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Elias VV, Lima RB, Lucisano MP, Araujo LDC, Pucinelli CM, Nelson-Filho P, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB. Inflammatory response to bioceramic and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers implanted in mice subcutaneous tissue: An in vivo study. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 38853352 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the inflammatory tissue response to BioRoot™ RCS (BR) and AH Plus Jet (AHPJ) sealers implanted in mice subcutaneous tissue. It was hypothesized that the inflammatory tissue response to BR would be milder than to AHPJ. An in vivo study was carried out using isogenic mice. The sealers were implanted during standardized surgical procedures. The inflammatory response was evaluated by microscopic analysis and von Kossa reaction in the reactionary tissue around the specimens after 7, 21, and 63 days. For comparisons, a zinc oxide and eugenol sealer (ZOE) was used as a positive control, in addition to a negative control without a sealer (n = 10 per group/period). All statistical analyses considered a significance level of 5%. All endodontic sealers triggered an inflammatory tissue response after 7 days. BR had a higher inflammatory cell count and a thicker fibrous capsule when compared with AHPJ, but both were less inflammatory than ZOE (p < .001). After 21 days, BR continued to trigger an intense inflammatory tissue response, higher in both microscopic parameters compared to AHPJ, and a thicker fibrous capsule than ZOE (p < .001). After 63 days, the inflammatory tissue response decreased in BR, matching the fibrous capsule thickness with AHPJ and ZOE. BR promoted intense calcium precipitation in all study periods. After 63 days, AHPJ and BR sealers were more biocompatible to subcutaneous mice tissue, but AHPJ present better early inflammatory response, as well as BR showed potential bioactivity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The inflammatory tissue response triggered by a bioceramic endodontic sealer (BR) was not milder than that triggered by an epoxy-resin based endodontic sealer (AHPJ) during the first 3 weeks, considering the microscopic analysis of the reactionary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valente Elias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Barbosa Lima
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marília Pacífico Lucisano
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lisa Danielly Curcino Araujo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina Maschietto Pucinelli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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2
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Che Y, Wang M, Wu X, Wang X. The efficacy of articaine in pain management during endodontic procedures in pediatric patients. Perioper Med (Lond) 2024; 13:33. [PMID: 38689354 PMCID: PMC11062012 DOI: 10.1186/s13741-024-00389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This trial aimed to study the efficacy of articaine in pain management during endodontic procedures in pediatric patients. METHODS Ninety-eight children who received endodontic painless treatment were collected and randomly divided into the control group and observation group, with 49 cases in each group. The control group received infiltration anesthesia with lidocaine, and the observation group received infiltration anesthesia with articaine. Anesthesia effect, anesthesia onset time, sensory recovery time, duration of anesthesia, pain intensity, blood pressure, heart rate, and adverse reactions were compared. RESULTS The effective rate of anesthesia in the observation group was higher than that in the control group. The anesthesia onset time and sensory recovery time were shorter, the duration of anesthesia was longer, and the VAS score and facial expression score were lower in the observation group than in the control group. The heart rate of the observation group was lower, and diastolic blood pressure was higher than those of the control group. The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group. CONCLUSION In the treatment of dental pulp diseases in children, the use of articaine can achieve better anesthesia effect and rapid onset of anesthesia and has less impact on the patient's blood pressure and heart rate, but it also can relieve pain and has good safety after the use of medication. It is worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Che
- Department of Stomatology, Aerospace Center Hospital (ASCH), No.15, YuQuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Eye Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100040, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Aerospace Center Hospital (ASCH), No.15, YuQuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xueling Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Aerospace Center Hospital (ASCH), No.15, YuQuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Cheng Y, Huangfu Y, Zhao T, Wang L, Yang J, Liu J, Feng Z, Que K. Thermosensitive hydrogel with programmed dual-octenidine release combating biofilm for the treatment of apical periodontitis. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae031. [PMID: 38605850 PMCID: PMC11007118 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of intracanal medicaments is an indispensable procedure in root-canal treatment. However, the conventional intracanal medicaments still need improvement regarding antimicrobial efficacy and ease of clinical operation. To address the above issues, OCT/PECT@OCT + ALK composite hydrogel characterized by programming sequential release of dual antimicrobial agents has been proposed. Thanks to the self-assemble ability of amphiphilic copolymer poly(ε-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa [4.6]spiro-9-undecanone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-undecanone) (PECT), dual hydrophilic and hydrophobic antimicrobial agents could be easily encapsulated in the hydrogel system and tailored for sequential drug release for a better antibiofilm effect. The hydrophilic octenidine (Octenidine dihydrochloride, OCT-HCl) is encapsulated in the hydrophilic part of hydrogel for instantaneous elevating the drug concentration through bursting release, and the hydrophobic octenidine (Octenidine, OCT) is further loaded into the PECT nanoparticles to achieve a slower and sustained-release profile. Additionally, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) was incorporated into the system and evenly dispersed among PECT nanoparticles to create an alkaline (ALK) environment, synergistically enhancing the antibiofilm effect with higher efficiency and prolonged duration. The antibiofilm effect has been demonstrated in root-canal models and apical periodontitis rats, exhibiting superior performance compared to clinically used Ca(OH)2 paste. This study demonstrates that OCT/PECT@OCT + ALK composite thermosensitive hydrogel is a potential intracanal medicament with excellent antibiofilm effect and clinical operability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yini Huangfu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Tingyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Linxian Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zujian Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Kehua Que
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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4
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Su C, Gong JS, Dong Q, Wang NK, Li H, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Efficient production and characterization of a newly identified trehalase for inhibiting the formation of bacterial biofilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129928. [PMID: 38309393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Trehalase has attracted widespread attention in medicine, agriculture, food, and ethanol industry due to its ability to specifically degrade trehalose. Efficient expression of trehalase remains a challenge. In this study, a putative trehalase-encoding gene (Tre-zm) from Zunongwangia mangrovi was explored using gene-mining strategy and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Trehalase activity reached 3374 U·mL-1 after fermentation optimization. The scale-up fermentation in a 15 L fermenter was achieved with a trehalase production of 15,068 U·mL-1. The recombinant trehalase TreZM was purified and characterized. It displayed optimal activity at 35 °C and pH 8.5, with Mn2+, Sn2+, Na+, and Fe2+ promoting the activity. Notably, TreZM showed significant inhibition effect on biofilm forming of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The combination of TreZM with a low concentration of antibiotics could inhibit 70 % biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and 28 % of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hence, this study provides a promising candidate for industrial production of trehalase and highlights its potential application to control harmful biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China.
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, PR China
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Mehrjouei M, Jafarzadeh H, Esmaeelpour P, Khorasanchi M. Endodontic treatment of a C-shaped mandibular second molar with narrow dentinal thickness: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8505. [PMID: 38356781 PMCID: PMC10866061 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Formulating an effective root canal treatment plan necessitates clinician awareness of the complexities of the root canal system and possible anatomic challenges. The C-shaped canal variation accompanying the radicular lingual groove makes the lingual dentinal wall so thin that cleaning and shaping of canals require accurate management. This report presents endodontic treatment of a C-shaped mandibular second molar diagnosed with pulpal necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis, that initial radiographic assessment revealed extremely thin (0.3 mm) width of the lingual wall of the canals prone to perforation. Mechanical preparation was performed through the anti-curvature technique and basically by chemical irrigation rather than mechanical instrumentation. The C-shaped isthmus was prepared up to 25/02 rotary system without dentinal defect while maintaining adequate dentin thickness so as to not significantly reduce the strength of the root. Follow-up radiographs showed normal periodontal ligament and lamina dura indicating significant healing of the periapical lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mehrjouei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Pourya Esmaeelpour
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Maryam Khorasanchi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Hage W, Sarkis DK, Kallasy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of three engineered multispecies endodontic biofilms on a dentinal disk substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2281091. [PMID: 38204478 PMCID: PMC10763825 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic pathology is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the aim of root canal therapy is to reduce, as much as possible, the bacterial population. Thus, it is important to develop a laboratory endodontic biofilm to test the effect of new irrigation and obturation techniques on reduction of bacterial count. The culture of Enterococcus faecalis from ATCC 29212 began with aerobic cultivation on blood agar, followed by transfer to Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 5% sucrose. Incubation occurred in a shaker at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by an additional 24-h static phase. After 10 d, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were introduced sequentially in three distinct groups. Group 1: the order of addition was Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Group 2: the order was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Proteus mirabilis; and Group 3: Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. After 16 days, the biofilm was carefully extracted, transferred to sterile BHI, and dissected using a sterile needle technique. Subsequently, an optical density test, bacterial counts, and colony enumeration were performed on various agar plates. Group 2 in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added directly after Enterococcus faecalis followed by Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly greater total bacterial count than the other two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mireille Kallasy
- Department of Chemistry, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Bacteriology, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontics, Universite Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Hage W, Karam Sarkis D, Kallassy M, Mallah M, Zogheib C. In vitro evaluation of enterococcus faecalis growth in different conditions on dentinal substrate. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2287668. [PMID: 38204472 PMCID: PMC10763833 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2287668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find the best growth conditions of Enterococcus faecalis on a dentinal substrate in order to be used for the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm. Fifty two single rooted extracted human teeth and fifty two dentinal disks were mechanically prepared, sterilized, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided randomly into 8 groups where the substrate, the inoculation technique, the medium type, and the pre-treatment with collagen type I was varied. Bacterial count was evaluated and colonies were counted and confirmed by colony morphology observation on blood agar and Gram staining at 3,7, 14, 21, and 28 days. On day 14 of the culture, the bacterial count showed the highest values in all groups. Root canals and Type 1 collagen pre-treatment and glucose proved to have significant positive effects on the bacterial count compared to dentinal disks and BHI media only. The increase in bacterial count found with the direct inoculation technique was not significantly different from that of the indirect technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Hage
- Departement of Endodontics, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - May Mallah
- Departement of Microbiology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Departement of Endodontics, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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Velázquez-Moreno S, Zavala-Alonso NV, Oliva Rodríguez R, Quintana M, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Gonzalez-Ortega O, Martinez-Gutierrez F. Multispecies oral biofilm and identification of components as treatment target. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 156:105821. [PMID: 37857227 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic infections involve a multispecies biofilm, making it difficult to choose an antimicrobial treatment. Characteristics such as the pathogens involved and number of microorganisms, nutrients, material surface to develop the biofilm, flow and oxygenation conditions are important for biofilm development using in vitro models. OBJECTIVE To develop a standardized biofilm model, which replicates the main features (chemical, microbiological, and topographical) of an infected root canal tooth to detect components as treatment target. DESIGN Clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Actinomyces israelii were isolated, and a multispecies biofilm was developed using continuous laminar flow reactors under anaerobic conditions in human dental roots. The microbiological composition was determined by counting colony-forming units and scanning electron microscope micrographs. In addition, the chemical composition of the exopolymeric matrix was determined by vibrational Raman spectroscopy and liquid chromatography of biofilm supernatant treated with enzyme. RESULTS E. faecalis turned out to be the main microorganism in mature biofilm, this was related to the presence of β-galactosidase detected by vibrational Raman spectroscopy. After the enzymatic treatment of the extracellular polymeric substance, the presence of mannose and glucose was established. CONCLUSIONS The present work contributes to better understanding of standard conditions to develop a multispecies biofilm in human dental roots, which could have an impact on the generation of new root canal disinfection techniques in endodontic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Velázquez-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Norma V Zavala-Alonso
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatologia, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, Zona Universitaria, CP 78290 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Oliva Rodríguez
- Maestria en Ciencias Odontologicas, Facultad de Estomatologia, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, Zona Universitaria, CP 78290 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Mildred Quintana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Parque Chapultepec 1570, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Omar Gonzalez-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fidel Martinez-Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, CP 78210 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas CP 28210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico.
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Rao PD, Sandeep AH, Madhubala MM, Mahalaxmi S. Comparative evaluation of effect of nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and MTAD on endodontic biofilm eradication, smear layer removal, and depth of sealer penetration. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7247-7259. [PMID: 37999802 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To comparatively evaluate the nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (N-EDTA) and MTAD on cytotoxicity, endodontic biofilm eradication potential, smear layer removal ability, and sealer penetration depth. MATERIALS AND METHODS N-EDTA was prepared and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBC, MIC, and MBIC) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) strain. The cytocompatibility of N-EDTA and MTAD was evaluated using 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based colorimetric assay. Dentin specimens (n = 88 for antibacterial analysis, n = 170 for sealer penetration depth) were prepared and subjected to the classical irrigating strategy and obturation, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation (SEM) was done for the evaluation of biofilm disruption and smear layer removal. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluation was done for determining percentage of bacterial viability and sealer penetration depth. Statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests for bacterial viability and Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for smear layer removal and depth of penetration were done with the significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS MTAD and N-EDTA showed cytocompatibility without any statistical differences from each other. For N-EDTA, the MIC and MBC values were 12.5 μg/ml (1:8), and MBIC values were 36 μg/ml. Biofilm disruption and killed bacterial percentage of N-EDTA was statistically higher than MTAD, whereas both the materials showed similar efficacy in the removal of the smear layer and sealer penetration depth. CONCLUSION N-EDTA had negligible cytotoxicity with similar smear layer removal ability, sealer penetration, and better antibiofilm potential than MTAD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE N-EDTA can serve as a viable alternative endodontic irrigant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parayatum Dhruv Rao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600089, India
| | - Adimalapu Hima Sandeep
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Manavalan Madhana Madhubala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600089, India.
| | - Sekar Mahalaxmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600089, India
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Velázquez-Moreno S, González-Amaro AM, Aragón-Piña A, López-López LI, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Pérez-Díaz MA, Oliva Rodríguez R, Lorenzo-Leal AC, González-Ortega O, Martinez-Gutierrez F, Bach H. Use of a Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei as an Adjuvant for Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Disruption in Combination with Antibiotics as an Alternative Treatment in Secondary Endodontic Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031010. [PMID: 36986869 PMCID: PMC10059093 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammation leading to the injury and destruction of periradicular tissues. It is a sequence of events that starts from root canal infection, endodontic treatment, caries, or other dental interventions. Enterococcus faecalis is a ubiquitous oral pathogen that is challenging to eradicate because of biofilm formation during tooth infection. This study evaluated a hydrolase (CEL) from the fungus Trichoderma reesei combined with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as a treatment against a clinical E. faecalis strain. Electron microscopy was used to visualize the structure modification of the extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms were developed on human dental apices using standardized bioreactors to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of the treatment. Calcein and ethidium homodimer assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity in human fibroblasts. In contrast, the human-derived monocytic cell line (THP-1) was used to evaluate the immunological response of CEL. In addition, the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured by ELISA. The results demonstrated that CEL did not induce the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α when compared with lipopolysaccharide used as a positive control. Furthermore, the treatment combining CEL with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid showed excellent antibiofilm activity, with a 91.4% reduction in CFU on apical biofilms and a 97.6% reduction in the microcolonies. The results of this study could be used to develop a treatment to help eradicate persistent E. faecalis in apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Velázquez-Moreno
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | - Ana Maria González-Amaro
- Endodontics Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | - Antonio Aragón-Piña
- Electronic Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Metallurgy, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | - Lluvia Itzel López-López
- Institute of Desert Zones, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | | | - Mario Alberto Pérez-Díaz
- National Institute of Rehabilitation, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
- Biomembranes Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Oliva Rodríguez
- Endodontics Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | - Ana C Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Omar González-Ortega
- Bioseparations Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
- Center for Research in Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
| | - Fidel Martinez-Gutierrez
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
- Center for Research in Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78300, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Antimicrobianos Biopelículas y Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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The Potential of Phenothiazines against Endodontic Pathogens: A Focus on Enterococcus-Candida Dual-Species Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111562. [PMID: 36358217 PMCID: PMC9686549 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent apical periodontitis occurs when the endodontic treatment fails to eradicate the intraradicular infection, and is mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, such as Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, respectively. Phenothiazines have been described as potential antimicrobials against bacteria and fungi. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of promethazine (PMZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) against E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilms. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to phenothiazines, chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was initially analyzed by broth microdilution. Interaction between phenothiazines and CHX was examined by chequerboard assay. The effect of NaOCl, PMZ, CPZ, CHX, PMZ + CHX, and CPZ + CHX on biofilms was investigated by susceptibility assays, biochemical and morphological analyses. Results were evaluated through one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test. PMZ, alone or in combination with irrigants, was the most efficient phenothiazine, capable of reducing cell counts, biomass, biovolume, carbohydrate and protein contents of dual-species biofilms. Neither PMZ nor CPZ increased the antimicrobial activity of CHX. Further investigations of the properties of phenothiazines should be performed to encourage their use in endodontic clinical practice.
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12
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Chitosan-based therapeutic systems and their potentials in treatment of oral diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:3178-3194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Comparison of Endodontic Failures between Nonsurgical Retreatment and Endodontic Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070894. [PMID: 35888613 PMCID: PMC9324533 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the presence of a persistent endodontic lesion or endodontic failure, the alternative for the recovery of the dental element is endodontic retreatment or endodontic surgery, which consists in the surgical removal of the root apices with retrograde closure of the endodontium. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide an updated value of the Risk Ratio between the two types of treatment in order to offer to clinicians who propose a non-surgical endodontic retreatment or an endodontic surgery a direct comparison. Materials and Methods: The revision was performed according to PRISMA indications: three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane register) were consulted through the use of keywords relevant to the revision topic: surgical endodontic retreatment, endodontic retreatment, apicoectomy. This search produced 7568 records which, after eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulted in a total of seven included articles. The meta-analyses were conducted by applying fixed-effects models, given the low percentage of heterogeneity. In addition, trial sequency analysis (TSA) was performed for the analysis of the statistical power of the results and GRADE for the quality of the evidence. Results: The results of the meta-analyses’ data report an aggregate risk ratio (RR) between non-surgical endodontic retreatment and surgical endodontic retreatment of: 1.05 [0.74, 1.47] at one year of follow-up; RR 2.22 [1.45, 3.41] at two years of follow-up; an RR 1.08 [0.73 1.62] for a follow-up period of 3–4 years; and an RR 0.92 [0.53, 1.61] for a follow-up period of 8–10 years. Conclusions: The results of the present meta-analysis show that in the long term, the risk of failure is identical for the two groups, and there is only a slightly higher risk of failure for non-surgical endodontic retreatments, when only two years of follow-up are considered.
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15
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Chachlioutaki K, Karavasili C, Adamoudi E, Tsitsos A, Economou V, Beltes C, Bouropoulos N, Katsamenis OL, Doherty R, Bakopoulou A, Fatouros DG. Electrospun Nanofiber Films Suppress Inflammation In Vitro and Eradicate Endodontic Bacterial Infection in an E. faecalis-Infected Ex Vivo Human Tooth Culture Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2096-2110. [PMID: 35427110 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failure of endodontic infections and their concurrent inflammations is commonly associated with microbial persistence and reinfection, also stemming from the anatomical restrictions of the root canal system. Aiming to address the shortcomings of current treatment options, a fast-disintegrating nanofibrous film was developed for the intracanal coadministration of an antimicrobial (ZnO nanoparticles) and an anti-inflammatory (ketoprofen) agent. The electrospun films were fabricated based on polymers that dissolve rapidly to constitute the actives readily available at the site of action, aiming to eliminate both microbial infection and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory potency of the nanofiber films was assessed in an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells after confirming their biocompatibility in the same cell line. The nanofiber films were found effective against Enterococcus faecalis, one of the most prominent pathogens inside the root canal space, both in vitro and ex vivo using a human tooth model experimentally infected with E. faecalis. The physical properties and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potency of the proposed electrospun nanofiber films constitute a promising therapeutic module in the endodontic therapy of nonvital infected teeth. All manuscripts must be accompanied by an abstract. The abstract should briefly state the problem or purpose of the research, indicate the theoretical or experimental plan used, summarize the principal findings, and point out major conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlioutaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Christina Karavasili
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Elisavet Adamoudi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Anestis Tsitsos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin─Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Vangelis Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin─Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Charis Beltes
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Bouropoulos
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Regan Doherty
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Fatouros
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
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16
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Dang J, Zhu M, Dong F, Zhong R, Liu Z, Fang J, Zhang J, Pan J. Ultrasound-Activated Nanodroplet Disruption of the Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in Dental Root Canal. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2135-2142. [PMID: 35476392 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods used to control bacterial biofilm infection in root canals have poor efficacy, causing repeated and chronic infections, which pose a great challenge to clinical treatment. Microbubbles, due to their small size and ultrasound (US)-enhanced cavitation effects, have attracted considerable clinical attention. They possess the potential for therapeutic application in restricted spaces. We address the above problem with a strategy for the restricted space of root canals. Herein, phase-change nanodroplets (P-NDs) exposed to US are combined with common antibacterial drugs to disrupt a 7 day Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in an in vitro human tooth model. Specifically, the preparation of P-NDs is based on secondary cavitation. Their average particle size is ∼144 nm, and the stability is favorable. The clearance effect for the biofilm is notable (the disruption rate of P-NDs + US is 63.1%, P < 0.01), while the effect of an antibacterial in conjunction with 2% chlorhexidine (Chx) is significant (the antibiofilm rate of P-NDs@2% Chx + US is 96.2%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, biocompatibility testing on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts demonstrated that P-NDs are safe. In summary, the strategy that we have proposed is suitable for the removal of biofilms in root canals. Notably, it also has great potential for application in the treatment of bacterial infections in restricted spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengqian Zhu
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Feihong Dong
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhong
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengxin Liu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Babeer A, Oh MJ, Ren Z, Liu Y, Marques F, Poly A, Karabucak B, Steager E, Koo H. Microrobotics for Precision Biofilm Diagnostics and Treatment. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1009-1014. [PMID: 35450484 PMCID: PMC9305841 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221087149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in small-scale robotics and nanotechnology are providing previously unimagined opportunities for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with high precision, control, and efficiency. We designed microrobots for tetherless biofilm treatment and retrieval using iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with dual catalytic-magnetic functionality as building blocks. We show 2 distinct microrobotic platforms. The first system is formed from NPs that assemble into aggregated microswarms under magnetic fields that can be controlled to disrupt and retrieve biofilm samples for microbial analysis. The second platform is composed of 3-dimensional (3D) micromolded opacifier-infused soft helicoids with embedded catalytic-magnetic NPs that can be visualized via existing radiographic imaging techniques and controlled magnetically inside the root canal, uninterrupted by the soft and hard tissues surrounding the teeth in an ex vivo model. These microrobots placed inside the root canal can remove biofilms and be efficiently guided with microscale precision. The proof-of-concept paradigm described here can be adapted to target difficult-to-reach anatomical spaces in other natural and implanted surfaces in an automated and tether-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Babeer
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - M J Oh
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Z Ren
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Preventive & Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Marques
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Poly
- Proclin Department, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B Karabucak
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Steager
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,GRASP Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Fiallos NDM, Aguiar ALR, Nascimento da Silva B, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Castelo Branco de Souza Collares Maia D, Cordeiro RDA. Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans dual-species biofilm: establishment of an in vitro protocol and characterization. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:401-413. [PMID: 35655421 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2084612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the most important agent of persistent apical periodontitis, and recently, Candida albicans has also been implicated in periapical infections. This study aimed to optimize an in vitro E. faecalis and C. albicans dual-species biofilm protocol for endodontic research. Different physicochemical conditions for biofilm formation were tested. Susceptibility assays to antimicrobials, biochemical composition and an ultra-morphological structure analyses were performed. Reproducible dual-species biofilms were established in BHI medium at 35 °C, for 48 h and in a microaerophilic atmosphere. An increase in biomass and chitin content was detected after vancomycin treatment. Structural analysis revealed that the dual-species biofilm was formed by both microorganisms adhered to the substrate. The proposed protocol could be useful for the study of interkingdom relationships and help to find new strategies against periapical infections.
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19
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Gutmann J, Manjarrés V, De La Espriella C. Revisiting the future of root canal obturation. ENDODONTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_142_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Fu Y, Wang W, Zeng Q, Wang T, Qian W. Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715156. [PMID: 34721318 PMCID: PMC8555412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml–1, respectively. The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
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21
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Parhi S, Pal S, Das SK, Ghosh P. Strategies toward development of antimicrobial biomaterials for dental healthcare applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4590-4622. [PMID: 34599764 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several approaches for elimination of oral pathogens are being explored at the present time since oral diseases remain prevalent affecting approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide. Need for antimicrobial biomaterials in dental healthcare include but is not restricted to designing resin composites and adhesives for prevention of dental caries. Constant efforts are also being made to develop antimicrobial strategies for clearance of endodontic space prior root canal treatment and for treatment of periimplantitis and periodontitis. This article discusses various conventional and nanotechnology-based strategies to achieve antimicrobial efficacy in dental biomaterials. Recent developments in the design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides and antifouling zwitterionic polymers to effectively lessen the risks of antimicrobial drug resistance are also outlined in this review. Further, the role of contemporary strategies such as use of smart biomaterials, ionic solvent-based biomaterials and quorum quenchers incorporated biomaterials in the elimination of dental pathogens are described in detail. Lastly, we mentioned the approach of using polymers to print custom-made three-dimensional antibacterial dental products via additive manufacturing technologies. This review provides a critical perspective on the chemical, biomimetic, and engineering strategies intended for developing antimicrobial biomaterials that have the potential to substantially improve the dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Parhi
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sreyasi Pal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujoy K Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Paulomi Ghosh
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India
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22
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Antibiofilm Potential of Medicinal Plants against Candida spp. Oral Biofilms: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091142. [PMID: 34572724 PMCID: PMC8464735 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products to promote health is as old as human civilization. In recent years, the perception of natural products derived from plants as abundant sources of biologically active compounds has driven their exploitation towards the search for new chemical products that can lead to further pharmaceutical formulations. Candida fungi, being opportunistic pathogens, increase their virulence by acquiring resistance to conventional antimicrobials, triggering diseases, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. They are also pointed to as the main pathogens responsible for most fungal infections of the oral cavity. This increased resistance to conventional synthetic antimicrobials has driven the search for new molecules present in plant extracts, which have been widely explored as alternative agents in the prevention and treatment of infections. This review aims to provide a critical view and scope of the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of several medicinal plants, revealing species with inhibition/reduction effects on the biofilm formed by Candida spp. in the oral cavity. The most promising plant extracts in fighting oral biofilm, given their high capacity to reduce it to low concentrations were the essential oils extracted from Allium sativum L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.
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23
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Natural Compounds for Preventing Ear, Nose, and Throat-Related Oral Infections. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091847. [PMID: 34579380 PMCID: PMC8468404 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral health is an essential element in maintaining general well-being. By preserving the complex equilibrium within the oral microbial community, commensal microorganisms can protect against extrinsic pathogenic threats. However, when an imbalance occurs, the organism is susceptible to a broad range of infections. Synthetic drugs can be administered to help the body fight against the fungal, bacterial, or viral burden. Nonetheless, they may produce undesirable consequences such as toxicity, adverse effects, and drug resistance. In this respect, research has focused on finding safer and more efficient alternatives. Particularly, increasing attention has been drawn towards developing novel formulations based on natural compounds. This paper reviews the plant-based, algae-based, and beehive products investigated for their antimicrobial properties, aiming to thoroughly present the state of the art on oral infection prevention in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-402-3997
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24
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Oncu A, Huang Y, Amasya G, Sevimay FS, Orhan K, Celikten B. Silver nanoparticles in endodontics: recent developments and applications. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e38. [PMID: 34513644 PMCID: PMC8411004 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of endodontic biofilms and the maintenance of a leak-proof canal filling are key aspects of successful root canal treatment. Several materials have been introduced to treat endodontic disease, although treatment success is limited by the features of the biomaterials used. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly considered in dental applications, especially endodontics, due to their high antimicrobial activity. For the present study, an electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and EMBASE. This review provides insights into the unique characteristics of AgNPs, including their chemical, physical, and antimicrobial properties; limitations; and potential uses. Various studies involving different application methods of AgNPs were carefully examined. Based on previous clinical studies, the synthesis, means of obtaining, usage conditions, and potential cytotoxicity of AgNPs were evaluated. The findings indicate that AgNPs are effective antimicrobial agents for the elimination of endodontic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Oncu
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Dental Hygiene Research & Development in Health & Care, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gulin Amasya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Semra Sevimay
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkan Celikten
- Department of Endodontics, Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Teves A, Blanco D, Casaretto M, Torres J, Alvarado DE, Coaguila-Llerena H, Faria G, Jaramillo DE. Multispecies biofilm removal by XP-endo Finisher and passive ultrasonic irrigation: A scanning electron microscopy study. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:91-97. [PMID: 34310795 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the effect of XP-endo Finisher (XPF) on multispecies biofilm removal, in comparison with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifty mandibular first premolars were instrumented, longitudinally sectioned. The split halves were incubated for 4 days with a broth obtained from three bacteria strains: Enterococcus faecalis, Eikenella corrodens and Streptococcus anginosus. Subsequently, the re-approximated split halves were irrigated with 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or water using CSI, and the final irrigation protocols were CSI with 4% NaOCl (CSI+4%NaOCl), PUI+4%NaOCl, XPF+4%NaOCl and CSI+water. The analysis of biofilm removal was performed using SEM images. There were no differences between PUI and XPF (P > 0.05), and both groups promoted higher biofilm removal than CSI+4%NaOCl and CSI+water groups (P < 0.05). It can be concluded the multispecies biofilm removal was significantly improved using XPF and PUI when compared to CSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Teves
- Stomatological research and training center, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Blanco
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia - UPCH, Lima, Peru
| | - Mario Casaretto
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - UNMSM. Lima, Peru
| | - John Torres
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista - UPSJB, Lima, Peru
| | - Débora E Alvarado
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - UNMSM, Lima, Peru
| | - Hernán Coaguila-Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - David E Jaramillo
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Ji Y, Han Z, Ding H, Xu X, Wang D, Zhu Y, An F, Tang S, Zhang H, Deng J, Zhou Q. Enhanced Eradication of Bacterial/Fungi Biofilms by Glucose Oxidase-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Persistent Endodontic Infections. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17289-17299. [PMID: 33827209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial/fungal biofilm-mediated persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) are one of the most frequent clinical lesions in the oral cavity, resulting in apical periodontitis and tooth damage caused by loss of minerals. The conventional root canal disinfectants are poorly bio-safe and harmful to teeth and tissues, making them ineffective in treating PEIs. The development of nanomaterials is emerging as a promising strategy to eradicate disease-related bacteria/fungi. Herein, glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized via a facile and versatile route for investigating their effects on removing PEI-related bacterial/fungal biofilms. It is found that GOx was successfully immobilized on the MNPs by detecting the changes in the diameter, chemical functional group, charge, and magnetic response. Further, we demonstrate that GOx-modified MNPs (GMNPs) exhibit highly effective antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Moreover, the antibacterial/fungal activity of GMNPs is greatly dependent on their concentrations. Importantly, when placed in contact with bacterial/fungal biofilms, the dense biofilm matrix is destructed due to the movement of GMNPs induced by the magnetic field, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and nutrient starvation induced by GOx. Also, the in vitro experiment shows that the as-prepared GMNPs have excellent cytocompatibility and blood compatibility. Thus, GMNPs offer a novel strategy to treat bacteria/fungi-associated PEIs for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Ji
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Han Ding
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xinkai Xu
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fei An
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shang Tang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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27
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Gomes-Filho IS, Santos PNP, Cruz SS, Figueiredo ACMG, Trindade SC, Ladeia AM, Cerqueira EMM, Passos-Soares JS, Coelho JMF, Hintz AM, Barreto ML, Fischer RG, Loomer PM, Scannapieco FA. Periodontitis and its higher levels of severity are associated with the triglyceride/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1509-1521. [PMID: 33689171 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis and the Triglyceride/High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio have both been associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Additionally, the ratio is a possible substitute for predicting insulin resistance. This study investigated the association between periodontitis, its severity levels (exposures), and the TG/HDL-C ratio (outcome). METHODS A cross-sectional study of public health service users in Brazil considered socioeconomic-demographic characteristics, lifestyle behavior, and general and oral health conditions. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were also measured. Systemic biomarker data were obtained, as well as assessment of periodontal diagnosis and its severity. The TG/HDL-C ratio was calculated using the serum triglyceride level over HDL cholesterol and the cut-off point, TG/HDL-C ≥2.3 serving as the cutoff indicting dyslipidemia. Logistic and linear regressions were used to statistically analyze the data. RESULTS A total of 1011 participants were included, with 84.17% having periodontitis and 49.85% having a TG/HDL-C ratio ≥2.3. For individuals with periodontitis, the odds of TG/HDL-C ratio ≥2.3 were 1.47 times greater than in those without periodontitis (ORAdjusted = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.14). Similar results were found for those with moderate and severe periodontitis, with a slight increase in the measurement magnitude with disease severity. CONCLUSION A positive relationship between periodontitis and the TG/HDL-C ratio ≥2.3 was found, suggesting a possible association with periodontal disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S Gomes-Filho
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro N P Santos
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Simone S Cruz
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.,Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana C M G Figueiredo
- Epidemiology Surveillance, Federal District Health State Department, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Soraya C Trindade
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana M Ladeia
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eneida M M Cerqueira
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Julita M F Coelho
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Hintz
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maurício L Barreto
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Fischer
- Department of Periodontology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter M Loomer
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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28
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Kumar G, Tewari S, Tagg J, Chikindas ML, Popov IV, Tiwari SK. Can Probiotics Emerge as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Apical Periodontitis? A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:299-314. [PMID: 33580864 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is a biofilm-associated disease initiated by the invasion of dental pulp by microorganisms from the oral cavity. Eradication of intracanal microbial infection is an important goal of endodontic treatment, and this is typically accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. However, these agents are tissue-irritating at higher concentrations and cytotoxic. Certain probiotics have been found effective in controlling marginal periodontitis, as evidenced by reduction of pathogenic bacterial loads, gains in clinical attachment levels, and reduced bleeding on probing. In vitro studies have shown inhibitory activity of some probiotics against endodontic pathogens. Similarly, in vivo studies in rats have demonstrated a positive immuno-modulatory role of probiotics in AP, as manifested by decreased levels of proinflammatory markers and increased levels of anti-inflammatory markers. A role for probiotics in effecting a reduction of bone resorption has also been reported. This review provides an outline of current research into the probiotic management of AP, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of their direct antagonistic activity against target pathogens and of their beneficial modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - John Tagg
- BLIS Technologies Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Str., 19c1, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia
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29
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Yin W, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chou SH, Galperin MY, He J. Ways to control harmful biofilms: prevention, inhibition, and eradication. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:57-78. [PMID: 33356690 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1842325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex microbial architectures that encase microbial cells in a matrix comprising self-produced extracellular polymeric substances. Microorganisms living in biofilms are much more resistant to hostile environments than their planktonic counterparts and exhibit enhanced resistance against the microbicides. From the human perspective, biofilms can be classified into beneficial, neutral, and harmful. Harmful biofilms impact food safety, cause plant and animal diseases, and threaten medical fields, making it urgent to develop effective and robust strategies to control harmful biofilms. In this review, we discuss various strategies to control biofilm formation on infected tissues, implants, and medical devices. We classify the current strategies into three main categories: (i) changing the properties of susceptible surfaces to prevent biofilm formation; (ii) regulating signalling pathways to inhibit biofilm formation; (iii) applying external forces to eradicate the biofilm. We hope this review would motivate the development of innovative and effective strategies for controlling harmful biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Siyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Michael Y Galperin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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30
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Abusrewil S, Brown JL, Delaney CD, Butcher MC, Kean R, Gamal D, Scott JA, McLean W, Ramage G. Filling the Void: An Optimized Polymicrobial Interkingdom Biofilm Model for Assessing Novel Antimicrobial Agents in Endodontic Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1988. [PMID: 33327403 PMCID: PMC7764896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing realization that endodontic infections are often polymicrobial, and may contain Candida spp. Despite this understanding, the development of new endodontic irrigants and models of pathogenesis remains limited to mono-species biofilm models and is bacterially focused. The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize an interkingdom biofilm model of endodontic infection and use this to test suitable anti-biofilm actives. Biofilms containing Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans were established from ontological analysis. Biofilms were optimized in different media and atmospheric conditions, prior to quantification and imaging, and subsequently treated with chlorhexidine, EDTA, and chitosan. These studies demonstrated that either media supplemented with serum were equally optimal for biofilm growth, which were dominated by S. gordonii, followed by C. albicans. Assessment of antimicrobial activity showed significant effectiveness of each antimicrobial, irrespective of serum. Chitosan was most effective (3 log reduction), and preferentially targeted C. albicans in both biofilm treatment and inhibition models. Chitosan was similarly effective at preventing biofilm growth on a dentine substrate. This study has shown that a reproducible and robust complex interkingdom model, which when tested with the antifungal chitosan, supports the notion of C. albicans as a key structural component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Abusrewil
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Christopher D. Delaney
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Mark C. Butcher
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Ryan Kean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;
| | - Dalia Gamal
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - J. Alun Scott
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontics & Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.); (J.L.B.); (C.D.D.); (M.C.B.); (D.G.); (J.A.S.); (W.M.)
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31
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Krishnamoorthy AL, Lemus AA, Solomon AP, Valm AM, Neelakantan P. Interactions between Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in an Organotypic Oral Epithelial Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1771. [PMID: 33187237 PMCID: PMC7696566 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans as an opportunistic pathogen exploits the host immune system and causes a variety of life-threatening infections. The polymorphic nature of this fungus gives it tremendous advantage to breach mucosal barriers and cause oral and disseminated infections. Similar to C. albicans, Enterococcus faecalis is a major opportunistic pathogen, which is of critical concern in immunocompromised patients. There is increasing evidence that E. faecalis co-exists with C. albicans in the human body in disease samples. While the interactive profiles between these two organisms have been studied on abiotic substrates and mouse models, studies on their interactions on human oral mucosal surfaces are non-existent. Here, for the first time, we comprehensively characterized the interactive profiles between laboratory and clinical isolates of C. albicans (SC5314 and BF1) and E. faecalis (OG1RF and P52S) on an organotypic oral mucosal model. Our results demonstrated that the dual species biofilms resulted in profound surface erosion and significantly increased microbial invasion into mucosal compartments, compared to either species alone. Notably, several genes of C. albicans involved in tissue adhesion, hyphal formation, fungal invasion, and biofilm formation were significantly upregulated in the presence of E. faecalis. By contrast, E. faecalis genes involved in quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence, and mammalian cell invasion were downregulated. This study highlights the synergistic cross-kingdom interactions between E. faecalis and C. albicans in mucosal tissue invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong;
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Alex A. Lemus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (A.A.L.); (A.M.V.)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Alex M. Valm
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA; (A.A.L.); (A.M.V.)
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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32
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Singh KK, Kumar P, Das P, Marandi M, Panda S, Mahajan A, Kumar D. Association of specific microorganisms with endodontic signs and symptoms. A comparative study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3965-3969. [PMID: 33110794 PMCID: PMC7586604 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_523_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The study aimed to evaluate the association of root canal microorganisms red complex and E. facealis with endodontic clinical signs and symptoms using polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods Bacterial samples were obtained using sterile paper points from the teeth of 100 subjects divided into two groups; Group I: 50 individuals with primary tooth infections and Group II: 50 individuals with failed endodontic treatment having the secondary infection. DNA extracted from samples was analyzed for endodontic pathogens by using species-specific primers. Results The pain was noticed in 66%, (33 of 50 subjects) in primary infection and 60% (30 of 50) in a secondary infection. A statistically significant association between pain and E. faecalis bacteria observed both in primary infection and secondary infection (P < 0.05). Tenderness on percussion was associated with 40% cases in Group I and 70% cases in Group II. The red complex accounted for 94% of cases associated with tenderness on percussion in primary infection while 86% of cases associated with secondary infection with a statistically significant association (P < 0.05). Conclusion Prevalence of red complex bacteria and E. faecalis suggested the association of studied bacteria with symptomatic infected pulp and periradicular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pragyan Das
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manjula Marandi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Dental Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Swagat Panda
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-tech Dental College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mahajan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College and Hospital, Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- BRS Dental College and Hospital, Sultanpur, Panchkula, Haryana, India
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33
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Ribeiro JS, Daghrery A, Dubey N, Li C, Mei L, Fenno JC, Schwendeman A, Aytac Z, Bottino MC. Hybrid Antimicrobial Hydrogel as Injectable Therapeutics for Oral Infection Ablation. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3945-3956. [PMID: 32786527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral bacterial infection represents the leading cause of the gradual destruction of tooth and periodontal structures anchoring the teeth. Lately, injectable hydrogels have gained increased attention as a promising minimally invasive platform for localized delivery of personalized therapeutics. Here, an injectable and photocrosslinkable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel is successfully engineered with ciprofloxacin (CIP)-eluting short nanofibers for oral infection ablation. For this purpose, CIP or its β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-inclusion complex (CIP/β-CD-IC) has been incorporated into polymeric electrospun fibers, which were subsequently cut into short nanofibers, and then embedded in GelMA to obtain an injectable hybrid antimicrobial hydrogel. Thanks to the solubility enhancement of CIP by β-CD-IC and the tunable degradation profile of GelMA, the hydrogels promote localized, sustained, and yet effective cell-friendly antibiotic doses, as measured by a series of bacterial assays that demonstrated efficacy in attenuating the growth of Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis. Altogether, we foresee significant potential in translating this innovative hybrid hydrogel as an injectable platform technology that may have broad applications in oral infection ablation, such as periodontal disease and pulpal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Ribeiro
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Arwa Daghrery
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nileshkumar Dubey
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christina Li
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ling Mei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zeynep Aytac
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Marco C Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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