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Yang G, Li B, Chen K, Du M, Zalán Z, Hegyi F, Kan J. Isolation and evaluation of probiotics from traditional Chinese foods for aflatoxin B 1 detoxification: Geotrichum candidum XG1 (yeast) and mechanistic insights. Food Chem 2024; 452:139541. [PMID: 38718457 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Identifying aflatoxin-detoxifying probiotics remains a significant challenge in mitigating the risks associated with aflatoxin contamination in crops. Biological detoxification is a popular technique that reduces mycotoxin hazards and garners consumer acceptance. Through multiple rounds of screening and validation tests, Geotrichum candidum XG1 demonstrated the ability to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by 99-100%, exceeding the capabilities of mere adsorption mechanisms. Notably, the degradation efficiency was demonstrably influenced by the presence of copper and iron ions in the liquid medium, suggesting a potential role for proteases in the degradation process. Subsequent validation experiments with red pepper revealed an 83% reduction in AFB1 levels following fermentation with G. candidum XG1. Furthermore, mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the disruption of the AFB1 furan ring structure, leading to a subsequent reduction in its toxicity. Collectively, these findings establish G. candidum XG1 as a promising candidate for effective aflatoxin degradation, with potential applications within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Muying Du
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zsolt Zalán
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Herman Ottó str. 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Hegyi
- Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Science and Technology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Buda Campus, Herman Ottó str. 15, Budapest 1022, Hungary.
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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2
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Zhang H, Cui L, Xie Y, Li X, Zhao R, Yang Y, Sun S, Li Q, Ma W, Jia H. Characterization, Mechanism, and Application of Dipeptidyl Peptidase III: An Aflatoxin B 1-Degrading Enzyme from Aspergillus terreus HNGD-TM15. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38949246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a notorious mycotoxin with mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, posing a serious hazard to human and animal health. In this study, an AFB1-degrading dipeptidyl-peptidase III mining from Aspergillus terreus HNGD-TM15 (ADPP III) with a molecular weight of 79 kDa was identified. ADPP III exhibited optimal activity toward AFB1 at 40 °C and pH 7.0, maintaining over 80% relative activity at 80 °C. The key amino acid residues that affected enzyme activity were identified as H450, E451, H455, and E509 via bioinformatic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis. The degradation product of ADPP III toward AFB1 was verified to be AFD1. The zebrafish hepatotoxicity assay verified the toxicity of the AFB1 degradation product was significantly weaker than that of AFB1. The result of this study proved that ADPP III presented a promising prospect for industrial application in food and feed detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lanbin Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Rasheed U, Ain QU, Ali A, Liu B. One stone two birds: Recycling of an agri-waste to synthesize laccase-immobilized hierarchically porous magnetic biochar for efficient degradation of aflatoxin B 1 in aqueous solutions and corn oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133115. [PMID: 38871108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of oils is a serious concern for the safety of edible oil consumers. Enzyme-assisted detoxification of AFB1 is an efficient and safe method for decontaminating oils, but pristine enzymes are unstable in oils and require modifications before use. Therefore, we designed a novel and magnetically separable laccase-carrying biocatalyst containing spent-mushroom-substrate (SMS)-derived biochar (BF). Laccase was immobilized on NH2-activated magnetic biochar (BF-NH2) through covalent crosslinking, which provided physicochemical stability to the immobilized enzyme. After 30 days of storage at 4 °C, the immobilized laccase (product named "BF-NH2-Lac") retained ~95 % of its initial activity, while after five repeated cycles of ABTS oxidation, ~85 % activity retention was observed. BF-NH2-Lac was investigated for the oxidative degradation of AFB1, which exhibited superior performance compared to free laccase. Among many tested natural compounds as mediators, p-coumaric acid proved the most efficient in activating laccase for AFB1 degradation. BF-NH2-Lac demonstrated >90 % removal of AFB1 within 5.0 h, while the observed degradation efficiency in corn oil and buffer was comparable. An insight into the adsorptive and degradative removal of AFB1 revealed that AFB1 removal was governed mainly by degradation. The coexistence of multi-mycotoxins did not significantly affect the AFB1 degradation capability of BF-NH2-Lac. Investigation of the degradation products revealed the transformation of AFB1 into non-toxic AFQ1, while corn oil quality remained unaffected after BF-NH2-Lac treatment. Hence, this study holds practical importance for the research, knowledge-base and industrial application of newly proposed immobilized enzyme products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Rasheed
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Asad Ali
- Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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4
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Salako AO, Atteh JO, Akande TO, Kolade IO, Bajomo ET, Adegoke A. Response of broilers to dietary inclusion of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain as a biocontrol strategy of aflatoxin. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:218-225. [PMID: 38318791 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2316025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to evaluate how broilers responded to Aspergillus flavus strains that are toxigenic and atoxigenic. The study included four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with six replicates of 10 birds each. As a result of this study measuring feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein, ether extract, and crude fibre, the interaction was insignificant between the toxigenic and atoxigenic diets (P > 0.05). Consumption of toxigenic aflatoxin B1-500 ppb diet decreased FI and WG but increased FCR, and cost to produce live broiler weight (P < 0.05) compared to the control diets. The addition of atoxigenic strains to contaminated diets significantly offset (P < 0.05) the effects. Diets with or without 500 ppb toxigenic and atoxigenic A. flavus did not affect the relative weight g/100gBW of pancreas, gizzard and bursa of Fabricius. Dietary inclusion of 500 ppb toxigenic Aspergillus spp. increased the relative weight (P < 0.05) of the kidney, liver, spleen and thymus while atoxigenic dietary addition reduced the relative weight of the same organs (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of toxigenic and atoxigenic Aspergillus spp. did not significantly affect the haematological parameters measured (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of 500 ppb toxigenic Aspergillus elevated the urea, creatine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum of the broilers (P < 0.05). A decrease was observed when atox igenic A. flavus was used in the intervention for urea, creatinine and AST (P < 0.05), whereas an insignificant reduction was observed for ALT and ALP (P ≤ 0.05). This study concluded that dietary atoxigenic strain improved broiler performance, digestibility, and blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Olayemi Salako
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Job Olutimehin Atteh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Oladoye Akande
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Isiaka Oyeniyi Kolade
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Eunice Tayo Bajomo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Adegoke
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
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5
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Guillén-Pacheco A, Ardila Y, Peñaranda PA, Bejarano M, Rivas R, Osma JF, Akle V. Low toxicity of magnetite-based modified bionanocomposites with potential application for wastewater treatment: Evaluation in a zebrafish animal model. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142081. [PMID: 38677608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the escalating concerns surrounding environmental pollution and the need for sustainable wastewater treatment solutions have underscored the significance of developing technologies that can efficiently treat wastewater while also reducing negative ecological effects. In this context, our study aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable technologies for wastewater treatment, by investigating the effects that bare magnetite nanoparticles and those functionalized with the enzyme laccase could have in an aquatic animal, zebrafish, at various life cycle stages. Exposure to magnetite nanoparticles shows some effects on embryo hatching, survival rates, or larval behavior at higher concentrations. For both treatments, the hatching percentages were close to 80% compared to 93% for the control group. At the end of the observations in larvae, survival in all the evaluated groups was higher than 90%. Additionally, we evaluated the accumulation of nanoparticles in various stages of zebrafish. We found that, although there was accumulation during embryonic stages, it did not affect normal development or subsequent hatching. Iron levels in different organs such as gills, muscles, gastrointestinal tract, and brain were also evaluated in adults. Animals treated with a mix of food and nanoparticles at 10 μg/mL (Food group) presented a higher concentration of iron accumulation in muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and gills compared to the untreated control group. Although iron levels increased depending on the dose and exposure method applied, they were not statistically significant from the control groups. Our findings suggest that bionanocomposites evaluated here can be considered safe for removal of contaminants in wastewater without toxic effects or detrimental accumulation fish's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaimen Guillén-Pacheco
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Yeferzon Ardila
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Paula Andrea Peñaranda
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Miranda Bejarano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ricardo Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Veronica Akle
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
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6
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Guo J, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Hao X, Liu Y, Li S, Wu R. Identification of a Novel Aflatoxin B 1-Degrading Strain, Bacillus halotolerans DDC-4, and Its Response Mechanisms to Aflatoxin B 1. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:256. [PMID: 38922150 PMCID: PMC11209560 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination is a food safety issue threatening human health globally. Biodegradation is an effective method for overcoming this problem, and many microorganisms have been identified as AFB1-degrading strains. However, the response mechanisms of these microbes to AFB1 remain unclear. More degrading enzymes, especially of new types, need to be discovered. In this study, a novel AFB1-degrading strain, DDC-4, was isolated using coumarin as the sole carbon source. This strain was identified as Bacillus halotolerans through physiological, biochemical, and molecular methods. The strain's degradation activity was predominantly attributable to thermostable extracellular proteins (degradation rate remained approximately 80% at 90 °C) and was augmented by Cu2+ (95.45% AFB1 was degraded at 48 h). Alpha/beta hydrolase (arylesterase) was selected as candidate AFB1-degrading enzymes for the first time as a gene encoding this enzyme was highly expressed in the presence of AFB1. Moreover, AFB1 inhibited many genes involved in the nucleotide synthesis of strain DDC-4, which is possibly the partial molecular mechanism of AFB1's toxicity to microorganisms. To survive under this stress, sporulation-related genes were induced in the strain. Altogether, our study identified a novel AFB1-degrading strain and explained its response mechanisms to AFB1, thereby providing new insights for AFB1 biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Liaoning, Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hanlu Zhang
- Greens SCI. & TECH. Development Co., Ltd., Tangshan 063299, China;
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoxu Hao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Suhong Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (J.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Liaoning, Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang 110866, China
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7
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Wang L, Liu Z, Yao L, Liu S, Wang Q, Qu H, Wu Y, Mao Y, Zheng L. A Bioinspired Single-Atom Fe Nanozyme with Excellent Laccase-Like Activity for Efficient Aflatoxin B 1 Removal. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400629. [PMID: 38682737 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The applications of natural laccases are greatly restricted because of their drawbacks like poor biostability, high costs, and low recovery efficiency. M/NC single atom nanozymes (M/NC SAzymes) are presenting as great substitutes due to their superior enzyme-like activity, excellent selectivity and high stability. In this work, inspired by the catalytic active center of natural enzyme, a biomimetic Fe/NC SAzyme (Fe-SAzyme) with O2-Fe-N4 coordination is successfully developed, exhibiting excellent laccase-like activity. Compared with their natural counterpart, Fe-SAzyme has shown superior catalytic efficiency and excellent stability under a wide range of pH (3.0-9.0), temperature (4-80 °C) and NaCl strength (0-300 mm). Interestingly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the high catalytic performance is attributed to the activation of O2 by O2-Fe-N4 sites, which weakened the O─O bonds in the oxygen-to-water oxidation pathway. Furthermore, Fe-SAzyme is successfully applied for efficient aflatoxin B1 removal based on its robust laccase-like catalytic activity. This work provides a strategy for the rational design of laccase-like SAzymes, and the proposed catalytic mechanism will help to understand the coordination environment effect of SAzymes on laccase-like catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lili Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Hao Qu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
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8
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Haq IU, Taj R, Nafees M, Hussain A. Mycotoxin detection in selected medicinal plants using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5831. [PMID: 38291628 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic mycological products that when consumed, absorbed or inhaled cause sickness or even the death of humans. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the contamination levels of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, AFB1 , AFB2 , AFG1 , AFG2 , and ochratoxin A, OTA) in selected medicinal herbs and shrubs using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 15 samples of medicinal herbs and shrubs were selected. Among them, four samples were aflatoxin contaminated while two samples were ochratoxin A contaminated. The highest level of aflatoxin was detected in Justicia adhathoda (4,704.94 ppb) through HPLC (153.4 ppb) and through TLC, while the lowest level of aflatoxin was detected in Pegnum harmala (205.1 ppb) through HPLC. Similarly, the highest level of OTA was detected in Dodonia viscosa (0.53 ppb) through HPLC (0.5 ppb) and through TLC, while the lowest level was detected in J. adhathoda (O.11 ppb) through HPLC (0.4 ppb) and through TLC. The OTA concentration was very low, being negligible and below permissible limits. The present study concludes that there is a potential risk for the consumption of herbal decoctions. Therefore, regular monitoring and proper management of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and OTA, in herbal medicines are needed to ensure the safety of herbal drugs to protect consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ul Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Raheela Taj
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
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9
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Huang Y, Guo X, Wu Y, Chen X, Feng L, Xie N, Shen G. Nanotechnology's frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:34. [PMID: 38378653 PMCID: PMC10879169 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-associated diseases encompass a range of infectious diseases and non-infectious inflammatory diseases, which continuously pose one of the most serious threats to human health, attributed to factors such as the emergence of new pathogens, increasing drug resistance, changes in living environments and lifestyles, and the aging population. Despite rapid advancements in mechanistic research and drug development for these diseases, current treatments often have limited efficacy and notable side effects, necessitating the development of more effective and targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has provided crucial technological support for the prevention, treatment, and detection of inflammation-associated diseases. Various types of nanoparticles (NPs) play significant roles, serving as vaccine vehicles to enhance immunogenicity and as drug carriers to improve targeting and bioavailability. NPs can also directly combat pathogens and inflammation. In addition, nanotechnology has facilitated the development of biosensors for pathogen detection and imaging techniques for inflammatory diseases. This review categorizes and characterizes different types of NPs, summarizes their applications in the prevention, treatment, and detection of infectious and inflammatory diseases. It also discusses the challenges associated with clinical translation in this field and explores the latest developments and prospects. In conclusion, nanotechnology opens up new possibilities for the comprehensive management of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lixiang Feng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Na Xie
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Guobo Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Wu W, Lu S, Jiang S, Chen J, Zheng Z, Jiang S, Yang P. Immobilization of recombinant Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B 1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB 1D) with montmorillonite for absorption and in situ degradation of aflatoxin B 1. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:175-186. [PMID: 38224413 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a highly carcinogenic and teratogenic substance mainly produced by toxin-producing strains such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasitic. The efficient decomposition of aflatoxin is an important means to reduce its harm to humans and livestock. In this study, Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) was recombinantly expressed in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) 168. MMT-CTAB-AFB1D complex was prepared by the immobilization of TV-AFB1D and montmorillonite (MMT) by cross-linking glutaraldehyde. The results indicated that TV-AFB1D could recombinantly express in engineered B. subtilis 168 with a size of approximately 77 kDa. The immobilization efficiency of MMT-CTAB-AFB1D reached 98.63% when the concentration of glutaraldehyde was 5% (v/v). The relative activity of TV-AFB1D decreased to 72.36% after reusing for 10 times. The content of AFB1 in MMT-CTAB-AFB1D-AFB1 decreased to 1.1 µg/g from the initial 5.6 µg/g after incubation at 50 °C for 6 h. The amount of 80.4% AFB1 in the MMT-CTAB-AFB1D-AFB1 complex was degraded by in situ catalytic degradation. Thus, the strategy of combining adsorption and in situ degradation could effectively reduce the content of AFB1 residue in the MMT-CTAB-AFB1D complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, 158 Jinxiu Avenue, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, 420 Feicui Road, Shushan District, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
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11
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Arimboor R. Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:71-83. [PMID: 38151634 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidases. The resulting products with lesser chemical stability further undergo various reactions to form low molecular weight products. Studies on the chemical and biological nature of degraded products of aflatoxins are necessary to ensure the safety of the decontamination process. This review indicated the need for an integrated approach including decontamination studies using culture media and food matrices, proper identification and toxicity profiling of degraded products of aflatoxins, and interactions of microbes and the degradation products with food matrices for developing practical and effective microbial detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
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12
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Mangini V, Rosini E, Caliandro R, Mangiatordi GF, Delre P, Sciancalepore AG, Pollegioni L, Haidukowski M, Mazzorana M, Sumarah MW, Renaud JB, Flaig R, Mulè G, Belviso BD, Loi M. DypB peroxidase for aflatoxin removal: New insights into the toxin degradation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140826. [PMID: 38040262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent carcinogens and a widespread food and feed contaminant. As for other toxins, many efforts are devoted to find efficient and environmentally-friendly methods to degrade AFB1, such as enzymatic treatments, thus improving the safety of food and feed products. In this regard, the dye decolorizing peroxidase of type B (DypB) can efficiently degrade AFB1. The molecular mechanism, which is required to drive protein optimization in view of the usage of DypB as a mycotoxin reduction agent in large scale application, is unknown. Here, we focused on the role of four DypB residues in the degradation of AFB1 by alanine-scanning (residues 156, 215, 239 and 246), which were identified from biochemical assays to be kinetically relevant for the degradation. As a result of DypB degradation, AFB1 is converted into four products. Interestingly, the relative abundancy of these products depends on the replaced residues. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the role of these residues in the binding step between protein and manganese, a metal ion which is expected to be involved in the degradation process. We found that the size of the haem pocket as well as conformational changes in the protein structure could play a role in determining the kinetics of AFB1 removal and, consequently, guide the process towards specific degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mangini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - E Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - R Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - G F Mangiatordi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - P Delre
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - A G Sciancalepore
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - L Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - M Haidukowski
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - M Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - M W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - J B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street London, Ontario, Canada, N5V4T3
| | - R Flaig
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - G Mulè
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - B D Belviso
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy.
| | - M Loi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/o, Bari, 70126, Italy
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13
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Lou H, Li Y, Yang C, Li Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhao R. Optimizing the degradation of aflatoxin B 1 in corn by Trametes versicolor and improving the nutritional composition of corn. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:655-663. [PMID: 37654023 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn, being an important grain, is prone to contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), and AFB1 -contaminated corn severely endangers the health of humans and livestock. Trametes versicolor, a fungus that can grow in corn, possesses the ability to directly degrade AFB1 through its laccase. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions for T. versicolor to degrade AFB1 in corn and investigate the effect of T. versicolor fermentation on the nutritional composition of corn. AFB1 -contaminated corn was used as the culture substrate for T. versicolor. A combination of single-factor experiments and response surface methodology was employed to identify the optimal conditions of AFB1 degradation. RESULTS The optimal conditions of AFB1 degradation were as follows: 9 days of fermentation, a fermentation temperature of 26.7 °C, a moisture content of 70.5% and an inoculation amount of 4.9 mL (containing 51.99 mg of T. versicolor mycelia). With the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 in corn could reach 93.01%, and the dry basis content of protein and dietary fiber in the fermented corn was significantly increased. More importantly, the lysine content in the fermented corn was also significantly increased. CONCLUSION This is the first report that direct fermentation of AFB1 -contaminated corn by T. versicolor not only efficiently degrades AFB1 but also improves the nutritional composition of corn. These findings suggest that the fermentation of corn by T. versicolor is a promising, environmentally friendly and efficient approach to degrade AFB1 and improve the nutritional value of corn. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuangming Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Yiyue Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yujin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Xing H, Cai P, Liu D, Han M, Liu J, Le Y, Zhang D, Hu QN. High-throughput prediction of enzyme promiscuity based on substrate-product pairs. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae089. [PMID: 38487850 PMCID: PMC10940840 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The screening of enzymes for catalyzing specific substrate-product pairs is often constrained in the realms of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Existing tools based on substrate and reaction similarity predominantly rely on prior knowledge, demonstrating limited extrapolative capabilities and an inability to incorporate custom candidate-enzyme libraries. Addressing these limitations, we have developed the Substrate-product Pair-based Enzyme Promiscuity Prediction (SPEPP) model. This innovative approach utilizes transfer learning and transformer architecture to predict enzyme promiscuity, thereby elucidating the intricate interplay between enzymes and substrate-product pairs. SPEPP exhibited robust predictive ability, eliminating the need for prior knowledge of reactions and allowing users to define their own candidate-enzyme libraries. It can be seamlessly integrated into various applications, including metabolic engineering, de novo pathway design, and hazardous material degradation. To better assist metabolic engineers in designing and refining biochemical pathways, particularly those without programming skills, we also designed EnzyPick, an easy-to-use web server for enzyme screening based on SPEPP. EnzyPick is accessible at http://www.biosynther.com/enzypick/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pengli Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mengying Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qian-Nan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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15
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Cheng S, Wu T, Zhang H, Sun Z, Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Sun S, Ma W, Li Q, Yang Y, Wu X, Jia H. Mining Lactonase Gene from Aflatoxin B 1-Degrading Strain Bacillus megaterium and Degrading Properties of the Recombinant Enzyme. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20762-20771. [PMID: 38103014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by filamentous fungal species that commonly contaminate food and feed. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is extremely toxic and seriously threatens the health of humans and animals. In this work, the Bacillus megaterium HNGD-A6 was obtained and showed a 94.66% removal ability of AFB1 by employing extracellular enzymes as the degrading active substance. The degradation products were P1 (AFD1, C16H14O5) and P2 (C14H16N2O2), and their toxicity was greatly reduced compared to that of AFB1. The AttM gene was mined by BlastP comparison and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. AttM could degrade 86.78% of AFB1 at pH 8.5 and 80 °C, as well as 81.32% of ochratoxin A and 67.82% of zearalenone. The ability of AttM to degrade a wide range of toxins and its resistance to high temperatures offer the possibility of its use in food or feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhong Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
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16
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Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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17
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Hao WB, Gu X, Yu X, Zhao Y, Li C, Jia M, Du XD. Laccase Lac-W detoxifies aflatoxin B 1 and degrades five other major mycotoxins in the absence of redox mediators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122581. [PMID: 37748638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A multicopper oxidase Lac-W from Weizmannia coagulans 36D1 was identified and characterized as a laccase (Lac-W) with a robust enzymatic activity, which was used in various mycotoxins degradation. We demonstrated that Lac-W could directly degrade six major mycotoxins in the absence of redox mediators in pH 9.0, 24h static incubation at room temperature, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 88%), zearalenone (60%), deoxynivalenol (34%), T-2 toxin (19%), fumonisin B1 (18%), and ochratoxin A (12%). The optimal condition for Lac-W to degrade AFB1 was 30 °C, pH 9.0, enzyme-substrate ratio 3U/μg in 24h static condition. Furthermore, we characterized aflatoxin Q1 as a Lac-W-mediated degradation product of AFB1 using UHPLC-MS/MS. Interestingly, degradation products of AFB1 failed to generate cell death and apoptosis of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Finally, our molecular docking simulation results revealed that the substrate-binding pocket of Lac-W was large enough to allow the entry of six mycotoxins with different structures, and their degradation rates were positively correlated to their interacting affinity with Lac-W. In summary, the unique properties of the Lac-W make it a great candidate for detoxifying multiple mycotoxins contaminated food and feed cost-effectively and eco-friendly. Our study provides new insights into development of versatile enzymes which could simultaneously degrade multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Youbao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengshuang Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiang-Dang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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18
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Liu X, Zhao F, Wang X, Chen S, Qu J, Sang Y. Prediction and validation of enzymatic degradation of aflatoxin M 1: Genomics and proteomics analysis of Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1 enzymes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165720. [PMID: 37482353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a class of highly toxic mycotoxins. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1, having comparable toxicity, which is more commonly found in milk. In this study, the whole genome sequencing of Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1 isolated from feces of 38 kinds of animals, having aflatoxin M1 degradation ability was conducted. Bacterial genome sequencing indicated that a total of 3445 sequences were finally annotated on 23 different cluster of orthologous groups (COG) categories. Then, the potential AFM1 degradation proteins were verified by proteomics; the properties of these proteins were further explored, including protein molecular weight, hydrophobicity, secondary structure prediction, and three-dimensional structures. Bacterial genome sequencing combined with proteomics showed that eight genes were the most capable of degrading AFM1 including three catalases, one superoxide dismutase, and four peroxidases to clone. These eight genes with AFM1 degrading capacity were successfully expressed. These results indicated that AFM1 can be degraded by Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1 protein and the most degrading proteins were oxidoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China
| | - Fangkun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China.
| | - Xianghong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China
| | - Shuiping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China
| | - Jingyi Qu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, Hebei 071001, PR China.
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19
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Marlida Y, Nurmiati N, Husmaini H, Huda N, Anggraini L, Ardani LR. The potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from ikan budu (fermented fish) to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and detoxify aflatoxin B1. Vet World 2023; 16:1373-1379. [PMID: 37621548 PMCID: PMC10446719 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1373-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Market demand for safe feed and food supply and consumer preferences for safe and healthy products are increasing. Control measures to counter threats to the feed supply need to be implemented as early as possible to prevent economic losses. Mycotoxins produced by certain groups of fungi are a problem that can disrupt the feed supply or pose a threat to the health of animals and humans. Biological control to detoxify contaminated feed ingredients can be carried out on a large scale economically. For example, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can act as biological agents for eliminating mycotoxins. This study aimed to clarify the value of screening LAB to inhibit Aspergillus flavus growth and detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Materials and Methods In this study, using a completely randomized design with three replications, five isolates of LAB (LA.1, LA.6, LA.8, LA.12, and LA.22) along with their supernatants were tested qualitatively and quantitatively for their ability to counter mycotoxins using A. flavus and corn kernels. The isolates with the best activity were identified by sequencing 16S rDNA. Results The results showed that the five LAB isolates can inhibit the growth of A. flavus and detoxify AFB1. Among these isolates, LA.12 showed the best performance, followed by LA.22, LA.8, LA.6, and then LA.1. The sequencing results confirmed that LA.12 was Lactobacillus harbinensis strain 487. Conclusion All of the isolates in this study have the potential as biological agents for detoxifying AFB1, with isolate LA.12 appearing to be the most promising biodetoxification agent for feed (AFB1 in corn) based on its ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetti Marlida
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Nurmiati Nurmiati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang City, West Sumatra 25175, Indonesia
| | - Husmaini Husmaini
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 90509, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Lili Anggraini
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Laily Rinda Ardani
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, Andalas University, Limau Manis Campus, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
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20
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Jia R, Tian S, Yang Z, Sadiq FA, Wang L, Lu S, Zhang G, Li J. Tuning Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Aflatoxin-Degrading Enzyme by Error-prone PCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12610-4. [PMID: 37300712 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, a recombinant aflatoxin-degrading enzyme derived from Myxococcus fulvus (MADE) was reported. However, the low thermal stability of the enzyme had limitations for its use in industrial applications. In this study, we obtained an improved variant of recombinant MADE (rMADE) with enhanced thermostability and catalytic activity using error-prone PCR. Firstly, we constructed a mutant library containing over 5000 individual mutants. Three mutants with T50 values higher than the wild-type rMADE by 16.5 °C (rMADE-1124), 6.5 °C (rMADE-1795), and 9.8 °C (rMADE-2848) were screened by a high-throughput screening method. Additionally, the catalytic activity of rMADE-1795 and rMADE-2848 was improved by 81.5% and 67.7%, respectively, compared to the wild-type. Moreover, structural analysis revealed that replacement of acidic amino acids with basic amino acids by a mutation (D114H) in rMADE-2848 increased the polar interactions with surrounding residues and resulted in a threefold increase in the t1/2 value of the enzyme and made it more thermaltolerate. KEY POINTS: • Mutant libraries construction of a new aflatoxins degrading enzyme by error-prone PCR. • D114H/N295D mutant improved enzyme activity and thermostability. • The first reported enhanced thermostability of aflatoxins degrading enzyme better for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Senmiao Tian
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zhaofeng Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- Fisheries and Food, Technology & Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Simeng Lu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, China
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21
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Lou H, Yang C, Gong Y, Li Y, Li Y, Tian S, Zhao Y, Zhao R. Edible fungi efficiently degrade aflatoxin B 1 in cereals and improve their nutritional composition by solid-state fermentation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131139. [PMID: 36921416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is extremely harmful to human and livestock. Laccase, a green catalyst, has been shown to effectively degrade AFB1 and can be obtained from edible fungi. The objective of this study was to screen edible fungi with high laccase activity and determine their effects on the degradation of AFB1 in cereals and the nutritional composition of the cereals through solid-state fermentation. Results from plate assays confirmed that 51 of the 55 tested edible fungi could secrete laccase. Submerged fermentation results showed that 17 of the 51 edible fungi had maximum laccase activity exceeding 100 U/L. The growth of different edible fungi varied significantly in corn, rice and wheat. More importantly, 6 edible fungi with high laccase activity and good growth could efficiently degrade AFB1 in cereals. We found for the first time that Ganoderma sinense could not only secrete highly active laccase and efficiently degrade AFB1 in corn by 92.91%, but also improve the nutritional quality of corn. These findings reveal that solid-state fermentation of cereals with edible fungi is an environmentally friendly and efficient approach for degrading AFB1 in cereals and improving the nutritional composition of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lou
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | - Chuangming Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | - Shuangqi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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22
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Du Z, Liu ZZ. Inhibition of aflatoxins on UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105612. [PMID: 37164184 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins have been recognized as the most harmful mycotoxins leading to various toxic effects. The present study aims to determine the inhibition behavior of aflatoxins on the activity of the important phase II metabolizing enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), based on in vitro incubation system of recombinant human UGTs-catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). 100 μM AFB1 and AFG1 exhibited extensive inhibition towards UGT isoforms especially UGT1A7 and UGT1A8, with the inhibition ratios to be 71.38%, 72.95% and 72.79% for AFB1 to UGT1A7, AFB1 to UGT1A8 and AFG1 to UGT1A8, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts of the particular structure consisting of double furan ring with double bond contributed to the interaction of aflatoxins and UGTs. Kinetics analysis, including inhibition types and kinetics parameters (Ki), and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) indicated that there might be a medium possibility of inhibition on UGTs by aflatoxins in vivo. In conclusion, the present study indicated that aflatoxins could possibly disturb endogenous metabolism by inhibiting the activity of UGTs so as to exhibit toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Du
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhong Liu
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
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23
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Loi M, De Leonardis S, Ciasca B, Paciolla C, Mulè G, Haidukowski M. Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Ery4 Laccase: From In Vitro to Contaminated Corn. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050310. [PMID: 37235345 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. and are found in food and feed as contaminants worldwide. Due to climate change, AFs occurrence is expected to increase also in western Europe. Therefore, to ensure food and feed safety, it is mandatory to develop green technologies for AFs reduction in contaminated matrices. With this regard, enzymatic degradation is an effective and environmentally friendly approach under mild operational conditions and with minor impact on the food and feed matrix. In this work, Ery4 laccase, acetosyringone, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid were investigated in vitro, then applied in artificially contaminated corn for AFB1 reduction. AFB1 (0.1 µg/mL) was completely removed in vitro and reduced by 26% in corn. Several degradation products were detected in vitro by UHPLC-HRMS and likely corresponded to AFQ1, epi-AFQ1, AFB1-diol, or AFB1dialehyde, AFB2a, and AFM1. Protein content was not altered by the enzymatic treatment, while slightly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 were detected. Although further studies are needed to improve AFB1 reduction and reduce the impact of this treatment in corn, the results of this study are promising and suggest that Ery4 laccase can be effectively applied for the reduction in AFB1 in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvana De Leonardis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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24
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Building a Human Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Aflatoxin B1 to Simulate Interactions with Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030894. [PMID: 36986755 PMCID: PMC10053806 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are secondary fungal metabolites present in food commodities and part of one’s daily exposure, especially in certain regions, e.g., sub-Saharan Africa. AFB1 is mostly metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, namely, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. As a consequence of chronic exposure, it is interesting to check for interactions with drugs taken concomitantly. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on the literature and in-house-generated in vitro data to characterise the pharmacokinetics (PK) of AFB1. The substrate file was used in different populations (Chinese, North European Caucasian and Black South African), provided by SimCYP® software (v21), to evaluate the impact of populations on AFB1 PK. The model’s performance was verified against published human in vivo PK parameters, with AUC ratios and Cmax ratios being within the 0.5–2.0-fold range. Effects on AFB1 PK were observed with commonly prescribed drugs in South Africa, leading to clearance ratios of 0.54 to 4.13. The simulations revealed that CYP3A4/CYP1A2 inducer/inhibitor drugs might have an impact on AFB1 metabolism, altering exposure to carcinogenic metabolites. AFB1 did not have effects on the PK of drugs at representative exposure concentrations. Therefore, chronic AFB1 exposure is unlikely to impact the PK of drugs taken concomitantly.
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25
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Yanhua X, Haiwei L, Renyong Z. Cloning and expression of the catalase gene (KatA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the degradation of AFB 1 by recombinant catalase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:792-798. [PMID: 36054708 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) poses a severe threat to human and animal health. Countries worldwide have invested considerable manpower and material resources in degrading aflatoxins. Enzyme degradation is the most efficient and environmentally friendly approach for modifying aflatoxin into less toxic molecules. Catalase is commonly used as a detoxification agent to decrease the contamination levels of aflatoxins in animal feeds. This study aimed to obtain recombinant catalase via gene engineering and determined whether a recombinant catalase could degrade AFB1 . RESULTS The catalase gene (KatA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expression conditions of this recombinant catalase were optimized. The recombinant catalase was isolated and purified using Ni-chelating affinity chromatography, and its ability to degrade AFB1 was evaluated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the expressed of catalase was approximately 55.6 kDa, which was subsequently purified using Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. The degradation rate of AFB1 by recombinant catalase in the presence of syringaldehyde was 38.79%. CONCLUSION The degradation of AFB1 by a recombinant catalase has been reported for the first time. This study provides a new paradigm for the use of recombinant catalases in degrading AFB1 in food and feed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yanhua
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lou Haiwei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao Renyong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Zaccaria M, Dawson W, Russel Kish D, Reverberi M, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Domin M, Cristiglio V, Chan B, Dellafiora L, Gabel F, Nakajima T, Genovese L, Momeni B. Experimental-theoretical study of laccase as a detoxifier of aflatoxins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:860. [PMID: 36650163 PMCID: PMC9845376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate laccase-mediated detoxification of aflatoxins, fungal carcinogenic food contaminants. Our experimental comparison between two aflatoxins with similar structures (AFB1 and AFG2) shows significant differences in laccase-mediated detoxification. A multi-scale modeling approach (Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Density Functional Theory) identifies the highly substrate-specific changes required to improve laccase detoxifying performance. We employ a large-scale density functional theory-based approach, involving more than 7000 atoms, to identify the amino acid residues that determine the affinity of laccase for aflatoxins. From this study we conclude: (1) AFB1 is more challenging to degrade, to the point of complete degradation stalling; (2) AFG2 is easier to degrade by laccase due to its lack of side products and favorable binding dynamics; and (3) ample opportunities to optimize laccase for aflatoxin degradation exist, especially via mutations leading to π-π stacking. This study identifies a way to optimize laccase for aflatoxin bioremediation and, more generally, contributes to the research efforts aimed at rational enzyme optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - William Dawson
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, 6500047, Japan
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marek Domin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Bun Chan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, 6500047, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8528521, Japan
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Frank Gabel
- CEA/CNRS/IBS, University Grenoble Alpes, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Luigi Genovese
- CEA/INAC-MEM/L-Sim, University Grenoble Alpes, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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27
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Loi M, Logrieco AF, Pusztahelyi T, Leiter É, Hornok L, Pócsi I. Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085891. [PMID: 36762096 PMCID: PMC9907446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. found in staple food and feed commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pose a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The global economy and trade are significantly affected as well. Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in maize have been developed and used but have not yet been linked. The prevention of crop loss due to aflatoxin contamination is complex and challenging. Hence, the set-up of advanced decontamination is crucial to cope with the challenge of climate change, growing population, unstable political scenarios, and food security problems also in European countries. After harvest, decontamination methods can be applied during transport, storage, or processing, but their application for aflatoxin reduction is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors on aflatoxin production because of climate change and to critically discuss the present-day and novel decontamination techniques to unravel gaps and limitations to propose them as a tool to tackle an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy,*Correspondence: Martina Loi, ✉
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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28
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Yang CH, Tsai CH. Aptamer against Aflatoxin B1 Obtained by SELEX and Applied in Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:848. [PMID: 36290985 PMCID: PMC9599246 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are the most prevalent mycotoxins in nature. They contaminate various crops and cause global food and feed safety concerns. Therefore, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific AFB1 detection tool is urgently needed. Aptamers generated by SELEX technology can specifically bind the desired targets with high affinity. The broad range of targets expands the scope of applications for aptamers. We used an AFB1-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle for SELEX to select AFB1-specific aptamers. One aptamer, fl-2CS1, revealed a dissociation constant (Kd = 2.5 μM) with AFB1 determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Furthermore, no interaction was shown with other toxins (AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA, and FB1). According to structural prediction and analysis, we identified a short version of the AFB1-specific aptamer, fl-2CS1/core, with a minimum length of 39-mer used in the AFB1-aptasensor system by real-time qPCR. The aptasensor showed a broad range of detection from 50 ppt to 50 ppb with an accuracy of 90% in the spiked peanut extract samples. With the application of the AFB1-aptasensor we have constructed, a wide range detection tool with high accuracy might be developed as a point-of-care testing tool in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsuan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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29
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Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Chen J, Wu W, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Characterization of a Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) and its application in the AFB1 degradation of contaminated rice in situ. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960882. [PMID: 36187979 PMCID: PMC9515612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminates rice during harvest or storage and causes a considerable risk to human and animal health. In this study, Trametes versicolor AFB1–degrading enzyme (TV–AFB1D) gene recombinantly expressed in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The TV–AFB1D enzymatic characteristics and AFB1 degradation efficiency in contaminated rice were investigated. Results showed that the size of recombinant TV-AFB1D expressing in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae was appropriately 77 KDa. The kinetic equation of TV-AFB1D was y = 0.01671x + 1.80756 (R2 = 0.994, Km = 9.24 mM, and Vmax = 553.23 mM/min). The Kcat and Kcat/Km values of TV-AFB1D were 0.07392 (s−1) and 8 M−1 s−1, respectively. The AFB1 concentration of contaminated rice decreased from 100 μg/ml to 32.6 μg/ml after treatment at 32°C for 5 h under the catabolism of TV-AFB1D. S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S (CaMV 35 S) promoters caused the residual AFB1 contents, respectively, decreased to 3.4 and 2.9 μg/g from the initial AFB1 content of 7.4 μg/g after 24 h of fermentation using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. The AFB1 degradation rates of S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying AOX1 and CaMV promoters were 54 and 61%, respectively. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains integrated with TV-AFB1D expression cassettes were developed to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and produce ethanol using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. Thus, TV-AFB1D has significant application potential in the AFB1 decomposition from contaminated agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhou Yang, ,;
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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