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Lo Giudice A, Rizzo C. Freshwater Sponges as a Neglected Reservoir of Bacterial Biodiversity. Microorganisms 2023; 12:25. [PMID: 38257852 PMCID: PMC10819713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Freshwater sponges (Spongillida: Demospongiae), including more than 240 described species, are globally distributed in continental waters (except for Antarctica), where they cover both natural and artificial surfaces. However, fragmentary studies have targeted their microbiome, making it difficult to test hypotheses about sponge-microbe specificity and metabolic relationships, along with the environmental factors playing key roles in structuring the associated microbial communities. To date, particular attention has been paid to sponges (family Lubomirskiidae) that are endemic to Lake Baikal. Few other freshwater sponge species (e.g., Ephydatia spp., Eunapius spp., and Spongilla lacustris), from lakes and rivers spanning from Europe to South and North America, have been targeted for microbiological studies. Representatives of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria largely predominated, and high differences were reported between the microbiome of freshwater and marine sponges. Several bacterial strains isolated from freshwater sponges can produce bioactive compounds, mainly showing antibiotic activities, with potential application in biotechnology. Understanding the roles played by sponge microbiomes in freshwater ecosystems is still in its infancy and has yet to be clarified to disentangle the ecological and evolutionary significance of these largely under-investigated microbial communities. This review was aimed at providing the main available information on the composition and biotechnological potential of prokaryotic communities associated with healthy freshwater sponges, as a neglected component of the global sponge microbiome, to stimulate researchers interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Lo Giudice
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR.ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR.ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy;
- Zoological Station “Anton Dohrn”, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Villa Pace, Contrada Porticatello, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Kondethimmanahalli C, Ganta RR. Proteome analysis of Ehrlichia chaffeensis containing phagosome membranes revealed the presence of numerous bacterial and host proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1070356. [PMID: 36619760 PMCID: PMC9816426 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-transmitted Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent for human monocytic ehrlichiosis, resides and multiplies within a host cell phagosome. Infection progression of E. chaffeensis includes internalization into a host cell by host cell membrane fusion events following engulfment leading to the formation of E. chaffeensis containing vacuole (ECV). Revealing the molecular composition of ECV is important in understanding the host cellular processes, evasion of host defense pathways and in defining host-pathogen interactions. ECVs purified from infected host cells were analyzed to define both host and bacterial proteomes associated with the phagosome membranes. About 160 bacterial proteins and 2,683 host proteins were identified in the ECV membranes. The host proteins included predominantly known phagosome proteins involved in phagocytic trafficking, fusion of vesicles, protein transport, Ras signaling pathway and pathogenic infection. Many highly expressed proteins were similar to the previously documented proteins of phagosome vacuole membranes containing other obligate pathogenic bacteria. The finding of many bacterial membrane proteins is novel; they included multiple outer membrane proteins, such as the p28-Omps, the 120 kDa protein, preprotein translocases, lipoproteins, metal binding proteins, and chaperonins, although the presence of ankyrin repeat proteins, several Type I and IV secretion system proteins is anticipated. This study demonstrates that ECV membrane is extensively modified by the pathogen. This study represents the first and the most comprehensive description of ECV membrane proteome. The identity of many host and Ehrlichia proteins in the ECV membrane will be a valuable to define pathogenic mechanisms critical for the replication of the pathogen within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman R. Ganta
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Heydari S, Malekzadeh R, Jazayeri MH, Sarrafnejad A, Siavoshi F. Detection of peptidoglycan in yeast as a marker for the presence or abundance of intracellular Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:407. [PMID: 35726098 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) was targeted as the marker for bacterial occurrence inside yeast. Detection of only few bacteria in old and new generations of yeast raised the question of how yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria. One gastric C. tropicalis that showed concurrence of H. pylori and Staphylococcus 16S rDNA was stained for assessing the viability of intracellular bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-PG monoclonal antibody (APGMAb) was used for detection of PG inside yeast by direct immunofluorescence. APGMAb-coated magnetic beads were used for separation of bacteria from disrupted yeasts. Bead-bound bacteria were separated, fixed, stained, and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bead-bound bacteria were cultured and identified by amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated occurrence of few live bacteria inside yeast cells. FITC- APGMAb interacted with PG of intracellular bacteria, appearing as few green spots in mother and daughter yeast cells. Interestingly, PG fragments were also detected in the exterior of yeast cells. SEM observations showed separated bead-bound bacilli and cocci. Culture of Staphylococcus was positive. Sequencing results confirmed identity of separated bacteria as H. pylori and Staphylococcus. PG detected inside yeast may have belonged to H. pylori, Staphylococcus or any other intracellular bacteria that coexisted in yeast as its microbiome. Detection of only few intracellular bacteria in old and new generations of yeast as well as PG fragments in their exterior suggested that yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria at low rate by hydrolysis and exporting of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Abrun P, Ashouri A, Duplouy A, Farahani HK. Wolbachia impairs post-eclosion host preference in a parasitoid wasp. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2021; 108:13. [PMID: 33760987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host preference behavior can result in adaptive advantages with important consequences for the fitness of individuals. Hopkin's host-selection principle (HHSP) suggests that organisms at higher trophic levels demonstrate a preference for the host species on which they developed during their own larval stage. Although investigated in many herbivorous and predatory insects, the HHSP has, to our knowledge, never been tested in the context of insects hosting selfish endosymbiotic passengers. Here, we investigated the effect of infection with the facultative bacterial symbiont Wolbachia on post-eclosion host preference in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). We compared host preference in Wolbachia-infected individuals and uninfected adult female parasitoids after rearing them on two different Lepidopteran hosts, namely the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) or the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in choice and no choice experimental design (n = 120 wasps per each choice/no choice experiments). We showed that in T. brassicae, Wolbachia affects the post-eclosion host preference of female wasps. Wolbachia-infected wasps did not show any host preference and more frequently switched hosts in the laboratory, while uninfected wasps significantly preferred to lay eggs on the host species they developed on. Additionally, Wolbachia significantly improved the emergence rate of infected wasps when reared on new hosts. Altogether, our results revealed that the wasp's infection with Wolbachia may lead to impairment of post-eclosion host preference and facilitates growing up on different host species. The impairment of host preference by Wolbachia may allow T. brassicae to shift between hosts, a behavior that might have important evolutionary consequences for the wasp and its symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Abrun
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Ebrahimi H, Sarrafnejad A, Sharifi AH. Excision of endosymbiotic bacteria from yeast under aging and starvation stresses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104141. [PMID: 31839588 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although infrequent in our laboratory, growth of bacterial colonies has been observed on top of the purified cultures of yeasts. In this study, the likelihood of bacterial excision from yeast under aging and starvation stresses was assessed using 10 gastric and 10 food-borne yeasts. Yeasts were identified as members of Candida or Saccharomyces genus by amplification and sequencing of D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA. For aging stress, yeasts were cultured on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with sheep blood and incubated at 30 °C for 3-4 weeks. For starvation stress, yeasts were inoculated into distilled water and incubated similarly. After seven days, starved yeasts were cultured on yeast extract glucose agar, incubated similarly and examined daily for appearance of bacterial colonies on top of the yeast's growth. Outgrowth of excised bacteria was observed on top of the cultures of 4 yeasts (Y1, Y3, Y13 and Y18) after 3-7 days. The excised bacteria (B1, B3, B13 and B18) were isolated and identified at the genus level according to their biochemical characteristics as well as amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. B1 (Arthrobacter) were excised from Y1 (Candida albicans) upon aging and B3 (Staphylococcus), B13 (Cellulomonas) and B18 (Staphylococcus) were excised from their respective yeasts; Y3 (Candida tropicalis), Y13 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Y18 (Candida glabrata) upon starvation. DNA from yeasts was used for detection of 16S rDNA of their intracellular bacteria and sequencing. Amplified products from yeasts showed sequence similarity to those of excised bacteria. Under normal conditions, yeast exerts tight control on multiplication of its intracellular bacteria. However, upon aging and starvation the control is no longer effective and bacterial outgrowth occurs. Unlimited multiplication of excised bacteria might provide yeast with plenty of food in close vicinity. This could be an evolutionary dialogue between yeast and bacteria that ensures the survival of both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Sharifi
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tavakolian A, Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Brojeni GN, Sarrafnejad A, Eftekhar F, Khormali M. Localization of Staphylococcus inside the vacuole of Candida albicans by immunodetection and FISH. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104014. [PMID: 31446135 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, two bacteria B1 and B2 were excised from two amphotericin B-treated Candida albicans Y1 and Y2, respectively. Bacteria were identified as B1: Staphylococcus hominis and B2: Staphylococcus haemolyticus according to their biochemical characteristics and detection and sequencing of Staphylococcus-specific genes. In this study the intracellular origin of staphylococci inside the vacuole of yeast was examined. Polyclonal antibodies against S. hominis and S. haemolyticus were raised in rabbit and used for detection of staphylococcal proteins in protein pool of yeasts by western blotting (WB). Fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antibodies were used for bacterial localization inside yeast's vacuole by direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with Staphylococcaceae -specific probe was performed for validation of immunodetection results. WB results showed occurrence of several proteins in protein pool of yeasts that were similar to staphylococcal proteins such as those with molecular weight of 57.5 and 66 kDa. Fluorescent microscopy showed interactions of FITC-antibodies with intracellular staphylococci which appeared as green spots. Hybridization of staphylococcal- specific probe with bacteria inside yeasts' vacuole confirmed immunodetection results. Detection of staphylococcal proteins and genes inside Candida albicans yeast indicates existence of intracellular bacteria inside the vacuole of yeast. These results suggest C. albicans as the potential reservoir of medically important bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Tavakolian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Nikbakht Brojeni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfatah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Eftekhar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khormali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Siavoshi F, Heydari S, Shafiee M, Ahmadi S, Saniee P, Sarrafnejad A, Kolahdoozan S. Sequestration inside the yeast vacuole may enhance Helicobacter pylori survival against stressful condition. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:127-133. [PMID: 30682548 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vacuole of eukaryotic cells, beyond intracellular digestion plays additional roles such as storage of nutrients that provide favorable conditions for bacterial survival. In this study, occurrence of H. pylori inside the vacuole of Candida yeast was studied and the role of vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) in constructing the vacuole was discussed. One gastric Candida yeast was used for Live/Dead stain and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with universal bacterial probe. Yeast total DNA was used for amplification of full-length bacterial 16S rDNA as well as H. pylori-specific 16S rDNA and vacA alleles. Vacuoles were isolated from yeast cells and stained with fluorescent yeast vacuole membrane marker MDY-64. DNA extracted from vacuoles was used for amplification of H. pylori-specific 16S rDNA. Fluorescent microscopy showed occurrence of viable bacteria inside the vacuole of intact Candida yeast cells. FISH showed intracellular bacteria as fluorescent spots inside the vacuole of mother and daughter yeast cells, suggesting bacterial transmission to next generations of yeast. Sequencing of amplified products of bacterial 16S rDNA and amplification of H. pylori 16S rDNA and vacA confirmed the identity of intracellular bacteria as H. pylori. Isolated vacuoles were stained with membrane-specific marker and H. pylori 16S rDNA was amplified from their DNA content. Results of this study suggest yeast vacuole as a specialized niche for H. pylori. It appears that sequestration inside the vacuole may enhance bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Shafiee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Kolahdoozan
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Venditti D, Steinmann J, Müller KD, Michel R. Microsporidia-like parasites of amoebae belong to the early fungal lineage Rozellomycota. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1909-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sachs JL, Skophammer RG, Bansal N, Stajich JE. Evolutionary origins and diversification of proteobacterial mutualists. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132146. [PMID: 24285193 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic bacteria infect most eukaryotic species in nearly every biome. Nonetheless, two dilemmas remain unresolved about bacterial-eukaryote mutualisms: how do mutualist phenotypes originate in bacterial lineages and to what degree do mutualists traits drive or hinder bacterial diversification? Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the hyperdiverse phylum Proteobacteria to investigate the origins and evolutionary diversification of mutualistic bacterial phenotypes. Our ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) inferred a range of 34-39 independent origins of mutualist phenotypes in Proteobacteria, revealing the surprising frequency with which host-beneficial traits have evolved in this phylum. We found proteobacterial mutualists to be more often derived from parasitic than from free-living ancestors, consistent with the untested paradigm that bacterial mutualists most often evolve from pathogens. Strikingly, we inferred that mutualists exhibit a negative net diversification rate (speciation minus extinction), which suggests that mutualism evolves primarily via transitions from other states rather than diversification within mutualist taxa. Moreover, our ASRs infer that proteobacterial mutualist lineages exhibit a paucity of reversals to parasitism or to free-living status. This evolutionary conservatism of mutualism is contrary to long-standing theory, which predicts that selection should often favour mutants in microbial mutualist populations that exploit or abandon more slowly evolving eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Sachs
- Department of Biology, University of California, , Riverside, CA 92521, USA, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, , Riverside, CA 92521, USA, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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10
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Nayak MK, Collins PJ, Throne JE, Wang JJ. Biology and management of psocids infesting stored products. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:279-297. [PMID: 24160430 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously regarded as minor nuisance pests, psocids belonging to the genus Liposcelis now pose a major problem for the effective protection of stored products worldwide. Here we examine the apparent biological and operational reasons behind this phenomenon and why conventional pest management seems to be failing. We investigate what is known about the biology, behavior, and population dynamics of major pest species to ascertain their strengths, and perhaps find weaknesses, as a basis for a rational pest management strategy. We outline the contribution of molecular techniques to clarifying species identification and understanding genetic diversity. We discuss progress in sampling and trapping and our comprehension of spatial distribution of these pests as a foundation for developing management strategies. The effectiveness of various chemical treatments and the availability and potential of nonchemical control methods are critically examined. Finally, we identify research gaps and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Nayak
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; ,
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11
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Zhao DX, Zhang XF, Chen DS, Zhang YK, Hong XY. Wolbachia-Host Interactions: Host Mating Patterns Affect Wolbachia Density Dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66373. [PMID: 23823081 PMCID: PMC3688896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods and cause an array of effects on host reproduction, fitness and mating behavior. Although our understanding of the Wolbachia-associated effects on hosts is rapidly expanding, our knowledge of the host factors that mediate Wolbachia dynamics is rudimentary. Here, we explore the interactions between Wolbachia and its host, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Our results indicate that Wolbachia induces strong cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), increases host fecundity, but has no effects on the longevity of females and the mating competitiveness of males in T. urticae. Most importantly, host mating pattern was found to affect Wolbachia density dynamics during host aging. Mating of an uninfected mite of either sex with an infected mite attenuates the Wolbachia density in the infected mite. According to the results of Wolbachia localization, this finding may be associated with the tropism of Wolbachia for the reproductive tissue in adult spider mites. Our findings describe a new interaction between Wolbachia and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xiao Zhao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da-Song Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Kai Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Yamaguchi M, Mori Y, Kozuka Y, Okada H, Uematsu K, Tame A, Furukawa H, Maruyama T, Worman CO, Yokoyama K. Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea. Microscopy (Oxf) 2012; 61:423-431. [PMID: 23024290 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfs062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are only two kinds of organisms on the Earth: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although eukaryotes are considered to have evolved from prokaryotes, there were no previously known intermediate forms between them. The differences in their cellular structures are so vast that the problem of how eukaryotes could have evolved from prokaryotes is one of the greatest enigmas in biology. Here, we report a unique organism with cellular structures appearing to have intermediate features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which was discovered in the deep sea off the coast of Japan using electron microscopy and structome analysis. The organism was 10 µm long and 3 µm in diameter, having >100 times the volume of Escherichia coli. It had a large 'nucleoid', consisting of naked DNA fibers, with a single nucleoid membrane and endosymbionts that resemble bacteria, but no mitochondria. Because this organism appears to be a life form distinct from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but similar to eukaryotes, we named this unique microorganism the 'Myojin parakaryote' with the scientific name of Parakaryon myojinensis ('next to (eu)karyote from Myojin') after the discovery location and its intermediate morphology. The existence of this organism is an indication of a potential evolutionary path between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yamaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Rozas EE, Albano RM, Lôbo-Hajdu G, Müller WE, Schröder HC, Custódio MR. Isolation and cultivation of fungal strains from in vitro cell cultures of two marine sponges (Porifera: Halichondrida and Haplosclerida). Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1560-8. [PMID: 24031790 PMCID: PMC3768729 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the large number of reports describing sponge-microbe associations, limited knowledge is available about associated fungi and their relationships with the hosts. In this work, specific fungal strains were obtained directly from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and single sponge cells (cytospins) and compared with those obtained from whole tissue preparations. A total of 27 fungal strains were isolated from the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona melana. Fifteen strains, nine from H. heliophila and six from H. melana, were obtained from whole tissue and were considered as possible mesohyl associated or transient fungi. Twelve strains were isolated from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and were, therefore, considered as cell associated. From these, five different strains were obtained from H. heliophila isolated cells, while five were identified from cytospins and two from primmorphs of H. melana. The fungal strains obtained from cell cultures from both sponge species were different, and none of them were detected in the whole tissue preparations of the same species. Nine H. heliophila and seven H. melana strains shows low similarity with the sequences available in public databases and belong to potentially new species. This is the first report of fungi isolated directly from sponge cells, which allowed the observation and selection of specific strains that probably would not be obtained by usual culture dependent techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique E. Rozas
- Centro de Energia, Ambiente e Biodiversidade, Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Departamento de Fisiologia Geral, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodolpho M. Albano
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gisele Lôbo-Hajdu
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Werner E.G. Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abt. Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz-C. Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abt. Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Márcio R. Custódio
- Departamento de Fisiologia Geral, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Lemaire B, Vandamme P, Merckx V, Smets E, Dessein S. Bacterial leaf symbiosis in angiosperms: host specificity without co-speciation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24430. [PMID: 21915326 PMCID: PMC3168474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial leaf symbiosis is a unique and intimate interaction between bacteria and flowering plants, in which endosymbionts are organized in specialized leaf structures. Previously, bacterial leaf symbiosis has been described as a cyclic and obligate interaction in which the endosymbionts are vertically transmitted between plant generations and lack autonomous growth. Theoretically this allows for co-speciation between leaf nodulated plants and their endosymbionts. We sequenced the nodulated Burkholderia endosymbionts of 54 plant species from known leaf nodulated angiosperm genera, i.e. Ardisia, Pavetta, Psychotria and Sericanthe. Phylogenetic reconstruction of bacterial leaf symbionts and closely related free-living bacteria indicates the occurrence of multiple horizontal transfers of bacteria from the environment to leaf nodulated plant species. This rejects the hypothesis of a long co-speciation process between the bacterial endosymbionts and their host plants. Our results indicate a recent evolutionary process towards a stable and host specific interaction confirming the proposed maternal transmission mode of the endosymbionts through the seeds. Divergence estimates provide evidence for a relatively recent origin of bacterial leaf symbiosis, dating back to the Miocene (5-23 Mya). This geological epoch was characterized by cool and arid conditions, which may have triggered the origin of bacterial leaf symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Lemaire
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Andrade IDS, Vianez-Júnior JL, Goulart CL, Homblé F, Ruysschaert JM, Almeida von Krüger WM, Bisch PM, de Souza W, Mohana-Borges R, Motta MCM. Characterization of a porin channel in the endosymbiont of the trypanosomatid protozoan Crithidia deanei. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2818-2830. [PMID: 21757490 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crithidia deanei is a trypanosomatid protozoan that harbours a symbiotic bacterium. The partners maintain a mutualistic relationship, thus constituting an excellent model for studying metabolic exchanges between the host and the symbiont, the origin of organelles and cellular evolution. According to molecular analysis, symbionts of different trypanosomatid species share high identity and descend from a common ancestor, a β-proteobacterium of the genus Bordetella. The endosymbiont is surrounded by two membranes, like Gram-negative bacteria, but its envelope presents special features, since phosphatidylcholine is a major membrane component and the peptidoglycan layer is highly reduced, as described in other obligate intracellular bacteria. Like the process that generated mitochondria and plastids, the endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids depends on pathways that facilitate the intensive metabolic exchanges between the bacterium and the host protozoan. A search of the annotated symbiont genome database identified one sequence with identity to porin-encoding genes of the genus Bordetella. Considering that the symbiont outer membrane has a great accessibility to cytoplasm host factors, it was important to characterize this single porin-like protein using biochemical, molecular, computational and ultrastructural approaches. Antiserum against the recombinant porin-like molecule revealed that it is mainly located in the symbiont envelope. Secondary structure analysis and comparative modelling predicted the protein 3D structure as an 18-domain β-barrel, which is consistent with porin channels. Electrophysiological measurements showed that the porin displays a slight preference for cations over anions. Taken together, the data presented herein suggest that the C. deanei endosymbiont porin is phylogenetically and structurally similar to those described in Gram-negative bacteria, representing a diffusion channel that might contribute to the exchange of nutrients and metabolic precursors between the symbiont and its host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iamara da Silva Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Lídio Vianez-Júnior
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lage Goulart
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques (SFMB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine (CP 206/2), B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.,Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrice Homblé
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques (SFMB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine (CP 206/2), B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques (SFMB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine (CP 206/2), B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Wanda Maria Almeida von Krüger
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mascarello Bisch
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Genômica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Física Biológica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, Inmetro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Machado Motta
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioimagens e Biologia Estrutural, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
Diverse bacterial lineages form beneficial infections with eukaryotic hosts. The origins, evolution, and breakdown of these mutualisms represent important evolutionary transitions. To examine these key events, we synthesize data from diverse interactions between bacteria and eukaryote hosts. Five evolutionary transitions are investigated, including the origins of bacterial associations with eukaryotes, the origins and subsequent stable maintenance of bacterial mutualism with hosts, the capture of beneficial symbionts via the evolution of strict vertical transmission within host lineages, and the evolutionary breakdown of bacterial mutualism. Each of these transitions has occurred many times in the history of bacterial-eukaryote symbiosis. We investigate these evolutionary events across the bacterial domain and also among a focal set of well studied bacterial mutualist lineages. Subsequently, we generate a framework for examining evolutionary transitions in bacterial symbiosis and test hypotheses about the selective, ecological, and genomic forces that shape these events.
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17
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Abstract
Host-adapted bacteria include mutualists and pathogens of animals, plants and insects. Their study is therefore important for biotechnology, biodiversity and human health. The recent rapid expansion in bacterial genome data has provided insights into the adaptive, diversifying and reductive evolutionary processes that occur during host adaptation. The results have challenged many pre-existing concepts built from studies of laboratory bacterial strains. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed genetic changes associated with transitions from parasitism to mutualism and opened new research avenues to understand the functional reshaping of bacteria as they adapt to growth in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic host.
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18
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Li Q, Jagannath C, Rao PK, Singh CR, Lostumbo G. Analysis of phagosomal proteomes: from latex-bead to bacterial phagosomes. Proteomics 2011; 10:4098-116. [PMID: 21080496 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead-containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria-containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host-cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead-containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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19
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20
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Gavotte L, Mercer DR, Stoeckle JJ, Dobson SL. Costs and benefits of Wolbachia infection in immature Aedes albopictus depend upon sex and competition level. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:341-6. [PMID: 20807539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts induce various effects on hosts and can dramatically impact host fitness and development. An example is provided by obligate, maternally-inherited Wolbachia, which infect a broad range of invertebrates. Wolbachia are capable of altering host reproduction, thereby promoting infection spread. Wolbachia also pose direct physiological costs and benefits to hosts, complicating their categorization as parasites or mutualists. This study examines for an effect of Wolbachia infection in intra-specific larval competition by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, with the goal of examining for an impact of Wolbachia infection in mixed populations. Similar to prior work examining for an influence of Wolbachia infection on the fitness of A. albopictus in adults, the results presented here support the hypothesized impact of Wolbachia across all life stages, including immatures. The differential competitiveness of infected larvae detected in our experiments indicates that Wolbachia infected A. albopictus females are less competitive relative to uninfected females when competing under highly competitive conditions. In contrast, under low competitive pressures, infected females experience higher survivorship. Thus, Wolbachia infection shifts from parasitism to mutualism as a function of developmental conditions. Results are discussed in relation to the invasion and persistence of Wolbachia in A. albopictus populations. The results are important to the evolution of stable Wolbachia symbioses, including Wolbachia invasion of an uninfected population. The resulting infection dynamics that occur in an infected population are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gavotte
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA.
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21
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Kang SW, Jeon BY, Hwang TS, Park DH. Symbiotic relationship between Microbacterium sp. SK0812 and Candida tropicalis SK090404. J Microbiol 2010; 47:721-7. [PMID: 20127466 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-009-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A bacterium growing inside yeast cytoplasm was observed by light microscope without staining. The bacterium was separately stained from yeast cell by a fluorescent dye, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The bacterium actively moved inside yeast cytoplasm and propagated in company with the yeast growth. The bacterium was separated from the yeast cytoplasm by selective disruption of yeast cells and the yeast without the intracellular bacterium (YWOB) was obtained by selective inactivation of bacterial cells. The yeast and the intracellular bacterium were identified as Candida tropicalis and Microbacterium sp., respectively. The length of Microbacterium sp. and C. tropicalis measured with SEM image was smaller than 0.5 microm and was larger than 5 microm, respectively. The yeast with the intracellular bacterium (YWIB) grew in a starch-based medium but the YWOB was not C. tropicalis has neither extracellular nor intracellular saccharification enzyme. Glucose was produced from starch by the extracellular crude enzyme (culture fluid) of Microbacterium sp. YWIB produced significantly more ethanol from glucose than YWOB but did not from starch. Conclusively, C. tropicalis is thought to catabolize starch dependent upon Microbacterium sp. growing in its cytoplasm and furnish stable habitat for the Microbacterium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul 136-704, Republic of Korea
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22
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Lee SW, Jeon BY, Park DH. Effect of bacterial cell size on electricity generation in a single-compartmented microbial fuel cell. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:483-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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El Hajji M, Harmand J, Chaker H, Lobry C. Association between competition and obligate mutualism in a chemostat. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2009; 3:635-647. [PMID: 22880965 DOI: 10.1080/17513750902915978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a simple chemostat model involving two obligate mutualistic species feeding on a limiting substrate. Systems of differential equations are proposed as models of this association. A detailed qualitative analysis is carried out. We show the existence of a domain of coexistence, which is a set of initial conditions in which both species survive. We demonstrate, under certain supplementary assumptions, the uniqueness of the stable equilibrium point which corresponds to the coexistence of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miled El Hajji
- INRA-INRIA MERE project-team, UMR ASB, INRA, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpelier, Cedex, France.
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24
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Allen JM, Light JE, Perotti MA, Braig HR, Reed DL. Mutational meltdown in primary endosymbionts: selection limits Muller's ratchet. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4969. [PMID: 19305500 PMCID: PMC2654755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary bacterial endosymbionts of insects (p-endosymbionts) are thought to be undergoing the process of Muller's ratchet where they accrue slightly deleterious mutations due to genetic drift in small populations with negligible recombination rates. If this process were to go unchecked over time, theory predicts mutational meltdown and eventual extinction. Although genome degradation is common among p-endosymbionts, we do not observe widespread p-endosymbiont extinction, suggesting that Muller's ratchet may be slowed or even stopped over time. For example, selection may act to slow the effects of Muller's ratchet by removing slightly deleterious mutations before they go to fixation thereby causing a decrease in nucleotide substitutions rates in older p-endosymbiont lineages. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine whether selection is slowing the effects of Muller's ratchet, we determined the age of the Candidatus Riesia/sucking louse assemblage and analyzed the nucleotide substitution rates of several p-endosymbiont lineages that differ in the length of time that they have been associated with their insect hosts. We find that Riesia is the youngest p-endosymbiont known to date, and has been associated with its louse hosts for only 13–25 My. Further, it is the fastest evolving p-endosymbiont with substitution rates of 19–34% per 50 My. When comparing Riesia to other insect p-endosymbionts, we find that nucleotide substitution rates decrease dramatically as the age of endosymbiosis increases. Conclusions/Significance A decrease in nucleotide substitution rates over time suggests that selection may be limiting the effects of Muller's ratchet by removing individuals with the highest mutational loads and decreasing the rate at which new mutations become fixed. This countering effect of selection could slow the overall rate of endosymbiont extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Allen
- Zoology Department and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Rickettsiae are well known as intracellular pathogens of animals, humans, and plants and facultative and unorganized symbionts of invertebrates. No close relative of mitochondria has yet been associated with nutritional or developmental dependency of its host cell or organism. We have found a mycetomic Rickettsia that is a strict obligatory symbiont of the parthenogenetic booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera). These rickettsiae show an evolutionary transition from a solitary to a primary mycetomic bacterium adapted to the development of its host. These intracellular and intranuclear bacteria reside in specialized cells in several tissues. Their distribution changes markedly with the development of their host. The most advanced phenotype is a paired mycetome in the abdomen, described for the first time for Rickettsia and this host order. The mycetomic rickettsiae of two parthenogenetic book lice species are in the spotted fever group and in the basal limoniae group. While mycetomic bacteria are well known for their metabolic or light-emitting functions, these rickettsiae have an essential role in the early development of the oocyte. Removal of the Rickettsia stops egg production and reproduction in the book louse. In two phylogenetically distant psocopteran species, Rickettsia are shown to be associated with four transitional stages from free bacteria, infected cells, through single mycetocytes to organ-forming mycetomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Perotti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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26
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27
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Zientz E, Dandekar T, Gross R. Metabolic interdependence of obligate intracellular bacteria and their insect hosts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005; 68:745-70. [PMID: 15590782 PMCID: PMC539007 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.68.4.745-770.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic associations of obligate intracellular bacteria and insects have attracted much interest in the past few years due to the evolutionary consequences for their genome structure. However, much less attention has been paid to the metabolic ramifications for these endosymbiotic microorganisms, which have to compete with but also to adapt to another metabolism--that of the host cell. This review attempts to provide insights into the complex physiological interactions and the evolution of metabolic pathways of several mutualistic bacteria of aphids, ants, and tsetse flies and their insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Zientz
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human "Troy," and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Greub
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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29
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Araújo A, Jansen AM, Bouchet F, Reinhard K, Ferreira LF. Parasitism, the diversity of life, and paleoparasitology. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98 Suppl 1:5-11. [PMID: 12687756 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite-host-environment system is dynamic, with several points of equilibrium. This makes it difficult to trace the thresholds between benefit and damage, and therefore, the definitions of commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis become worthless. Therefore, the same concept of parasitism may encompass commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis. Parasitism is essential for life. Life emerged as a consequence of parasitism at the molecular level, and intracellular parasitism created evolutive events that allowed species to diversify. An ecological and evolutive approach to the study of parasitism is presented here. Studies of the origin and evolution of parasitism have new perspectives with the development of molecular paleoparasitology, by which ancient parasite and host genomes can be recovered from disappeared populations. Molecular paleoparasitology points to host-parasite co-evolutive mechanisms of evolution traceable through genome retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adauto Araújo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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30
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Corsaro D, Venditti D, Valassina M. New parachlamydial 16S rDNA phylotypes detected in human clinical samples. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:563-7. [PMID: 12455703 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiales are important intracellular bacterial pathogens, causing a wide variety of diseases in vertebrates, including humans. Besides the well-known species in the family Chlamydiaceae, new chlamydial organisms have recently been discovered, forming three new families: Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae and Waddliaceae. Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis are currently investigated as emerging human respiratory pathogens. Additional chlamydial lineages have been discovered by 16S rDNA-based molecular studies, and their implication in human infections is poorly known. By using a pan-chlamydia 16S rDNA PCR, we have searched for the presence of chlamydiae in 228 clinical samples that all previously had been shown to be PCR-negative for Chlamydophila pneumoniae: 170 respiratory samples, 45 atheromatic plaques and 13 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. Nine respiratory samples tested positive. Sequence analysis has allowed us to assign four sequences to Chlamydophila psittaci, three sequences to Chlamydophila felis, and two sequences to two novel phylotypes belonging to the Parachlamydiaceae. These latter sequences showed similarity values of more than 93% with each other and with the P. acanthamoebae sequence, thus belonging to novel, unrecognized species. In conclusion, this report showed that a variety of non-C. pneumoniae chlamydial respiratory infection is present in humans, and that new parachlamydiae distinct from P. acanthamoebae may be detected in human clinical samples. Future studies will be of interest in order to estimate the diversity of these novel chlamydiae in both clinical and environmental samples, as well as their possible clinical implication in human and animal infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chlamydia Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydiales/chemistry
- Chlamydiales/classification
- Chlamydiales/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- Laboratory of Virology-Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Hĵpital de Brabois-Adultes, Route de Neufchâteau, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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31
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Darby AC, Birkle LM, Turner SL, Douglas AE. An aphid-borne bacterium allied to the secondary symbionts of whitefly. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 36:43-50. [PMID: 11377772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial 16S rDNA amplified by PCR from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum included a sequence with >98% similarity to secondary symbionts in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The 'pea aphid Bemisia-like bacterium' (PABS) and B. tabaci secondary symbionts are estimated to have diverged 17-34 million years ago, a time considerably more recent than the common ancestor of aphids and whitefly and suggestive of horizontal transmission of this bacterial lineage. PABS was scored in both the gut and ovaries of aphids by PCR and identified as a small rod by in situ hybridisation. PABS was not universal in pea aphids: 2/3 laboratory strains and 13/35 of field aphids were PABS-positive. It is suggested that the incidence of PABS in pea aphids is determined by the balance between loss (processes may include occasional failure of vertical transmission and selection against PABS-positive aphids) and horizontal transfer between insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C. Darby
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5YW, York, UK
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32
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Abstract
Endosymbiotic bacteria closely related to mammalian pathogens are widespread in invertebrates. Mutualistic and parasitic bacteria-host interactions on the various evolutionary levels apparently involve similar factors, indicating that relevant genetic information developed early in evolution. The detailed characterization of symbiotic interactions of bacteria with non-mammalian hosts should provide profound insights into the basic mechanisms of bacteria-host interactions and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Goebel
- Dept of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
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The insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius utilizes a type III secretion system for cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98. [PMID: 11172045 PMCID: PMC29351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.021450998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodalis glossinidius is a maternally transmitted secondary endosymbiont residing intracellularly in tissues of the tsetse flies, Glossina spp. In this study, we have used Tn5 mutagenesis and a negative selection procedure to derive a S. glossinidius mutant that is incapable of invading insect cells in vitro and is aposymbiotic when microinjected into tsetse. This mutant strain harbors Tn5 integrated into a chromosomal gene sharing high sequence identity with a type III secretion system invasion gene (invC) previously identified in Salmonella enterica. With the use of degenerate PCR, we have amplified a further six Sodalis inv/spa genes sharing high sequence identity with type III secretion system genes encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the inv/spa genes of Sodalis and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have consistently identified a well-supported clade containing Sodalis and the enteric pathogens Shigella and Salmonella. These results suggest that Sodalis may have evolved from an ancestor with a parasitic intracellular lifestyle, possibly a latter-day entomopathogen. These observations lend credence to a hypothesis suggesting that vertically transmitted mutualistic endosymbionts evolve from horizontally transmitted parasites through a parasitism-mutualism continuum.
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Dale C, Young SA, Haydon DT, Welburn SC. The insect endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius utilizes a type III secretion system for cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1883-8. [PMID: 11172045 PMCID: PMC29351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodalis glossinidius is a maternally transmitted secondary endosymbiont residing intracellularly in tissues of the tsetse flies, Glossina spp. In this study, we have used Tn5 mutagenesis and a negative selection procedure to derive a S. glossinidius mutant that is incapable of invading insect cells in vitro and is aposymbiotic when microinjected into tsetse. This mutant strain harbors Tn5 integrated into a chromosomal gene sharing high sequence identity with a type III secretion system invasion gene (invC) previously identified in Salmonella enterica. With the use of degenerate PCR, we have amplified a further six Sodalis inv/spa genes sharing high sequence identity with type III secretion system genes encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the inv/spa genes of Sodalis and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have consistently identified a well-supported clade containing Sodalis and the enteric pathogens Shigella and Salmonella. These results suggest that Sodalis may have evolved from an ancestor with a parasitic intracellular lifestyle, possibly a latter-day entomopathogen. These observations lend credence to a hypothesis suggesting that vertically transmitted mutualistic endosymbionts evolve from horizontally transmitted parasites through a parasitism-mutualism continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dale
- Sir Alexander Robertson Center for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The anaerobic protozoa Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica infect up to a billion people each year. G. duodenalis and E. histolytica are primarily pathogens of the intestinal tract, although E. histolytica can form abscesses and invade other organs, where it can be fatal if left untreated. T. vaginalis infection is a sexually transmitted infection causing vaginitis and acute inflammatory disease of the genital mucosa. T. vaginalis has also been reported in the urinary tract, fallopian tubes, and pelvis and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and oral lesions. Respiratory infections can be acquired perinatally. T. vaginalis infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, and increased mortality as well as predisposing to human immunodeficiency virus infection, AIDS, and cervical cancer. All three organisms lack mitochondria and are susceptible to the nitroimidazole metronidazole because of similar low-redox-potential anaerobic metabolic pathways. Resistance to metronidazole and other drugs has been observed clinically and in the laboratory. Laboratory studies have identified the enzyme that activates metronidazole, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, to its nitroso form and distinct mechanisms of decreasing drug susceptibility that are induced in each organism. Although the nitroimidazoles have been the drug family of choice for treating the anaerobic protozoa, G. duodenalis is less susceptible to other antiparasitic drugs, such as furazolidone, albendazole, and quinacrine. Resistance has been demonstrated for each agent, and the mechanism of resistance has been investigated. Metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis is well documented, and the principal mechanisms have been defined. Bypass metabolism, such as alternative oxidoreductases, have been discovered in both organisms. Aerobic versus anaerobic resistance in T. vaginalis is discussed. Mechanisms of metronidazole resistance in E. histolytica have recently been investigated using laboratory-induced resistant isolates. Instead of downregulation of the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ferredoxin pathway as seen in G. duodenalis and T. vaginalis, E. histolytica induces oxidative stress mechanisms, including superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin. The review examines the value of investigating both clinical and laboratory-induced syngeneic drug-resistant isolates and dissection of the complementary data obtained. Comparison of resistance mechanisms in anaerobic bacteria and the parasitic protozoa is discussed as well as the value of studies of the epidemiology of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Upcroft
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and The Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, The Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Abstract
Many ants live in complex mutualistic or parasitic relationships with other insects or plants, some of which are classical examples of the mutual benefit of symbiosis. However, only in the past few years have new insights into the symbiosis of ants and microorganisms been reported. Examples are the symbiosis of ants of the genus Camponotus with intracellular bacteria present in their midgut, and the tripartite relationship of ants of the tribe Attini with an extracellular bacterium essential for the cultivation of their fungus gardens. The analysis of the parasitic and mutualistic interactions of these organisms will allow interesting insights into the evolution of symbiosis and possibly lead to novel strategies of pest control.
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Moran NA, Wernegreen JJ. Lifestyle evolution in symbiotic bacteria: insights from genomics. Trends Ecol Evol 2000; 15:321-326. [PMID: 10884696 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria that live only in eukaryotic cells and tissues, including chronic pathogens and mutualistic bacteriocyte associates, often possess a distinctive set of genomic traits, including reduced genome size, biased nucleotide base composition and fast polypeptide evolution. These phylogenetically diverse bacteria have lost certain functional categories of genes, including DNA repair genes, which affect mutational patterns. However, pathogens and mutualistic symbionts retain loci that underlie their unique interaction types, such as genes enabling nutrient provisioning by mutualistic bacteria-inhabiting animals. Recent genomic studies suggest that many of these bacteria are irreversibly specialized, precluding shifts between pathogenesis and mutualism.
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Ponting CP, Schultz J, Copley RR, Andrade MA, Bork P. Evolution of domain families. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 54:185-244. [PMID: 10829229 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(00)54007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C P Ponting
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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