Technological roles of microorganisms in fish fermentation: a review

Valorization of fish processing by-products for protein hydrolysate recovery: Opportunities, challenges and regulatory issues

Protein-rich fish processing by-products, often called rest raw materials (RRM), account for approximately 60% of the total fish biomass. However, a considerable amount of these RRM is utilized for low-value products such as fish meal and silage. A promising and valuable approach for maximizing the utilization of RRM involves the extraction of bioactive fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). This review assesses and compares different hydrolyzation methods to produce FPH. Furthermore, the review highlights the purification strategy, nutritional compositions, and bioactive properties of FPH. Finally, it concludes by outlining the application of FPH in food products together with various safety and regulatory issues related to the commercialization of FPH as a protein ingredient in food. This review paves the way for future applications by highlighting efficient biotechnological methods for valorizing RRM into FPH and addressing safety concerns, enabling the widespread utilization of FPH as a valuable and sustainable source of protein.

Unlocking aroma in three types of vinasse fish by sensomics approach

Vinasse fish (VF), a traditional Chinese food, is unique in flavor. However, the key aroma compounds influencing consumer acceptance of VF remain unclear. In this study, the key aroma compounds in three types of VF were explored by a sensomics approach. The results indicated that a total of 50 aroma compounds were quantified, of which 22 compounds exhibited odor activity values ≥1 were key aroma contributors. Eleven key aroma compounds were further confirmed by recombination and omission experiments. Ethyl hexanoate, 1-octen-3-one, and trans-anethole were mutual key aromas, while eugenol, ethyl heptanoate, (2E)-2-nonenal, and hexanal were distinct aroma markers. Particularly, ethyl heptanoate, γ-nonalactone, and eugenol were newly identified as key aroma compounds in VF. Overall, this study revealed the key aroma compounds and their differences in three types of vinasse fish, which will provide profound insights for comprehensively exploring the formation and target regulation of unique flavor in vinasse fish.

The contribution of inoculated probiotics to increased protein-derived volatile flavor compounds

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution and mechanisms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces mellis inoculation to the enhancement of protein-derived volatile flavor compounds (PVFCs) in low-salt dry-cured mackerel (LDCM). The contents of PVFCs (3-methylbutanal and phenylacetaldehyde), intermediates (α-ketoisocaproate and phenylpyruvic acid), precursor (α-ketoisocaproate and phenylpyruvic acid), and key enzyme activities (protease and transaminase) significantly increased (p < 0.05) in probiotic-treated groups. The dominant species in the probiotics-treated groups were the inoculated Lactobacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces mellis, which were the main producer of key enzymes for the generation of PVFCs. Lactobacillus plantarum performed well in protein degradation and amino acid transamination, resulting in generating more 3-methylbutanal and phenylacetaldehyde, while Zygosaccharomyces mellis played a main role in phenylethanol production. The synergistic action of Lactobacillus plantarum and Zygosaccharomyces mellis could promote the formation of 3-methyl-1-butanol.

The intricate symbiotic relationship between lactic acid bacterial starters in the milk fermentation ecosystem

Fermentation is one of the most effective methods of food preservation. Since ancient times, food has been fermented using lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fermented milk is a very intricate fermentation ecosystem, and the microbial metabolism of fermented milk largely determines its metabolic properties. The two most frequently used dairy starter strains are Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus). To enhance both the culture growth rate and the flavor and quality of the fermented milk, it has long been customary to combine S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus in milk fermentation due to their mutually beneficial and symbiotic relationship. On the one hand, the symbiotic relationship is reflected by the nutrient co-dependence of the two microbes at the metabolic level. On the other hand, more complex interaction mechanisms, such as quorum sensing between cells, are involved. This review summarizes the application of LAB in fermented dairy products and discusses the symbiotic mechanisms and interactions of milk LAB starter strains from the perspective of nutrient supply and intra- and interspecific quorum sensing. This review provides updated information and knowledge on microbial interactions in a fermented milk ecosystem.

Fermented fish and fermented fish-based products, an ever-growing source of microbial diversity: A literature review

Fermented fish and fermented fish-based products are part of the diet of many countries all over the world. Their popularity is not only due to the unique flavor, the distinct texture, and the good nutritional quality, but also to the easiness of the production process, that is commonly based on empirical traditional methods. Fish fermentation techniques ususally rely on the combination of some key steps, including salting, addition of spices or additives, and maintenance of anaerobic conditions, thus selecting for the multiplication of some pro-technological microorganisms. The objective of the present review was to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the microbial communities occurring in fermented fish and fish-based products. Specific information was collected from scientific publications published from 2000 to 2022 with the aim of generating a comprehensive database. The production of fermented fish and fish-based foods was mostly localized in West African countries, Northern European countries, and Southeast Asian countries. Based on the available literature, the microbial composition of fermented fish and fish-based products was delineated by using viable counting combined with identification of isolates, and culture-independent techniques. The data obtained from viable counting highlighted the occurrence of microbial groups usually associated with food fermentation, namely lactic acid bacteria, staphylococci, Bacillus spp., and yeasts. The identification of isolates combined with culture-independent methods showed that the fermentative process of fish-based products was generally guided by lactobacilli (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Latilactobacillus sakei, and Latilactobacillus curvatus) or Tetragenococcus spp. depending on the salt concentration. Among lactic acid bacteria populations, Lactococcus spp., Pediococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Weissella spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Vagococcus spp. were frequently identified. Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. confirmed a great adaptation to fermented fish-based products. Other noteworthy bacterial taxa included Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Psychrobacter spp., Halanaerobium spp., and Halomonas spp. Among human pathogenic bacteria, the occurrence of Clostridium spp. and Vibrio spp. was documented. As for yeast populations, the predominance of Candida spp., Debaryomyces spp., and Saccharomyces spp. was evidenced. The present literature review could serve as comprehensive database for the scientific community, and as a reference for the food industry in order to formulate tailored starter or adjunctive cultures for product improvement.

Transforming the fermented fish landscape: Microbiota enable novel, safe, flavorful, and healthy products for modern consumers

Regular consumption of fish promotes sustainable health while reducing negative environmental impacts. Fermentation has long been used for preserving perishable foods, including fish. Fermented fish products are popular consumer foods of historical and cultural significance owing to their abundant essential nutrients and distinct flavor. This review discusses the recent scientific progress on fermented fish, especially the involved flavor formation processes, microbial metabolic activities, and interconnected biochemical pathways (e.g., enzymatic/non-enzymatic reactions associated with lipids, proteins, and their interactions). The multiple roles of fermentation in preservation of fish, development of desirable flavors, and production of health-promoting nutrients and bioactive substances are also discussed. Finally, prospects for further studies on fermented fish are proposed, including the need of monitoring microorganisms, along with the precise control of a fermentation process to transform the traditional fermented fish to novel, flavorful, healthy, and affordable products for modern consumers. Microbial-enabled innovative fermented fish products that consider both flavor and health benefits are expected to become a significant segment in global food markets. The integration of multi-omics technologies, biotechnology-based approaches (including synthetic biology and metabolic engineering) and sensory and consumer sciences, is crucial for technological innovations related to fermented fish. The findings of this review will provide guidance on future development of new or improved fermented fish products through regulating microbial metabolic processes and enzymatic activities.

Flavor Formation in Dry-Cured Fish: Regulation by Microbial Communities and Endogenous Enzymes

Dried salted fish is a traditional dry-cured fish that is sprinkled with salt before the curing process. With a unique flavor as well as diverse varieties, dry-cured fish is popular among consumers worldwide. The presence of various microbial communities during the curing process leads to numerous metabolic reactions, especially lipid oxidation and protein degradation, which influence the formation of flavor substances. However, during industrial curing, the quality of dry-cured fish is difficult to control, leading to the formation of products with diverse flavors. This review describes the curing process of dried salted fish, the key microorganisms involved in the curing process of typical dried salted fish products at home and abroad, and the correlation between biological metabolism and flavor formation and the underlying mechanism. This review also investigates the prospects of dried salted fish products, proposing methods for the analysis of improved curing processes and the mechanisms of dried salted fish. Through a comprehensive understanding of this review, modern production challenges can be addressed to achieve greater control of microbial growth in the system and improved product safety. In addition to advancing our understanding of the processes by which volatile flavor compounds are formed in conventional dry-cured fish products, we expect that this work will also offer a theoretical framework for enhancing their flavor in food processing.

Cooperative combination of non-targeted metabolomics and targeted taste analysis for elucidating the taste metabolite profile and pathways of traditional fermented golden pompano

Fermentation plays a key role in taste formation in traditional fermented golden pompano and involves a series of complex metabolic reactions. Indeed, the taste profile of fermented golden pompano exhibits remarkable variation during early fermentation. Herein, nutritional fingerprinting (proteins, amino acids, lipids, etc.) was applied to discriminate the various biomolecular changes involved in golden pompano fermentation. Among the differential metabolites, amino acids, small peptides, lipids, and nucleotides were considered taste-related compounds. An increase in the amino acid content was observed during fermentation, while the peptide content decreased. Glutamic acid, alanine, and lysine had the highest taste activity values and were the main contributors to taste formation. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis revealed that taste formation was primarily associated with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. These findings provide a deeper understanding of taste mechanisms and establish a basis for the targeted regulation of taste formation in the fermented fish industry.

Structure, in vitro digestive characteristics and effect on gut microbiota of sea cucumber polysaccharide fermented by Bacillus subtilis Natto

This study aimed to understand the structural, digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of sea cucumber polysaccharide fermented by Bacillus subtilis Natto. Results showed that both sea cucumber polysaccharide (SP) and fermented sea cucumber polysaccharide (FSP) were sulfated polysaccharides mainly containing fucose. The physicochemical property, molecular weight, thermal property, and functional groups were no significant difference between SP and FSP, but the microscopic morphology and monosaccharide composition of FSP changed. Both SP and FSP showed similar digestion and fecal fermentation characteristics, that is, they could not be digested by saliva and gastric juice, but could be partially degraded by small intestine. Due to the decomposition of glycosidic bonds after intestinal digestion and fecal fermentation, the relative molecular mass of SP and FSP decreased. In terms of impacts on gut microbiota, Lachnospira, Bacteroides finegoldii, and Bifidobacteriaceae were significantly increased in SP, while Acinetobacter was significantly increased in FSP. This study provides a good understanding of the changes in the structure and digestive characteristics of sea cucumber polysaccharides caused by fermentation. That information will be beneficial for the development and application of new fermented sea cucumber products.

Ratiometric SERS aptasensing for simultaneous quantitative detection of histamine and tyramine in fishes

Herein, a SiO₂@Ag NPs core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized to fabricate a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for the simultaneous determination of histamine (HIS) and tyramine (TYR) based on specific aptamer recognition and ratiometric strategy. SiO₂@Ag NPs with 4-thiosaminophenol (4-ATP) and Nile blue A (NBA) molecules were used as an internal standard (IS) and labeled with aptamers corresponding to HIS and TYR, respectively. Raman reporter molecules ROX and Cy5 labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) were then hybridized with aptamers to form rigid double-stranded DNA. After the HIS and TYR were captured by their aptamers, resulting in the dissociation of cDNA and separated from the SERS substrate. Therefore, the SERS signal intensity at 1503 cm^-1 of ROX and 1358 cm^-1 of Cy5 tagged on the terminal of cDNA decreased with the concentration of HIS and TYR increasing, while the SERS signal intensity at 1079 cm^-1 of 4-APT and 592 cm^-1 of NBA on the substrate remain stable. Thus, the concentrations of HIS and TYR can be determined by the I₁₅₀₃/I₁₀₇₉ and I₁₃₅₈/I₅₉₂ values, respectively. This sensing strategy achieves a lower detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL for HIS and 0.05 ng/mL for TYR, respectively, demonstrating promising applications in sensitive detection of BAs in animal-derived foodstuff.

Applications of multi-omics techniques to unravel the fermentation process and the flavor formation mechanism in fermented foods

Fermented foods are important components of the human diet. There is increasing awareness of abundant nutritional and functional properties present in fermented foods that arise from the transformation of substrates by microbial communities. Thus, it is significant to unravel the microbial communities and mechanisms of characteristic flavor formation occurring during fermentation. There has been rapid development of high-throughput and other omics technologies, such as metaproteomics and metabolomics, and as a result, there is growing recognition of the importance of integrating these approaches. The successful applications of multi-omics approaches and bioinformatics analyses have provided a solid foundation for exploring the fermentation process. Compared with single-omics, multi-omics analyses more accurately delineate microbial and molecular features, thus they are more apt to reveal the mechanisms of fermentation. This review introduces fermented foods and an overview of single-omics technologies - including metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics. We also discuss integrated multi-omics and bioinformatic analyses and their role in recent research progress related to fermented foods, as well as summarize the main potential pathways involved in certain fermented foods. In the future, multilayered analyses of multi-omics data should be conducted to enable better understanding of flavor formation mechanisms in fermented foods.

The Survival of Psychobiotics in Fermented Food and the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review

In recent years, scientists have been particularly interested in the gut-brain axis, as well as the impact of probiotics on the nervous system. This has led to the creation of the concept of psychobiotics. The present review describes the mechanisms of action of psychobiotics, their use in food products, and their viability and survival during gastrointestinal passage. Fermented foods have a high potential of delivering probiotic strains, including psychobiotic ones. However, it is important that the micro-organisms remain viable in concentrations ranging from about 10⁶ to 10⁹ CFU/mL during processing, storage, and digestion. Reports indicate that a wide variety of dairy and plant-based products can be effective carriers for psychobiotics. Nonetheless, bacterial viability is closely related to the type of food matrix and the micro-organism strain. Studies conducted in laboratory conditions have shown promising results in terms of the therapeutic properties and viability of probiotics. Because human research in this field is still limited, it is necessary to broaden our understanding of the survival of probiotic strains in the human digestive tract, their resistance to gastric and pancreatic enzymes, and their ability to colonize the microbiota.

Factors affecting bacterial community dynamics and volatile metabolite profiles of Thai traditional salt fermented fish

Bacterial diversity of the Thai traditional salt fermented fish with roasted rice bran (Pla-ra) was investigated using classical and molecular approaches. Bacterial population of Pla-ra ranged from 10²-10⁶ in solid-state (SSF) and 10⁶-10⁹ CFU/g in submerged (SMF) fermentation types. Halanaerobium spp. and Lentibacillus spp. were the main genera particularly detected when rRNA analysis was applied. Tetragenococcus halophillus were dominant during the final stage in sea salt-recipe samples while Bacillus spp. were found in those rock salt recipes. In contrast, cultural plating demonstrated that Bacillus spp., generally B. amyloliquefaciens, were the dominant genera. In addition, B. pumilus, B. autrophaeus, B.subtilis and B. velezensis shown some relations with rock salt-recipe samples. The main volatile metabolites in all samples were butanoic acid and its derivatives. Key factors affected bacterial profiles and volatile compounds of salt fermented fish were type of salt, addition of roasted rice bran, and fermenting conditions.

Postbiotics against Obesity: Perception and Overview Based on Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies

Overweight and obesity are significant global public health concerns that are increasing in prevalence at an alarming rate. Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of probiotics against obesity. Postbiotics are the next generation of probiotics that include bacteria-free extracts and nonviable microorganisms that may be advantageous to the host and are being increasingly preferred over regular probiotics. However, the impact of postbiotics on obesity has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the goal of this review is to gather in-depth data on the ability of postbiotics to combat obesity. Postbiotics have been reported to have significant potential in alleviating obesity. This review comprehensively discusses the anti-obesity effects of postbiotics in cellular, animal, and clinical studies. Postbiotics exert anti-obesity effects via multiple mechanisms, with the major mechanisms including increased energy expenditure, reduced adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation, suppression of food intake, inhibition of lipid absorption, regulation of lipid metabolism, and regulation of gut dysbiosis. Future research should include further in-depth studies on strain identification, scale-up of postbiotics, identification of underlying mechanisms, and well-defined clinical studies. Postbiotics could be a promising dietary intervention for the prevention and management of obesity.

Immune System and Epidemics: The Role of African Indigenous Bioactive Substances

With over 6 million coronavirus pandemic deaths, the African continent reported the lowest death rate despite having a high disease burden. The African community's resilience to the pandemic has been attributed to climate and weather conditions, herd immunity, repeated exposure to infectious organisms that help stimulate the immune system, and a disproportionately large youth population. In addition, functional foods, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements contain micronutrients and bioactive compounds that can help boost the immune system. This review identified significant traditional fermented foods and herbal remedies available within the African continent with the potential to boost the immune system in epidemics and pandemics. Methodology: Databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched using relevant search terms to identify traditional African fermented foods and medicinal plants with immune-boosting or antiviral capabilities. Cereal-based fermented foods, meat-, and fish-based fermented foods, and dairy-based fermented foods containing antioxidants, immunomodulatory effects, probiotics, vitamins, and peptides were identified and discussed. In addition, nine herbal remedies and spices belonging to eight plant families have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antiviral properties. Peptides, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, ascorbic acid, minerals, vitamins, and saponins are some of the bioactive compounds in the remedies. Bioactive compounds in food and plants significantly support the immune system and help increase resistance against infectious diseases. The variety of food and medicinal plants found on the African continent could play an essential role in providing community resilience against infectious diseases during epidemics and pandemics. The African continent should investigate nutritional, herbal, and environmental factors that support healthy living and longevity.

Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids in Processed Chinook Salmon Roe Lipids Determined by 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)

Recently, there has been great interest in the lipidomic of marine lipids and their potential health benefits. Processing of seafood products can potentially modify the characteristics and composition of lipids. The present study investigated the effect of processing methods (salting and fermentation) on the positional distribution of fatty acids of Chinook salmon roe using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The NMR analysis provided information on the carbonyl atom, double bond/olefinic, glycerol backbone, aliphatic group, and chain ending methyl group regions. The obtained data showed that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the main fatty acid esterified at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerides (TAGs), while other fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and stearidonic acid (SDA), were randomly distributed or preferentially esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Fermentation of salmon roe was found to enrich the level of DHA at the sn-2 position of the TAG. The processing of roe by both salt drying and fermentation did not appear to affect the proportion of EPA at the sn-2 position. This present study demonstrated that fish roe processing can enhance the proportion of DHA at the sn-2 position and potentially improve its bioavailability.

Microbiology, flavor formation, and bioactivity of fermented soybean curd (furu): A review

Soybeans are an important plant-based food but its beany flavor and anti-nutritional factors limit its consumption. Fermentation is an effective way to improve its flavor and nutrition. Furu is a popular fermented soybean curd and mainly manufactured in Asia, which has been consumed for thousands of years as an appetizer because of its attractive flavors. This review first classifies furu products on the basis of various factors; then, the microorganisms involved in its fermentation and their various functions are discussed. The mechanisms for the formation of aroma and taste compounds during fermentation are also discussed; and the microbial metabolites and their bioactivities are analyzed. Finally, future prospects and challenges are introduced and further research is proposed. This information is needed to protect the regional characteristics of furu and to regulate its consistent quality. The current information suggests that more in vivo experiments and further clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and the microbial community needs to be optimized and standardized for each type of furu to improve the production process.

Application progress of intelligent flavor sensing system in the production process of fermented foods based on the flavor properties

Fermented foods are sensitive to the production conditions because of microbial and enzymatic activities, which requires intelligent flavor sensing system (IFSS) to monitor and optimize the production process based on the flavor properties. As the simulation system of human olfaction and gustation, IFSS has been widely used in the field of food with the characteristics of nondestructive, pollution-free, and real-time detection. This paper reviews the application of IFSS in the control of fermentation, ripening, and shelf life, and the potential in the identification of quality differences and flavor-producing microbes in fermented foods. The survey found that electronic nose (tongue) is suitable to monitor fermentation process and identify food authenticity in real time based on the changes of flavor profile. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance technology can be used to analyze the flavor metabolism of fermented foods at various production stages and explore the correlation between flavor substances and microorganisms.

Knowledge of fermentation and health benefits among general population in North-eastern Slovenia

Background

Fermented foods are staples of the human diet and fermentation process has been used by humans for thousands of years. The preparation of fermented foods was performed in the past without knowledge of the role of microorganisms involved. Nowadays, fermented foods, due to their proclaimed health benefits for consumers, are becoming increasingly popular. Our study was constructed to provide data on awareness and use of fermented foods among people in North-eastern Slovenia.

Methods

The cross-sectional study included 349 individuals (16–89 years of age). An online survey was designed to assess the participants' knowledge of fermentation, fermented foods, the consumption of fermented foods and awareness of the health benefits. Data were collected from March to June 2021 and analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0.

Results

Compared with the youngest participants (< 21 years) knowledge of fermentation was higher in older individuals (p < 0.001). More than a half of the participants recognized the role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in fermentation process, however, only 18.3% of participants were aware of the role of the molds. Only 25.9% of the participants have become acquainted with fermented foods at home and 62.2% of them were aware of health benefits of fermented foods, but mostly on gastrointestinal health and the immune system.

Conclusions

As people today live predominantly in urban areas and incline towards westernized foods, they often lack the knowledge of fermentation and awareness regarding the nutritional value of fermented foods and their preparation. Steps should be taken to educate younger generations regarding the health benefits of fermented foods especially considering that most of them expressed their interest in learning more about the process.

Genome-Resolved Metaproteomic Analysis of Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways Involved in Taste Formation During Chinese Traditional Fish Sauce (Yu-lu) Fermentation

Complex microbial metabolism is key to taste formation in high-quality fish sauce during fermentation. To guide quality supervision and targeted regulation, we analyzed the function of microbial flora during fermentation based on a previously developed metagenomic database. The abundance of most identified genes involved in metabolic functions showed an upward trend in abundance during fermentation. In total, 571 proteins extracted from fish sauce at different fermentation stages were identified. These proteins were mainly derived from Halanaerobium, Psychrobacter, Photobacterium, and Tetragenococcus. Functional annotation revealed 15 pathways related to amino acid metabolism, including alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and histidine metabolism; lysine degradation; and arginine biosynthesis. This study demonstrated the approaches to identify microbiota functions and metabolic pathways, thereby providing a theoretical basis for taste formation mechanisms during traditional fish sauce fermentation.

Two Faces of Fermented Foods-The Benefits and Threats of Its Consumption

In underdeveloped and developing countries, due to poverty, fermentation is one of the most widely used preservation methods. It not only allows extending the shelf life of food, but also brings other benefits, including inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, improving the organoleptic properties and product digestibility, and can be a valuable source of functional microorganisms. Today, there is a great interest in functional strains, which, in addition to typical probiotic strains, can participate in the treatment of numerous diseases, disorders of the digestive system, but also mental diseases, or stimulate our immune system. Hence, fermented foods and beverages are not only a part of the traditional diet, e.g., in Africa but also play a role in the nutrition of people around the world. The fermentation process for some products occurs spontaneously, without the use of well-defined starter cultures, under poorly controlled or uncontrolled conditions. Therefore, while this affordable technology has many advantages, it can also pose a potential health risk. The use of poor-quality ingredients, inadequate hygiene conditions in the manufacturing processes, the lack of standards for safety and hygiene controls lead to the failure food safety systems implementation, especially in low- and middle-income countries or for small-scale products (at household level, in villages and scale cottage industries). This can result in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the food contributing to cases of illness or even outbreaks. Also, improper processing and storage, as by well as the conditions of sale affect the food safety. Foodborne diseases through the consumption of traditional fermented foods are not reported frequently, but this may be related, among other things, to a low percentage of people entering healthcare care or weaknesses in foodborne disease surveillance systems. In many parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia, pathogens such as enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus have been detected in fermented foods. Therefore, this review, in addition to the positive aspects, presents the potential risk associated with the consumption of this type of products.

Metabolic Footprint Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Discriminate Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) at Different Fermentation Stages

Chinese fermented mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) have unique aroma characteristics that are appreciated by local consumers. In this study, electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry analyses were combined to establish a volatile fingerprint of fermented mandarin fish during fermentation. Clear separation of the data allowed mandarin fish samples at different fermentation stages to be distinguishing using E-nose analysis. Forty-three volatile organic compounds were identified during fermentation. Additionally, partial least squares discrimination analysis was performed to screen for different VOC metabolites in the fermented mandarin fish; the levels of six VOCs changed significantly during fermentation (variable importance in projection >1; p < 0.05). Three VOCs, i.e., hexanal-D, nonanal, and limonene were identified as potential biomarkers for fermentation. This study provided a theoretical basis for flavor real-time monitoring and quality control of traditional mandarin fish fermentation.

Ecological succession and functional characteristics of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented foods

Fermented foods are important parts of traditional food culture with a long history worldwide. Abundant nutritional materials and open fermentation contribute to the diversity of microorganisms, resulting in unique product quality and flavor. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as important part of traditional fermented foods, play a decisive role in the quality and safety of fermented foods. Reproduction and metabolic of microorganisms drive the food fermentation, and microbial interaction plays a major role in the fermentation process. Nowadays, LAB have attracted considerable interest due to their potentialities to add functional properties to certain foods or as supplements along with the research of gut microbiome. This review focuses on the characteristics of diversity and variability of LAB in traditional fermented foods, and describes the principal mechanisms involved in the flavor formation dominated by LAB. Moreover, microbial interactions and their mechanisms in fermented foods are presented. They provide a theoretical basis for exploiting LAB in fermented foods and improving the quality of traditional fermented foods. The traditional fermented food industry should face the challenge of equipment automation, green manufacturing, and quality control and safety in the production.

Fermented fish products in South and Southeast Asian cuisine: indigenous technology processes, nutrient composition, and cultural significance

The cleaner production of biomass into value-added products via microbial processes adds uniqueness in terms of food quality. The microbe-mediated traditional process for transforming biomass into food is a sustainable practice in Asian food industries. The 18 fermented fish products derived through this process as well as the associated micro-flora and nutritional composition have been focused. This review aims to update the process of green conversion biomass into value-added food products for a more sustainable future. Fish products are classified based on the substrate and source of the enzymes used in fermentation, which includes the three types of technology processing discussed. According to the findings, these fermented fish contain a plethora of beneficial microbiota, making them a valuable source of probiotics that may confer nutritional and health benefits.Bacillus(12 products),Lactobacillus(12 products),Micrococcus(9 products), andStaphylococcus(9 products) were the most common bacterial genera found in 18 fermented fish products. Consuming fermented fish products is beneficial to human health due to their high levels of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and lactic acid. However, biogenic amines, which are produced by certain bacteria as a by-product of their catabolic activity, are a significant potential hazard in traditionally fermented fish.

Rice flour powder carrying mixed starter culture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU-LM173 and Pediococcus acidilactici KU-LM145 for fermented mussel, Perna viridis Linnaeus 1758

AIMS

To develop a dried rice flour powder (DP) formulation to contain a lactic acid bacterial starter culture for fermenting mussel meat (FM).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU-LM173 (LP), Enterococcus hirae KU-LM174 and Pediococcus acidilactici KU-LM145 (PA) were selected from commercial FMs and identified to have high acid and protease production. Mixed culture between LP, for high acid production, and PA, for the flavour, was the best for DP and had greater organoleptic properties than a single starter fermentation. The best ratio of DP for production was 1% of the mussel weight, while the highest numeric scoring of the organoleptic test between 3% and 6%. The starter culture fermentation accelerated over the natural (wild) fermentation and ended at day 3. The shelf life of the product was at least 30 days at 30-35°C with no pathogens detected. The shelf life of DP at 4°C was 10 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

DP with the best strains and long shelf life promoted safety of FM and reduced the processing time. High consumer acceptance, protease and acid production and flavour were unique product characteristics.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY

Accelerated commercial FMs with effective DP formulation for the industrial sector may be plausible.

A Review: Microbial Diversity and Function of Fermented Meat Products in China

Fermented meat products have a long history in China. These products exhibit a characteristic unique flavor, compact meat quality, clear color, long shelf life and wide variety and are easy to transport. During the processing and storage of fermented meat products, microorganisms are present and exhibit diverse characteristics. Microorganisms can accelerate the degradation of proteins and fats to produce flavor compounds, inhibit the growth and reproduction of heterozygous bacteria, and reduce the content of chemical pollutants. This paper reviews the microbial diversity of Chinese ham, sausage, preserved meat, pressed salted duck, preserved fish and air-dried meat and provides analyses of the microbial compositions of various products. Due to the differences in raw materials, technology, auxiliary materials, and fermentation technology, the microbial species found in various fermented meat products in China are different. However, most fermented meat products in China are subjected to pickling and fermentation, so their microbial compositions also have similarities. Microorganisms in fermented meat products mainly include staphylococci, lactobacilli, micrococci, yeasts, and molds. The study of microbial diversity is of great significance for the formation of quality flavor and the safety control of fermented meat products, and it provides some theoretical reference for the study of fermented meat products in China.

Fermented fish products in South and Southeast Asian cuisine: indigenous technology processes, nutrient composition, and cultural significance

The cleaner production of biomass into value-added products via microbial processes adds uniqueness in terms of food quality. The microbe-mediated traditional process for transforming biomass into food is a sustainable practice in Asian food industries. The 18 fermented fish products derived through this process as well as the associated micro-flora and nutritional composition have been focused. This review aims to update the process of green conversion biomass into value-added food products for a more sustainable future. Fish products are classified based on the substrate and source of the enzymes used in fermentation, which includes the three types of technology processing discussed. According to the findings, these fermented fish contain a plethora of beneficial microbiota, making them a valuable source of probiotics that may confer nutritional and health benefits. Bacillus (12 products), Lactobacillus (12 products), Micrococcus (9 products), and Staphylococcus (9 products) were the most common bacterial genera found in 18 fermented fish products. Consuming fermented fish products is beneficial to human health due to their high levels of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and lactic acid. However, biogenic amines, which are produced by certain bacteria as a by-product of their catabolic activity, are a significant potential hazard in traditionally fermented fish.

An Overview of Histamine and Other Biogenic Amines in Fish and Fish Products

The occurrence of biogenic amines in fish is directly associated with microorganisms with decarboxylase activity. These compounds are generally detoxified by oxidases in the intestinal tract of humans, but some conditions, such as alcohol consumption, enzyme deficiency, or monoamino-oxidase antidepressant use, can make their intake by food dangerous. Due to its toxicity, histamine is a unique biogenic amine with regulatory limits for fishery products. This review focuses on biogenic amines in fish, with a detailed picture of the number of alert notifications or intoxication events reported in the last years. The favoring conditions for their formation, as well as the main preventive and control measures to ensure public health, are also reviewed.

Molecular mechanisms of postbiotics in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment

The occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rising expeditiously and anticipated that 2.4 million new occasions of CRC will be detected yearly around the world until the year 2035. Due to some side-effects and complications of conventional CRC therapies, bioactive components such as microbial-derived biomolecules (postbiotics) have been attaining great significance by researchers for adjuvant therapy in CRC patients. The term 'postbiotics' encompasses an extensive range of complex micro- and macro-molecules (<50, 50-100, and 100< kDa) such as inactivated microbial cells, cell fractions or metabolites, which confer various physiological health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Postbiotics modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and the functionality of the immune system, as well as promote the CRC treatment effectiveness and reduces its side-effects in CRC patients due to possessing anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Presently scientific literature confirms that postbiotics with their unique characteristics in terms of clinical (safe origin), technological (stability), and economic (low production costs) aspects can be used as promising tools for both prevent and adjuvant treat strategies in CRC patients without any serious undesirable side-effects. This review provides an overview of the concept and safety issues regarding postbiotics, with emphasis on their biological role in the prevention and treatment of CRC.