and the other was inoculated with Lp (controlled fermentation). Fermentation was monitored each 8 h by 56 h to measure microbial growth, pH, acidity, sugars, soluble protein, polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and effects on glycemia. In native fermentation, the growth of total microorganisms increased up to 32 h, decreasing at the end of the process. In Lp fermentation, total microorganisms increased until 16 h to stay constant at the end, with a predominance of Lp. The pH and the sugars decreased in the two fermentations, while polyphenol and flavonoid increased. In spontaneous fermentation, these changes were lesser. Both fermentations, like fresh juice, preserve functional properties (antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase inhibition, and hypoglycemia). The fermentation of this juice with Lp may develop functional beverages, which is significant due to its consumption as an edible fruit with medicinal properties.

Oat Yogurts Enriched with Synbiotic Microcapsules: Physicochemical, Microbiological, Textural and Rheological Properties during Storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of synbiotic microcapsules on oat yogurt’s properties. For this study, four different microcapsules were added into the oat yogurt and the modifications were studied for 28 days. Microbiological analysis was used to analyze the effect of different factors on the microencapsulated probiotic population in the product. Those factors are: the technological process of obtaining microcapsules; the type of prebiotic chicory inulin (INU), oligofructose (OLI) and soluble potato starch (STH); the prebiotic concentrations in the encapsulation matrix; the technological process of obtaining yogurt; and the yogurt storage period, gastric juice action and intestinal juice action. The experimental data show that oat yogurt containing synbiotic microcapsules has similar properties to yogurt without microcapsules, which illustrates that the addition of synbiotic microcapsules does not change the quality, texture or rheological parameters of the product. Oat yogurt with the addition of synbiotic microcapsules can be promoted as a functional food product, which, in addition to other beneficial components (bioactive compounds), has in its composition four essential amino acids (glycine, valine, leucine and glutamine acids) and eight non-essential amino acids (alanine, serine, proline, asparagine, thioproline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and α-aminopimelic acid). After 28 days of storage in refrigerated conditions, the cell viability of the microcapsules after the action of the simulated intestinal juice were: 9.26 ± 0.01 log10 cfu/g, I STH (oat yogurt with synbiotic microcapsules—soluble potato starch); 9.33 ± 0.01 log10 cfu/g, I INU, 9.18 ± 0.01 log10 cfu/g, I OIL and 8.26 ± 0.04 log10 cfu/g, IG (oat yogurt with microcapsules with glucose). The new functional food product provides consumers with an optimal number of probiotic cells which have a beneficial effect on intestinal health.

Physico-chemical Properties and Sensorial Appreciation of a New Fermented Probiotic Beverage Enriched with Pea and Rice Proteins

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical stability, the sensorial properties, and the microbial quality of a fermented beverage enriched with pea and rice proteins (PRF) during storage at 4 °C. To investigate the effect of the protein enrichment and fermentation, the PRF beverage quality was compared with non-fermented and non-enriched beverages.

METHODS

The beverage was supplemented with a 50/50 mixture of pea and rice protein concentrate to 13% concentration. Following inoculation with 108 CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria, it was incubated at 37 °C for 14 h.

RESULTS

Results showed that the enrichment with protein induced an increase in pH, titratable acidity and viscosity of the PR products, while the fermentation led to a decrease of pH and viscosity. However, a significant increase of the viscosity of PRF from 39 to 57 cP was observed during the 143 days of storage (P ≤ 0.05). The PRF beverage contained significantly more peptides < 200 Da than the non-fermented one (PRNF) and these small peptides were also released during the storage. Despite the physico-chemical modifications, the sensorial properties of the PRF product were appreciated over the storage, particularly for the texture. Furthermore, the beverage maintained a high concentration of viable probiotics during the entire storage with 8.4 log colony form unit (CFU)/mL after 143 days.

CONCLUSION

Applying probiotics and the mixture of rice and pea proteins in the fermented beverage can enhance nutritional and nutraceutical value of the product.

Probiotics in Functional Foods: Survival Assessment and Approaches for Improved Viability

Nowadays, food is no longer just for nutrition. Consumers are more demanding and expect to get health benefits from their daily meals. Various areas of the food industry are in great demand of functional chemicals to enhance the taste and nutritional value of their products. Probiotic bacteria have already been part of the human’s routine for good gut microbiota maintenance in terms of pharmaceutical products. Their incorporation in food however is a challenging task that offers great opportunities but has limitations as well. Specifically, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of probiotics in food, to assess their survival through gastrointestinal tract, and to highlight the recent advances in approaches for their improved viability.

The Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Opioid-Related Disorder in Patients under Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs

INTRODUCTION

Patients under methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTPs) are susceptible to numerous complications (e.g., mental and metabolic disorders). This study evaluated the effects of probiotics on clinical symptoms, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and serum lipid content in patients receiving MMTPs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 70 patients receiving MMTPs to receive either 1.8 × 10⁹ CFU/day probiotics (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) for 12 weeks. Clinical symptoms and metabolic profiles were measured before and after the intervention in patients receiving MMTPs.

RESULTS

Compared with the placebo group, probiotic supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in the severity of depression (P < 0.05). In addition, probiotic administration significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, probiotics resulted in a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and a significant elevation in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total glutathione (GSH) levels (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Treatment with probiotics for 12 weeks to patients receiving MMTPs had beneficial effects on symptoms of depression, as well as several metabolic profiles. Clinical Trial Registration: this study was registered in the Iranian website (https://www.irct.ir) for clinical trials registration (https://fa.irct.ir/trial/46363/IRCT20170420033551N9). The registration date is March 22, 2020.

The investigation on the characteristic metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum RLL68 during fermentation of beverage from by-products of black tea manufacture

At present, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation is commonly considered as an effective strategy to remarkably drive the improvement of flavor and nutritional value, and extend shelf-life of fermented foods. In this study, the by-product of tea manufacture, including broken tea segments and tea stalk, was used to produce fermented tea beverages. In addition, the residual components of matrices and bacterial metabolites were measured, as well as the sensory quality of the beverage was evaluated. Subsequently, the determination of monosaccharides, volatile aroma profile, free amino acids, biogenic amines and organic acids, and several functional substances involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), polyphenols, caffeine and L-theanine were carried out. The results revealed that glucose, fructose, mannose and xylose are principal carbon source of Lactobacillus plantarum RLL68 during the fermentation; moreover, the abundance of aromatic substances is varied dramatically and the characteristic flavors of the beverages, particularly fermentation for 48 h and 72 h, are imparted with sweet and fruity odor on the basis of initial nutty and floral odor; Meanwhile, the organoleptic qualities of fermented beverages is also enhanced. Furthermore, the levels of organic acids and GABA are elevated, while the bitter amino acids, as well as some bioactive substances including tea polyphenols and L-theanine are declined; Besides, the caffeine level almost remains constant, and quite low levels of various biogenic amines are also observed. The results of this study will provide the theoretical basis to steer and control the flavor and quality of the fermented tea beverages in the future.

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The dynamic variation of characteristic metabolites of the beverage was elucidated.

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The characteristic flavors changed from nutty and floral to sweet and fruity.

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L. plantarum fermentation bring both beneficial and adverse impacts.

Evaluation of Fermented Oat and Black Soldier Fly Larva as Food Ingredients in Senior Dog Diets

Simple Summary

Along with concerns about the shortage of future food resources, the problem of ensuring a stable supply of feed materials is emerging. The rapid growth of the pet food market is also increasing the demand for new food ingredients, requiring the evaluation of their safety and nutritional value. Recently, insects and fermented foods are some of the materials that have entered the spotlight as potential future foods, and studies on their usefulness as food are being actively conducted. This study aimed to evaluate and verify the safety of fermented oat (Avena sativa) and black soldier fly larva (Hermetia illucens L.) when used in a dog food as part of the effort toward discovering suitable nutritionally excellent and functional food materials. Our results show that 10% fermented oat flour, 5% black soldier fly larva meal, or a combination thereof in the food did not negatively affect food intake, body weight, fecal status, skin condition, or hematological and biochemical parameters. Overall, our findings suggest that fermented oat and black soldier fly larva can be used as food ingredients for dogs.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of fermented oat (FO) and black soldier fly larva (BSFL) as food ingredients for dogs. A total of 20 spayed female dogs were divided into four treatment groups, with 5 dogs per group. The four treatment groups consisted of a control group, a diet with 10% FO, one with 5% BSFL, and one with 10% FO and 5% BSFL, and each experimental food was fed for 12 weeks. The feeding of FO and/or BSFL did not affect the daily food intake, body weight, body condition score, fecal score, or skin condition of the dogs. In all the experimental groups, no significant differences in serum IgG, IL-10, or TNF-α levels were observed upon the feeding of FO and/or BSFL. Some hematological (white blood cell and basophils) and serum biochemical parameters (phosphorous, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase) showed significant differences with FO and/or BSFL feeding compared to the control group, but they were within the normal reference range. No adverse clinical signs related to these parameters being affected by FO and BSFL were observed. The feeding of BSFL for 12 weeks reduced the serum cholesterol level (p < 0.05) at the end of the experiment. Our findings suggest the suitability of FO and BSFL as food materials for dogs.

Quality and safety aspects in fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture

Nourishment of the growing human population requires new and alternative food sources, preferable produced without occupying new land areas. Cultivation of seaweed presents an opportunity, however, a major obstacle is sustainable preservation. Fermentation has been used for centuries to preserve vegetables, e.g., to produce kimchi based on cabbage. This study investigated changes in the microbiota, characteristics (pH, organic acids and water soluble carbohydrates) and food safety of raw shredded Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima during fermentation by the natural microbiota with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture. The Lb. plantarum fermented products retained a high Shannon diversity index, indicating a partially unsuccessful fermentation. Lb. plantarum performed better in A. esculenta causing pH to drop to below 4.6, a critical limit for control of growth of Clostridium botulinum, within 2 days compared to 7 days for S. latissima. Natural fermentation by the endogenous microbiota resulted in unsafe products with high final pH values (4.8-5.2), presence of unwanted organic acids, such as butyric acid, and in the case of A. esculenta sustenance of inoculated Listeria monocytogenes. Fermentation of A. esculenta and S. latissima by Lb. plantarum is a promising preservation method. However, future work is needed to optimise the process, by investigation of the use of different starter cultures, seaweed pre-treatments (blanching, freezing, etc.) and adjuvants (i.e., addition of sugars, minerals and similar) to promote growth of the starter culture and ensure the fermented products are safe to eat.

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Astragalus membranaceus Fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) has been used for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we confirmed that the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of AM were enhanced after it was fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The anti-oxidative effect was measured by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical levels, total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power, and H2O2 levels. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher free radical scavenging activity than AM-NF (51.22%). In addition, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher TPC (49.11 mg GAE/mL), reducing power (OD700 = 0.37), and H2O2 (1.71 µM) than AM-NF. The calycosin contents determined to AM-NF (17.24 ng/mL), AM-LP MG5145 (139.94 ng/mL), and MG5276 (351.01 ng/mL) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed by investigating the inhibitory effects of fermented AM on cytotoxicity, NO production, and mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed no cytotoxicity. AM-LP MG5145 (50.86%) and MG5276 (51.66%) inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 downregulated macrophage iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, and NF-κB expression. In conclusion, A. membranaceus fermented by L. plantarum MG5145 and MG5276 can be used in cosmetics and health foods as natural antioxidant compounds.

Metabolomics Approaches for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Fermented Foods: A Review

Fermentation is an important process that can provide new flavors and nutritional and functional foods, to deal with changing consumer preferences. Fermented foods have complex chemical components that can modulate unique qualitative properties. Consequently, monitoring the small molecular metabolites in fermented food is critical to clarify its qualitative properties and help deliver personalized nutrition. In recent years, the application of metabolomics to nutrition research of fermented foods has expanded. In this review, we examine the application of metabolomics technologies in food, with a primary focus on the different analytical approaches suitable for food metabolomics and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In addition, we summarize emerging studies applying metabolomics in the comprehensive analysis of the flavor, nutrition, function, and safety of fermented foods, as well as emphasize the applicability of metabolomics in characterizing the qualitative properties of fermented foods.

Antihypertensive and Probiotic Effects of Hidakakombu (Saccharina angustata) Fermented by Lacticaseibacillus casei 001

Hidakakombu (Saccharina angustata), commonly known as kelp, is an edible macroalgae mainly grown in the Hidaka region of Hokkaido. Hidakakombu is graded based on its shape and color. Low-grade Hidakakombu has low value and is distributed at a low price. It is desired to establish a method to add value to low-grade Hidakakombu. In this study, low-grade Hidakakombu was fermented by Lacticaseibacillus casei 001 to add value. Fermentation of Hidakaombu enhanced the inhibition of blood pressure elevation due to ACE inhibition. L. casei 001 in fermented Hidakakombu remained viable in simulated gastric and intestinal juices. The ACE inhibitory component in L. casei 001-fermented Hidakakombu was isolated from the fraction below 3 kDa using high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified amino acid was identified as D-Trp using nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and optical rotation measurements. This is the first report on the ACE inhibitory activity of D-Trp in L. casei 001-fermented Hidakakombu. Hidakakombu fermented by L. casei 001 was shown to be a source of probiotics and functional components against hypertension. Therefore, fermentation by L. casei 001 was found to be an effective means of adding high value to low-grade Hidakombu.

Enhancing Micronutrients Bioavailability through Fermentation of Plant-Based Foods: A Concise Review

Plant-based foods are rich sources of vitamins and essential micronutrients. For the proper functioning of the human body and their crucial role, trace minerals (iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, etc.) are required in appropriate amounts. Cereals and pulses are the chief sources of these trace minerals. Despite these minerals, adequate consumption of plant foods cannot fulfill the human body’s total nutrient requirement. Plant foods also contain ample amounts of anti-nutritional factors such as phytate, tannins, phenols, oxalates, etc. These factors can compromise the bioavailability of several essential micronutrients in plant foods. However, literature reports show that fermentation and related processing methods can improve nutrient and mineral bioavailability of plant foods. In this review, studies related to fermentation methods that can be used to improve micronutrient bioavailability in plant foods are discussed.

Marinated Sea Bream Fillets Enriched with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis: Brine Optimization and Product Design

This study aimed to design marinated sea bream fillets, inoculated with either Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strains 11, 68, 69) or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DSM 10140. In the first step, the optimization of brine composition was performed through a centroid; the factors of the design were citric acid, vinegar, and salt. As a result of optimization, the optimal composition of brine was set to 0.75% citric acid, 55% vinegar, and 3% NaCl. In the second step, sea bream fillets were inoculated with L. plantarum strain 69 and B. animalis subsp. lactis, marinated and then packed in a conditioning solution (oil or diluted brine); the samples were stored at 4 °C for 21 days. The viability of the strains and sensory scores were assessed. The bacteria retained a high viability throughout storage (21 days); however, the sensory scores were at their highest level for 4 days. In particular, sensory assessment suggested a preference for a conditioning solution with oil, rather than with a diluted brine. In addition, a slightly higher preference was found for B. animalis subsp. lactis.

Plant-Based Alternatives to Yogurt: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of New Biotechnological Challenges

Due to the increasing demand for milk alternatives, related to both health and ethical needs, plant-based yogurt-like products have been widely explored in recent years. With the main goal to obtain snacks similar to the conventional yogurt in terms of textural and sensory properties and ability to host viable lactic acid bacteria for a long-time storage, several plant-derived ingredients (e.g., cereals, pseudocereals, legumes, and fruits) as well as technological solutions (e.g., enzymatic and thermal treatments) have been investigated. The central role of fermentation in yogurt-like production led to specific selections of lactic acid bacteria strains to be used as starters to guarantee optimal textural (e.g., through the synthesis of exo-polysaccharydes), nutritional (high protein digestibility and low content of anti-nutritional compounds), and functional (synthesis of bioactive compounds) features of the products. This review provides an overview of the novel insights on fermented yogurt-like products. The state-of-the-art on the use of unconventional ingredients, traditional and innovative biotechnological processes, and the effects of fermentation on the textural, nutritional, functional, and sensory features, and the shelf life are described. The supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics and the related health effects are also reviewed.

Development of a Dairy-Free Fermented Oat-Based Beverage With Enhanced Probiotic and Bioactive Properties

Lactobacillus fermentum PC1 with proven probiotic properties was used to ferment oats with added honey to develop a probiotic beverage with enhanced bioactive ingredients. The viable Lactobacilli were enumerated during the fermentation and storage at 4°C, as well as after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Good survival was noted both during storage as well as when exposed to the in vitro digestive tract conditions. Comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic composition indicated fermentation improved the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic acid concentration. An increase of more than 50% of gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid was observed in the methanol extracts. Moreover, no significant decrease in the β-glucan content was noted during fermentation and storage. In conclusion, this fermented product has a great potential as a functional food with enhanced probiotic survival and increased bioactive ingredients.

A review of nondairy kefir products: their characteristics and potential human health benefits

Functional foods are foods that, in addition to having nutrients, contain in their composition ingredients that act specifically on body functions associated with the control and reduction of the risk of developing some diseases. In this sense, kefir, a group of microorganisms in symbiosis, mainly yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, stands out. The trend of ingesting kefir has been focused on the development of products that serve specific consumers, such as those who are lactose-intolerant, vegans and vegetarians, and consumers in general who seek to combine the consumption of functional products with the improvement of their health and lifestyle. This overview provides an insight into kefir, presenting the technological process to produce a nondairy beverage and evidence of the benefits of its use to reduce the risk of disease. We also discuss regulatory aspects of products fermented using kefir. Until now, the use of kefir (isolated microorganism, kefiran, or fermented product) has demonstrated the potential to promote an increase in the number of bifidobacteria in the colon and an increase in the glycemic control while reducing the blood cholesterol and balancing the intestinal microbiota, which helps in reducing constipation and diarrhea, improving intestinal permeability, and stimulating and balancing the immune system. However, the literature still has gaps that need to be clarified, such as the consumption dose of kefir or its products to cause some health benefit.

Lactic Acid Fermentation of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) in a Vegetal Soybean Drink for Developing New Functional Lactose-Free Beverages

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Arthrospira platensis F&M-C256 (spirulina) biomass in a vegetal soybean drink or in water, as substrate for lactic acid fermentation by the probiotic bacterium Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 (LAB8014) and to evaluate the fermented products in terms of bacteria content and organic acids content, biochemical composition, total phenolics, and phycocyanin content, in vitro digestibility, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity. After 72 h of fermentation, a bacterial concentration of about 10.5 log CFU mL^–1 in the broths containing the soybean drink + spirulina + LAB8014 (SD + S + LAB8014) or water + spirulina + LAB8014 (W + S + LAB8014) was found. Lactic acid concentration reached similar values (about 1.7 g L^–1) in the two broths, while a different acetic acid concentration between SD + S + LAB8014 and W + S + LAB8014 broths was observed (7.7 and 4.1 g L^–1, respectively). A. platensis biomass was shown to be a suitable substrate for LAB8014 growth. After fermentation, both broths contained a high protein content (>50%). In both broths, total phenolics, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity increased after fermentation (+35, +20, and +93% on average, respectively), while phycocyanin content decreased (−40% on average). Digestibility of W + S + LAB8014 broth statistically improved after fermentation. This study highlights the potential of A. platensis F&M-C256 biomass as a substrate for the production of new functional lactose-free beverages.

Antioxidant Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum DY-1 Fermented Wheat Germ Extract and Its Influence on Lipid Oxidation and Texture Properties of Emulsified Sausages

The nutrient compositions and in vitro antioxidant activities of water-soluble extract from Lactobacillus plantarum DY-1 fermented wheat germ and its effect on the lipid oxidation and texture properties of emulsified sausages were investigated. The optimal hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity of 72.8 ± 2.9% was demonstrated for fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) by terms of the fermentation conditions as follows: fermentation time of 26 h, fermentation temperature of 35°C, initial pH of 3.0, solid to liquid ratio of 1/10, and inoculum amount of 0.48 g. The enhancement in FWGE content could improve the oxidation stability of emulsified sausages by retarding the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs) during 7 days of storage at 4°C. However, a higher FWGE content (2.14%) resulted in 78% of increase in cooking loss (p<0.05) and 41.4% of decrease in hardness (p<0.05) of emulsified sausages. It was suggested that the biotransformation of wheat germ with lactic acid bacteria could improve its nutritional quality and functional properties.

Vegetable milk as probiotic and prebiotic foods

Vegetable milks are fast gaining attention on the global scale as the possible alternatives due to concerns associated with milk consumption. In particular, issues varying from allergenic constituents and lactose intolerance to social and religious beliefs among consumers have induced an increase in the market demand for vegetable milks. Their concomitant nutritional and bioactive components appraise them of the suitable profile for the food-based carriage and delivery of probiotics. More so, the presence of prebiotics in their natural configuration makes them serviceable for the assurance of the needed probiotic viability, subsequent to their exposure to digestive conditions. On another note, their availability, ease of processing, and cost-effectiveness have been established as other possible rationales behind their adoption. This chapter comprehensively delineates the probiotic and prebiotic food-usage of vegetable milks. Captions related with consumer concerns, processing operations, nutritional and prebiotic constitutions, metabolic interactions during probiotic fermentation, and associated health benefits of vegetable milks are discoursed.

Production and characterization of volatile compounds and phytase from potentially probiotic yeasts isolated from traditional fermented cereal foods in Nigeria

BACKGROUND

Probiotic strains are incorporated into food substrates to contribute to fermentation process. The technological suitability of such strains to improve the flavor and nutritional value of fermented food is strain-specific. Potentially probiotic yeasts isolated from Nigerian traditional fermented foods were assessed for production of volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Phytases were characterized for activity and stability at different pH (3-8) and temperatures (25-50 °C).

RESULTS

A total of 45 volatiles compounds were identified from intracellular cell-free extracts of Pichia kluyveri LKC17, Issatchenkia orientalis OSL11, P. kudriavzevii OG32, P. kudriavzevii ROM11, and Candida tropicalis BOM21. They include alcohols (14), carbonyls (13), esters (10), and organic acids (8). Phenylethyl alcohol was the highest higher-alcohol in Issatchenkia orientalis OSL11 (27.51 %). The largest proportion of esters was detected in P. kudriavzevii OG32 (17.38 %). Pichia kudriavzevii OG32 and C. tropicalis BOM21 showed vigorous gowth in minimal medium supplemented with sodium phytate (2 g L-1). Extracellular phytases from P. kudriavzevii OG32 and Candida tropicalis BOM2 showed optimal activiy at pH 4.6 (104.28 U) and pH 3.6 (81.43 U) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Results obtained revealed species- and strain-specific potentials of the yeast strains to improve flavor and mineral bioavailability of fermented food products. Therefore, the application of these yeasts as starter cultures during food fermentation process is a very promising method to enhance the flavor profile and enhance mineral bioavailability in indigenous cereal-based fermented food products.