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Nikrad N, Sarghein MG, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Thylakoid supplementation and hunger and fullness perception: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae012. [PMID: 38518202 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It has been suggested that thylakoid supplementation could be associated with favorable changes in appetite. However, the present trials are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether thylakoid supplementation is effective in hunger/fullness changes. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search was performed before conducting a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Sciences databases up to May 2023. DATA EXTRACTION Of the 262 articles found, 5 articles that measured hunger fullness expressed as ratings on the visual analog scale (VAS) for appetite analyses were selected and thoroughly examined. Relevant information, such as the authors' names, year of publication, country of origin, study design, number and status of participants, intervention dosage and type, study duration, assay used, and key findings, was extracted from these articles. The Jadad scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies. DATA ANALYSIS The data were obtained using STATA version 13 (StataCorp). Effect sizes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed to estimate whether the effects of thylakoid supplementation on hunger and fullness varied according to dose, intervention duration, baseline population age and body mass index, baseline hunger and fullness, total sample size, and study quality. Fractional polynomial modeling was carried out to estimate time- and dose-response meta-analysis of the association between thylakoid and satiety and fullness. The meta-analysis also suggests a significant association between the combination of thylakoids with meals and reduced hunger (WMD: -2.415 mm; 95% CI: -3.544, -1.287; P < 0.001) and increased fullness (WMD: +4.602 mm; 95% CI: 2.356, 6.848; P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that thylakoid supplementation with 2 doses of 5 g/day (P = 0.002) and 7.4 g/day (P = 0.021) is more effective in reducing the feeling of hunger during an intervention of less than 56 days (P < 0.001) and with a lower level of hunger (VAS <45 mm, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant increase in the perception of fullness was found at a duration of less than 84 days (P < 0.001) and baseline fullness of more than 45 mm (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with thylakoid shows favorable effects on reducing hunger and increasing fullness during a shorter intervention duration. Further trials are required to shed light on this relationship. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023432429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Nikrad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Xiao Y, Feng Y, Zhao J, Chen W, Lu W. Achieving healthy aging through gut microbiota-directed dietary intervention: Focusing on microbial biomarkers and host mechanisms. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00092-4. [PMID: 38462039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population aging has become a primary global public health issue, and the prevention of age-associated diseases and prolonging healthy life expectancies are of particular importance. Gut microbiota has emerged as a novel target in various host physiological disorders including aging. Comprehensive understanding on changes of gut microbiota during aging, in particular gut microbiota characteristics of centenarians, can provide us possibility to achieving healthy aging or intervene pathological aging through gut microbiota-directed strategies. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the characteristics of the gut microbiota associated with aging, explore potential biomarkers of aging and address microbiota-associated mechanisms of host aging focusing on intestinal barrier and immune status. By summarizing the existing effective dietary strategies in aging interventions, the probability of developing a diet targeting the gut microbiota in future is provided. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three key notions: Firstly, gut microbiota has become a new target for regulating health status and lifespan, and its changes are closely related to age. Thus, we summarized aging-associated gut microbiota features at the levels of key genus/species and important metabolites through comparing the microbiota differences among centenarians, elderly people and younger people. Secondly, exploring microbiota biomarkers related to aging and discussing future possibility using dietary regime/components targeted to aging-related microbiota biomarkers promote human healthy lifespan. Thirdly, dietary intervention can effectively improve the imbalance of gut microbiota related to aging, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, but their effects vary among.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Yingxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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3
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Salehi S, Allahverdy J, Pourjafar H, Sarabandi K, Jafari SM. Gut Microbiota and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Understanding the Pathogenesis and the Role of Probiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10223-5. [PMID: 38421576 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders among women in modern societies. A variety of factors can contribute to the development of PCOS. These women often exhibit high insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism, irregular periods, and infertility. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota (GMB) in women with PCOS has attracted the attention of many researchers. Porphyromonas spp., B. coprophilus, and F. prausnitzii are found in higher numbers in the gut of women with PCOS. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by the intestinal microbiota through fermentation, play an essential role in regulating metabolic activities and are helpful in reducing insulin resistance and improving PCOS symptoms. According to studies, the bacteria producing SCFAs in the gut of these women are less abundant than in healthy women. The effectiveness of using probiotic supplements has been proven to improve the condition of women with PCOS. Daily consumption of probiotics improves dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome and increases the production of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Salehi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Allahverdy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Khashayar Sarabandi
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Km 12 Mashhad-Quchan Highway, PO Box 91895, Mashhad, 157-356, Iran
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Li R, Fu R, Cui ZQ, Guo L, Chen YH, Bai J, Yang JB, Tan QR, Peng ZW. Effects of low-frequency rTMS combined with risperidone on the gut microbiome in hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148539. [PMID: 37598899 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely used in treating schizophrenia (SCH). However, the effects of the low frequency of rTMS combined with antipsychotics on the gut microbiome in chronic SCH have been poorly investigated. In the present study, psychiatric symptoms were assessed and the stool samples obtained from 33 adult patients with chronic SCH (at baselinephase), 27 after 2 weeks of treatment (rTMS combined with risperidone, SCH-2W), and 37 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that the reduction of phylum Proteobacteria, family Enterobacteriaceae and genera Escherichia-Shigella as well as the increase of genera norank_f_Lachnospiraceae might be related to the antipsychotic effect of rTMS combined with risperidone. These findings indicate that the brain-gut-microbiota axis might be involved in the therapeutic effect of rTMS combined with antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yi-Huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Jia-Bin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Qing-Rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Zheng-Wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang'an Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China; Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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5
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Lehman PC, Ghimire S, Price JD, Ramer-Tait AE, Mangalam AK. Diet-microbiome-immune interplay in multiple sclerosis: Understanding the impact of phytoestrogen metabolizing gut bacteria. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250236. [PMID: 37673213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathobiology of the disease. Although HLA genes have emerged as the strongest genetic factor linked to MS, consensus on the environmental risk factors is lacking. Recently, the gut microbiota has garnered increasing attention as a potential environmental factor in MS, as mounting evidence suggests that individuals with MS exhibit microbial dysbiosis (changes in the gut microbiome). Thus, there has been a strong emphasis on understanding the role of the gut microbiome in the pathobiology of MS, specifically, factors regulating the gut microbiota and the mechanism(s) through which gut microbes may contribute to MS. Among all factors, diet has emerged to have the strongest influence on the composition and function of gut microbiota. As MS patients lack gut bacteria capable of metabolizing dietary phytoestrogen, we will specifically discuss the role of a phytoestrogen diet and phytoestrogen metabolizing gut bacteria in the pathobiology of MS. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help to harness the enormous potential of the gut microbiota as potential therapeutics to treat MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Lehman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Price
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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6
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Yao Y, Zhao W, Xiang G, Lv R, Dong Y, Yan H, Li M. Bamboo Plant Part Preference Affects the Nutrients Digestibility and Intestinal Microbiota of Geriatric Giant Pandas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050844. [PMID: 36899701 PMCID: PMC10000146 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboo part preference plays a critical role in influencing the nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal microbiota composition of captive giant pandas. However, the effects of bamboo part consumption on the nutrient digestibility and gut microbiome of geriatric giant pandas remain unknown. A total of 11 adult and 11 aged captive giant pandas were provided with bamboo shoots or bamboo leaves in the respective single-bamboo-part consumption period, and the nutrient digestibility and fecal microbiota of both adult and aged giant pandas in each period were evaluated. Bamboo shoot ingestion increased the crude protein digestibility and decreased the crude fiber digestibility of both age groups. The fecal microbiome of the bamboo shoot-fed giant pandas exhibited greater alpha diversity indices and significantly different beta diversity index than the bamboo leaf-fed counterparts regardless of age. Bamboo shoot feeding significantly changed the relative abundance of predominant taxa at both phylum and genus levels in adult and geriatric giant pandas. Bamboo shoot-enriched genera were positively correlated with crude protein digestibility and negatively correlated with crude fiber digestibility. Taken together, these results suggest that bamboo part consumption dominates over age in affecting the nutrient digestibility and gut microbiota composition of giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Wenjia Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Guilin Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ruiqing Lv
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Honglin Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingxi Li
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (M.L.)
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7
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The microbiota and aging microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: Cell origin and fate. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Alrahawy M, Javed S, Atif H, Elsanhoury K, Mekhaeil K, Eskander G. Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e30720. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Psychological factors substantially contribute to biological aging: evidence from the aging rate in Chinese older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7206-7222. [PMID: 36170009 PMCID: PMC9550255 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a deep learning aging clock using blood test data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which has a mean absolute error of 5.68 years. We used the aging clock to demonstrate the connection between the physical and psychological aspects of aging. The clock detects accelerated aging in people with heart, liver, and lung conditions. We demonstrate that psychological factors, such as feeling unhappy or being lonely, add up to 1.65 years to one’s biological age, and the aggregate effect exceeds the effects of biological sex, living area, marital status, and smoking status. We conclude that the psychological component should not be ignored in aging studies due to its significant impact on biological age.
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10
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Gut microbiota alterations in critically ill older patients: a multicenter study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:373. [PMID: 35484500 PMCID: PMC9047279 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging generates changes in the gut microbiota, affecting its functionality. Little is known about gut microbiota in critically ill older adults. The objective of this study was to describe the profile of gut microbiota in a cohort of critically ill older adults. Methods This observational study was conducted in five health institutions. Over a 6-month study period, critically ill patients over 18 years old who were admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled. Fecal microbiota profiles were determined from 155 individuals, over 60 years old (n = 72) and under 60 years old (n = 83). Gut microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Alpha and beta diversity, operational taxonomic units and the interaction of gut microbiota with variables under study were analyzed. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) specifically associated with age were recovered by including gender, discharge condition, BMI, ICU stay and antibiotics as covariates in a linear mixed model. Results In older adults, sepsis, malnutrition, antibiotic prescription and severity (APACHE and SOFA scores) were higher than in the group under 60 years of age. Alpha diversity showed lower gut microbiota diversity in those over 60 years of age (p < 0.05); beta diversity evidenced significant differences between the groups (PERMANOVA = 1.19, p = 0.038). The microbiota of the adults under 60 years old showed greater abundance of Murdochiella, Megasphaera, Peptoniphilus and Ezakiella, whereas those over 60 years old Escherichia-Shigella and Hungatella were more abundant. Conclusion The gut microbial community was altered by different factors; however, age significantly explained the variability in critically ill patients. A lower presence of beneficial genera and a higher abundance of pathogens was observed in adults over 60 years old. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-02981-0.
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang F, Ye X, Hu JJ, Yang X, Yao L, Zhao BC, Deng F, Liu KX. Association Between Gut Dysbiosis and Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Patients With Sepsis or Septic Shock. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:857035. [PMID: 35372123 PMCID: PMC8964439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.857035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) seriously affects the evolution and prognosis of the sepsis patient. The gut microbiota has been confirmed to play an important role in sepsis or cardiovascular diseases, but the changes and roles of the gut microbiota in SIMD have not been reported yet. This study aims to assess the compositions of the gut microbiota in sepsis or septic patients with or without myocardial injury and to find the relationship between the gut microbiota and SIMD. Methods The prospective, observational, and 1:1 matched case–control study was conducted to observe gut microbiota profiles from patients with SIMD (n = 18) and matched non-SIMD (NSIMD) patients (n = 18) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then the relationship between the relative abundance of microbial taxa and clinical indicators and clinical outcomes related to SIMD was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predictive efficiencies of the varied gut microbiota to SIMD. Results SIMD was associated with poor outcomes in sepsis patients. The beta-diversity of the gut microbiota was significantly different between the SIMD patients and NSIMD subjects. The gut microbiota profiles in different levels significantly differed between the two groups. Additionally, the abundance of some microbes (Klebsiella variicola, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides vulgatus) was correlated with clinical indicators and clinical outcomes. Notably, ROC analysis indicated that K. variicola may be a potential biomarker of SIMD. Conclusion Our study indicates that SIMD patients may have a particular gut microbiota signature and that the gut microbiota might be a potential diagnostic marker for evaluating the risk of developing SIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Juan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Santos L. The impact of nutrition and lifestyle modification on health. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 97:18-25. [PMID: 34670680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The main recommendations from public health entities include healthy diets and physical activity as the main lifestyle factors impacting the development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer, and even neurological diseases. Randomized clinical trials have been designed to demonstrate those lifestyle modifications can change the pattern of chronic diseases development and progression. Among these, nutrition is one of the most impacting factors. Therefore, nutrition and diets were also included in different randomized clinical trials, and most of them showed a favorable impact of nutrition modification on the participant's health. Nevertheless, study designs were considerably different, and future studies are needed to support nutrition modifications further. The choice of a healthy considered diet, like the Mediterranean diet, was shown to impact chronic diseases, cardiovascular risk, and adult life expectancy mainly due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, a high intake of fibers, fruits, and vegetables together with a low intake of fat and energy-dense, processed foods contribute to an inflammation reduction and a more robust immune system leading. Besides these well-known properties, all lifestyle modifications must be personalized according to the availability of foods, geographic localizations, and the healthy status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lèlita Santos
- Internal Medicine Service, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CIMAGO Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Li L, Zhao Y, Li J, Ban L, Yang L, Wang S, Zhu L, Song H, Liu H. The adhesion of the gut microbiota to insoluble dietary fiber from soy hulls promoted the proliferation of probiotics in vitro. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Jalodia R, Kolli U, Braniff RG, Tao J, Abu YF, Chupikova I, Moidunny S, Ramakrishnan S, Roy S. Morphine mediated neutrophil infiltration in intestinal tissue play essential role in histological damage and microbial dysbiosis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2143225. [PMID: 36409161 PMCID: PMC9683065 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2143225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial ecosystem exhibits a complex bidirectional communication with the host and is one of the key contributing factors in determining mucosal immune homeostasis or an inflammatory state. Opioid use has been established to induce gut microbial dysbiosis consistent with increased intestinal tissue inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of infiltrated immune cells in morphine-induced intestinal tissue damage and gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. Results reveal a significant increase in chemokine expression in intestinal tissues followed by increased neutrophil infiltration post morphine treatment which is direct consequence of a dysbiotic microbiome since the effect is attenuated in antibiotics treated animals and in germ-free mice. Neutrophil neutralization using anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody showed a significant decrease in tissue damage and an increase in tight junction protein organization. 16S rRNA sequencing on intestinal samples highlighted the role of infiltrated neutrophils in modulating microbial community structure by providing a growth benefit for pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterococcus, and simultaneously causing a significant depletion of commensal bacteria, such as Lactobacillus. Taken together, we provide the first direct evidence that neutrophil infiltration contributes to morphine-induced intestinal tissue damage and gut microbial dysbiosis. Our findings implicate that inhibition of neutrophil infiltration may provide therapeutic benefits against gastrointestinal dysfunctions associated with opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Jalodia
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Udhghatri Kolli
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Junyi Tao
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yaa Fosuah Abu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irina Chupikova
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shamsudheen Moidunny
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Ionescu EM, Curte AM, Olteanu AO, Preda CM, Tieranu I, Klimko A, Tieranu CG. Rare Clinical Association between Clostridioides difficile Infection and Ischemic Colitis: Case Report and Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:705. [PMID: 34356986 PMCID: PMC8307989 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Gut microbiota plays an important role in the wellbeing of the host through different interactions between microflora constituents. In certain instances, Clostridioides difficile may pullulate, causing infection with associated colitis that may vary in terms of severity from mild disease to severe colitis, with increased associated mortality due to its complications. However, there are few literature data regarding the association between Clostridioides difficile and ischemic colitis. Case report: We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient, overweight, with impending dehydration, who presented with hematochezia and colicky abdominal pain, with positive fecal tests for the detection of Clostridioides difficile infection and endoscopic appearance suggesting ischemic colitis in the sigmoid and left colon, confirmed by computed tomography and histology. The patient was treated with oral Vancomycin, with resolution of symptoms, and was reevaluated through colonoscopy eight weeks after discharge, with endoscopic mucosal normalization and histological scarring process on biopsy samples. Conclusion: We report one of the few cases in the literature of ischemic colitis associated with Clostridioides difficile infection, with resolution of clinical, endoscopic, and histologic changes after specific treatment with oral Vancomycin suggesting a possible association between the two diseases. We also review the existing literature data regarding this comorbid association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mirela Ionescu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Elias” Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (A.O.O.); (C.G.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.P.); (I.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ana-Maria Curte
- Department of Pathology, “Elias” Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andrei Ovidiu Olteanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Elias” Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (A.O.O.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Carmen Monica Preda
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.P.); (I.T.); (A.K.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Tieranu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.P.); (I.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Artsiom Klimko
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.P.); (I.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Cristian George Tieranu
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Elias” Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania; (A.O.O.); (C.G.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.P.); (I.T.); (A.K.)
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16
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Zhu R, Lang T, Yan W, Zhu X, Huang X, Yin Q, Li Y. Gut Microbiota: Influence on Carcinogenesis and Modulation Strategies by Drug Delivery Systems to Improve Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003542. [PMID: 34026439 PMCID: PMC8132165 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota have close interactions with the host. It can affect cancer progression and the outcomes of cancer therapy, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Therefore, approaches toward the modulation of gut microbiota will enhance cancer prevention and treatment. Modern drug delivery systems (DDS) are emerging as rational and promising tools for microbiota intervention. These delivery systems have compensated for the obstacles associated with traditional treatments. In this review, the essential roles of gut microbiota in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and various cancer therapies are first introduced. Next, advances in DDS that are aimed at enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy by modulating or engineering gut microbiota are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of DDS targeting gut microbiota for cancer prevention and treatment are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Tianqun Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced PreparationsYantai Institute of Materia MedicaYantai264000China
| | - Wenlu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced PreparationsYantai Institute of Materia MedicaYantai264000China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of PharmaceuticsShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Sciences501 Haike RoadShanghai201203China
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced PreparationsYantai Institute of Materia MedicaYantai264000China
- School of PharmacyYantai UniversityYantai264005China
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17
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Marine Natural Products: Promising Candidates in the Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis towards Neuroprotection. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030165. [PMID: 33808737 PMCID: PMC8003567 DOI: 10.3390/md19030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, several neuroprotective agents have been provided in combating neuronal dysfunctions; however, no effective treatment has been found towards the complete eradication of neurodegenerative diseases. From the pathophysiological point of view, growing studies are indicating a bidirectional relationship between gut and brain termed gut-brain axis in the context of health/disease. Revealing the gut-brain axis has survived new hopes in the prevention, management, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, introducing novel alternative therapies in regulating the gut-brain axis seems to be an emerging concept to pave the road in fighting neurodegenerative diseases. Growing studies have developed marine-derived natural products as hopeful candidates in a simultaneous targeting of gut-brain dysregulated mediators towards neuroprotection. Of marine natural products, carotenoids (e.g., fucoxanthin, and astaxanthin), phytosterols (e.g., fucosterol), polysaccharides (e.g., fucoidan, chitosan, alginate, and laminarin), macrolactins (e.g., macrolactin A), diterpenes (e.g., lobocrasol, excavatolide B, and crassumol E) and sesquiterpenes (e.g., zonarol) have shown to be promising candidates in modulating gut-brain axis. The aforementioned marine natural products are potential regulators of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress mediators towards a bidirectional regulation of the gut-brain axis. The present study aims at describing the gut-brain axis, the importance of gut microbiota in neurological diseases, as well as the modulatory role of marine natural products towards neuroprotection.
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18
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López-Taboada I, González-Pardo H, Conejo NM. Western Diet: Implications for Brain Function and Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564413. [PMID: 33329193 PMCID: PMC7719696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western diet (WD) pattern characterized by high daily intake of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates often leads to obesity and overweight, and it has been linked to cognitive impairment and emotional disorders in both animal models and humans. This dietary pattern alters the composition of gut microbiota, influencing brain function by different mechanisms involving the gut-brain axis. In addition, long-term exposure to highly palatable foods typical of WD could induce addictive-like eating behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation associated with chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. In turn, chronic stress modulates eating behavior, and it could have detrimental effects on different brain regions such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and several cortical regions. Moreover, obesity and overweight induce neuroinflammation, causing neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current scientific evidence about the mechanisms and factors relating WD consumption with altered brain function and behavior. Possible therapeutic interventions and limitations are also discussed, aiming to tackle and prevent this current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nélida María Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Agudelo-Ochoa GM, Valdés-Duque BE, Giraldo-Giraldo NA, Jaillier-Ramírez AM, Giraldo-Villa A, Acevedo-Castaño I, Yepes-Molina MA, Barbosa-Barbosa J, Benítez-Paéz A. Gut microbiota profiles in critically ill patients, potential biomarkers and risk variables for sepsis. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1707610. [PMID: 31924126 PMCID: PMC7524144 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1707610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients are physiologically unstable and recent studies indicate that the intestinal microbiota could be involved in the health decline of such patients during ICU stays. This study aims to assess the intestinal microbiota in critically ill patients with and without sepsis and to determine its impact on outcome variables, such as medical complications, ICU stay time, and mortality. A multi-center study was conducted with a total of 250 peri-rectal swabs obtained from 155 patients upon admission and during ICU stays. Intestinal microbiota was assessed by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Linear mixed models were used to integrate microbiota data with more than 40 clinical and demographic variables to detect covariates and minimize the effect of confounding factors. We found that the microbiota of ICU patients with sepsis has an increased abundance of microbes tightly associated with inflammation, such as Parabacteroides, Fusobacterium and Bilophila species. Female sex and aging would represent an increased risk for sepsis possibly because of some of their microbiota features. We also evidenced a remarkable loss of microbial diversity, during the ICU stay. Concomitantly, we detected that the abundance of pathogenic species, such as Enterococcus spp., was differentially increased in sepsis patients who died, indicating these species as potential biomarkers for monitoring during ICU stay. We concluded that particular intestinal microbiota signatures could predict sepsis development in ICU patients. We propose potential biomarkers for evaluation in the clinical management of ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Agudelo-Ochoa
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia,Gloria M. Agudelo-Ochoa Carrera, 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz E. Valdés-Duque
- Biosciences Research Group, Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso Benítez-Paéz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology. Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna-Valencia, Spain,CONTACT Alfonso Benítez-Paéz C/Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7. 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Coman V, Vodnar DC. Gut microbiota and old age: Modulating factors and interventions for healthy longevity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111095. [PMID: 32979504 PMCID: PMC7510636 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem with a paramount role in shaping our metabolic and immunological functions. Recent research suggests that aging may negatively affect the composition, diversity, and function of our microbiota mainly due to alterations in diet and immunologic reactivity (i.e. immunosenescence), and increased incidence of certain diseases and, therefore, increased exposure to certain medication (e.g. antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors). In turn, this aging-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to the initiation and/or progress of other metabolic diseases, and consequently, to a decrease in healthy longevity. On the positive side, promising therapeutic interventions, such as diet supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation, aimed to counteract these aging-related deleterious consequences, could improve our health, and extend our healthy lifespan. In this context, the current review aims to assess the latest progress in identifying the key elements affecting the gut microbiota of the older adults and their mechanism of action, and the effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring the diversity and healthy functions of the gut microbiota in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Coman
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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21
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Obesity (Diabesity). The Central Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Translational Applications. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092749. [PMID: 32917030 PMCID: PMC7551493 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a condition of rising prevalence worldwide, with important socioeconomic implications, being considered as a growing public health concern. Frequently, obesity brings other complications in addition to itself—like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)—sharing origin, risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. In this context, some authors have decided to include both conditions as a unique entity known as “diabesity”. In fact, understanding diabesity as a single disease is possible to maximise the benefits from therapies received in these patients. Gut microbiota plays a key role in individual’s health, and their alterations, either in its composition or derived products are related to a wide range of metabolic disorders like T2DM and obesity. The present work aims to collect the different changes reported in gut microbiota in patients with T2DM associated with obesity and their possible role in the onset, development, and establishment of the disease. Moreover, current research lines to modulate gut microbiota and the potential clinical translation derived from the knowledge of this system will also be reviewed, which may provide support for a better clinical management of such a complex condition.
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22
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Zhang N, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang W, Liu Z, Xi C, Huang X, Liu J, Huang J, Tian D, Mu J, Liao X, Zhai S. Efficacy of probiotics on stress in healthy volunteers: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01699. [PMID: 32662591 PMCID: PMC7507034 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics seems to play a beneficial role in stressed populations; thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of probiotics on stress in healthy subjects were conducted. METHODS Randomized controlled trials on the effects of probiotics on stress in healthy subjects were retrieved from five databases. The effects of probiotics on subjective stress level, stress-related subthreshold anxiety/depression level, cortisol level, and adverse reactions were analyzed. Separate subgroup analyses were conducted on single-strain probiotics versus multi-strain probiotics, and short-term administration versus long-term administration. RESULTS Seven studies were included, involving a total of 1,146 subjects. All the studies were rated as low or moderate risk of bias. Our research found that probiotic administration can generally reduce the subjective stress level of healthy volunteers and may improve their stress-related subthreshold anxiety/depression level, but no significant effect was observed in the subgroup analysis. The effect of probiotics on cortisol level was not significant. Adverse reactions were reported in only one of seven studies, but left undescribed. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that probiotics can reduce subjective stress level in healthy volunteers and may alleviate stress-related subthreshold anxiety/depression level, without significant effect on cortisol level, and there is not enough support to draw conclusions about adverse effects; thus, more reliable evidence from clinical trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Center for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Menglin Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongcheng Xi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xunying Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Mu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liao
- Center for Evidence Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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23
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Singh A, Banerjee P, Anas M, Singh N, Qamar I. Traditional Nutritional and Health Practices Targeting Lifestyle Behavioral Changes in Humans. J Lifestyle Med 2020; 10:67-73. [PMID: 32995333 PMCID: PMC7502895 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2020.10.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this 21st century who isn't enticed by the glamorous and appealing life in the fast lane? We are surrounded by wonders, something we could never have imagined erstwhile. We have everything just a click or a call away. This alluring lifestyle comes with its own perils, the biggest one being concerned with health which is often compromised with check ins and home delivered food but the problem doesn't just lie with the outside food but also with all those chemical enriched engineered expensive food items. The industry often tempers with our food to make it "More Attractive" to the consumer. However, in modern era, availability of drugs and fancy powders has led to imbalance of health and nutrition, contrary to the previous era when home gardening was very common and people preferred fresh-foods which didn't contain added chemicals. They even used to treat some of the health problems with the natural ways that we nowadays refer to DIYs (Do-it-yourselves). Since Ayurveda used natural herbs and plant extracts for treatment, the earth was fresher and less-polluted which led to greater life expectancy. The modern era also has its own benefits like excellences in allopathy medicine has brought a cure to many untreatable diseases of the ancient times, and have even eradicated certain diseases like smallpox and polio. To summarize, both the time had their own pros and cons, so it would be better if we take both of their advantages into consideration and work ahead to live a healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pallabi Banerjee
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Anas
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Imteyaz Qamar
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Dairy product intake modifies gut microbiota composition among hyperinsulinemic individuals. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:159-167. [PMID: 32232546 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The objectives of this study were to investigate differences in gut microbiota (GM) composition after high dairy intake (HD) compared to adequate dairy intake (AD) and to correlate GM composition variations with the change in glycemic parameters in hyperinsulinemic subjects. METHODS In this crossover study, 10 hyperinsulinemic adults were randomized to HD (≥ 4 servings/day) or AD (≤ 2 servings/day) for 6 weeks, separated by a 6-week washout period. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured after each intervention. Insulin resistance was calculated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). GM was determined with 16S rRNA-based high-throughput sequencing at the end of each intervention. Paired t test, correlations and machine learning analyses were performed. RESULTS Endpoint glycemic parameters were not different between HD and AD intake. After HD compared with AD intake, there was a decrease in the abundance of bacteria in Roseburia and Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively) and a trend for an increase abundance in Faecalibacteria and Flavonifractor (p = 0.05 and p = 0.06, respectively). The changes in abundance of Coriobacteriia, Erysipelotrichia, and Flavonifractor were negatively correlated with the change in HOMA-IR between the AD and HD phases. Furthermore, a predictive GM signature, including Anaerotruncus, Flavonifractor, Ruminococcaceae, and Subdoligranulum, was related to HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Overall, these results suggest that HD modifies the abundance of specific butyrate-producing bacteria in Firmicutes and of bacteria in Verrucomicrobia in hyperinsulinemic individuals. In addition, the butyrate producing bacteria in Firmicutes phylum correlate negatively with insulin resistance.
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25
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Valdés-Duque BE, Giraldo-Giraldo NA, Jaillier-Ramírez AM, Giraldo-Villa A, Acevedo-Castaño I, Yepes-Molina MA, Barbosa-Barbosa J, Barrera-Causil CJ, Agudelo-Ochoa GM. Stool Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:706-712. [PMID: 32163012 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1727379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the concentration of stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in critically ill patients with sepsis and to compare the results between the critically ill patient and the control group.Methods: This descriptive, multicenter, observational study was conducted in five health institutions. Over a 6-month study period, critically ill patients with sepsis who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and met the inclusion criteria were enrolled, and a control, paired by age and sex, was recruited for each patient. A spontaneous stool sample was collected from each participant and a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (Agilent 7890/MSD 5975 C) was used to measure the concentrations SCFAs.Results: The final sample included 44 patients and 45 controls. There were no differences in the age and sex distributions between the groups (p > 0.05). According to body mass index (BMI), undernutrition was more prevalent among critically ill patients, and BMI in control subjects was most frequently classified as overweight (p = 0.024). Propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid concentrations were significantly lower in the critically ill patient group than in the control group (p = 0.000). No association with outcome variables (complications, ICU stay, and discharge condition) was found in the patients, and patients diagnosed with infection on ICU admission showed significant decreases in butyric and isobutyric acid concentrations with respect to other diagnostic criteria (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The results confirm significantly lower concentrations of stool SCFAs in critically ill patients with sepsis than in control subjects. Due to its role in intestinal integrity, barrier function, and anti-inflammatory effect, maintaining the concentration of SCFAs may be important in the ICU care protocols of the critical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Valdés-Duque
- Bioscience Research Group, Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia - IUCMA, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Nubia A Giraldo-Giraldo
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia - UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana M Jaillier-Ramírez
- Departamento de nutrición, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación Rionegro, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Adriana Giraldo-Villa
- Departamento de nutrición clínica, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Irene Acevedo-Castaño
- Departamento de nutrición y dietética, Hospital General, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Mónica A Yepes-Molina
- Departamento de nutrición y dietética, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación Medellín, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Janeth Barbosa-Barbosa
- Departamento de nutrición, área de soporte nutricional, Clínica Las Américas, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos J Barrera-Causil
- Research Group in Teaching and Modeling in Applied Exact Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano - ITM, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gloria M Agudelo-Ochoa
- Food and Human Nutrition Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia - UdeA, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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26
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Prabhu VR, Wasimuddin, Kamalakkannan R, Arjun MS, Nagarajan M. Consequences of Domestication on Gut Microbiome: A Comparative Study Between Wild Gaur and Domestic Mithun. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:133. [PMID: 32158434 PMCID: PMC7051944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the gut microbiome benefits the host in several ways, how anthropogenic forces impact the gut microbiome of mammals is not yet completely known. Recent studies have noted reduced gut microbiome diversity in captive mammals due to changes in diet and living environment. However, no studies have been carried out to understand how the gut microbiome of wild mammals responds to domestication. We analyzed the gut microbiome of wild and captive gaur and domestic mithun (domestic form of gaur) to understand whether the gut microbiome exhibits sequential changes from wild to captivity and after domestication. Both captive and domestic populations were characterized by reduced microbial diversity and abundance as compared to their wild counterparts. Notably, two beneficial bacterial families, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, which are known to play vital roles in herbivores' digestion, exhibited lower abundance in captive and domestic populations. Consequently, the predicted bacterial functional pathways especially related to metabolism and immune system showed lower abundance in captive and domestic populations compared to wild population. Therefore, we suggest that domestication can impact the gut microbiome more severely than captivity, which might lead to adverse effects on host health and fitness. However, further investigations are required across a wide range of domesticates in order to understand the general trend of microbiome shifts in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana R. Prabhu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Wasimuddin
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ranganathan Kamalakkannan
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Moolamkudy Suresh Arjun
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Muniyandi Nagarajan
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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Effect of High Calorie Diet on Intestinal Flora in LPS-Induced Pneumonia Rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1701. [PMID: 32015367 PMCID: PMC6997398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora plays an important role in inflammatory response to systemic or local organs of its host. High calorie diet has been shown to aggravate the condition of pneumonia and delay recovery, especially in children. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study placed SPF rats in a conventional environment, high calorie diet or LPS atomization was performed respectively or combined. Analysis of high-throughput sequencing of intestinal content combined with animal weight, organ index, serum inflammatory factors indicators and bioinformatics found that after pulmonary infection combined with a high-calorie diet, rats showed significant changes such as weight loss and increased lung weight index, and their lung and intestinal tissues showed more obvious inflammatory changes. And its gut flora structure suggests, the abundance of Leuconostocaceae in significantly reduced; abundance of Staphylococcus, Planococcaceae, Staphylococcus, Staphylococcaceae, Bacillales, Gemellales and Aerococcus significant increased. The study showed that high calorie diet and LPS atomization synergistically promoted pneumonia process in rat pups, which is related to changes in structure of intestinal flora. It is worth noting that pneumonia rats fed by convention diet also causing intestinal flora imbalance.
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Abstract
Chronic heart failure, diabetes, depression, and other chronic diseases are associated with high mortality rate and low cure rate. Exercise induces muscle contraction and secretes multiple myokines, which affects the signaling pathways in skeletal muscle tissues and regulate remote organ functions. Exercise is known to be effective in treating a variety of chronic diseases. Here we summarize how exercise influences skeletal muscle, heart, brain, gut, and liver, and prevents heart failure, cognitive dysfunction, obesity, fatty liver, and other diseases. Exercise training may achieve additional benefits as compared to the present medication for these chronic diseases through cross talk among skeletal muscle and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Daqing Qilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Minjun Xu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Bai J, Chen X. The Effect of Maternal Postpartum Practices on Infant Gut Microbiota: A Chinese Cohort Study. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E511. [PMID: 31671639 PMCID: PMC6920906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human gut microbiota at early life is shaped by numerous factors, especially factors from mothers, which have huge influence on infants' gut microbiotas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal adherence to Chinese traditional postpartum practices of "doing the month" on the development of infant gut microbiota at 6-month postpartum. (2) Methods: A cohort of 62 Chinese women at late pregnancy was recruited from a tertiary general hospital in a central region of China. The participants and their babies were followed up to 6 months postpartum. Finally, 50 mother-infant dyads were enrolled in the study. Women's adherence to the traditional postpartum practices was measured by adherence to doing the month practices (ADP). Infant fecal samples were collected at six months of age and were analyzed using 16S rRNA V3 and V4 gene region sequences. (3) Results: Ruminococcus gnavus was significantly less abundant in infants whose mothers had a better adherence to the traditional postpartum practices of "doing the month." Infants receiving Clostridium-butyricum during the first month after delivery had a significant dominance of Escherichia/Shigella. (4) Conclusions: Adherence to the traditional postpartum practices of "doing the month" can impact an infant's gut microbiota at 6 months of age. Infants receiving probiotics during the first month after delivery had a significant dominance of opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Affiliation Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Affiliation Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Affiliation Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Affiliation Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Yvon S, Schwebel L, Belahcen L, Tormo H, Peter M, Haimoud-Lekhal DA, Eutamene H, Jard G. Effects of thermized donkey milk with lysozyme activity on altered gut barrier in mice exposed to water-avoidance stress. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7697-7706. [PMID: 31326167 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition plays a crucial role in human gut health through the improvement of gut barrier functionality. Donkey milk represents an interesting source of natural antimicrobial factors such as lysozyme. Recently, anti-inflammatory properties of donkey milk lysozyme activity were described in a mouse model of ileitis. The current increase of donkey milk consumption highlights the necessity to propose a healthy milk compliant with microbiological standards. This study aims to define a heat treatment of donkey milk, retaining its high lysozyme activity, and to evaluate its beneficial effects on a gut barrier impairment model due to chronic stress in mice. To perform this experiment, samples of raw donkey milk were collected in 15 distinct French farms. Microbiological analysis and lysozyme content and activity were evaluated for each sample. Then, several heat treatments were carried out to define a time and temperature combination that allowed for both a reduction in the number of total micro-organisms, increasing the shelf-life of the product, and preservation of lysozyme activity. The beneficial effect of heated donkey milk on the gut barrier of mice was evaluated and compared with raw donkey milk. We found that samples of raw donkey milk showed low total mesophilic microbial counts, and no pathogens were detected. Among the different heat-treatment procedures tested, a 2-min, 72°C combination was determined to be the most optimal time and temperature combination to preserve lysozyme activity and increase the shelf-life of donkey milk. Oral administration of this heat-treated donkey milk in mice counteracted chronic stress-induced intestinal damage, illustrated by gut hyper-permeability and low-grade inflammation, similar to raw donkey milk. We have demonstrated for the first time that oral intervention with donkey milk, optimally heat-treated to retain enzymatic lysozyme activity, improves intestinal barrier damage linked to psychological stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Yvon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331 Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Toulouse, France
| | - Lauriane Schwebel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331 Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Toulouse, France
| | - Loubnah Belahcen
- Equipe Agromolécules et Agroalimentaire, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tormo
- Equipe Agromolécules et Agroalimentaire, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Peter
- Equipe Agromolécules et Agroalimentaire, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Djamila Ali Haimoud-Lekhal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Eutamene
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331 Toxalim, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Université de Toulouse, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Toulouse, France.
| | - Gwenaelle Jard
- Equipe Agromolécules et Agroalimentaire, Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique-Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Sebastián Domingo JJ, Sánchez Sánchez C. From the intestinal flora to the microbiome. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2018; 110:51-56. [PMID: 29271225 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2017.4947/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the history of the microbiota is reviewed and the related concepts of the microbiota, microbiome, metagenome, pathobiont, dysbiosis, holobiont, phylotype and enterotype are defined. The most precise and current knowledge about the microbiota is presented and the metabolic, nutritional and immunomodulatory functions are reviewed. Some gastrointestinal diseases whose pathogenesis is associated with the intestinal microbiota, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease, among others, are briefly discussed. Finally, some prominent and promising data with regard to the fecal microbiota transplantation in certain digestive illness are discussed.
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Meat and Nicotinamide: A Causal Role in Human Evolution, History, and Demographics. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704661. [PMID: 28579800 PMCID: PMC5417583 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for meat was a critical step in all animal and human evolution. A key brain-trophic element in meat is vitamin B3 / nicotinamide. The supply of meat and nicotinamide steadily increased from the Cambrian origin of animal predators ratcheting ever larger brains. This culminated in the 3-million-year evolution of Homo sapiens and our overall demographic success. We view human evolution, recent history, and agricultural and demographic transitions in the light of meat and nicotinamide intake. A biochemical and immunological switch is highlighted that affects fertility in the 'de novo' tryptophan-to-kynurenine-nicotinamide 'immune tolerance' pathway. Longevity relates to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumer pathways. High meat intake correlates with moderate fertility, high intelligence, good health, and longevity with consequent population stability, whereas low meat/high cereal intake (short of starvation) correlates with high fertility, disease, and population booms and busts. Too high a meat intake and fertility falls below replacement levels. Reducing variances in meat consumption might help stabilise population growth and improve human capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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