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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Avci V, Ayengin K, Huyut Z, Huyut MT, Soysal L, Bilici S. Oxidative Stress Enzyme NOX1 Is a New and Important Biomarker for Childhood Appendicitis? Indian J Surg 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-023-03695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Olexiková L, Dujíčková L, Makarevich AV, Bezdíček J, Sekaninová J, Nesvadbová A, Chrenek P. Glutathione during Post-Thaw Recovery Culture Can Mitigate Deleterious Impact of Vitrification on Bovine Oocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010035. [PMID: 36670897 PMCID: PMC9854658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification of bovine oocytes can impair subsequent embryo development mostly due to elevated oxidative stress. This study was aimed at examining whether glutathione, a known antioxidant, can improve further embryo development when added to devitrified oocytes for a short recovery period. Bovine in vitro matured oocytes were vitrified using an ultra-rapid cooling technique on electron microscopy grids. Following warming, the oocytes were incubated in the recovery medium containing glutathione (0, 1.5, or 5 mmol L-1) for 3 h (post-warm recovery). Afterwards, the oocytes were lysed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), activity of peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase, and ROS formation. The impact of vitrification on mitochondrial and lysosomal activities was also examined. Since glutathione, added at 5 mmol L-1, significantly increased the TAC of warmed oocytes, in the next set of experiments this dose was applied for post-warm recovery of oocytes used for IVF. Glutathione in the recovery culture did not change the total blastocyst rate, while increased the proportion of faster developing blastocysts (Day 6-7), reduced the apoptotic cell ratio and reversed the harmful impact of vitrification on the actin cytoskeleton. These results suggest that even a short recovery culture with antioxidant(s) can improve the development of bovine devitrified oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Olexiková
- Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-37-654-6258
| | - Linda Dujíčková
- Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Constantine the Philosopher University Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 94974 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Alexander V. Makarevich
- Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
| | - Jiří Bezdíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 50, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sekaninová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Nesvadbová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 50, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Chrenek
- Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Lužianky, Slovakia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
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Ghazipour AM, Shirpoor A, Ghiasi R, Pourheydar B, Khalaji N, Naderi R. Cyclosporine A induces testicular injury via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by regulation of mir-34a and sirt-1 in male rats: The rescue effect of curcumin. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 327:109180. [PMID: 32569592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Testicular damage contributes to cyclosporine A (CsA) induced male infertility. However, the exact underlying molecular mediators involved in CsA-induced testis disorder remains unclear. The present study aimed to characterize the role of mir-34a/sirt-1 in CsA induced testicular injury alone or in combination with curcumin. A total of twenty-eight male Wistar rats were subdivided into four groups: control (Con), sham, cyclosporine A (CsA), cyclosporineA + curcumin (CsA + cur). The animals received cyclosporine A (30 mg/kg) and curcumin (40 mg/kg) for 28 days by oral gavage. At the end of the experiment, CsA administration significantly resulted in a decrease in testis weight and testis coefficient. The molecular analysis demonstrated that CsA exposure increased 8-OHdg and Nox4 protein contents in the testis tissue. TUNEL staining indicated that CsA caused the number of apoptotic cells to increase in the testes of male rats. In addition, exposure to CsA resulted in an increased expression of Bax, and a decreased expresion in that of Bcl-2, with a concomitant up-regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2, c-Caspase-3/p-Caspase-3 ratio and cytochrome c level. Meanwhile, exposure to CsA increased the expression of mir-34a and decreased sirt-1 protein level in the testis tissue samples compared to the control group. Taken together, our findings suggested that CsA can cause damage to testicular germ cells via oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and probably mir-34a/sirt-1 play a crucial role in this process. It also demonstrates that these negative effects of CsA can be reduced by using curcumin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Shirpoor
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rafighe Ghiasi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Tabriz Faculty of Medical Science Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheydar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naser Khalaji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Roya Naderi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Yayla M, Cetin D, Adali Y, Kilicle PA, Toktay E. Potential therapeutic effect of pomegranate seed oil on ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 21:1262-1268. [PMID: 30627370 PMCID: PMC6312678 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.30149.7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic effects of pomegranate seed oil, which is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, on ovarian-ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six female albino Wistar rats were divided into 7 equal groups. Group 1; Sham Operation, Group 2; Ischemia, Group 3; Ischemia + Reperfusion, Group 4; Ischemia + Pomegranate 0,32 ml / kg (IP), Group 5; Ischemia + Pomegranate 0.64 ml / kg, Group 6; Ischemia + Pomegranate 0,32 ml / kg + reperfusion, Group 7; Ischemia + Pomegranate 0,64 ml / kg + reperfusion. Three hours after ischemia and 3 hours after reperfusion, the study was terminated. Results: While NADPH oxidase activity, MDA and TNF-α levels were significantly increased, SOD activity and GSH levels were reduced in ischemia and I/R groups. Low dose pomegranate seed oil application reduced significantly oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase activity in both ischemic and ischemic/reperfusion groups. At the same time, low-dose pomegranate seed oil extract reduced TNF-α levels and significantly increased antioxidant activity. Conclusion: PSO demonstrated an important therapeutic effect in the treatment of ovarian ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yayla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Damla Cetin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Adali
- Department of Pathology, Highlited sentences should be cahanged as Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, 17100 Canakkale/Turkey
| | - Pinar Aksu Kilicle
- Department of Biology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine, 17100 Canakkale/Turkey
| | - Erdem Toktay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, 25240 Erzurum/Turkey
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Belarbi K, Cuvelier E, Destée A, Gressier B, Chartier-Harlin MC. NADPH oxidases in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:84. [PMID: 29132391 PMCID: PMC5683583 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement neurodegenerative disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. Oxidative stress, a condition that occurs due to imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant status, is thought to play an important role in dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases are multi-subunit enzymatic complexes that generate reactive oxygen species as their primary function. Increased immunoreactivities for the NADPH oxidases catalytic subunits Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 have been reported in the brain of PD patients. Furthermore, knockout or genetic inactivation of NADPH oxidases exert a neuroprotective effect and reduce detrimental aspects of pathology in experimental models of the disease. However, the connections between NADPH oxidases and the biological processes believed to contribute to neuronal death are not well known. This review provides a comprehensive summary of our current understanding about expression and physiological function of NADPH oxidases in neurons, microglia and astrocytes and their pathophysiological roles in PD. It summarizes the findings supporting the role of both microglial and neuronal NADPH oxidases in cellular disturbances associated with PD such as neuroinflammation, alpha-synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction or disruption of the autophagy-lysosome system. Furthermore, this review highlights different steps that are essential for NADPH oxidases enzymatic activity and pinpoints major obstacles to overcome for the development of effective NADPH oxidases inhibitors for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Belarbi
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Elodie Cuvelier
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Gressier
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Inserm UMR S-1172 Team "Early stages of Parkinson's Disease", 1 Place de Verdun, 59006, Lille, France.
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7
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Meitzler JL, Makhlouf HR, Antony S, Wu Y, Butcher D, Jiang G, Juhasz A, Lu J, Dahan I, Jansen-Dürr P, Pircher H, Shah AM, Roy K, Doroshow JH. Decoding NADPH oxidase 4 expression in human tumors. Redox Biol 2017; 13:182-195. [PMID: 28578276 PMCID: PMC5458090 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a redox active, membrane-associated protein that contributes to genomic instability, redox signaling, and radiation sensitivity in human cancers based on its capacity to generate H2O2 constitutively. Most studies of NOX4 in malignancy have focused on the evaluation of a small number of tumor cell lines and not on human tumor specimens themselves; furthermore, these studies have often employed immunological tools that have not been well characterized. To determine the prevalence of NOX4 expression across a broad range of solid tumors, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific extracellular region of the human NOX4 protein, and that does not cross-react with any of the other six members of the NOX gene family. Evaluation of 20 sets of epithelial tumors revealed, for the first time, high levels of NOX4 expression in carcinomas of the head and neck (15/19 patients), esophagus (12/18 patients), bladder (10/19 patients), ovary (6/17 patients), and prostate (7/19 patients), as well as malignant melanoma (7/15 patients) when these tumors were compared to histologically-uninvolved specimens from the same organs. Detection of NOX4 protein upregulation by low levels of TGF-β1 demonstrated the sensitivity of this new probe; and immunofluorescence experiments found that high levels of endogenous NOX4 expression in ovarian cancer cells were only demonstrable associated with perinuclear membranes. These studies suggest that NOX4 expression is upregulated, compared to normal tissues, in a well-defined, and specific group of human carcinomas, and that its expression is localized on intracellular membranes in a fashion that could modulate oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala R Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iris Dahan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yu P, Han W, Villar VAM, Yang Y, Lu Q, Lee H, Li F, Quinn MT, Gildea JJ, Felder RA, Jose PA. Unique role of NADPH oxidase 5 in oxidative stress in human renal proximal tubule cells. Redox Biol 2014; 2:570-9. [PMID: 24688893 PMCID: PMC3969603 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are the major sources of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular, neural, and kidney cells. The NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) gene is present in humans but not rodents. Because Nox isoforms in renal proximal tubules (RPTs) are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that NOX5 is differentially expressed in RPT cells from normotensive (NT) and hypertensive subjects (HT). We found that NOX5 mRNA, total NOX5 protein, and apical membrane NOX5 protein were 4.2±0.7-fold, 5.2±0.7-fold, and 2.8±0.5-fold greater in HT than NT. Basal total NADPH oxidase activity was 4.5±0.2-fold and basal NOX5 activity in NOX5 immunoprecipitates was 6.2±0.2-fold greater in HT than NT (P=<0.001, n=6-14/group). Ionomycin increased total NOX and NOX5 activities in RPT cells from HT (P<0.01, n=4, ANOVA), effects that were abrogated by pre-treatment of the RPT cells with diphenylene-iodonium or superoxide dismutase. Silencing NOX5 using NOX5-siRNA decreased NADPH oxidase activity (-45.1±3.2% vs. mock-siRNA, n=6-8) in HT. D1-like receptor stimulation decreased NADPH oxidase activity to a greater extent in NT (-32.5±1.8%) than HT (-14.8±1.8). In contrast to the marked increase in expression and activity of NOX5 in HT, NOX1 mRNA and protein were minimally increased in HT, relative to NT; total NOX2 and NOX4 proteins were not different between HT and NT, while the increase in apical RPT cell membrane NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 proteins in HT, relative to NT, was much less than those observed with NOX5. Thus, we demonstrate, for the first time, that NOX5 is expressed in human RPT cells and to greater extent than the other Nox isoforms in HT than NT. We suggest that the increased expression of NOX5, which may be responsible for the increased oxidative stress in RPT cells in human essential hypertension, is caused, in part, by a defective renal dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weixing Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Quansheng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hewang Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengmin Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - John J Gildea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhu C, Yu ZB, Chen XH, Ji CB, Qian LM, Han SP. DNA hypermethylation of the NOX5 gene in fetal ventricular septal defect. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:1011-1015. [PMID: 22977613 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most comon form of congenital heart disease (CHD). DNA hypermethylation analysis may provide an insight into the molecular features and pathogenesis of this heart disease. Although aberrant DNA hypermethylation is implicated in the pathophysiology of this heart disease, only a limited number of genes are known to be epigenetically altered in VSD. We previously identified regulation of the NOX5 gene by hypermethylation in VSD fetuses by promoter methylation microarrays. This study was designed to detect the expression of NOX5 mRNA in VSD and normal fetuses. We also verified the results of promoter methylation microarrays by methylation-specific PCR. DNA extraction and nested methylation-specific PCR were performed on myocardial tissue samples from 21 VSD and 15 normal fetuses. The primers specific for methylated vs. unmethylated DNA were designed and amplified by nested PCR. The products were visualized on agarose gel. Hypermethylation of the NOX5 promoter was more frequent in VSD fetuses (66.67%) than in normal fetuses (20%). There was a significant concordance between NOX5 methylation and a decrease in its mRNA expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hypermethylation of the NOX5 gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004
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Aguirre J, Lambeth JD. Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1342-53. [PMID: 20696238 PMCID: PMC2981133 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a highly regulated fashion is a hallmark of members of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes. Nox enzymes are present in most eukaryotic groups such as the amebozoid, fungi, algae and plants, and animals, in which they are involved in seemingly diverse biological processes. However, a comprehensive survey of Nox functions throughout biology reveals common functional themes. Noxes are often activated in response to stressful conditions such as nutrient starvation, physical damage, or pathogen attack. Although the end result varies depending on the organism and tissue, Nox-produced ROS mediate the response to the adverse stimuli, such as innate immunity responses in plants and animals or cell differentiation in Dictyostelium, fungi, and plants. These responses involve ROS-mediated signaling mechanisms occurring at intracellular or cell-to-cell levels and sometimes involve cell wall or extracellular matrix cross-linking. Indeed, Noxes are involved in local and systemic signaling from plants to fish and in cross-linking of the plant hair-cell wall, synthesis of the nematode cuticle, and formation of the sea urchin fertilization envelope. The extensive use of Nox enzymes in biology to regulate cell-to-cell signaling and morphogenesis suggests that additional functions in mammalian signaling and development remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México
| | - J. David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA, 30322.
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Aimo L, Cherr GN, Oteiza PI. Low extracellular zinc increases neuronal oxidant production through nadph oxidase and nitric oxide synthase activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1577-87. [PMID: 20211250 PMCID: PMC3506424 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in zinc (Zn) levels increases the production of cell oxidants, affects the oxidant defense system and triggers oxidant sensitive signals in neuronal cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This work tested the hypothesis that the increase in neuronal oxidants that occurs when cellular Zn decreases is mediated by the activation of the NMDA receptor. Differentiated PC12 cells were cultured in control, Zn-deficient or Zn-repleted media. The incubation in Zn deficient media led to a rapid increase in cellular calcium levels, which was prevented by a NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801). Cellular calcium accumulation was associated with NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation, an increase in cell oxidant levels, and an associated activation of a redox-sensitive signal (AP-1). In cells incubated in the Zn deficient medium, NADPH oxidase activation was prevented by MK-801 and by a protein kinase C inhibitor. The rise in cell oxidants was prevented by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, of the NOS and by MK-801. A similar pattern of inhibitor action was observed for zinc deficiency-induced AP-1 activation. Results demonstrate that a decrease in extracellular Zn leads to an increase in neuronal oxidants through the activation of the NMDAR that leads to calcium influx and to a calcium-mediated activation of protein kinase C/NADPH oxidase and NOS. Changes in extracellular Zn concentrations can be sensed by neurons, which using reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as second messengers, can regulate signaling involved in neuronal development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Aimo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Gary N. Cherr
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay CA 94923, USA
| | - Patricia I. Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes is comprised of seven members, Noxes 1-5 and the Duoxes 1 and 2. Nox5 was the last of the conventional Nox enzymes to be identified, and in comparison to its siblings, much less is known about its molecular regulation and even less regarding its functional significance. The loss of Nox5 from rodent genomes has contributed significantly to this deficit in knowledge, but recent discoveries have narrowed the gap. There are many differences between Nox5 and the other Nox isoforms including alternative splicing, transcriptional regulation, enzymatic control mechanisms, tissue distribution, and intracellular trafficking. The goal of this review is to outline recent advances in our knowledge of the genetic regulation, the molecular mechanisms governing its activity, and the functional significance of Nox5 in human physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J R Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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13
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Molecular evolution of the reactive oxygen-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox/Duox) family of enzymes. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:109. [PMID: 17612411 PMCID: PMC1940245 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH-oxidases (Nox) and the related Dual oxidases (Duox) play varied biological and pathological roles via regulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Members of the Nox/Duox family have been identified in a wide variety of organisms, including mammals, nematodes, fruit fly, green plants, fungi, and slime molds; however, little is known about the molecular evolutionary history of these enzymes. Results We assembled and analyzed the deduced amino acid sequences of 101 Nox/Duox orthologs from 25 species, including vertebrates, urochordates, echinoderms, insects, nematodes, fungi, slime mold amoeba, alga and plants. In contrast to ROS defense enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase that are present in prokaryotes, ROS-generating Nox/Duox orthologs only appeared later in evolution. Molecular taxonomy revealed seven distinct subfamilies of Noxes and Duoxes. The calcium-regulated orthologs representing 4 subfamilies diverged early and are the most widely distributed in biology. Subunit-regulated Noxes represent a second major subdivision, and appeared first in fungi and amoeba. Nox5 was lost in rodents, and Nox3, which functions in the inner ear in gravity perception, emerged the most recently, corresponding to full-time adaptation of vertebrates to land. The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus possesses the earliest Nox2 co-ortholog of vertebrate Nox1, 2, and 3, while Nox4 first appeared somewhat later in urochordates. Comparison of evolutionary substitution rates demonstrates that Nox2, the regulatory subunits p47phox and p67phox, and Duox are more stringently conserved in vertebrates than other Noxes and Nox regulatory subunits. Amino acid sequence comparisons identified key catalytic or regulatory regions, as 68 residues were highly conserved among all Nox/Duox orthologs, and 14 of these were identical with those mutated in Nox2 in variants of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. In addition to canonical motifs, the B-loop, TM6-FAD, VXGPFG-motif, and extreme C-terminal regions were identified as important for Nox activity, as verified by mutational analysis. The presence of these non-canonical, but highly conserved regions suggests that all Nox/Duox may possess a common biological function remained in a long history of Nox/Duox evolution. Conclusion This report provides the first comprehensive analysis of the evolution and conserved functions of Nox and Duox family members, including identification of conserved amino acid residues. These results provide a guide for future structure-function studies and for understanding the evolution of biological functions of these enzymes.
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14
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Szöcs K, Lassègue B, Wenzel P, Wendt M, Daiber A, Oelze M, Meinertz T, Münzel T, Baldus S. Increased superoxide production in nitrate tolerance is associated with NAD(P)H oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 downregulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 42:1111-8. [PMID: 17493633 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.03.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) induces nitrate tolerance. Among possible underlying mechanisms, increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has emerged as a principal mechanism. Using cell culture and animal models of nitrate tolerance, we aimed to assess the impact of nitrates on NAD(P)H oxidases and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) expression. Rats and vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with NTG. Vascular reactivity was assessed by isometric tension studies. Superoxide was detected by dihydroethidium staining. Gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. NAD(P)H oxidase activity was measured using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. ALDH activity was measured biochemically, and NO consumption electrochemically. Nitrate tolerance was induced in rats by treatment with NTG for 3 days, and detected as impaired endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation of aortic segments. Although superoxide production was increased in all aortic layers, expression of nox1, nox2 and nox4 was significantly decreased. Similarly, in vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to NTG for 6-24 h, NAD(P)H oxidase activity was increased, in spite of nox1 downregulation. In addition, expression and activity of ALDH-2 was decreased in nitrate-tolerant rings. Furthermore, exogenous addition of ALDH decreased superoxide generation in vitro and attenuated NO consumption in vascular smooth muscle cell homogenates. Our data suggest that in nitrate tolerance, activation of nox enzymes more than compensates for their downregulation, resulting in a net increase in superoxide and NO consumption. Furthermore, reduced ALDH-2 activity and expression leads to decreased NTG bioconversion. Therefore, both mechanisms reduce NO availability and impair vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Szöcs
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is a multi-subunit enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide (O(2)(-)). While classically linked to the respiratory burst in neutrophils, recent evidence now shows that O(2)(-) (and associated reactive oxygen species, ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase in nonphagocytic cells serves myriad functions in health and disease. An entire new family of NADPH Oxidase (Nox) homologues has emerged, which vary widely in cell and tissue distribution, as well as in function and regulation. A major concept in redox signaling is that while NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are necessary for normal cellular function, excessive oxidative stress can contribute to pathological disease. This certainly is true in the central nervous system (CNS), where normal NADPH oxidase function appears to be required for processes such as neuronal signaling, memory, and central cardiovascular homeostasis, but overproduction of ROS contributes to neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite implications of NADPH oxidase in normal and pathological CNS processes, still relatively little is known about the mechanisms involved. This paper summarizes the evidence for NADPH oxidase distribution, regulation, and function in the CNS, emphasizing the diversity of Nox isoforms and their new and emerging role in neuro-cardiovascular function. In addition, perspectives for future research and novel therapeutic targets are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Infanger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52245, USA
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