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de Oliveira J. The role of cognitive restraint savings and the safety of ketogenic weight loss interventions. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2024; 70:e20231505. [PMID: 38716951 PMCID: PMC11068389 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20231505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
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Nutter S, Eggerichs LA, Nagpal TS, Ramos Salas X, Chin Chea C, Saiful S, Ralston J, Barata-Cavalcanti O, Batz C, Baur LA, Birney S, Bryant S, Buse K, Cardel MI, Chugh A, Cuevas A, Farmer M, Ibrahim A, Kataria I, Kotz C, Kyle T, le Brocq S, Mooney V, Mullen C, Nadglowski J, Neveux M, Papapietro K, Powis J, Puhl RM, Rea Ruanova B, Saunders JF, Stanford FC, Stephen O, Tham KW, Urudinachi A, Vejar-Renteria L, Walwyn D, Wilding J, Yusop S. Changing the global obesity narrative to recognize and reduce weight stigma: A position statement from the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13642. [PMID: 37846179 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Weight stigma, defined as pervasive misconceptions and stereotypes associated with higher body weight, is both a social determinant of health and a human rights issue. It is imperative to consider how weight stigma may be impeding health promotion efforts on a global scale. The World Obesity Federation (WOF) convened a global working group of practitioners, researchers, policymakers, youth advocates, and individuals with lived experience of obesity to consider the ways that global obesity narratives may contribute to weight stigma. Specifically, the working group focused on how overall obesity narratives, food and physical activity narratives, and scientific and public-facing language may contribute to weight stigma. The impact of weight stigma across the lifespan was also considered. Taking a global perspective, nine recommendations resulted from this work for global health research and health promotion efforts that can help to reduce harmful obesity narratives, both inside and outside health contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura A Eggerichs
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taniya S Nagpal
- Department of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ximena Ramos Salas
- Replica Communications, Kristianstad, Sweden
- Obesity Canada, Edmonton, Canada
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, UK
| | - Christine Chin Chea
- Internal and Obesity Medicine, University of the West Indies School of Clinical Medicine and Research, Nassau, Bahamas
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Batz
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susie Birney
- Irish Coalition for People Living with Obesity, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sheree Bryant
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, UK
| | - Kent Buse
- George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle I Cardel
- WW International, Inc., Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ada Cuevas
- Advanced Center for Metabolic Medicine and Nutrition (CAMMYN), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Allison Ibrahim
- Educational Consultant and Patient Advocate, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ishu Kataria
- Center for Global Noncommunicable Diseases, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, and the Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Care, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ted Kyle
- ConscienHealth, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara le Brocq
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK
| | - Vicki Mooney
- European Coalition for People Living with Obesity, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Mullen
- Health Consumers' Council WA, Mount Lawley, Australia
| | | | | | - Karin Papapietro
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico de La Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rebecca M Puhl
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jessica F Saunders
- Psychology Convening Group, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fatima Cody Stanford
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ogweno Stephen
- Global Health Medicine And Health, Faculty of Biology, University Of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kwang Wei Tham
- Singapore Association for the Study of Obesity, Singapore
| | | | - Lesly Vejar-Renteria
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - John Wilding
- World Obesity Federation, London, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Siegenthaler P, Aegerter T, Fahr A. A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Parasocial Relationships and Breakups With Characters of a Health-Related TV Show on Self-Efficacy and Exercise Behavior: The Case of The Biggest Loser. COMMUNICATION & SPORT 2023; 11:744-769. [PMID: 37426744 PMCID: PMC10326891 DOI: 10.1177/21674795211045039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Overweight is one of the major health-related challenges in industrialized countries and mostly preventable through a healthy diet and regular engagement in physical activity. Health communication practitioners and researchers, therefore, started using the media's persuasive potential by creating entertainment-education (E-E) programs that promote healthy nutrition and exercise. By observing the characters in E-E programs, audience members can learn vicariously and eventually develop personal bonds with them. The current study investigates the effects of parasocial relationships (PSRs) with characters of a health-related E-E show, as well as the impact of parasocial breakups (PSBUs) on health-relevant outcomes. Using the setting of the show The Biggest Loser (TBL), we conducted a quasi-experimental longitudinal field study. Participants (N = 149) watched shortened episodes of the show once a week for 5 weeks. Results showed that PSRs with the reality TV characters did not increase over time and after repeated exposure. Findings furthermore suggest that PSR did not influence self-efficacy perceptions or exercise behavior over time. Parasocial breakup distress intensity was neither related to self-efficacy nor to exercise behavior. Interpretations of these findings and implications for better understanding the effects of PSRs and PSBUs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perina Siegenthaler
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Aegerter
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Fahr
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Kim S, Choi SI, Valentini C, Badham M, Jin Y. How Motivation to Reduce Uncertainty Predicts COVID-19 Behavioral
Responses: Strategic Health Communication Insights for Managing an Ongoing
Pandemic. THE AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST 2023:00027642231164051. [PMCID: PMC10119663 DOI: 10.1177/00027642231164051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
During highly uncertain times such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is vital to understand and predict individuals’ responses to governments’ crisis and risk communication. This study draws on the Orientation-Stimulus-Orientation-Response (O-S-O-R) model to examine (1) whether uncertainty reduction motivation (a pre-orientation factor) drove Americans to turn to traditional news media and/or social media (stimuli) to obtain COVID-19 information; (2) if these media preferences shaped their COVID-19 knowledge, cognitive information vetting, and trust in government communication (post-orientation factors); and finally (3) whether these factors contributed to their intended and actual behaviors (responses), such as getting vaccinated. Thus, this study explores how multiple communicative and cognitive mechanisms contribute to public compliance with government health recommendations during a pandemic. Mediation analyses showed positive indirect effects between uncertainty reduction motivation and behavioral outcomes via use of social media (in relation to traditional news media) and COVID-19 knowledge and cognitive information vetting. This study discusses theoretical and practical health communication implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Kim
- Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
| | | | - Chiara Valentini
- Jyväskylä University School of Business
and Economics, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mark Badham
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West
Yorkshire, UK
| | - Yan Jin
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA,
USA
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Guo Y, Xiang H, Wang Y. Understanding self-protective behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and O-S-O-R model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36820199 PMCID: PMC9933017 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Adopting health preventive actions is one of the most effective ways to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the theory of planned behavior and the orientation-stimulus-orientation-response model, this study investigated the mechanisms by which health information exposure influenced individuals to adopt self-protective behaviors in the context of infectious disease. In this research, a convenience sampling was used and 2265 valid samples (Male = 843, 68.9% of participants aged range from 18 to 24) were collected in China. Structural equation modeling analysis was performed, and the analysis showed that health consciousness positively influenced the subsequent variables through interpersonal discussions and social media exposure to COVID-19-related information. The interaction between interpersonal discussion and social media exposure was found to be positively associated with the elements of the theory of planned behavior and risk perception. The findings also revealed that self-protective behavior was positively predicted by the components of the theory of planned behavior and risk perceptions, with subjective norms serving as the main predictor, followed by attitudes and self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Present Address: Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongzhe Xiang
- Present Address: Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Convergence Media Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Speirs DP, Kuijer RG, Yogeeswaran K. Examining how framing obesity as disease vs. food addiction influences stigma among fitness practitioners. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:429-433. [PMID: 36058838 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if framing the etiology of obesity as a disease, food addiction, or caloric imbalance would increase or decrease anti-fat attitudes (AFA) and challenge the belief that obesity is caused by a lack of personal responsibility or willpower. METHODS Two hundred and forty-nine fitness practitioners (Mage = 37.49 years) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and asked to read a short article describing obesity as either: (a) food addiction, (b) disease, or (c) caloric imbalance, while a control group read an unrelated article. All practitioners then completed a measure of AFA. RESULTS Practitioners in the food addiction condition recorded significantly lower AFA than practitioners in the disease condition, specifically on the subscale relating to the belief that obesity is a matter of personal responsibility and willpower, or lack thereof. The differing etiologies of obesity had no impact on fitness practitioners' dislike for people with obesity or their personal fears about gaining weight CONCLUSION: Presenting the etiology of obesity as a food addiction may be more effective than the disease or caloric imbalance etiologies at reducing obesity stigma relating to the belief that obesity results from a lack of willpower. Such an understanding can help reduce obesity stigma and may encourage governments to implement obesity reduction policies as recommended by organisations such as the WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Speirs
- Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Institute of Health and Fitness, New Zealand.
| | - Roeline G Kuijer
- Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Kite J, Huang BH, Laird Y, Grunseit A, McGill B, Williams K, Bellew B, Thomas M. Influence and effects of weight stigmatisation in media: A systematic. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101464. [PMID: 35706492 PMCID: PMC9125650 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of a comprehensive understanding of the role of mass media in perpetuating weight stigma hinders policy formulation. We reviewed the influence of mass media on weight stigmatisation and the effectiveness of media-based interventions designed to prevent or reduce stigma. METHODS We conducted a systematic review across seven databases from inception to December 2021. Included studies assessed exposure to or impact of weight stigma in mass media or examined interventions to reduce stigma through media in populations 12+ years. We synthesised data narratively, categorising studies based on similarity in focus to produce a set of integrated findings. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42020176306). FINDINGS One-hundred-and-thirteen records were eligible for inclusion from 2402 identified; 95 examined the prevalence of stigmatising content in mass media and its impact on stigma. Weight stigma was prevalent across media types, with the dominant discourse viewing overweight and obesity as an individual responsibility and overlooking systemic factors. Exposure to stigmatising content was found to negatively influence attitudes towards people with overweight or obesity. Few studies considered methods of reducing stigma in the media, with only two testing media-based interventions; their results were promising but limited. INTERPRETATION Weight stigma in media content is prevalent and harmful, but there is little guidance on reducing it. Future research focus needs to shift from assessing prevalence and impacts to weight stigma interventions. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kite
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bo-Huei Huang
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yvonne Laird
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn McGill
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn Williams
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Bill Bellew
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret Thomas
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Reinka MA, Quinn DM, Puhl RM. Examining the relationship between weight controllability beliefs and eating behaviors: The role of internalized weight stigma and BMI. Appetite 2021; 164:105257. [PMID: 33864861 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is often viewed as personally controllable. This belief, however, ignores the complex etiology of body weight. While such attributions of personal willpower may help some individuals regulate their eating patterns, they have also been associated with increased internalized weight stigma which, itself, is associated with more disinhibited eating. The current investigation aimed to examine how internalized weight stigma, along with BMI, may explain the effect of weight controllability beliefs on disparate dietary behaviors. A community sample of 2702 U.S. adults completed an online survey about their weight controllability beliefs, eating behaviors, and internalized weight stigma, as well as demographic items and self-reported BMI. Results showed that greater weight controllability beliefs were positively related to both more restricted eating, β = 0.135, p < .001, and more disinhibited eating, β = 0.123, p < .001. This ironic effect was partially explained by increased internalized weight stigma. Moreover, BMI moderated the relationship, such that individuals with lower weights demonstrated stronger effects for two of the three eating outcomes than those with higher weights. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between attributions of personal control for body weight and subsequent health behaviors, and further underscore the need to target internalized weight stigma in dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mora A Reinka
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Rd., Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA; Department of Psychology, Ursinus College, 601 E. Main St., P.O. Box 1000, Collegeville, PA, 19426-1000, USA.
| | - Diane M Quinn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Rd., Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Rebecca M Puhl
- University of Connecticut Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity; Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, One Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
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Hwang J, Shah DV. Health Information Sources, Perceived Vaccination Benefits, and Maintenance of Childhood Vaccination Schedules. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:1279-1288. [PMID: 29869894 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1481707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parental concerns over the safety or necessity of childhood vaccination have increased over the past decades. At the same time, there has been a proliferation of vaccine-related information available through a range of health information sources. This study investigates the associations between evaluations of health information sources, parental perceptions of childhood vaccination benefits, and the maintenance of vaccination schedules for their children. Specifically, this study aims to (a) incorporate social media into the battery of health information sources and (b) differentiate households with a childhood autism diagnosis and those without, given unsubstantiated but persistent concerns about vaccine safety and autism. Analyzing a sample of U.S. households, a total of 4,174 parents who have at least one child under the age of 18 were analyzed, including 138 of parents of households with a childhood autism diagnosis. Results show that the more the parents value interpersonal communication and magazines as sources of health information, the more they perceive vaccination benefits, and the more the value they put on television, the better they keep vaccination schedules up-to-date for their children. On the other hand, social media are negatively associated with their perceptions of vaccination benefits. Although parents of children diagnosed with autism are less likely to perceive vaccination benefits, no interaction effects with evaluations of health information sources are found on parental perceptions of vaccination benefits or maintenance of schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Hwang
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Dhavan V Shah
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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McGlynn J, McGlone MS. Desire or Disease? Framing Obesity to Influence Attributions of Responsibility and Policy Support. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:689-701. [PMID: 29388801 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1431025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The way we describe health threats affects perceptions of severity and preferred solutions to reduce risk. Most people agree obesity is a problem, but differ in how they attribute responsibility for development and decline of the disease. We explored effects of message framing on attributions of responsibility and support for public obesity policies using a 3 × 2 factorial design. Participants read one of six versions of a health message describing the negative effects of obesity. Message frames influenced respondent attributions and their support for policies to reduce obesity. Those who read a message that assigned agency to the disease (e.g., Obesity causes health problems) endorsed genetics as the cause to a greater degree than those who read a semantically equivalent message that instead assigned agency to people (e.g., Obese people develop health problems). In contrast, assigning agency to people rather than to the disease prompted higher attributions of individual responsibility and support for public policies. Explicit message frames that directly connected responsibility for obesity to either individual or societal factors had no effect on respondent perceptions. Findings suggest explicit arguments may be less effective in shifting perceptions of health threats than arguments embedded in agentic message frames. The results demonstrate specific message features that influence how people attribute responsibility for the onset and solution of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGlynn
- a Department of Communication Studies , University of North Texas
| | - Matthew S McGlone
- b Center for Health Communication, Department of Communication Studies , The University of Texas at Austin
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Smith BJ, Bonfiglioli C. Audience Responses to Physical Activity in the Biggest Loser Australia. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 24:21-28. [PMID: 30592695 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1558314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The popular reality television show The Biggest Loser Australia (TBL) is a significant source of media content about physical activity. This study examined audience responses to and interpretations of physical activity in TBL. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews was conducted in New South Wales, Australia. A sample of 46 viewers of TBL was recruited, stratified by gender, age group, area of residence, and body mass index. Interview data were thematically analyzed to identify how viewers evaluated TBL. Respondents were most positive about TBL as public health education, premised on personal responsibility, the need for extreme action, and the possibilities of human agency (individually and collectively). Conversely, they were critical about whether the portrayal of physical activity could guide and inspire them personally. They expressed feelings of disgust and fear in response to the exercise challenges, questioned the practicality of the behavior change process in light of their own experience, and were skeptical about the purpose of the program itself. TBL's representation of physical activity may be limited in its capacity to encourage physical activity. Despite the wide viewership of this program, encouraging physical requires innovation in the development of practical, persuasive and evidence based media messages about physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Smith
- a School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Australia
| | - Catriona Bonfiglioli
- b School of Communication, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences , University of Technology Sydney , Broadway , Australia
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12
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Weight Bias and Social Justice: Implications for Education and Practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-018-9320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Luck-Sikorski C, Riedel-Heller SG, Phelan JC. Changing attitudes towards obesity - results from a survey experiment. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:373. [PMID: 28464915 PMCID: PMC5414181 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This experimental study in a population-based sample aimed to compare attitudes towards obesity following three different causal explanations for obesity (individual behavior, environmental factors, genetic factors). Methods The data were derived from an online representative sample. A random subsample of n = 407 participants was included. Two independent variables were investigated: cause of obesity as described in the vignette and cause of obesity as perceived by the participant regardless of vignette. Quality features of the vignettes (accuracy and bias of the vignette) were introduced as moderators to regression models. Three stigma-related outcomes (negative attitudes, blame and social distance) served as dependent variables. Results Inaccuracy and bias was ascribed to the social environmental and genetic vignettes more often than to the individual cause vignette. Overall, participants preferred individual causes (72.6%). While personal beliefs did not differ between the genetic and environmental cause conditions (Chi2 = 4.36, p = 0.113), both were different from the distribution seen in the individual cause vignette. Negative attitudes as well as blame were associated with the belief that individuals are responsible for obesity (b = 0.374, p = 0.003; 0.597, p < 0.001), but were not associated with vignette-manipulated causal explanation. The vignette presenting individual responsibility was associated with lower levels of social distance (b = −0.183, p = 0.043). After including perceived inaccuracy and bias as moderators, the individual responsibility vignette was associated with higher levels of blame (emphasis: b = 0.980, p = 0.010; bias: b = 0.778, p = 0.001) and the effect on social distance vanished. Conclusions This study shows that media and public health campaigns may solidify beliefs that obesity is due to individual causes and consequently increase stigma when presenting individual behavior as a cause of obesity. Public health messages that emphasize the role of social environmental or genetic causes may be ineffective because of entrenched beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luck-Sikorski
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, Neue Str. 28-30, 07548, Gera, Germany.
| | - S G Riedel-Heller
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J C Phelan
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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14
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Wirtz JG, Wang Z, Kulpavarapos S. Testing Direct and Indirect Effects of Identity, Media Use, Cognitions, and Conversations on Self-Reported Physical Activity Among a Sample of Hispanic Adults. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:298-309. [PMID: 27230029 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1138377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study testing the direct and indirect effects of identity, media use, cognitions and conversations on physical activity (PA). The study was guided by the O-S-O-R model (Markus & Zajonc, 1985), and it used data collected from a sample of Hispanic adults (N = 268) living in the U.S. Southwest. Exercise identity and ethnic identity were defined as pre-orientations (O1); use of PA-related media content was defined as the stimulus (S); reflective integration and conversations about PA-related media were post-orientations (O2); and self-reported physical activity was the behavioral response (R). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data, and several compelling results emerged. Exercise identity had a significant positive direct effect on PA and PA-related media use, as well as a significant positive indirect effect on conversations about PA-related media. PA-related media use exerted a strong and significant positive effect on conversations about PA-related media, as well as a significant positive indirect effect on PA. Finally, conversations about PA-related media content had a significant positive direct effect on PA. The results indicate that identity acts as a filter influencing what media content are selected and that cognitions and conversations about media content can serve as a link between media use and health behavior. Key words: O-S-O-R model, physical activity, Hispanic adults, identity, media use, conversation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Wirtz
- a Charles H. Sandage Department of Advertising , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Zongyuan Wang
- b Institute of Communications Research , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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15
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Namkoong K, Nah S, Record RA, Van Stee SK. Communication, Reasoning, and Planned Behaviors: Unveiling the Effect of Interactive Communication in an Anti-Smoking Social Media Campaign. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 32:41-50. [PMID: 27119592 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1099501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examines direct and indirect effects of interactive communication in an antismoking social media campaign. To that end, we pose a multitheoretical framework that integrates communication mediation models and the Theory of Planned Behavior. To test the theorized model, we conducted an experiment using a two-group pretest-posttest design. Participants (N = 201) were randomly assigned into two experimental conditions: "campaign message reception only" as a control group and "message reception and social interaction" as a treatment group, in which the participants contributed to the antismoking campaign by posting their own campaign ideas and information they found through mediated and interpersonal communication. The findings show that interactive communication catalyzes the participants' information searching behaviors through diverse communication channels. In turn, increased media use plays a crucial role in changing their attitudes and perceived social norms about smoking behaviors, and eventually reducing smoking intention. This study affirms that the theory of planned behavior is effective in predicting behavioral intention and demonstrates the usefulness of a multitheoretical approach in interactive campaign research on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Namkoong
- a Department of Community and Leadership Development , University of Kentucky
| | - Seungahn Nah
- b Department of Community and Leadership Development and School of Information Science , University of Kentucky
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16
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Rodgers RF. The role of the "Healthy Weight" discourse in body image and eating concerns: An extension of sociocultural theory. Eat Behav 2016; 22:194-198. [PMID: 27299698 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sociocultural models of body image and eating concerns have highlighted the role of the social discourse in promoting the pursuit of the thin-ideal. Recently, another weight-focused social discourse has gained ground, focused on the goal of maintaining body weight within the boundaries of a weight-range defined as "Healthy." This discourse is somewhat different to the promotion of the thin-ideal; however, it might also be implicated in the development of body image and eating concerns. The present study aimed to extend sociocultural theories of the development of body image and eating concerns by (1) proposing a theoretical model accounting for pressure to maintain a "Healthy Weight", and (2) reviewing the existing evidence for the pathways included in this model. In the proposed model, pressure to maintain a Healthy Weight leads to the internalization of anti-fat attitudes and the need to control weight as well as beliefs in the controllability of weight through diet and exercise. These beliefs may then lead to body preoccupation and disordered eating. The extant literature provides initial support for these relationships; however, empirical testing of this model is necessary to determine its usefulness as an explanatory model and in providing intervention targets for future prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Alberga AS, Arthur N, Kassan A, Lund DE, Sesma-Vazquez M, Williams E. Positioning of Weight Bias: Moving towards Social Justice. J Obes 2016; 2016:3753650. [PMID: 27747099 PMCID: PMC5055973 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3753650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight bias is a form of stigma with detrimental effects on the health and wellness of individuals with large bodies. Researchers from various disciplines have recognized weight bias as an important topic for public health and for professional practice. To date, researchers from various areas have approached weight bias from independent perspectives and from differing theoretical orientations. In this paper, we examined the similarities and differences between three perspectives (i.e., weight-centric, non-weight-centric (health-centric), and health at every size) used to understand weight bias and approach weight bias research with regard to (a) language about people with large bodies, (b) theoretical position, (c) identified consequences of weight bias, and (d) identified influences on weight-based social inequity. We suggest that, despite differences, each perspective acknowledges the negative influences that position weight as being within individual control and the negative consequences of weight bias. We call for recognition and discussion of weight bias as a social justice issue in order to change the discourse and professional practices extended towards individuals with large bodies. We advocate for an emphasis on social justice as a uniting framework for interdisciplinary research on weight bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Sarah Nutter:
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Angela S. Alberga
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nancy Arthur
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anusha Kassan
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darren E. Lund
- Curriculum and Learning, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Monica Sesma-Vazquez
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emily Williams
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Pearl RL, Dovidio JF, Puhl RM. Visual portrayals of obesity in health media: promoting exercise without perpetuating weight bias. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2015; 30:580-590. [PMID: 26116585 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Health education campaigns for preventing and reducing obesity often contain weight-stigmatizing visual content, which may have unintended negative health consequences. The goal of the present research was to identify non-stigmatizing visual content for health education materials that can promote exercise among people of diverse weight statuses. An online sample of 483 US women viewed: (i) a woman with obesity portrayed stereotypically; (ii) a woman with obesity exercising; (iii) a woman with obesity portrayed neutrally; or (iv) a lean woman exercising. Race of the models pictured was randomized (White or Black). Participants completed measures of weight bias and exercise behavior and attitudes, and provided information about their weight status. Analysis of covariance revealed that responses to stereotypical and exercise images varied by participant weight status. Across participants, neutral obesity portrayals elicited lower expressions of weight-biased attitudes and higher reports of exercise liking/comfort. Among non-overweight participants, images portraying women with obesity stereotypically or counter-stereotypically produced greater endorsement of negative stereotypes than control, lean images. No effects of model race were found. These findings suggest that the public responds differently to visual portrayals of obesity depending on weight status, and neutral portrayals may be an effective route toward promoting exercise without perpetuating stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Pearl
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520 and
| | - J F Dovidio
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520 and
| | - R M Puhl
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
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19
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Neil JA, Roberson DW. Enhancing nursing care by understanding the bariatric patient's journey. AORN J 2015; 102:132-40. [PMID: 26227517 DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients who undergo obesity-related bariatric surgery seek a lasting solution to weight loss and a desire for a healthier lifestyle. Perioperative nurses should be prepared to provide sensitive, high-quality care to this population. Effective assessment and management of bariatric patients involves understanding the motivating factors for seeking bariatric surgery, such as to address the stigma and health problems associated with obesity. Nurses should be knowledgeable about expected outcomes of bariatric care, including long-term processes and lifestyle changes that patients must participate in to sustain weight loss. The informed perioperative nurse is essential to the successful treatment of bariatric patients in their journey to healthier living.
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20
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Abstract
Although research has consistently documented the prevalence and negative health implications of weight stigma, little is known about the stigma associated with eating disorders. Given that weight stigma is a risk factor associated with disordered eating, it is important to address stigma across the spectrum of eating and weight disorders. The aim of this review is to systematically review studies in the past 3 years evaluating stigma in the context of obesity and eating disorders (including binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa). Physical and psychological health consequences of stigma for individuals with obesity and eating disorders are discussed. Recent studies on weight stigma substantiate the unique influence of stigma on psychological maladjustment, eating pathology, and physiological stress. Furthermore, research documents negative stereotypes and social rejection of individuals with eating disorder subtypes, while attributions to personal responsibility promote blame and further stigmatization of these individuals. Future research should examine the association of stigma related to eating disorders and physical and emotional health correlates, as well as its role in health-care utilization and treatment outcomes. Additional longitudinal studies assessing how weight stigma influences emotional health and eating disorders can help identify adaptive coping strategies and improve clinical care of individuals with obesity and eating disorders.
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21
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Abstract
The escalating obesity rate in the USA has made obesity prevention a top public health priority. Recent interventions have tapped into the social media (SM) landscape. To leverage SM in obesity prevention, we must understand user-generated discourse surrounding the topic. This study was conducted to describe SM interactions about weight through a mixed methods analysis. Data were collected across 60 days through SM monitoring services, yielding 2.2 million posts. Data were cleaned and coded through Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, yielding popular themes and the most retweeted content. Qualitative analyses of selected posts add insight into the nature of the public dialogue and motivations for participation. Twitter represented the most common channel. Twitter and Facebook were dominated by derogatory and misogynist sentiment, pointing to weight stigmatization, whereas blogs and forums contained more nuanced comments. Other themes included humor, education, and positive sentiment countering weight-based stereotypes. This study documented weight-related attitudes and perceptions. This knowledge will inform public health/obesity prevention practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr. 3E614, Rockville, MD 20892 USA
| | - Abby Prestin
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20892 USA
| | - Stephen Kunath
- Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University, 9609 Medical Center Dr. 3E614, Rockville, MD 20892 USA
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22
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Considering an affect regulation framework for examining the association between body dissatisfaction and positive body image in Black older adolescent females: does body mass index matter? Body Image 2014; 11:426-37. [PMID: 25079011 PMCID: PMC4250321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study provided an initial evaluation of an affect regulation model describing the association between body dissatisfaction and two contemporary measures of positive body image among 247 Black college-bound older adolescent females. We further tested whether possessing a higher body mass index (BMI) would strengthen these associations. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI. Respondents also completed a culturally-sensitive figure rating scale along with assessments of body appreciation and body image flexibility. Results indicated a robust positive association between the two measures of positive body image; BMI was the strongest predictor of both body appreciation and body image flexibility with body size discrepancy (current minus ideal) contributing incremental variance to both models tested. Implications for improving our understanding of the association between positive and negative body image and bolstering positive body image to promote health-protective behaviors among Black young women at this developmental juncture are discussed.
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