1
|
Ragi N, Walmsley SJ, Jacobs FC, Rosenquist TA, Sidorenko VS, Yao L, Maertens LA, Weight CJ, Balbo S, Villalta PW, Turesky RJ. Screening DNA Damage in the Rat Kidney and Liver by Untargeted DNA Adductomics. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:340-360. [PMID: 38194517 PMCID: PMC10922321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution, tobacco smoke, and red meat are associated with renal cell cancer (RCC) risk in the United States and Western Europe; however, the chemicals that form DNA adducts and initiate RCC are mainly unknown. Aristolochia herbaceous plants are used for medicinal purposes in Asia and worldwide. They are a significant risk factor for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and RCC to a lesser extent. The aristolochic acid (AA) 8-methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-I), a component of Aristolochia herbs, contributes to UTUC in Asian cohorts and in Croatia, where AA-I exposure occurs from ingesting contaminated wheat flour. The DNA adduct of AA-I, 7-(2'-deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I, is often detected in patients with UTUC, and its characteristic A:T-to-T:A mutational signature occurs in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in AA-associated UTUC. Identifying DNA adducts in the renal parenchyma and pelvis caused by other chemicals is crucial to gaining insights into unknown RCC and UTUC etiologies. We employed untargeted screening with wide-selected ion monitoring tandem mass spectrometry (wide-SIM/MS2) with nanoflow liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry to detect DNA adducts formed in rat kidneys and liver from a mixture of 13 environmental, tobacco, and dietary carcinogens that may contribute to RCC. Twenty DNA adducts were detected. DNA adducts of 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), an atmospheric pollutant, and AA-I were the most abundant. The nitrophenanthrene moieties of 3-NBA and AA-I undergo reduction to their N-hydroxy intermediates to form 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) adducts. We also discovered a 2'-deoxycytidine AA-I adduct and dA and dG adducts of 10-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-III), an AA-I isomer and minor component of the herbal extract assayed, signifying AA-III is a potent kidney DNA-damaging agent. The roles of AA-III, other nitrophenanthrenes, and nitroarenes in renal DNA damage and human RCC warrant further study. Wide-SIM/MS2 is a powerful scanning technology in DNA adduct discovery and cancer etiology characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ozawa S, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Zou X, Woo GH, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Identification of genes showing altered DNA methylation and gene expression in the renal proximal tubular cells of rats treated with ochratoxin A for 13 weeks. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1533-1548. [PMID: 37162024 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that causes renal carcinogenicity following the induction of karyomegaly in proximal tubular cells after repeated administration to rats. Here, we performed gene profiling regarding altered DNA methylation and gene expression in the renal tubules focusing on the mechanism of OTA-induced carcinogenesis. For this purpose, OTA or 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), a renal carcinogen not inducing karyomegaly, was administered to rats for 13 weeks, and DNA methylation array and RNA sequencing analyses were performed on proximal tubular cells. Genes for which OTA altered the methylation status and gene expression level, after excluding genes showing similar expression changes by 3-MCPD, were subjected to confirmation analysis of the transcript level by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional annotation analysis of validated genes revealed a cluster of hypermethylated and downregulated genes enriched under the GO term "mitochondrion," such as those associated with metabolic reprogramming in carcinogenic process (Clpx, Mrpl54, Mrps34, and Slc25a23). GO terms enriched for hypomethylated and upregulated genes included "response to arsenic-containing substance," represented by Cdkn1a involved in cell cycle arrest, and "positive regulation of IL-17 production," represented by Osm potentiating cell proliferation promotion. Other genes that did not cluster under any GO term included Lrrc14 involved in NF-κB-mediated inflammation, Gen1 linked to DNA repair, Has1 related to chromosomal aberration, and Anxa3 involved in tumor development and progression. In conclusion, a variety of genes engaged in carcinogenic processes were obtained by epigenetic gene profiling in rat renal tubular cells specific to OTA treatment for 13 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Laboratory of Histopathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mally A, Jarzina S. Mapping Adverse Outcome Pathways for Kidney Injury as a Basis for the Development of Mechanism-Based Animal-Sparing Approaches to Assessment of Nephrotoxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:863643. [PMID: 35785263 PMCID: PMC9242087 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.863643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with recent OECD activities on the use of AOPs in developing Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATAs), it is expected that systematic mapping of AOPs leading to systemic toxicity may provide a mechanistic framework for the development and implementation of mechanism-based in vitro endpoints. These may form part of an integrated testing strategy to reduce the need for repeated dose toxicity studies. Focusing on kidney and in particular the proximal tubule epithelium as a key target site of chemical-induced injury, the overall aim of this work is to contribute to building a network of AOPs leading to nephrotoxicity. Current mechanistic understanding of kidney injury initiated by 1) inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (mtDNA Polγ), 2) receptor mediated endocytosis and lysosomal overload, and 3) covalent protein binding, which all present fairly well established, common mechanisms by which certain chemicals or drugs may cause nephrotoxicity, is presented and systematically captured in a formal description of AOPs in line with the OECD AOP development programme and in accordance with the harmonized terminology provided by the Collaborative Adverse Outcome Pathway Wiki. The relative level of confidence in the established AOPs is assessed based on evolved Bradford-Hill weight of evidence considerations of biological plausibility, essentiality and empirical support (temporal and dose-response concordance).
Collapse
|
4
|
Phillips JA, Taub ME, Bogdanffy MS, Yuan J, Knight B, Smith JD, Ku WW. Mode of Action and Human Relevance Assessment of Male CD-1 Mouse Renal Adenocarcinoma Associated With Lifetime Exposure to Empagliflozin. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1570-1584. [PMID: 35393688 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) has been shown to be a safe and efficacious approach to support managing Type 2 diabetes. In the 2-year carcinogenicity study with the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in CD-1 mice, an increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas was identified in the male high-dose group but was not observed in female mice. An integrated review of available nonclinical data was conducted to establish a mode-of-action hypothesis for male mouse-specific tumorigenesis. Five key events were identified through systematic analysis to form the proposed mode-of-action: (1) Background kidney pathology in CD-1 mice sensitizes the strain to (2) pharmacology-related diuretic effects associated with SGLT2 inhibition. (3) In male mice, metabolic demand increases with the formation of a sex- and species-specific empagliflozin metabolite. These features converge to (4) deplete oxidative stress handling reserve, driving (5) constitutive cellular proliferation in male CD-1 mice. The proposed mode of action requires all five key events for empagliflozin to present a carcinogenicity risk in the CD-1 mouse. Considering that empagliflozin is not genotoxic in the standard battery of genotoxicity tests, and not all five key events are present in the context of female mice, rats or humans, nor for other osmotic diuretics or other SGLT2 inhibitors, the observed male mouse renal tumors are not considered relevant to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Phillips
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Ridgefield, CT
| | - Matthew S Bogdanffy
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT
| | | | - Brian Knight
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT
| | - Warren W Ku
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nonclinical Drug Safety, Ridgefield, CT
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Izco M, Vettorazzi A, Forcen R, Blesa J, de Toro M, Alvarez-Herrera N, Cooper JM, Gonzalez-Peñas E, Lopez de Cerain A, Alvarez-Erviti L. Oral subchronic exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A induces key pathological features of Parkinson's disease in mice six months after the end of the treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112164. [PMID: 33819549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some epidemiological studies with different levels of evidence have pointed to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after exposure to environmental toxicants. A practically unexplored potential etiological factor is a group of naturally-occurring fungal secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been reported to be neurotoxic in mice. To further identify if OTA exposure could have a role in PD pathology, Balb/c mice were orally treated with OTA (0.21, 0.5 mg/kg bw) four weeks and left for six months under normal diet. Effects of OTA on the onset, progression of alpha-synuclein pathology and development of motor deficits were evaluated. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed that oral subchronic OTA treatment induced loss of striatal dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic cell dysfunction responsible for motor impairments. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels were increased in gut and brain. LAMP-2A protein was decreased in tissues showing alpha-synuclein pathology. Cell cultures exposed to OTA exhibited decreased LAMP-2A protein, impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy and decreased alpha-synuclein turnover which was linked to miRNAs deregulation, all reminiscent of PD. These results support the hypothesis that oral exposure to low OTA doses in mice can lead to biochemical and pathological changes reported in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Raquel Forcen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Av. Carlos V, 70, 28938, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria de Toro
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - J Mark Cooper
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Gower Street, London, UK.
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Adela Lopez de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pastor L, Vettorazzi A, Guruceaga E, López de Cerain A. Time Course of Renal Transcriptomics after Subchronic Exposure to Ochratoxin A in Fisher Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:177. [PMID: 33652839 PMCID: PMC7996782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrocarcinogen, mainly in male rats. The aim of this study was to determine the time course of gene expression (GeneChip® Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array, Affymetrix) in kidney samples from male and female F344 rats, treated daily (p.o) with 0.50 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) of OTA for 7 or 21 days, and evaluate if there were differences between both sexes. After OTA treatment, there was an evolution of gene expression in the kidney over time, with more differentially expressed genes (DEG) at 21 days. The gene expression time course was different between sexes with respect to the number of DEG and the direction of expression (up or down): the female response was progressive and consistent over time, whereas males had a different early response with more DEG, most of them up-regulated. The statistically most significant DEG corresponded to metabolism enzymes (Akr1b7, Akr1c2, Adh6 down-regulated in females; Cyp2c11, Dhrs7, Cyp2d1, Cyp2d5 down-regulated in males) or transporters (Slc17a9 down-regulated in females; Slco1a1 (OATP-1) and Slc51b and Slc22a22 (OAT) down-regulated in males). Some of these genes had also a basal sex difference and were over-expressed in males or females with respect to the other sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumari A, Joshua R, Kumar R, Ahlawat P, Sindhu SC. Fungal Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Detection. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Zhang C, Zhang W, Tang X, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Li P. Change of Amino Acid Residues in Idiotypic Nanobodies Enhanced the Sensitivity of Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Ochratoxin A in Cereals. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040273. [PMID: 32340239 PMCID: PMC7232238 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-idiotypic nanobodies, usually expressed by gene engineering protocol, has been shown as a nontoxic coating antigen for toxic compound immunoassays. We here focused on how to increase immunoassay sensitivity by changing the nanobody’s primary sequence. In the experiments, two anti-idiotype nanobodies against monoclonal antibody 1H2, which is specific to ochratoxin A, were obtained and named as nontoxic coating antigen 1 (NCA1) and nontoxic coating antigen 2 (NCA2). Three differences between the nanobodies were discovered. First, there are six amino acid residues (AAR) of changes in the complementarity determining region (CDR), which compose the antigen-binding site. One of them locates in CDR1 (I–L), two of them in CDR2 (G–D, E–K), and three of them in CDR3 (Y–H, Y–W). Second, the affinity constant of NCA1 was tested as 1.20 × 108 L mol−1, which is about 4 times lower than that of NCA2 (5.36 × 108 L mol−1). Third, the sensitivity (50% inhibition concentration) of NCA1 for OTA was shown as 0.052 ng mL−1, which was 3.5 times lower than that of nontoxic coating antigen 2 (0.015 ng mL−1). The results indicate that the AAR changes in CDR of the anti-idiotypic nanobodies, from nonpolar to polar, increasing the affinity constant may enhance the immunoassay sensitivity. In addition, by using the nontoxic coating antigen 2 to substitute the routine synthetic toxic antigen, we established an eco-friendly and green enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for rapid detection of ochratoxin A in cereals. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of optimized ELISA was 0.017 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.003 ng mL−1. The optimized immunoassay showed that the average recoveries of spiked corn, rice, and wheat were between 80% and 114.8%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 3.1–12.3%. Therefore, we provided not only basic knowledge on how to improve the structure of anti-idiotype nanobody for increasing assay sensitivity, but also an available eco-friendly ELISA for ochratoxin A in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-86812943
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (C.Z.); (W.Z.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (P.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dekant W. Tetrahydrofuran-induced tumors in rodents are not relevant to humans: Quantitative weight of evidence analysis of mode of action information does not support classification of tetrahydrofuran as a possible human carcinogen. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
11
|
Bastaki M, Api AM, Aubanel M, Bauter M, Cachet T, Demyttenaere JCR, Diop MM, Harman CL, Hayashi SM, Krammer G, Lu V, Marone PA, Mendes O, Renskers KJ, Schnabel J, Tsang SY, Taylor SV. Dietary administration of β-caryophyllene and its epoxide to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110876. [PMID: 31610257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two independent 90-day GLP-compliant studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats with β-caryophyllene or β-caryophyllene epoxide, two common flavoring and fragrance materials. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene were 3500; 7000; and 21,000 ppm for males and 3500; 14,000; and 56,000 ppm for females. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene epoxide were 1750; 10,500; and 21,000 ppm. There were no deaths or clinical toxicity attributable to either substance administration. Statistically significant, dose-dependent reductions in body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, and food efficiency at the highest dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene, but not of β-caryophyllene epoxide, were attributed to palatability issues. Neither β-caryophyllene nor β-caryophyllene epoxide influenced estrus cyclicity or sperm parameters. Macroscopic and microscopic findings were primarily related to changes in the kidneys of male rats, consistent with α2u-globulin nephropathy, and in the liver of male and female rats, including hepatocyte hypertrophy at the middle and high intake levels. These changes correlated with increased absolute and relative organ weights. Since the kidney findings were a species- and sex-specific effect, the NOAEL in each study was based on hepatocyte hypertrophy at the two highest dietary concentrations and were determined to be 222 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene and 109 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene epoxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bastaki
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Michel Aubanel
- Kerry Flavours France, Zl du Plan BP 82067, 63 Avenue Jean Maubert, 06131, Grasse Cedex, France
| | - Mark Bauter
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Thierry Cachet
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Japan Flavor and Fragrance Materials Association, Sankeinihonbashi Bldg. 6F, 4-7-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | - Gerhard Krammer
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Vivian Lu
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Palma Ann Marone
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Odete Mendes
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Kevin J Renskers
- Takasago International Corporation, 4 Volvo Drive, Rockleigh, NJ, 07647, USA
| | - Jürgen Schnabel
- Givaudan International SA, Kemptpark 50, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Sai Yee Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Bastaki M, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Mint, buchu, dill and caraway derived flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110870. [PMID: 31604112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. NFC flavor materials include a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. The re-evaluation of NFCs is conducted based on a constituent-based procedure outlined in 2005 and updated in 2018 that evaluates the safety of NFCs for their intended use as flavor ingredients. This procedure is applied in the re-evaluation of the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of NFCs with constituent profiles that are dominated by alicyclic ketones such as menthone and carvone, secondary alcohols such as menthol and carveol, and related compounds. The FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the GRAS status of Peppermint Oil (FEMA 2848), Spearmint Oil (FEMA 3032), Spearmint Extract (FEMA 3031), Cornmint Oil (FEMA 4219), Erospicata Oil (FEMA 4777), Curly Mint Oil (FEMA 4778), Pennyroyal Oil (FEMA 2839), Buchu Leaves Oil (FEMA 2169), Caraway Oil (FEMA 2238) and Dill Oil (FEMA 2383) and determined FEMA GRAS status for Buchu Leaves Extract (FEMA 4923), Peppermint Oil, Terpeneless (FEMA 4924) and Spearmint Oil, Terpeneless (FEMA 4925).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St., S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Margaret M McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Al-Jaal B, Salama S, Al-Qasmi N, Jaganjac M. Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and its detection. Toxicon 2019; 171:43-50. [PMID: 31586556 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different fungal spices and are found in diverse agricultural crops worldwide; they pose a severe threat to public health. Mycotoxins can cause either acute or chronic symptoms, depending on the type and dose of mycotoxin one has been exposed to. Thus, a continuous monitoring of mycotoxins is needed. Since the discovery of mycotoxins, numerous countries, including the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, have established mycotoxin-specific regulations for feed and food. Although a number of studies in GCC countries have investigated the presence of mycotoxins, till date, there are no reviews focusing on the mycotoxin contamination of the food and feed from this region. This review is the first study to present an up-to-date overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed and food in the GCC countries and to discuss the techniques used for mycotoxin analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Salama
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport city street, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noof Al-Qasmi
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sport city street, Doha, Qatar
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al Jabir M, Barcaru A, Latiff A, Jaganjac M, Ramadan G, Horvatovich P. Dietary exposure of the Qatari population to food mycotoxins and reflections on the regulation limits. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:975-982. [PMID: 31673499 PMCID: PMC6816139 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The article estimates the exposure of the population of Qatar to aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins, measured in food samples collected from the markets of Doha. The mycotoxin extractions were performed using the "Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe" Method (QuEChERS) and the extract measured with LC-MS/MS. High contamination with aflatoxins was detected in Nuts and Spices (e.g. 534.15 ng/g and 371.6 ng/g respectively). The estimated daily intake (EDI) level was estimated using statistical data on average Qatari population. Additionally, the probability to exceed TDI was calculated for fumonisins and ochratoxins. The results indicate high exposure to aflatoxins (with alarming values of margin of exposure, i.e. MoE). The article points to the necessity of a regular assessment and reevaluation of the concentration limits allowed in food products accounting for statistics on the population (i.e. food consumption), economic growth of the country, and monitoring of mycotoxin contamination of food as much as technological, financial and human resources of a country allows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muna Al Jabir
- Central Food Laboratories, Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Andrei Barcaru
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aishah Latiff
- Anti Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, P.O Box: 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Anti Doping Lab Qatar, Sport City Road, P.O Box: 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gouda Ramadan
- Central Food Laboratories, Public Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, CAS Registry Number 108-10-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130 Suppl 1:110587. [PMID: 31220536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 124:192-218. [PMID: 30481573 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication is the first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of 54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith et al. (2005) and updated in Cohen et al. (2018) to evaluate the safety of naturally-occurring mixtures for their intended use as flavoring ingredients. The procedure relies on a complete chemical characterization of each NFC intended for commerce and organization of each NFC's chemical constituents into well-defined congeneric groups. The safety of the NFC is evaluated using the well-established and conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept in addition to data on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of members of the congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. As a result of the application of the procedure, 54 natural flavor complexes derived from botanicals of the Citrus genus were affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bastaki M, Aubanel M, Bauter M, Cachet T, Demyttenaere J, Diop MM, Harman CL, Hayashi SM, Krammer G, Li X, Llewellyn C, Mendes O, Renskers KJ, Schnabel J, Smith BP, Taylor SV. Absence of renal adverse effects from β-myrcene dietary administration in OECD guideline-compliant subchronic toxicity study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:222-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
19
|
Abstract
The important renal tumors that can be induced by exposure of rats to chemical carcinogens are renal tubule tumors (RTTs) derived from tubule epithelium; renal pelvic carcinoma derived from the urothelial lining of the pelvis; renal mesenchymal tumors (RMTs) derived from the interstitial connective tissue; and nephroblastoma derived from the metanephric primordia. However, almost all of our knowledge concerning mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis in the rodent pertains to the adenomas and carcinomas originating from renal tubule epithelium. Currently, nine mechanistic pathways can be identified in either the rat or mouse following chemical exposure. These include direct DNA reactivity, indirect DNA reactivity through free radical formation, multiphase bioactivation involving glutathione conjugation, mitotic disruption, sustained cell proliferation from direct cytotoxicity, sustained cell proliferation by disruption of a physiologic process (alpha 2u-globulin nephropathy), exaggerated pharmacologic response, species-dominant metabolic pathway, and chemical exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy. Spontaneous occurrence of RTTs in the rat will be included since one example is a confounder for interpreting kidney tumor results in chemical carcinogenicity studies in rats.
Collapse
|
20
|
Knight B, Yuan J, Koegler S, Pande P, Hall J, Hill JD, Hart SE, Phillips JA, Ku WW. Pathogenesis of Renal Injury and Gene Expression Changes in the Male CD-1 Mouse Associated with Exposure to Empagliflozin. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:671-682. [PMID: 29945496 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318784514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas was identified in the 2-year CD-1 mouse carcinogenicity study with empagliflozin (sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor) in high dose (1,000 mg/kg/day) male mice. A 13-week mouse renal investigative pathogenesis study was conducted with empagliflozin to evaluate dose dependency and temporal onset of nonneoplastic degenerative/regenerative renal tubular and molecular (genes, pathways) changes which precede neoplasia. Male and female CD-1 mice were given daily oral doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day (corresponding carcinogenicity study dose levels) for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 13 weeks. The maximum expected pharmacology with secondary osmotic diuresis was observed by week 1 at ≥100 mg/kg/day in both genders. Histopathologic kidney changes were first detected after 4 weeks of dosing in the male 1,000 mg/kg/day dose group, with progressive increases in the incidence and/or number of findings in this dose group so that they were more readily detected during weeks 8 and 13. Changes detected starting on week 4 consisted of minimal single-cell necrosis and minimal increases in mitotic figures. These changes persisted at an increased incidence at weeks 8 and 13 and were accompanied by minimal to mild tubular epithelial karyomegaly, minimal proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cell hyperplasia, and a corresponding increase in Ki-67-positive nuclei in epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. There were no corresponding changes in serum chemistry or urinalysis parameters indicative of any physiologically meaningful effect on renal function and thus these findings were not considered to be adverse. Similar changes were not identified in lower-dose groups in males nor were they present in females of any dose group. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed male mouse-specific changes in kidney over 13 weeks of dosing at 1,000 mg/kg/day. Treatment-related changes included genes and pathways related to p53-regulated cell cycle and proliferation, transforming growth factor β, oxidative stress, and renal injury and the number of genes with significant expression change dramatically increased at week 13. These treatment-related changes in genes and pathways were predominant in high-dose males and complemented the observed temporal renal tubular changes. Overall, these mouse investigative study results support the role of early empagliflozin-related degenerative/regenerative changes only observed in high-dose male CD-1 mice as a key contributing feature to a nongenotoxic mode of renal tumor pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Knight
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,2 Amgen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sally Koegler
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,3 Portland Gastroenterology Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Parimal Pande
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jon D Hill
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Susan Emeigh Hart
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan A Phillips
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,4 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Warren W Ku
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Enciso JM, López de Cerain A, Pastor L, Azqueta A, Vettorazzi A. Is oxidative stress involved in the sex-dependent response to ochratoxin A renal toxicity? Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:379-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Sex differences in ochratoxin a toxicity in F344 rats after 7 and 21 days of daily oral administration. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 111:363-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
23
|
Smith JD, Huang Z, Escobar PA, Foppiano P, Maw H, Loging W, Yu H, Phillips JA, Taub M, Ku WW. A Predominant Oxidative Renal Metabolite of Empagliflozin in Male Mice Is Cytotoxic in Mouse Renal Tubular Cells but not Genotoxic. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:440-448. [PMID: 29130831 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817735090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a previously reported CD-1 mouse 2-year carcinogenicity study with the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin, an increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas was identified only in the male high-dose group. Follow-up investigative studies have shown that the renal tumors in male high-dose mice were preceded by a number of renal degenerative/regenerative findings. Prior cross-species in vitro metabolism studies using microsomes identified an oxidative metabolite (M466/2) predominantly formed in the male mouse kidney and which spontaneously degrades to a metabolite (M380/1) and reactive 4-OH crotonaldehyde (CTA). In order to further evaluate potential modes of action for empagliflozin-associated male mouse renal tumors, we report here a series of in vitro investigative toxicology studies conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of empagliflozin and M466/2. To assess the cytotoxic potential of empagliflozin and M466/2, a primary mouse renal tubular epithelial (mRTE) cell model was used. In mRTE cells, M466/2-derived in vitro 4-OH CTA exposure was cytotoxic, while empagliflozin was not cytotoxic or mitogenic. Empagliflozin and M466/2 were not genotoxic, supporting an indirect mode of action for empagliflozin-associated male mouse renal tumorigenesis. In conclusion, these in vitro data show that M466/2-derived 4-OH CTA exposure is associated with cytotoxicity in renal tubule cells and may be involved in promoting compound-related in vivo renal metabolic stress and chronic low-level renal injury, in turn supporting a nongenotoxic mode of tumor pathogenesis specific to the male mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Smith
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zimei Huang
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Pamela Foppiano
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - William Loging
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Hongbin Yu
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Taub
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Warren W Ku
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dekant W, Bridges J, Scialli AR. A quantitative weight of evidence assessment of confidence in modes-of-action and their human relevance. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:51-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
25
|
Ostry V, Malir F, Toman J, Grosse Y. Mycotoxins as human carcinogens-the IARC Monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:65-73. [PMID: 27888487 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, ochratoxins), mainly via food intake of plant and animal origin. The health risks stemming from mycotoxins may result from their toxicity, in particular their carcinogenicity. In order to prevent these risks, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon (France)-through its IARC Monographs programme-has performed the carcinogenic hazard assessment of some mycotoxins in humans, on the basis of epidemiological data, studies of cancer in experimental animals and mechanistic studies. The present article summarizes the carcinogenic hazard assessments of those mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1), fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2) and ochratoxin A (OTA). New information regarding the genotoxicity of OTA (formation of OTA-DNA adducts), the role of OTA in oxidative stress and the identification of epigenetic factors involved in OTA carcinogenesis-should they indeed provide strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans-could lead to the reclassification of OTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pastor L, Vettorazzi A, Campión J, Cordero P, López de Cerain A. Gene expression kinetics of renal transporters induced by ochratoxin A in male and female F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:169-178. [PMID: 27771458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that contaminates foodstuffs. The most relevant concern is its high kidney carcinogenicity in male rats and its unclear mechanism of action. It has been hypothesized that variations in transport mechanisms in kidney cells may be the reason of different sex-dependent sensitivities towards OTA. The aim of this study was to analyze, by RT- qPCR, renal transporters expression in 15-week-old male (M) and female (F) F344 rats at basal level and after single oral OTA administration (0.50 mg/kg bw). Temporal profiles (24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 1 and 2 months) were studied per sex and transporter. The reference gene for all comparisons was Ppia. At basal level, sex differences were confirmed for Oatp1, Bcrp (M>F) and Oat2 (F>M). OTA tended to inhibit the expression of almost all transporters in both sexes, but clearly induced the expression of Oat2 in males. Regarding time profiles, the highest sex differences involved Oat (Slc22) transporters: Oat2, Oat3 and Oat5 expression showed a significant increase in males (24h) while Oat1, Oat2 and Oat5 level decreased in females (48h). Overall, basal sex differences in F344 rats and the specific sex-dependent response to OTA of Oat2 might contribute to high kidney damage in male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Campión
- Department of Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Current address: Making Genetics SL, Plaza CEIN 5, 31110 Noain, Spain.
| | - Paul Cordero
- Department of Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Current address: Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Malir J, Toman J. Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E191. [PMID: 27384585 PMCID: PMC4963825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France.
| | - Jan Malir
- Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hard GC, Seely JC. Histological Investigation of Diagnostically Challenging Tubule Profiles in Advanced Chronic Progressive Nephropathy (CPN) in the Fischer 344 RaT. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 34:941-8. [PMID: 17178694 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601083381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, guidelines were suggested for discriminating proliferative-appearing tubule profiles encountered in advanced spontaneous chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) of rats, from hyperplastic precursors of renal tubule tumors ( Hard and Seely, 2005 ). These recommendations were based on histological evaluation of a large number of cases of severe to end-stage CPN in male F344 rats from 8 separate 2-year carcinogenicity studies held in the Archives of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS. This work has now been extended to characterize the various lesions further, mainly by serial sectioning to track their origin and fate within the adjacent renal tissue, but also by applying special staining procedures such as immunohistochemical assessment of proliferative activity, as well as fluorescence microscopy, to seek further differences from atypical tubule hyperplasia. The results obtained from these additional investigations support the contention that certain tubule profiles with a misleading proliferative appearance, sometimes found in advanced CPN, should be distinguished from preneoplastic tubule foci, and regarded as components of the nephropathy process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Hard
- National Toxicology Program Archives, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lanzoni A, Piaia A, Everitt J, Faustinelli I, Defazio R, Cavaliere L, Cristofori P. Early Onset of Spontaneous Renal Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions in Young Conventional Rats in Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:589-93. [PMID: 17654399 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701383202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although occurring in aged laboratory rodents, spontaneous renal tumour are unknown in animals younger than 18 weeks. A survey on renal preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions has been performed on Sprague-Dawley rats from general toxicology studies over the period January 2004—May 2006. Data from 2249 rats necropsied and 1206 rats (688 males and 518 females) examined microscopically from 52 studies, are reported. The age range at necropsy was between 12 and 18 weeks and all the animals were obtained from the same supplier. Three cases of tubular carcinoma, 1 tubular adenoma, and 4 cases of atypical tubular hyperplasia were observed in 5 females and 3 males from both control and treated groups from 6 studies with unrelated test compounds. In treated rats, the lesions were considered spontaneous in nature, rather than related to treatment, because of: (1) their sporadic incidence, (2) the short duration of the studies, and (3) the absence of similar lesions in other rats given the same test compound. These lesions are considered a recently occurring spontaneous finding, and the similarities with the familial renal cancer models, namely the Eker and the Nihon models, strongly suggest genetic factors as responsible for the lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lanzoni
- Pathology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maternal-Fetal Cancer Risk Assessment of Ochratoxin A during Pregnancy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 27023600 PMCID: PMC4848614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that in utero exposure to environmental chemicals may interfere with fetal development and increase the risk of disease and cancer development later in life. Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been proven to induce diverse toxic effects including teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and potential endocrine disruption. Due to the continuous and widespread occurrence of OTA as a potential contaminant of staple foods, there is increasing concern of in utero exposure of fetus to this mycotoxin. In this study, maternal-fetal risk assessment of OTA during pregnancy was conducted using the benchmark dose approach for genotoxic carcinogens. The daily intake of OTA for Egyptian pregnant women was estimated based on their serum OTA level using the refined Klaassen equation for pregnancy. Fetal exposure level was also estimated based on the maternal data. Comparison between the estimated daily exposure and the negligible cancer risk intake (NCRI), and the calculation of margin of exposure (MOE) implicated that OTA exposure from dietary intake would be of low health concern for this general subpopulation of Egyptian women. This subpopulation of pregnant women was generally estimated not to be in high-risk for toxicity induced by OTA.
Collapse
|
31
|
Hayes SA, Pandiri AR, Ton TVT, Hong HHL, Clayton NP, Shockley KR, Peddada SD, Gerrish K, Wyde M, Sills RC, Hoenerhoff MJ. Renal Cell Carcinomas in Vinylidene Chloride-exposed Male B6C3F1 Mice Are Characterized by Oxidative Stress and TP53 Pathway Dysregulation. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:71-87. [PMID: 26682919 PMCID: PMC4752433 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315610820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vinylidene chloride (VDC) has been widely used in the production of plastics and flame retardants. Exposure of B6C3F1 mice to VDC in the 2-year National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity bioassay resulted in a dose-dependent increases in renal cell hyperplasia, renal cell adenoma, and renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Among those differentially expressed genes from controls and RCC of VDC-exposed mice, there was an overrepresentation of genes from pathways associated with chronic xenobiotic and oxidative stress as well as c-Myc overexpression and dysregulation of TP53 cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage repair pathways in RCC. Trend analysis comparing RCC, VDC-exposed kidney, and chamber control kidney showed a conservation of pathway dysregulation in terms of overrepresentation of xenobiotic and oxidative stress, and DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoint pathways in both VDC-exposed kidney and RCC, suggesting that these mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of RCC in VDC-exposed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schantel A Hayes
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thai-vu T Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hue-Hua L Hong
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha P Clayton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyamal D Peddada
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Microarray Core, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Wyde
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C Sills
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicologic Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sweeney LM, Kester JE, Kirman CR, Gentry PR, Banton MI, Bus JS, Gargas ML. Risk assessments for chronic exposure of children and prospective parents to ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4). Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:662-726. [PMID: 25997510 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1046157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Potential chronic health risks for children and prospective parents exposed to ethylbenzene were evaluated in response to the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program. Ethylbenzene exposure was found to be predominately via inhalation with recent data demonstrating continuing decreases in releases and both outdoor and indoor concentrations over the past several decades. The proportion of ethylbenzene in ambient air that is attributable to the ethylbenzene/styrene chain of commerce appears to be relatively very small, less than 0.1% based on recent relative emission estimates. Toxicity reference values were derived from the available data, with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models and benchmark dose methods used to assess dose-response relationships. An inhalation non-cancer reference concentration or RfC of 0.3 parts per million (ppm) was derived based on ototoxicity. Similarly, an oral non-cancer reference dose or RfD of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day was derived based on liver effects. For the cancer assessment, emphasis was placed upon mode of action information. Three of four rodent tumor types were determined not to be relevant to human health. A cancer reference value of 0.48 ppm was derived based on mouse lung tumors. The risk characterization for ethylbenzene indicated that even the most highly exposed children and prospective parents are not at risk for non-cancer or cancer effects of ethylbenzene.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bus JS, Banton MI, Faber WD, Kirman CR, McGregor DB, Pourreau DB. Human health screening level risk assessments of tertiary-butyl acetate (TBAC): Calculated acute and chronic reference concentration (RfC) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) values based on toxicity and exposure scenario evaluations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:142-71. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.980884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
34
|
Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ways K, Johnson MD, Mamidi RNVS, Proctor J, De Jonghe S, Louden C. Successful integration of nonclinical and clinical findings in interpreting the clinical relevance of rodent neoplasia with a new chemical entity. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:48-56. [PMID: 25398756 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314557179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has been developed for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). During the phase 3 program, treatment-related pheochromocytomas, renal tubular tumors, and testicular Leydig cell tumors were reported in the 2-year rat toxicology study. Treatment-related tumors were not seen in the 2-year mouse study. A cross-functional, mechanism-based approach was undertaken to determine whether the mechanisms responsible for tumorigenesis in the rat were of relevance to humans. Based on findings from nonclinical and clinical studies, the treatment-related tumors observed in rats were not deemed to be of clinical relevance. Here, we describe the scientific and regulatory journey from learning of the 2-year rat study findings to the approval of canagliflozin for the treatment of T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Ways
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - James Proctor
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Calvert Louden
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bogdanffy MS, Stachlewitz RF, van Tongeren S, Knight B, Sharp DE, Ku W, Hart SE, Blanchard K. Nonclinical Safety of the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:436-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581814551648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Empagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of the renal tubular sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, was developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nonclinical safety of empagliflozin was studied in a battery of tests to support global market authorization. Safety pharmacology studies indicated no effect of empagliflozin on measures of respiratory or central nervous system function in rats or cardiovascular safety in telemeterized dogs. In CD-1 mouse, Wistar Han rat, or beagle dogs up to 13, 26, or 52 weeks of treatment, respectively, empagliflozin exhibited a toxicity profile consistent with secondary supratherapeutic pharmacology related to glucose loss and included decreased body weight and body fat, increased food consumption, diarrhea, dehydration, decreased serum glucose and increases in other serum parameters reflective of increased protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and electrolyte imbalances, and urinary changes such as polyuria and glucosuria. Microscopic changes were consistently observed in kidney and included tubular nephropathy and interstitial nephritis (dog), renal mineralization (rat) and tubular epithelial cell karyomegaly, single cell necrosis, cystic hyperplasia, and hypertrophy (mouse). Empagliflozin was not genotoxic. Empagliflozin was not carcinogenic in female mice or female rats. Renal adenoma and carcinoma were induced in male mice only at exposures 45 times the maximum clinical dose. These tumors were associated with a spectrum of nonneoplastic changes suggestive of a nongenotoxic, cytotoxic, and cellular proliferation-driven mechanism. In male rats, testicular interstitial cell tumors and hemangiomas of the mesenteric lymph node were observed; both tumors are common in rats and are unlikely to be relevant to humans. These studies demonstrate the nonclinical safety of empagliflozin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Bogdanffy
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Robert F. Stachlewitz
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Susan van Tongeren
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Brian Knight
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Dale E. Sharp
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Warren Ku
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Susan Emeigh Hart
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kerry Blanchard
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mamidi RNVS, Proctor J, De Jonghe S, Feyen B, Moesen E, Vinken P, Ma JY, Bryant S, Snook S, Louden C, Lammens G, Ways K, Kelley MF, Johnson MD. Carbohydrate malabsorption mechanism for tumor formation in rats treated with the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 221:109-18. [PMID: 25130857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism responsible for renal tubular tumors and pheochromocytomas observed at the high dose in a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats. At the high dose (100mg/kg) in rats, canagliflozin caused carbohydrate malabsorption evidenced by inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake, decreased intestinal pH and increased urinary calcium excretion. In a 6-month mechanistic study utilization of a glucose-free diet prevented carbohydrate malabsorption and its sequelae, including increased calcium absorption and urinary calcium excretion, and hyperostosis. Cell proliferation in the kidney and adrenal medulla was increased in rats maintained on standard diet and administered canagliflozin (100mg/kg), and in addition an increase in the renal injury biomarker KIM-1 was observed. Increased cell proliferation is considered as a proximal event in carcinogenesis. Effects on cell proliferation, KIM-1 and calcium excretion were inhibited in rats maintained on the glucose-free diet, indicating they are secondary to carbohydrate malabsorption and are not direct effects of canagliflozin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rao N V S Mamidi
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States
| | - Jim Proctor
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States
| | - Sandra De Jonghe
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bianca Feyen
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Esther Moesen
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Petra Vinken
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jing Ying Ma
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Stewart Bryant
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Sandra Snook
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Calvert Louden
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Godelieve Lammens
- Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kirk Ways
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 920 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States
| | - Michael F Kelley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Edler L, Hart A, Greaves P, Carthew P, Coulet M, Boobis A, Williams GM, Smith B. Selection of appropriate tumour data sets for Benchmark Dose Modelling (BMD) and derivation of a Margin of Exposure (MoE) for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic: considerations of biological relevance of tumour type, data quality and uncertainty assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 70:264-89. [PMID: 24176677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses a number of concepts related to the selection and modelling of carcinogenicity data for the calculation of a Margin of Exposure. It follows up on the recommendations put forward by the International Life Sciences Institute - European branch in 2010 on the application of the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. The aims are to provide practical guidance on the relevance of animal tumour data for human carcinogenic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of tumour data for Benchmark Dose Modelling, and approaches for dealing with the uncertainty associated with the selection of data for modelling and, consequently, the derived Point of Departure (PoD) used to calculate the MoE. Although the concepts outlined in this article are interrelated, the background expertise needed to address each topic varies. For instance, the expertise needed to make a judgement on biological relevance of a specific tumour type is clearly different to that needed to determine the statistical uncertainty around the data used for modelling a benchmark dose. As such, each topic is dealt with separately to allow those with specialised knowledge to target key areas of guidance and provide a more in-depth discussion on each subject for those new to the concept of the Margin of Exposure approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Edler
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andy Hart
- The Food and Environment Research Agency - FERA, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ York, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Greaves
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip Carthew
- Unilever, Colworth House Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Myriam Coulet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alan Boobis
- Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Ducane Road, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Basic Science Building, Room 413, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Firmenich, Rue de la Bergere 7, 1217-Meyrin 2, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis in the kidneys. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19416-33. [PMID: 24071941 PMCID: PMC3821564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical carcinogens are substances which induce malignant tumours, increase their incidence or decrease the time taken for tumour formation. Often, exposure to chemical carcinogens results in tissue specific patterns of tumorigenicity. The very same anatomical, biochemical and physiological specialisations which permit the kidney to perform its vital roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis may in fact increase the risk of carcinogen exposure and contribute to the organ specific carcinogenicity observed with numerous kidney carcinogens. This review will address the numerous mechanisms which play a role in the concentration, bioactivation, and uptake of substances from both the urine and blood which significantly increase the risk of cancer in the kidney.
Collapse
|
40
|
Iwatsubo Y, Bénézet L, Boutou-Kempf O, Févotte J, Garras L, Goldberg M, Luce D, Pilorget C, Imbernon E. An extensive epidemiological investigation of a kidney cancer cluster in a chemical plant: what have we learned? Occup Environ Med 2013; 71:4-11. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
41
|
Ansar S. Antioxidant effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on ferric nitrilotriacetate induced renal hyper proliferation and injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:530-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
A review on ochratoxin A transcriptomic studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:766-83. [PMID: 23747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats. Transcriptomic studies on OTA (4 in vitro, 6 in vivo, 2 in vitro/in vivo) have been reviewed. The aim of 6 of them was mainly mechanistic whereas the rest had mostly predictive (1) or evaluation (5) purposes. An overall tendency towards gene expression downregulation was observed, probably as a result of protein synthesis inhibition. DNA damage response genes were not deregulated in most of the studies. Genes involved in acute renal injury, cell survival and cell proliferation were upregulated in several in vivo studies. Apoptosis genes were deregulated in vitro but less affected in vivo; activation of several MAPKs has been observed. Many genes related to oxidative stress or involved in cell-to-cell interaction pathways (Wnt) or cytoskeleton structure appeared to be deregulated either in vitro or in vivo. Regucalcin was highly downregulated in vivo and other calcium homeostasis genes were significantly deregulated in vitro. Genes related to OTA transport (OATs) and metabolism (CYPs) appeared downregulated in vivo. Overall, the mechanism of action of OTA remains unclear, however transcriptomic data have contributed to new mechanistic hypothesis generation and to in vitro-in vivo comparison.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Perry R, Thompson CA, Earnhardt JN, Wright DJ, Bailey S, Komm B, Cukierski MA. Renal Tumors in Male Rats Following Long-term Administration of Bazedoxifene, a Tissue-selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1001-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313477255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that is approved in a number of countries for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. To assess carcinogenic potential, BZA was administered ad libitum in the diet to male and female rats for 2 years. The achieved mean dosages of BZA were approximately 1.31 to 56.9 mg/kg/day at dietary concentrations of 0.003% to 0.1%. BZA treatment resulted in a reduction and a delayed onset in total tumor burden in both male and female rats. Survival rates were enhanced due to decreased pituitary and mammary tumors and decreased body weight gain in BZA-treated animals compared with controls. In male rats only, an increase in renal tubular tumors was observed. The greater increase in tumor incidence in male rats given BZA was associated with the increased survival and increased time for development of late onset tumors. These findings are consistent with a non-genotoxic mechanism, unique to male rats, that involves test article–induced corticomedullary mineralization, renal tubular injury, and exacerbation of naturally occurring chronic progressive nephropathy in aged male rats that led to a sequela of proliferative changes and tumor formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Perry
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - J. Nicole Earnhardt
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J. Wright
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven Bailey
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Barry Komm
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark A. Cukierski
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Expression patterns of cell cycle proteins in the livers of rats treated with hepatocarcinogens for 28 days. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1141-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
46
|
Müller S, Dekant W, Mally A. Fumonisin B1 and the kidney: Modes of action for renal tumor formation by fumonisin B1 in rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3833-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Nielsen E, Nørhede P, Boberg J, Krag Isling L, Kroghsbo S, Hadrup N, Bredsdorff L, Mortensen A, Christian Larsen J. Identification of Cumulative Assessment Groups of Pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Nielsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Pia Nørhede
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Louise Krag Isling
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Stine Kroghsbo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Niels Hadrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Lea Bredsdorff
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Taniai E, Hayashi H, Yafune A, Watanabe M, Akane H, Suzuki K, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M. Cellular distribution of cell cycle-related molecules in the renal tubules of rats treated with renal carcinogens for 28 days: relationship between cell cycle aberration and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1453-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
49
|
Mally A. Ochratoxin a and mitotic disruption: mode of action analysis of renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:315-30. [PMID: 22403158 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin and food contaminant ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in rodents, but its mode of action (MoA) is still poorly defined. In 2006, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that there is a "lack of evidence for the existence of OTA-DNA adducts" and thus insufficient evidence to establish DNA reactivity as a MoA for tumor formation by OTA. In reviewing the available database on OTA toxicity, a MoA for renal carcinogenicity of OTA is developed that involves a combination of genetic instability and increased proliferative drive as consequences of OTA-mediated disruption of mitosis, whereby the organ- and site-specificity of tumor formation by OTA is determined by selective renal uptake of OTA into the proximal tubule epithelium. The proposed MoA is critically assessed with respect to concordance of dose-response of the suggested key events and tumor formation, their temporal association, consistency, and biological plausibility. Uncertainties, data gaps and needs for further research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hard GC, Betz LJ, Seely JC. Association of Advanced Chronic Progressive Nephropathy (CPN) with Renal Tubule Tumors and Precursor Hyperplasia in Control F344 Rats from Two-Year Carcinogenicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:473-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311431948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura J. Betz
- SRA International, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Curtis Seely
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|