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Popova LG, Khramov DE, Nedelyaeva OI, Volkov VS. Yeast Heterologous Expression Systems for the Study of Plant Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10768. [PMID: 37445944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers are often interested in proteins that are present in cells in small ratios compared to the total amount of proteins. These proteins include transcription factors, hormones and specific membrane proteins. However, sufficient amounts of well-purified protein preparations are required for functional and structural studies of these proteins, including the creation of artificial proteoliposomes and the growth of protein 2D and 3D crystals. This aim can be achieved by the expression of the target protein in a heterologous system. This review describes the applications of yeast heterologous expression systems in studies of plant membrane proteins. An initial brief description introduces the widely used heterologous expression systems of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. S. cerevisiae is further considered a convenient model system for functional studies of heterologously expressed proteins, while P. pastoris has the advantage of using these yeast cells as factories for producing large quantities of proteins of interest. The application of both expression systems is described for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins from plants, namely, K+- and Na+-transporters, various ATPases and anion transporters, and other transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Khramov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Nedelyaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S Volkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Gestaut D, Zhao Y, Park J, Ma B, Leitner A, Collier M, Pintilie G, Roh SH, Chiu W, Frydman J. Structural visualization of the tubulin folding pathway directed by human chaperonin TRiC/CCT. Cell 2022; 185:4770-4787.e20. [PMID: 36493755 PMCID: PMC9735246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent ring-shaped chaperonin TRiC/CCT is essential for cellular proteostasis. To uncover why some eukaryotic proteins can only fold with TRiC assistance, we reconstituted the folding of β-tubulin using human prefoldin and TRiC. We find unstructured β-tubulin is delivered by prefoldin to the open TRiC chamber followed by ATP-dependent chamber closure. Cryo-EM resolves four near-atomic-resolution structures containing progressively folded β-tubulin intermediates within the closed TRiC chamber, culminating in native tubulin. This substrate folding pathway appears closely guided by site-specific interactions with conserved regions in the TRiC chamber. Initial electrostatic interactions between the TRiC interior wall and both the folded tubulin N domain and its C-terminal E-hook tail establish the native substrate topology, thus enabling C-domain folding. Intrinsically disordered CCT C termini within the chamber promote subsequent folding of tubulin's core and middle domains and GTP-binding. Thus, TRiC's chamber provides chemical and topological directives that shape the folding landscape of its obligate substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gestaut
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junsun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boxue Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Dept of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miranda Collier
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grigore Pintilie
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soung-Hun Roh
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,Co-Corresponding authors: (lead contact), ,
| | - Wah Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Co-Corresponding authors: (lead contact), ,
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Co-Corresponding authors: (lead contact), ,
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3
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Macošek J, Mas G, Hiller S. Redefining Molecular Chaperones as Chaotropes. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:683132. [PMID: 34195228 PMCID: PMC8237284 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.683132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are the key instruments of bacterial protein homeostasis. Chaperones not only facilitate folding of client proteins, but also transport them, prevent their aggregation, dissolve aggregates and resolve misfolded states. Despite this seemingly large variety, single chaperones can perform several of these functions even on multiple different clients, thus suggesting a single biophysical mechanism underlying. Numerous recently elucidated structures of bacterial chaperone–client complexes show that dynamic interactions between chaperones and their client proteins stabilize conformationally flexible non-native client states, which results in client protein denaturation. Based on these findings, we propose chaotropicity as a suitable biophysical concept to rationalize the generic activity of chaperones. We discuss the consequences of applying this concept in the context of ATP-dependent and -independent chaperones and their functional regulation.
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Landwehr V, Milanov M, Angebauer L, Hong J, Jüngert G, Hiersemenzel A, Siebler A, Schmit F, Öztürk Y, Dannenmaier S, Drepper F, Warscheid B, Koch HG. The Universally Conserved ATPase YchF Regulates Translation of Leaderless mRNA in Response to Stress Conditions. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:643696. [PMID: 34026826 PMCID: PMC8138138 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.643696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The universally conserved P-loop GTPases control diverse cellular processes, like signal transduction, ribosome assembly, cell motility, and intracellular transport and translation. YchF belongs to the Obg-family of P-loop GTPases and is one of the least characterized member of this family. It is unique because it preferentially hydrolyses ATP rather than GTP, but its physiological role is largely unknown. Studies in different organisms including humans suggest a possible role of YchF in regulating the cellular adaptation to stress conditions. In the current study, we explored the role of YchF in the model organism Escherichia coli. By western blot and promoter fusion experiments, we demonstrate that YchF levels decrease during stress conditions or when cells enter stationary phase. The decline in YchF levels trigger increased stress resistance and cells lacking YchF are resistant to multiple stress conditions, like oxidative stress, replication stress, or translational stress. By in vivo site directed cross-linking we demonstrate that YchF interacts with the translation initiation factor 3 (IF3) and with multiple ribosomal proteins at the surface of the small ribosomal subunit. The absence of YchF enhances the anti-association activity of IF3, stimulates the translation of leaderless mRNAs, and increases the resistance against the endoribonuclease MazF, which generates leaderless mRNAs during stress conditions. In summary, our data identify YchF as a stress-responsive regulator of leaderless mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Landwehr
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Milanov
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Angebauer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiang Hong
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Jüngert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hiersemenzel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ariane Siebler
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fränk Schmit
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yavuz Öztürk
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dannenmaier
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Fauvet B, Finka A, Castanié-Cornet MP, Cirinesi AM, Genevaux P, Quadroni M, Goloubinoff P. Bacterial Hsp90 Facilitates the Degradation of Aggregation-Prone Hsp70-Hsp40 Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:653073. [PMID: 33937334 PMCID: PMC8082187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.653073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the 90-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90s) are profusely studied chaperones that, together with 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s), control protein homeostasis. In bacteria, however, the function of Hsp90 (HtpG) and its collaboration with Hsp70 (DnaK) remains poorly characterized. To uncover physiological processes that depend on HtpG and DnaK, we performed comparative quantitative proteomic analyses of insoluble and total protein fractions from unstressed wild-type (WT) Escherichia coli and from knockout mutants ΔdnaKdnaJ (ΔKJ), ΔhtpG (ΔG), and ΔdnaKdnaJΔhtpG (ΔKJG). Whereas the ΔG mutant showed no detectable proteomic differences with wild-type, ΔKJ expressed more chaperones, proteases and ribosomes and expressed dramatically less metabolic and respiratory enzymes. Unexpectedly, we found that the triple mutant ΔKJG showed higher levels of metabolic and respiratory enzymes than ΔKJ, suggesting that bacterial Hsp90 mediates the degradation of aggregation-prone Hsp70-Hsp40 substrates. Further in vivo experiments suggest that such Hsp90-mediated degradation possibly occurs through the HslUV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fauvet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrija Finka
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marie-Pierre Castanié-Cornet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cirinesi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Fauvet B, Finka A, Castanié-Cornet MP, Cirinesi AM, Genevaux P, Quadroni M, Goloubinoff P. Bacterial Hsp90 Facilitates the Degradation of Aggregation-Prone Hsp70-Hsp40 Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2021. [PMID: 33937334 DOI: 10.1101/451989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the 90-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90s) are profusely studied chaperones that, together with 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s), control protein homeostasis. In bacteria, however, the function of Hsp90 (HtpG) and its collaboration with Hsp70 (DnaK) remains poorly characterized. To uncover physiological processes that depend on HtpG and DnaK, we performed comparative quantitative proteomic analyses of insoluble and total protein fractions from unstressed wild-type (WT) Escherichia coli and from knockout mutants ΔdnaKdnaJ (ΔKJ), ΔhtpG (ΔG), and ΔdnaKdnaJΔhtpG (ΔKJG). Whereas the ΔG mutant showed no detectable proteomic differences with wild-type, ΔKJ expressed more chaperones, proteases and ribosomes and expressed dramatically less metabolic and respiratory enzymes. Unexpectedly, we found that the triple mutant ΔKJG showed higher levels of metabolic and respiratory enzymes than ΔKJ, suggesting that bacterial Hsp90 mediates the degradation of aggregation-prone Hsp70-Hsp40 substrates. Further in vivo experiments suggest that such Hsp90-mediated degradation possibly occurs through the HslUV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fauvet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrija Finka
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marie-Pierre Castanié-Cornet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cirinesi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Dores-Silva PR, Cauvi DM, Kiraly VTR, Borges JC, De Maio A. Human HSPA9 (mtHsp70, mortalin) interacts with lipid bilayers containing cardiolipin, a major component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183436. [PMID: 32781155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Hsp70 (HSPA9, mtHsp70, mortalin) in conjunction with a complex set of other proteins is involved in the transport of polypeptides across the mitochondrial matrix. This observation allows us to hypothesize that HSPA9 might interact with membranes directly, similarly to other Hsp70s. Thus, we investigated whether human HSPA9 could also get inserted into lipid membranes. Human HSPA9 was incubated with liposomes made of lipids found within the mitochondrial membrane, such as 1', 3'-bis [1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol (CL), palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphocholine (POPC), palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphoserine (POPS), and palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphoethanolamine (POPE). HSPA9 displayed a predilection for CL and POPS, and low affinity for POPC and POPE, suggesting that the proteins have high specificity for negatively charged phospholipids. Then, liposomes were made with a composition resembling either the outer or inner mitochondrial membrane (OMM or IMM, respectively). We observed that HSPA9 has a higher affinity for IMM than OMM, which is consistent with the higher content of CL in the IMM. A comparison for the incorporation into POPS or CL liposomes by HSPA9 or HSPA1 indicated that both proteins behaved very similarly when exposed to CL liposomes, but differently with POPS liposomes, which was further corroborated by their susceptibility to proteinase K digestion after incorporation into liposomes. The measurement of thermodynamic parameters also showed that the interaction of both proteins with CL and POPS liposomes was different. Overall, our data showed that HSPA9 is prone to interact with membranes resembling the IMM that may be important for its role in the translocation of proteins into the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Dores-Silva
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Cauvi
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vanessa T R Kiraly
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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8
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Effect of disease-linked mutations on the structure, function, stability and aggregation of human carbonic anhydrase II. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:472-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Deuerling E, Gamerdinger M, Kreft SG. Chaperone Interactions at the Ribosome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033977. [PMID: 30833456 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous refreshment of the proteome is critical to maintain protein homeostasis and to adapt cells to changing conditions. Thus, de novo protein biogenesis by ribosomes is vitally important to every cellular system. This process is delicate and error-prone and requires, besides cytosolic chaperones, the guidance by a specialized set of molecular chaperones that bind transiently to the translation machinery and the nascent protein to support early folding events and to regulate cotranslational protein transport. These chaperones include the bacterial trigger factor (TF), the archaeal and eukaryotic nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), and the eukaryotic ribosome-associated complex (RAC). This review focuses on the structures, functions, and substrates of these ribosome-associated chaperones and highlights the most recent findings about their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Deuerling
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Gamerdinger
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan G Kreft
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Bourguignon N, Irazusta V, Isaac P, Estévez C, Maizel D, Ferrero MA. Identification of proteins induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and proposal of the phenanthrene catabolic pathway in Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:19-28. [PMID: 30878660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal and metabolic adaptation of Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259 were investigated. Analysis of one-dimensional gel electrophoresis of crude cell extracts revealed differential synthesis of proteins which were identified by MALDI-TOF. To elucidate the phenanthrene metabolic pathway in A. tucumanensis DSM45259, two-dimensional electrophoresis and detection of phenanthrene degradation intermediates by GS-MS were performed. The presence of aromatic substrates resulted in changes in the abundance of proteins involved in the metabolism of aromatic compounds, oxidative stress response, energy production and protein synthesis. The obtained results allowed us to clarify the phenanthrene catabolic pathway, by confirming the roles of several proteins involved in the degradation process and comprehensive adaptation. This may clear the way for more efficient engineering of bacteria in the direction of more effective bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bourguignon
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), Facultad Regional de Haédo, París 532, 1706 Haedo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Irazusta
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), CONICET-UNSa, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSa, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paula Isaac
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT Villa María), CONICET-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina Estévez
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI, CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniela Maizel
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Ferrero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI, CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
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11
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Olzscha H. Posttranslational modifications and proteinopathies: how guardians of the proteome are defeated. Biol Chem 2019; 400:895-915. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Protein folding is one of the fundamental processes in life and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Many cellular quality control systems are in place to ensure that proteostasis is optimally adjusted for a changing environment, facilitating protein folding, translocation and degradation. These systems include the molecular chaperones and the major protein degradation systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy. However, the capacity of the quality control systems can be exhausted and protein misfolding and aggregation, including the formation of amyloids, can occur as a result of ageing, mutations or exogenous influences. There are many known diseases in which protein misfolding and aggregation can be the underlying cause of the pathological condition; these are referred to as proteinopathies. Over the last decade, it has become clear that posttranslational modifications can govern and modulate protein folding, and that aberrant posttranslational modifications can cause or contribute to proteinopathies. This review provides an overview of protein folding and misfolding and the role of the major protein quality control systems. It focusses on different posttranslational modifications and gives examples of how these posttranslational modifications can alter protein folding and cause or accompany proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Olzscha
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie , Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Hollystr. 1 , D-06114 Halle/Saale , Germany
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12
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Mayer MP. Intra-molecular pathways of allosteric control in Hsp70s. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0183. [PMID: 29735737 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70) is undoubtedly the most versatile of all molecular chaperones. Hsp70 is involved in numerous cellular protein folding processes, accompanying proteins throughout their lifespan from de novo folding at the ribosome to degradation at the proteasome, surveilling protein stability and functionality. Several properties of this ATP-dependent chaperone constitute the molecular basis for this versatility. With its substrate binding domain (SBD), Hsp70 transiently interacts with a short degenerative linear sequence motif found practically in all proteins and, in addition, with more folded protein conformers. Binding to polypeptides is tightly regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis in the nucleotide binding domain, which is coupled to the SBD by an intricate allosteric mechanism. Hsp70 is regulated by a host of J-cochaperones, which act as targeting factors by regulating the ATPase activity of Hsp70 in synergism with the substrates themselves, and by several families of nucleotide exchange factors. In this review, I focus on the allosteric mechanism, which allows Hsp70s to interact with substrates with ultrahigh affinity through a non-equilibrium mode of action and summarize what mutagenesis and structural studies have taught us about the pathways and mechanics of interdomain communication.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Allostery and molecular machines'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Blasius E, Gülden E, Kolb H, Habich C, Burkart V. The Autoantigenic Proinsulin B-Chain Peptide B11-23 Synergises with the 70 kDa Heat Shock Protein DnaK in Macrophage Stimulation. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:4834673. [PMID: 30622969 PMCID: PMC6304834 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4834673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (Hsp) act as intracellular chaperones and in addition are used as adjuvant in vaccines of peptides complexed with recombinant Hsp. By interacting with autologous peptides, Hsp may promote the induction of autoimmune reactivity. OBJECTIVE Here, we analysed whether the effect of Hsp on macrophages is modulated by insulin peptides known to interact with Hsp. RESULTS Combinations of the 70 kDa Hsp DnaK with peptide B11-23 from the core region of the proinsulin B-chain induced the release of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-1β from cells of human and murine macrophage lines. In parallel, there was high-affinity binding of B11-23 to DnaK. DnaK mixed with peptides from other regions of the insulin molecule did not stimulate cytokine secretion. DnaK alone induced little cytokine production, and peptides alone induced none. CONCLUSION The macrophage-stimulating potential of Hsp70 family proteins when combined with the proinsulin B-chain peptide B11-23 may contribute to the immunodominance of this peptide in the development of beta cell-directed autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Blasius
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elke Gülden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Kolb
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- West German Center of Diabetes and Health, Düsseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, D-40591 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Habich
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Burkart
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Liu Y, Fares M, Dunham NP, Gao Z, Miao K, Jiang X, Bollinger SS, Boal AK, Zhang X. AgHalo: A Facile Fluorogenic Sensor to Detect Drug-Induced Proteome Stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Matthew Fares
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Noah P. Dunham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Kun Miao
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Xueyuan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Samuel S. Bollinger
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Amie K. Boal
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
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15
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Liu Y, Fares M, Dunham NP, Gao Z, Miao K, Jiang X, Bollinger SS, Boal AK, Zhang X. AgHalo: A Facile Fluorogenic Sensor to Detect Drug-Induced Proteome Stress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8672-8676. [PMID: 28557281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced proteome stress that involves protein aggregation may cause adverse effects and undermine the safety profile of a drug. Safety of drugs is regularly evaluated using cytotoxicity assays that measure cell death. However, these assays provide limited insights into the presence of proteome stress in live cells. A fluorogenic protein sensor is reported to detect drug-induced proteome stress prior to cell death. An aggregation prone Halo-tag mutant (AgHalo) was evolved to sense proteome stress through its aggregation. Detection of such conformational changes was enabled by a fluorogenic ligand that fluoresces upon AgHalo forming soluble aggregates. Using 5 common anticancer drugs, we exemplified detection of differential proteome stress before any cell death was observed. Thus, this sensor can be used to evaluate drug safety in a regime that the current cytotoxicity assays cannot cover and be generally applied to detect proteome stress induced by other toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Fares
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Noah P Dunham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xueyuan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Samuel S Bollinger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Amie K Boal
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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16
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Eberhardt F, Aguirre A, Menzella HG, Peiru S. Strain engineering and process optimization for enhancing the production of a thermostable steryl glucosidase in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:141-147. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodiesels produced from transesterification of vegetable oils have a major problem in quality due to the presence of precipitates, which are mostly composed of steryl glucosides (SGs). We have recently described an enzymatic method for the efficient removal of SGs from biodiesel, based on the activity of a thermostable β-glycosidase from Thermococcus litoralis. In the present work, we describe the development of an Escherichia coli-based expression system and a high cell density fermentation process. Strain and process engineering include the assessment of different promoters to drive the expression of a codon-optimized gene, the co-expression of molecular chaperones and the development of a high cell density fermentation process. A 200-fold increase in the production titers was achieved, which directly impacts on the costs of the industrial process for treating biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Eberhardt
- grid.10814.3c 0000000120973211 Genetic Engineering & Fermentation Technology, IPROByQ-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
| | - Andres Aguirre
- grid.10814.3c 0000000120973211 Genetic Engineering & Fermentation Technology, IPROByQ-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
- Keclon S.A. Tucuman 7180 2000 Rosario Argentina
| | - Hugo G Menzella
- grid.10814.3c 0000000120973211 Genetic Engineering & Fermentation Technology, IPROByQ-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
- Keclon S.A. Tucuman 7180 2000 Rosario Argentina
| | - Salvador Peiru
- grid.10814.3c 0000000120973211 Genetic Engineering & Fermentation Technology, IPROByQ-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
- Keclon S.A. Tucuman 7180 2000 Rosario Argentina
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17
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Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is one of the best-studied organisms. Due to the broad knowledge and annotation and the well-developed genetic system, this bacterium is an excellent starting point for genome minimization with the aim of constructing a minimal cell. We have analyzed the genome of B. subtilis and selected all genes that are required to allow life in complex medium at 37°C. This selection is based on the known information on essential genes and functions as well as on gene and protein expression data and gene conservation. The list presented here includes 523 and 119 genes coding for proteins and RNAs, respectively. These proteins and RNAs are required for the basic functions of life in information processing (replication and chromosome maintenance, transcription, translation, protein folding, and secretion), metabolism, cell division, and the integrity of the minimal cell. The completeness of the selected metabolic pathways, reactions, and enzymes was verified by the development of a model of metabolism of the minimal cell. A comparison of the MiniBacillus genome to the recently reported designed minimal genome of Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn3.0 indicates excellent agreement in the information-processing pathways, whereas each species has a metabolism that reflects specific evolution and adaptation. The blueprint of MiniBacillus presented here serves as the starting point for a successive reduction of the B. subtilis genome.
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18
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Mayer MP, Kityk R. Insights into the molecular mechanism of allostery in Hsp70s. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:58. [PMID: 26539440 PMCID: PMC4611139 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp70s chaperone an amazing number and variety of cellular protein folding processes. Key to their versatility is the recognition of a short degenerate sequence motif, present in practically all polypeptides, and a bidirectional allosteric intramolecular regulation mechanism linking their N-terminal nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and their C-terminal polypeptide substrate binding domain (SBD). Through this interdomain communication ATP binding to the NBD and ATP hydrolysis control the affinity of the SBD for polypeptide substrates and substrate binding to the SBD triggers ATP hydrolysis. Genetic screens for defective variants of Hsp70s and systematic analysis of available structures of the isolated domains revealed some residues involved in allosteric control. Recent elucidation of the crystal structure of the Hsp70 homolog DnaK in the ATP bound open conformation as well as numerous NMR and mutagenesis studies bring us closer to an understanding of the communication between NBD and SBD. In this review we will discuss our current view of the allosteric control mechanism of Hsp70 chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Mayer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roman Kityk
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Pathways of allosteric regulation in Hsp70 chaperones. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8308. [PMID: 26383706 PMCID: PMC4595643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to the protein folding activity of Hsp70 chaperones is their ability to interact with protein substrates in an ATP-controlled manner, which relies on allosteric regulation between their nucleotide-binding (NBD) and substrate-binding domains (SBD). Here we dissect this mechanism by analysing mutant variants of the Escherichia coli Hsp70 DnaK blocked at distinct steps of allosteric communication. We show that the SBD inhibits ATPase activity by interacting with the NBD through a highly conserved hydrogen bond network, and define the signal transduction pathway that allows bound substrates to trigger ATP hydrolysis. We identify variants deficient in only one direction of allosteric control and demonstrate that ATP-induced substrate release is more important for chaperone activity than substrate-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. These findings provide evidence of an unexpected dichotomic allostery mechanism in Hsp70 chaperones and provide the basis for a comprehensive mechanical model of allostery in Hsp70s. Hsp70 chaperones are essential for cellular proteostasis, and their function depends on allosteric communication between their nucleotide- and substrate-binding domains. Here, Kityk et al. provide a mechanical model of allostery and demonstrate that ATP-induced substrate release is more important for chaperone activity than substrate-stimulated ATP hydrolysis.
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20
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Tyagi N, Tyagi R. The wonderous chaperones: A highlight on therapeutics of cancer and potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:212-20. [PMID: 26604499 PMCID: PMC4611931 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.164535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse environmental and physiological factors are known to induce the transcription of a set of genes encoding special protective molecules known as "molecular chaperones" within our cells. Literature abounds in evidence regarding the varied roles; these "guides" can effectively perform in our system. Highly conserved through evolution, from the prokaryotes to the eukaryotes, these make perfect study tools for verifying their role in both the pathogenesis as well as the therapeutics of varied neurodegenerative, autoimmune and potentially malignant disorders and varied cancer states. We present a concise review of this ever dynamic molecule, highlighting the probable role in a potentially malignant disorder, oral lichen planus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Tyagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, NH-58, Kadrabad, Modinagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishi Tyagi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Delhi, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, New Delhi, India
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21
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Pei X, Wang Q, Meng L, Li J, Yang Z, Yin X, Yang L, Chen S, Wu J. Chaperones-assisted soluble expression and maturation of recombinant Co-type nitrile hydratase in Escherichia coli to avoid the need for a low induction temperature. J Biotechnol 2015; 203:9-16. [PMID: 25796588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is an important industrial enzyme that biosynthesizes high-value amides. However, most of NHases expressed in Escherichia coli easily aggregate to inactive inclusion bodies unless the induction temperature is reduced to approximately 20°C. The NHase from Aurantimonas manganoxydans has been functionally expressed in E. coli, and exhibits considerable potential for the production of nicotinamide in industrial application. In this study, the effects of chaperones including GroEL/ES, Dnak/J-GrpE and trigger factor on the expression of the recombinant Co-type NHase were investigated. The results indicate that three chaperones can significantly promote the active expression of the recombinant NHase at 30°C. The total NHase activities reached to 263 and 155U/ml in shake flasks when the NHase was co-expressed with GroEL/ES and DnaK/J-GrpE, which were 52- and 31-fold higher than the observed activities without chaperones, respectively. This increase is possibly due to the soluble expression of the recombinant NHase assisted by molecular chaperones. Furthermore, GroEL/ES and DnaK/J-GrpE were determined to promote the maturation of the Co-type NHase in E. coli under the absence of the parental activator gene. These knowledge regarding the chaperones effect on the NHase expression are useful for understanding the biosynthesis of Co-type NHase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Lijun Meng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, PR China
| | - Zhengfen Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, PR China
| | - Xiaopu Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, PR China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China.
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, PR China.
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22
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Sharma S, Mishra R, Walker BL, Deshmukh S, Zampino M, Patel J, Anamalai M, Simpson D, Singh IS, Kaushal S, Kaushal S. Celastrol, an oral heat shock activator, ameliorates multiple animal disease models of cell death. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:185-201. [PMID: 25300203 PMCID: PMC4255245 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostatic regulators have been shown to ameliorate single, loss-of-function protein diseases but not to treat broader animal disease models that may involve cell death. Diseases often trigger protein homeostatic instability that disrupts the delicate balance of normal cellular viability. Furthermore, protein homeostatic regulators have been delivered invasively and not with simple oral administration. Here, we report the potent homeostatic abilities of celastrol to promote cell survival, decrease inflammation, and maintain cellular homeostasis in three different disease models of apoptosis and inflammation involving hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes. We show that celastrol significantly recovers the left ventricular function and myocardial remodeling following models of acute myocardial infarction and doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by diminishing infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation. Celastrol prevents acute liver dysfunction and promotes hepatocyte survival after toxic doses of thioacetamide. Finally, we show that heat shock response (HSR) is necessary and sufficient for the recovery abilities of celastrol. Our observations may have dramatic clinical implications to ameliorate entire disease processes even after cellular injury initiation by using an orally delivered HSR activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhish Sharma
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Rachana Mishra
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Brandon L. Walker
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Savitha Deshmukh
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Manuela Zampino
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jay Patel
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Mani Anamalai
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - David Simpson
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ishwar S. Singh
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Shalesh Kaushal
- />Retina Specialty Institute, 6717 North 11th Place Suite C, Gainesville, FL 32605 USA
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- />Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 110 S. Paca Street, 7th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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23
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Li J, Gu L, Aach J, Church GM. Improved cell-free RNA and protein synthesis system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106232. [PMID: 25180701 PMCID: PMC4152126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free RNA and protein synthesis (CFPS) is becoming increasingly used for protein production as yields increase and costs decrease. Advances in reconstituted CFPS systems such as the Protein synthesis Using Recombinant Elements (PURE) system offer new opportunities to tailor the reactions for specialized applications including in vitro protein evolution, protein microarrays, isotopic labeling, and incorporating unnatural amino acids. In this study, using firefly luciferase synthesis as a reporter system, we improved PURE system productivity up to 5 fold by adding or adjusting a variety of factors that affect transcription and translation, including Elongation factors (EF-Ts, EF-Tu, EF-G, and EF4), ribosome recycling factor (RRF), release factors (RF1, RF2, RF3), chaperones (GroEL/ES), BSA and tRNAs. The work provides a more efficient defined in vitro transcription and translation system and a deeper understanding of the factors that limit the whole system efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liangcai Gu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Aach
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Shi Y, Shinjo M, Zhou JM, Kihara H. Structural stability of E. coli trigger factor studied by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. Biophys Chem 2014; 195:1-7. [PMID: 25133354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an effective technique for quantitatively measuring the compactness and shape of proteins. We use SAXS to study the structural characteristics and unfolding transitions induced by urea for full length Escherichia coli trigger factor (TF) and a series of truncation mutants, obtaining and comparing the radiuses of gyration (Rg), the distance-distribution function (P(r) function) and integrated intensity of TF variants in native and unfolding states. The C-terminal 72-residue truncated mutant TF360 exhibited dramatic structural differences and reduced stability compared with the whole TF molecule, while the N-domain truncated mutant MC maintained its compact structure with reduced stability. These results indicate that the C-terminal region of TF plays an important role in the structural and conformational stabilities of the TF molecule, while the N-domain is relatively independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Masaji Shinjo
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Jun-Mei Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shin-Machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan.
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25
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Functional expression of hepassocin in Escherichia coli using SUMO fusion partner and molecular chaperones. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Di XJ, Han DY, Wang YJ, Chance MR, Mu TW. SAHA enhances Proteostasis of epilepsy-associated α1(A322D)β2γ2 GABA(A) receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1456-68. [PMID: 24211135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors are the primary inhibitory ion channels in the mammalian central nervous system. The A322D mutation in the α1 subunit of GABA(A) receptors is known to result in its degradation and reduce its cell surface expression, leading to loss of GABAA receptor function in autosomal dominant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Here, we show that SAHA, a FDA-approved drug, increases the transcription of the α1(A322D) subunit, enhances its folding and trafficking posttranslationally, increases its cell surface level, and restores the GABA-induced maximal current in HEK293 cells expressing α1(A322D)β2γ2 receptors to 10% of that for wild-type receptors. To enhance the trafficking efficiency of the α1(A322D) subunit, SAHA increases the BiP protein level and the interaction between the α1(A322D) subunit and calnexin. SAHA is a drug that enhances epilepsy-associated GABAA receptor proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Di
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dong-Yun Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark R Chance
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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27
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The association of SNPs in Hsp90β gene 5' flanking region with thermo tolerance traits and tissue mRNA expression in two chicken breeds. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5295-306. [PMID: 23793829 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermo stress induces heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression and HSP90 family is one of them that has been reported to involve in cellular protection against heat stress. But whether there is any association of genetic variation in the Hsp90β gene in chicken with thermo tolerance is still unknown. Direct sequencing was used to detect possible SNPs in Hsp90β gene 5' flanking region in 3 chicken breeds (n = 663). Six mutations, among which 2 SNPs were chosen and genotypes were analyzed with PCR-RFLP method, were found in Hsp90β gene in these 3 chicken breeds. Association analysis indicated that SNP of C.-141G>A in the 5' flanking region of the Hsp90β gene in chicken had some effect on thermo tolerance traits, which may be a potential molecular marker of thermo tolerance, and the genotype GG was the thermo tolerance genotype. Hsp90β gene mRNA expression in different tissues detected by quantitative real-time PCR assay were demonstrated to be tissue dependent, implying that different tissues have distinct sensibilities to thermo stress. Besides, it was shown time specific and varieties differences. The expression of Hsp90β mRNA in Lingshan chickens in some tissues including heart, liver, brain and spleen were significantly higher or lower than that of White Recessive Rock (WRR). In this study, we presume that these mutations could be used in marker assisted selection for anti-heat stress chickens in our breeding program, and WRR were vulnerable to tropical thermo stress whereas Lingshan chickens were well adapted.
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Abstract
To gain insight into the interplay of processes and species that maintain a correctly folded, functional proteome, we have developed a computational model called FoldEco. FoldEco models the cellular proteostasis network of the E. coli cytoplasm, including protein synthesis, degradation, aggregation, chaperone systems, and the folding characteristics of protein clients. We focused on E. coli because much of the needed input information--including mechanisms, rate parameters, and equilibrium coefficients--is available, largely from in vitro experiments; however, FoldEco will shed light on proteostasis in other organisms. FoldEco can generate hypotheses to guide the design of new experiments. Hypothesis generation leads to system-wide questions and shows how to convert these questions to experimentally measurable quantities, such as changes in protein concentrations with chaperone or protease levels, which can then be used to improve our current understanding of proteostasis and refine the model. A web version of FoldEco is available at http://foldeco.scripps.edu.
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Formation of covalently modified folding intermediates of simian virus 40 Vp1 in large T antigen-expressing cells. J Virol 2013; 87:5053-64. [PMID: 23427157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding and pentamer assembly of the simian virus 40 (SV40) major capsid protein Vp1, which take place in the infected cytoplasm, have been shown to progress through disulfide-bonded Vp1 folding intermediates. In this report, we further demonstrate the existence of another category of Vp1 folding or assembly intermediates: the nonreducible, covalently modified mdVp1s. These species were present in COS-7 cells that expressed a recombinant SV40 Vp1, Vp1ΔC, through plasmid transfection. The mdVp1s persisted under cell and lysate treatment and SDS-PAGE conditions that are expected to have suppressed the formation of artifactual disulfide cross-links. As shown through a pulse-chase analysis, the mdVp1s were derived from the newly synthesized Vp1ΔC in the same time frame as Vp1's folding and oligomerization. The apparent covalent modifications occurred in the cytoplasm within the core region of Vp1 and depended on the coexpression of the SV40 large T antigen (LT) in the cells. Analogous covalently modified species were found with the expression of recombinant polyomavirus Vp1s and human papillomavirus L1s in COS-7 cells. Furthermore, the mdVp1s formed multiprotein complexes with LT, Hsp70, and Hsp40, and a fraction of the largest mdVp1, md4, was disulfide linked to the unmodified Vp1ΔC. Both mdVp1 formation and most of the multiprotein complex formation were blocked by a Vp1 folding mutation, C87A-C254A. Our observations are consistent with a role for LT in facilitating the folding process of SV40 Vp1 by stimulating certain covalent modifications of Vp1 or by recruiting certain cellular proteins.
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Ong DST, Wang YJ, Tan YL, Yates JR, Mu TW, Kelly JW. FKBP10 depletion enhances glucocerebrosidase proteostasis in Gaucher disease fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:403-15. [PMID: 23434032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are often caused by mutations compromising lysosomal enzyme folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to degradation and loss of function. Mass spectrometry analysis of Gaucher fibroblasts treated with mechanistically distinct molecules that increase LSD enzyme folding, trafficking, and function resulted in the identification of nine commonly downregulated and two jointly upregulated proteins, which we hypothesized would be critical proteostasis network components for ameliorating loss-of-function diseases. LIMP-2 and FK506 binding protein 10 (FKBP10) were validated as such herein. Increased FKBP10 levels accelerated mutant glucocerebrosidase degradation over folding and trafficking, whereas decreased ER FKBP10 concentration led to more LSD enzyme partitioning into the calnexin profolding pathway, enhancing folding and activity to levels thought to ameliorate LSDs. Thus, targeting FKBP10 appears to be a heretofore unrecognized therapeutic strategy to ameliorate LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Experimental Medicine and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zhang J, Wang K, Guo Y, Shi Q, Tian C, Chen C, Gao C, Zhang BY, Dong XP. Heat shock protein 70 selectively mediates the degradation of cytosolic PrPs and restores the cytosolic PrP-induced cytotoxicity via a molecular interaction. Virol J 2012; 9:303. [PMID: 23216755 PMCID: PMC3544727 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the aggregation of PrPSc is thought to be crucial for the neuropathology of prion diseases, there is evidence in cultured cells and transgenic mice that neuronal death can be triggered by the accumulation of cytosolic PrPs, leading to the hypothesis that the accumulation of PrPs in the cytosol of neurons may be a primary neurotoxic culprit. Hsp70, a molecular chaperone involved in protein folding/refolding and degradation in the cytoplasm, has a protective effect in some models of neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, but its role in prion diseases remains unclear. Results To study the role of Hsp70 in prion diseases, we used immunoprecipitation to first identify a molecular interaction between Hsp70 and PrPs. Using immunofluorescence, we found that Hsp70 colocalized with cytosolic PrPs in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with plasmids for Cyto-PrP and PG14-PrP but not with wild-type PG5-PrP or endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retained PrPs (3AV-PrP and ER-PrP). Using western blot analysis and apoptosis assays of cultured cells, we found that the overexpression of Hsp70 by transfection or the activation of Hsp70 by geldanamycin selectively mediated the degradation of cytosolic PrPs and restored cytosolic PrP-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, we found that Hsp70 levels were up-regulated in cells expressing Cyto-PrP and in hamster brains infected with the scrapie agent 263K. Conclusion These data imply that Hsp70 has central role in the metabolism of cytosolic PrPs
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP), a well-known mucocutaneous lesion has been the center of debate regarding its obscure etiopathogenesis. Recent highlight has been placed on the role of autoimmunity and a sect of constitutional molecules, the native chaperones HSP70, proposed to be important in the onset and progress of disease. Aim: To substantiate a potential role of HSP70 in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Settings and Design: The study involved immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses in a laboratory under monitored conditions. It was a retrospective study on clinically and histopathologically confirmed specimens. Materials and Methods: 30 samples of confirmed cases of OLP were selected and grouped on the basis of the thickness of the epithelial layer into atrophic, normal (classical) and acanthotic. An immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of HSP70 protein was done, followed by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the stained layers. Statistical Analyses: A Z test was performed to estimate the difference observed between two sample proportions. The statistics was given at 1% level of significance i.e. P<0.01. Results: An increased expression of HSP70 was noted in the basal and suprabasal cells of the epithelium of OLP. A higher count and intensity of HSP70 expression was seen in the basal layer of the epithelium. Greater expression was noted in the epithelium of the atrophic group. Conclusion: The expression pattern of HSP70 positively implicates it in the pathogenesis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Tyagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, IDST Dental College, NH-58, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Preissler S, Deuerling E. Ribosome-associated chaperones as key players in proteostasis. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37:274-83. [PMID: 22503700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
De novo protein folding is delicate and error-prone and requires the guidance of molecular chaperones. Besides cytosolic and organelle-specific chaperones, cells have evolved ribosome-associated chaperones that support early folding events and prevent misfolding and aggregation. This class of chaperones includes the bacterial trigger factor (TF), the archaeal and eukaryotic nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) and specialized eukaryotic heat shock protein (Hsp) 70/40 chaperones. This review focuses on the cellular activities of ribosome-associated chaperones and highlights new findings indicating additional functions beyond de novo folding. These activities include the assembly of oligomeric complexes, such as ribosomes, modulation of translation and targeting of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Preissler
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Ohsfeldt E, Huang SH, Baycin-Hizal D, Kristoffersen L, Le TMT, Li E, Hristova K, Betenbaugh MJ. Increased expression of the integral membrane proteins EGFR and FGFR3 in anti-apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:155-62. [PMID: 23586824 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have a vital role in many cellular functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic research. In this study, we investigated the coexpression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) with model membrane proteins as a means of increasing membrane protein expression in mammalian cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing heterologous Bcl-x(L) and wild-type CHO cells were transfected with either epidermal growth factor receptor or fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines showed increased expression of both RTK proteins as compared with the wild-type CHO cell lines in transient expression analysis, as detected by Western blot and flow cytometry after 15 days of antibiotic selection in stable expression pools. Increased expression was also seen in clonal isolates from the CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines, whereas the clonal cell line expression was minimal in wild-type CHO cell lines. Our results demonstrate that application of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) can increase expression of RTK proteins in CHO cells. This approach may be applied to improve stable expression of other membrane proteins in the future using mammalian cell lines with Bcl-x(L) or perhaps other anti-apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ohsfeldt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Bernhardt GA, Zollner G, Cerwenka H, Kornprat P, Fickert P, Bacher H, Werkgartner G, Müller G, Zatloukal K, Mischinger HJ, Trauner M. Hepatobiliary transporter expression and post-operative jaundice in patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. Liver Int 2012; 32:119-27. [PMID: 22098322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Post-operative hyperbilirubinaemia in patients undergoing liver resections is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Apart from different known factors responsible for the development of post-operative jaundice, little is known about the role of hepatobiliary transport systems in the pathogenesis of post-operative jaundice in humans after liver resection. METHODS Two liver tissue samples were taken from 14 patients undergoing liver resection before and after Pringle manoeuvre. Patients were retrospectively divided into two groups according to post-operative bilirubin serum levels. The two groups were analysed comparing the results of hepatobiliary transporter [Na-taurocholate cotransporter (NTCP); multidrug resistance gene/phospholipid export pump(MDR3); bile salt export pump (BSEP); canalicular bile salt export pump (MRP2)], heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression as well as the results of routinely taken post-operative liver chemistry tests. RESULTS Patients with low post-operative bilirubin had lower levels of NTCP, MDR3 and BSEP mRNA compared to those with high bilirubin after Pringle manoeuvre. HSP70 levels were significantly higher after ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in both groups resulting in 4.5-fold median increase. Baseline median mRNA expression of all four transporters prior to Pringle manoeuvre tended to be lower in the low bilirubin group whereas expression of HSP70 was higher in the low bilirubin group compared to the high bilirubin group. DISCUSSION Higher mRNA levels of HSP70 in the low bilirubin group could indicate a possible protective effect of high HSP70 levels against IR injury. Although the exact role of hepatobiliary transport systems in the development of post-operative hyper bilirubinemia is not yet completely understood, this study provides new insights into the molecular aspects of post-operative jaundice after liver surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwin A Bernhardt
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Gidalevitz T, Prahlad V, Morimoto RI. The stress of protein misfolding: from single cells to multicellular organisms. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a009704. [PMID: 21536706 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organisms survive changes in the environment by altering their rates of metabolism, growth, and reproduction. At the same time, the system must ensure the stability and functionality of its macromolecules. Fluctuations in the environment are sensed by highly conserved stress responses and homeostatic mechanisms, and of these, the heat shock response (HSR) represents an essential response to acute and chronic proteotoxic damage. However, unlike the strategies employed to maintain the integrity of the genome, protection of the proteome must be tailored to accommodate the normal flux of nonnative proteins and the differences in protein composition between cells, and among individuals. Moreover, adult cells are likely to have significant differences in the rates of synthesis and clearance that are influenced by intrinsic errors in protein expression, genetic polymorphisms, and fluctuations in physiological and environmental conditions. Here, we will address how protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is achieved at the level of the cell and organism, and how the threshold of the stress response is set to detect and combat protein misfolding. For metazoans, the requirement for coordinated function and growth imposes additional constraints on the detection, signaling, and response to misfolding, and requires that the HSR is integrated into various aspects of organismal physiology, such as lifespan. This is achieved by hierarchical regulation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) by the metabolic state of the cell and centralized neuronal control that could allow optimal resource allocation between cells and tissues. We will examine how protein folding quality control mechanisms in individual cells may be integrated into a multicellular level of control, and further, even custom-designed to support individual variability and impose additional constraints on evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gidalevitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Shuo-shuo C, Xue-zheng L, Ji-hong S. Effects of co-expression of molecular chaperones on heterologous soluble expression of the cold-active lipase Lip-948. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 77:166-72. [PMID: 21272645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cold-active lipase gene Lip-948, cloned from Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. G, was ligated into plasmid pColdI. The recombinant plasmid pColdI+Lip-948 was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that there was substantive expression of lipase LIP-948 in E. coli with a yield of about 39% of total protein, most of which was present in the inclusion body. The soluble protein LIP-948 only consisted of 1.7% of total LIP-948 with a specific activity of 66.51U/mg. Co-expression of molecular chaperones with the pColdI+Lip-948 were also carried out. The results showed that co-expression of different chaperones led to an increase or decrease in the formation of soluble LIP-948 in varying degrees. Co-expression of pColdI+Lip-948 with chaperone pTf16 and pGro7 decreased the amount of soluble LIP-948, while the soluble expression was enhanced when pColdI+Lip-948 was co-expressed with "chaperone team" plasmids (pKJE7, pG-Tf2, pG-KJE8), respectively. LIP-948 was most efficiently expressed in soluble form when it was co-expressed with pG-KJE8, which was up to 19.8% of intracellular soluble proteins and with a specific activity of 108.77U/mg. The soluble LIP-948 was purified with amylase affinity chromatography and its enzymatic characters were studied. The optimal temperature and pH of LIP-948 was 35°C and 8, respectively. The activity of LIP-948 dropped dramatically after incubation at 50°C for 15min and was enhanced by Sr(2+), Ca(2+). It preferentially hydrolyzed 4-nitrophenyl esters with the shorter carbon chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Shuo-shuo
- First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, China
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38
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Abstract
Over five decades of research have yielded a large body of information on how purified proteins attain their native state when refolded in the test tube, starting from a chemically or thermally denatured state. Nevertheless, we still know little about how proteins fold and unfold in their natural biological habitat: the living cell. Indeed, a variety of cellular components, including molecular chaperones, the ribosome, and crowding of the intracellular medium, modulate folding mechanisms in physiologically relevant environments. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge in protein folding in the cell with emphasis on the early stage of a protein's life, as the nascent polypeptide traverses and emerges from the ribosomal tunnel. Given the vectorial nature of ribosome-assisted translation, the transient degree of chain elongation becomes a relevant variable expected to affect nascent protein foldability, aggregation propensity and extent of interaction with chaperones and the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Fedyukina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Richter K, Haslbeck M, Buchner J. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol Cell 2010; 40:253-66. [PMID: 20965420 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organisms must survive a variety of stressful conditions, including sudden temperature increases that damage important cellular structures and interfere with essential functions. In response to heat stress, cells activate an ancient signaling pathway leading to the transient expression of heat shock or heat stress proteins (Hsps). Hsps exhibit sophisticated protection mechanisms, and the most conserved Hsps are molecular chaperones that prevent the formation of nonspecific protein aggregates and assist proteins in the acquisition of their native structures. In this Review, we summarize the concepts of the protective Hsp network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Richter
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Chemical and/or biological therapeutic strategies to ameliorate protein misfolding diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 23:231-8. [PMID: 21146391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inheriting a mutant misfolding-prone protein that cannot be efficiently folded in a given cell type(s) results in a spectrum of human loss-of-function misfolding diseases. The inability of the biological protein maturation pathways to adapt to a specific misfolding-prone protein also contributes to pathology. Chemical and biological therapeutic strategies are presented that restore protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, either by enhancing the biological capacity of the proteostasis network or through small molecule stabilization of a specific misfolding-prone protein. Herein, we review the recent literature on therapeutic strategies to ameliorate protein misfolding diseases that function through either of these mechanisms, or a combination thereof, and provide our perspective on the promise of alleviating protein misfolding diseases by taking advantage of proteostasis adaptation.
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Gupta R, Lakshmipathy SK, Chang HC, Etchells SA, Hartl FU. Trigger factor lacking the PPIase domain can enhance the folding of eukaryotic multi-domain proteins in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3620-4. [PMID: 20659464 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant expression of eukaryotic proteins in bacteria often results in misfolding and aggregation. The ribosome-binding Trigger factor (TF) is the first molecular chaperone that interacts with nascent polypeptide chains in bacteria. Here we show that mutant TF lacking the PPIase domain (TFNC) is more efficient than wild-type TF in enhancing the folding yield of multi-domain proteins such as firefly luciferase. We find that TFNC has a shorter residence time on nascent chains, thus facilitating co-translational folding. By delaying folding relative to translation, the PPIase domain may increase the propensity of misfolding for certain eukaryotic proteins that rely on a mechanism of co-translational, domain-wise folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Eremenko EM, Antimonova OI, Shekalova OG, Polonik SG, Margulis BA, Guzhova IV. Novel compounds that increase expression of Hsp70 and its biological activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x10030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ong DST, Mu TW, Palmer AE, Kelly JW. Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ increases enhance mutant glucocerebrosidase proteostasis. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:424-32. [PMID: 20453863 PMCID: PMC2873071 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Altering intracellular calcium levels is known to partially restore mutant enzyme homeostasis in several lysosomal storage diseases, but why? We hypothesize that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium level increases enhance the folding, trafficking and function of these mutant misfolding/degradation-prone lysosomal enzymes by increasing chaperone function. Herein, we report that increasing ER calcium levels by reducing ER calcium efflux through the ryanodine receptor (antagonists or RNAi) or by promoting ER calcium influx by SERCA2b overexpression enhances mutant glucocerebrosidase (GC) homeostasis in Gaucher’s disease patient-derived cells. Post-translational regulation of the calnexin folding pathway by increasing the ER calcium concentration appears to enhance the capacity of this chaperone system to fold mutant misfolding-prone enzymes, increasing the folded mutant GC population that can engage the trafficking receptor at the expense of ER-associated degradation, increasing the lysosomal GC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Cotranslational structure acquisition of nascent polypeptides monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9111-6. [PMID: 20439768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding of proteins in living cells may start during their synthesis when the polypeptides emerge gradually at the ribosomal exit tunnel. However, our current understanding of cotranslational folding processes at the atomic level is limited. We employed NMR spectroscopy to monitor the conformation of the SH3 domain from alpha-spectrin at sequential stages of elongation via in vivo ribosome-arrested (15)N,(13)C-labeled nascent polypeptides. These nascent chains exposed either the entire SH3 domain or C-terminally truncated segments thereof, thus providing snapshots of the translation process. We show that nascent SH3 polypeptides remain unstructured during elongation but fold into a compact, native-like beta-sheet assembly when the entire sequence information is available. Moreover, the ribosome neither imposes major conformational constraints nor significantly interacts with exposed unfolded nascent SH3 domain moieties. Our data provide evidence for a domainwise folding of the SH3 domain on ribosomes without significant population of folding intermediates. The domain follows a thermodynamically favorable pathway in which sequential folding units are stabilized, thus avoiding kinetic traps during the process of cotranslational folding.
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Gerner C, Haudek V, Schandl U, Bayer E, Gundacker N, Hutter HP, Mosgoeller W. Increased protein synthesis by cells exposed to a 1,800-MHz radio-frequency mobile phone electromagnetic field, detected by proteome profiling. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 83:691-702. [PMID: 20145945 PMCID: PMC2902737 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether or not low intensity radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure (RF-EME) associated with mobile phone use can affect human cells, we used a sensitive proteome analysis method to study changes in protein synthesis in cultured human cells. Methods Four different cell kinds were exposed to 2 W/kg specific absorption rate in medium containing 35S-methionine/cysteine, and autoradiography of 2D gel spots was used to measure the increased synthesis of individual proteins. Results While short-term RF-EME did not significantly alter the proteome, an 8-h exposure caused a significant increase in protein synthesis in Jurkat T-cells and human fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent in activated primary human mononuclear cells. Quiescent (metabolically inactive) mononuclear cells, did not detectably respond to RF-EME. Since RF exposure induced a temperature increase of less than 0.15°C, we suggest that the observed cellular response is a so called “athermal” effect of RF-EME. Conclusion Our finding of an association between metabolic activity and the observed cellular reaction to low intensity RF-EME may reconcile conflicting results of previous studies. We further postulate that the observed increased protein synthesis reflects an increased rate of protein turnover stemming from protein folding problems caused by the interference of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields with hydrogen bonds. Our observations do not directly imply a health risk. However, vis-a-vis a synopsis of reports on cells stress and DNA breaks, after short and longer exposure, on active and inactive cells, our findings may contribute to the re-evaluation of previous reports. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0513-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gerner
- Department Med.-1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Varela C, Mauriaca C, Paradela A, Albar JP, Jerez CA, Chávez FP. New structural and functional defects in polyphosphate deficient bacteria: a cellular and proteomic study. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:7. [PMID: 20067623 PMCID: PMC2817675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of tens or hundreds of phosphate residues linked by ATP-like bonds, is found in all organisms and performs a wide variety of functions. PolyP is synthesized in bacterial cells by the actions of polyphosphate kinases (PPK1 and PPK2) and degraded by exopolyphosphatase (PPX). Bacterial cells with polyP deficiencies due to knocking out the ppk1 gene are affected in many structural and important cellular functions such as motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence among others. The cause of this pleiotropy is not entirely understood. Results The overexpression of exopolyphosphatase in bacteria mimicked some pleitropic defects found in ppk1 mutants. By using this approach we found new structural and functional defects in the polyP-accumulating bacteria Pseudomonas sp. B4, which are most likely due to differences in the polyP-removal strategy. Colony morphology phenotype, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure changes and cellular division malfunction were observed. Finally, we used comparative proteomics in order to elucidate the cellular adjustments that occurred during polyP deficiency in this bacterium and found some clues that helped to understand the structural and functional defects observed. Conclusions The results obtained suggest that during polyP deficiency energy metabolism and particularly nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) formation were affected and that bacterial cells overcame this problem by increasing the flux of energy-generating metabolic pathways such as tricarboxilic acid (TCA) cycle, β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation and by reducing energy-consuming ones such as active transporters and amino acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, our results suggest that a general stress response also took place in the cell during polyP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Varela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology & Millennium Institute of Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Suzuki Y, Minami M, Suzuki M, Abe K, Zenno S, Tsujimoto M, Matsumoto K, Minami Y. The Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin abrogates colocalization of eIF4E and eIF4E-transporter into stress granules and association of eIF4E with eIF4G. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:35597-604. [PMID: 19850929 PMCID: PMC2790990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E plays a critical role in the control of translation initiation through binding to the mRNA 5' cap structure. eIF4E is also a component of processing bodies and stress granules, which are two types of cytoplasmic RNA granule in which translationally inactivated mRNAs accumulate. We found that treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin leads to a substantial reduction in the number of HeLa cells that contain processing bodies. In contrast, stress granules are not disrupted but seem to be only partially affected by the inhibition of Hsp90. However, it is striking that eIF4E as well as its binding partner eIF4E transporter (4E-T), which mediates the import of eIF4E into the nucleus, are obviously lost from stress granules. Furthermore, the amount of eIF4G that is associated with the cap via eIF4E is reduced by geldanamycin treatment. Thus, the chaperone activity of Hsp90 probably contributes to the correct localization of eIF4E and 4E-T to stress granules and also to the interaction between eIF4E and eIF4G, both of which may be needed for eIF4E to acquire the physiological functionality that underlies the mechanism of translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Suzuki
- From the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657
| | - Michiko Minami
- the Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 1-1-4 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501
| | - Miho Suzuki
- the Department of Natural and Environmental Science, Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, 1-1-4 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501
| | - Keiko Abe
- From the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657
| | - Shuhei Zenno
- the Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-cho, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816
| | - Masafumi Tsujimoto
- the Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, and
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- the Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, and
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Minami
- the Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori-cho, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816
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Abstract
Redox regulation of stress proteins, such as molecular chaperones, guarantees an immediate response to oxidative stress conditions. This review focuses on the two major classes of redox-regulated chaperones, Hsp33 in bacteria and typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in eukaryotes. Both proteins employ redox-sensitive cysteines, whose oxidation status directly controls their affinity for unfolding proteins and therefore their chaperone function. We will first discuss Hsp33, whose oxidative stress-induced disulfide bond formation triggers the partial unfolding of the chaperone, which, in turn, leads to the exposure of a high-affinity binding site for unfolded proteins. This rapid mode of activation makes Hsp33 essential for protecting bacteria against severe oxidative stress conditions, such as hypochlorite (i.e., bleach) treatment, which leads to widespread protein unfolding and aggregation. We will compare Hsp33 to the highly abundant eukaryotic typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, whose oxidative stress-induced sulfinic acid formation turns the peroxidase into a molecular chaperone in vitro and presumably in vivo. These examples illustrate how proteins use reversible cysteine modifications to rapidly adjust to oxidative stress conditions and demonstrate that redox regulation plays a vital role in protecting organisms against reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kumsta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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An atlas of chaperone-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: implications to protein folding pathways in the cell. Mol Syst Biol 2009; 5:275. [PMID: 19536198 PMCID: PMC2710862 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2009.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are known to be involved in many cellular functions, however, a detailed and comprehensive overview of the interactions between chaperones and their cofactors and substrates is still absent. Systematic analysis of physical TAP-tag based protein–protein interactions of all known 63 chaperones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been carried out. These chaperones include seven small heat-shock proteins, three members of the AAA+ family, eight members of the CCT/TRiC complex, six members of the prefoldin/GimC complex, 22 Hsp40s, 1 Hsp60, 14 Hsp70s, and 2 Hsp90s. Our analysis provides a clear distinction between chaperones that are functionally promiscuous and chaperones that are functionally specific. We found that a given protein can interact with up to 25 different chaperones during its lifetime in the cell. The number of interacting chaperones was found to increase with the average number of hydrophobic stretches of length between one and five in a given protein. Importantly, cellular hot spots of chaperone interactions are elucidated. Our data suggest the presence of endogenous multicomponent chaperone modules in the cell.
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McHaourab HS, Godar JA, Stewart PL. Structure and mechanism of protein stability sensors: chaperone activity of small heat shock proteins. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3828-37. [PMID: 19323523 DOI: 10.1021/bi900212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSP) make up a remarkably diverse group of molecular chaperones possessing a degree of structural plasticity unparalleled in other protein superfamilies. In the absence of chemical energy input, these stability sensors can sensitively recognize and bind destabilized proteins, even in the absence of gross misfolding. Cellular conditions regulate affinity toward client proteins, allowing tightly controlled switching and tuning of sHSP chaperone capacity. Perturbations of this regulation, through chemical modification or mutation, directly lead to a variety of disease states. This review explores the structural basis of sHSP oligomeric flexibility and the corresponding functional consequences in the context of a model describing sHSP activity with a set of three coupled thermodynamic equilibria. As current research illuminates many novel physiological roles for sHSP outside of their traditional duties as molecular chaperones, such a conceptual framework provides a sound foundation for describing these emerging functions in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane S McHaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0615, USA.
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