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Albarracin D, Oyserman D, Schwarz N. Health Communication and Behavioral Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:612-623. [PMID: 38319808 PMCID: PMC11295396 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231215272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the public health system to respond to an emerging, difficult-to-understand pathogen through demanding behaviors, including staying at home, masking for long periods, and vaccinating multiple times. We discuss key challenges of the pandemic health communication efforts deployed in the United States from 2020 to 2022 and identify research priorities. One priority is communicating about uncertainty in ways that prepare the public for disagreement and likely changes in recommendations as scientific understanding advances: How can changes in understanding and recommendations foster a sense that "science works as intended" rather than "the experts are clueless" and prevent creating a void to be filled by misinformation? A second priority concerns creating a culturally fluent framework for asking people to engage in difficult and novel actions: How can health messages foster the perception that difficulties of behavior change signal that the change is important rather than that the change "is not for people like me?" A third priority entails a shift from communication strategies that focus on knowledge and attitudes to interventions that focus on norms, policy, communication about policy, and channel factors that impair behavior change: How can we move beyond educating and correcting misinformation to achieving desired actions?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Albarracin
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Annenberg Public Policy Center, Annenberg School for Communication, Department of Family and Community Health, Department of Health Care Management, University of Pennsylvania
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Mayo R. Trust or distrust? Neither! The right mindset for confronting disinformation. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101779. [PMID: 38134524 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A primary explanation for why individuals believe disinformation is the truth bias, a predisposition to accept information as true. However, this bias is context-dependent, as research shows that rejection becomes the predominant process in a distrust mindset. Consequently, trust and distrust emerge as pivotal factors in addressing disinformation. The current review offers a more nuanced perspective by illustrating that whereas distrust may act as an antidote to the truth bias, it can also paradoxically serve as a catalyst for belief in disinformation. The review concludes that mindsets other than those rooted solely in trust (or distrust), such as an evaluative mindset, may prove to be more effective in detecting and refuting disinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mayo
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Hopko SK, Mehta RK. Trust in Shared-Space Collaborative Robots: Shedding Light on the Human Brain. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:490-509. [PMID: 35707995 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industry 4.0 is currently underway allowing for improved manufacturing processes that leverage the collective advantages of human and robot agents. Consideration of trust can improve the quality and safety in such shared-space human-robot collaboration environments. OBJECTIVE The use of physiological response to monitor and understand trust is currently limited due to a lack of knowledge on physiological indicators of trust. This study examines neural responses to trust within a shared-workcell human-robot collaboration task as well as discusses the use of granular and multimodal perspectives to study trust. METHODS Sixteen sex-balanced participants completed a surface finishing task in collaboration with a UR10 collaborative robot. All participants underwent robot reliability conditions and robot assistance level conditions. Brain activation and connectivity using functional near infrared spectroscopy, subjective responses, and performance were measured throughout the study. RESULTS Significantly, increased neural activation was observed in response to faulty robot behavior within the medial and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). A similar trend was observed for the anterior PFC, primary motor cortex, and primary visual cortex. Faulty robot behavior also resulted in reduced functional connectivity strengths throughout the brain. DISCUSSION These findings implicate regions in the prefrontal cortex along with specific connectivity patterns as signifiers of distrusting conditions. The neural response may be indicative of how trust is influenced, measured, and manifested for human-robot collaboration that requires active teaming. APPLICATION Neuroergonomic response metrics can reveal new perspectives on trust in automation that subjective responses alone are not able to provide.
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Riesthuis P, Woods J. "That's just like, your opinion, man": the illusory truth effect on opinions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:284-306. [PMID: 37300704 PMCID: PMC10257371 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the expanse of technology, people are constantly exposed to an abundance of information. Of vital importance is to understand how people assess the truthfulness of such information. One indicator of perceived truthfulness seems to be whether it is repeated. That is, people tend to perceive repeated information, regardless of its veracity, as more truthful than new information, also known as the illusory truth effect. In the present study, we examined whether such effect is also observed for opinions and whether the manner in which the information is encoded influenced the illusory truth effect. Across three experiments, participants (n = 552) were presented with a list of true information, misinformation, general opinion, and/or social-political opinion statements. First, participants were either instructed to indicate whether the presented statement was a fact or opinion based on its syntax structure (Exp. 1 & 2) or assign each statement to a topic category (Exp. 3). Subsequently, participants rated the truthfulness of various new and repeated statements. Results showed that repeated information, regardless of the type of information, received higher subjective truth ratings when participants simply encoded them by assigning each statement to a topic. However, when general and social-political opinions were encoded as an opinion, we found no evidence of such effect. Moreover, we found a reversed illusory truth effect for general opinion statements when only considering information that was encoded as an opinion. These findings suggest that how information is encoded plays a crucial role in evaluating truth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Riesthuis
- Leuven Institute of Criminology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Josh Woods
- Faculty of Psychology, Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, USA
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Liu X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Song L, Huang Z, Zhu X, Zhang M. Current status and influencing factors of policy identification in health impact assessment: a case study of Zhejiang Province. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:118. [PMID: 37932791 PMCID: PMC10626660 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health impact assessment (HIA) is a procedure, method and tool for evaluating the potential health impacts of policies, plans and construction projects, as well as the distribution of these impacts on population. Majority of international studies on health impact assessment have focussed on conceptual papers or case evaluations, neglecting participants' views on policies. METHODS A semi-structured interview with 30 health impact assessment experts was employed in this study, and the Nvivo software was utilized to analyse factors that influence policy identification. Subsequently, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was adopted to survey 655 pilot staff members involved in health impact assessment in Zhejiang Province. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the current status and identify the factors influencing policy identification. In addition, hierarchical linear regression analysis and structural equation modelling were employed to determine the relationship between policy identification and influencing factors. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found among participants in the level of identification of policies across three dimensions. The policy sentiment dimension had the highest score (4.137 ± 0.664), followed by policy cognition (4.075 ± 0.632) and policy evaluation (3.631 ± 0.797) dimensions. Subject trust had a positive impact on policy cognition (β = 0.503, P < 0.001), policy sentiment (β = 0.504, P < 0.001) and policy evaluation (β = 0.465, P < 0.001). Procedural justice had a positive impact on policy sentiment (β = 0.085, P < 0.01) and policy evaluation (β = 0.084, P < 0.05), but not policy cognition (β = 0.056, P > 0.05). Policy identification is influenced by age and average monthly salary among other factors. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of subjective trust and procedural justice in policy identification of health impact assessment. They provide valuable insights to developing interventions to overcome barriers to the implementation and enhancement of global identification of policies. Going forward, cross-sectoral synergies, enhanced international communication and training to increase participants' trust in the policy should be optimized to improve health impact assessment. Additional measures should be taken, such as ensuring seamless communication channels, embedding health impact assessment in administrative mechanisms, and establishing strong oversight and grievance mechanisms to improve fairness and transparency in the implementation and results of health impact assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yanyun Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Liyuan Song
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ziyue Huang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Nowak A, Biesaga M, Ziembowicz K, Baran T, Winkielman P. Subjective consistency increases trust. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5657. [PMID: 37024511 PMCID: PMC10079673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trust is foundational for social relations. Current psychological models focus on specific evaluative and descriptive content underlying initial impressions of trustworthiness. Two experiments investigated whether trust also depends on subjective consistency-a sense of fit between elements. Experiment 1 examined how consistency of simple verbal characterizations influences trust judgments. Experiment 2 examined how incidental visual consistency impacts trust judgments and economic decisions reflecting trust. Both experiments show that subjective consistency positively and uniquely predicts trust judgments and economic behavior. Critically, subjective consistency is a unique predictor of trust that is irreducible to the content of individual elements, either on the dimension of trust or the dimension of valence. These results show that trust impressions are not a simple sum of the contributing parts, but reflect a "gestalt". The results fit current frameworks emphasizing the role of predictive coding and coherence in social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nowak
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA.
| | - Mikolaj Biesaga
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Baran
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Science and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
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Rhee K, Crabtree C, Horiuchi Y. Perceived Motives of Public Diplomacy Influence Foreign Public Opinion. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 46:1-21. [PMID: 36620725 PMCID: PMC9807104 DOI: 10.1007/s11109-022-09849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although many countries engage in public diplomacy, we know relatively little about the conditions under which their efforts create foreign support for their desired policy outcomes. Drawing on the psychological theory of "insincerity aversion," we argue that the positive effects of public diplomacy on foreign public opinion are attenuated and potentially even eliminated when foreign citizens become suspicious about possible hidden motives. To test this theory, we fielded a survey experiment involving divergent media frames of a real Russian medical donation to the U.S. early in the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that an adapted news article excerpt describing Russia's donation as genuine can decrease American citizens' support for sanctions on Russia. However, exposing respondents to information suggesting that Russia had political motivations for their donation is enough to cancel out the positive effect. Our findings suggest theoretical implications for the literature on foreign public opinion in international relations, particularly about the circumstances under which countries can manipulate the attitudes of other countries' citizens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-022-09849-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Rhee
- Department of Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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8
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Schwarz N. Humility in inquiry. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2022.2155225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schwarz
- Mind & Society Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Huang J, Choo S, Pugh ZH, Nam CS. Evaluating Effective Connectivity of Trust in Human-Automation Interaction: A Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) Study. HUMAN FACTORS 2022; 64:1051-1069. [PMID: 33657902 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820987443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we examined how credibility and reliability affected the way brain regions exert causal influence over each other-effective connectivity (EC)-in the context of trust in automation. BACKGROUND Multiple brain regions of the central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN) have been implicated in trust judgment. However, the neural correlates of trust judgment are still relatively unexplored in terms of the directed information flow between brain regions. METHOD Sixteen participants observed the performance of four computer algorithms, which differed in credibility and reliability, of the system monitoring subtask of the Air Force Multi-Attribute Task Battery (AF-MATB). Using six brain regions of the CEN and DMN commonly identified to be activated in human trust, a total of 30 (forward, backward, and lateral) connection models were developed. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) was used to quantify the connectivity strength among the brain regions. RESULTS Relative to the high trust condition, low trust showed unique presence of specific connections, greater connectivity strengths from the prefrontal cortex, and greater network complexity. High trust condition showed no backward connections. CONCLUSION Results indicated that trust and distrust can be two distinctive neural processes in human-automation interaction-distrust being a more complex network than trust, possibly due to the increased cognitive load. APPLICATION The causal architecture of distributed brain regions inferred using DCM can help not only in the design of a balanced human-automation interface design but also in the proper use of automation in real-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Huang
- 6798 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | | | | | - Chang S Nam
- 6798 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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10
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Evaluative mindsets can protect against the influence of false information. Cognition 2022; 225:105121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yuan S, Xu M, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Yang D. Trust violations affect the emotional working memory updating: An event-related brain potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 179:67-76. [PMID: 35753562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies found that trust violations impaired the ability of working memory (WM) updating, however, these studies did not consider the emotional context in the WM updating. Individuals who experience trust violations have the characteristics of negative bias and enhanced negative emotion. Thus it is necessary to explore how emotional contexts moderate the relationship between trust violations and WM updating. In this study, the trust game was used to manipulate trust violations. Fifty-three participants performed the emotional two-back task while event-related potentials were recorded. Results showed that compared to the control group, the violation group had smaller P2 and P3 amplitudes both in emotional and nonemotional contexts and larger N2 amplitudes in the emotional contexts. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the behavioral data. These results suggest that trust violations result in the inefficient allocation of attention in the early attention (P2) and updating maintenance stages (P3) regardless of the emotional type of the material. Trust violations also improve the abilities of response inhibition, conflict monitoring, or sequential match (N2) when processing emotional material, which may play a compensatory role to maintain a level of behavioral performance comparable to the control group. Together, trust violations affect the sub-processes underlying emotional WM updating differently, and these influences are not valence specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuge Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Distrust Moderates the Effect of Deviant Peer Affiliation on Increased Externalizing in Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1829-1840. [PMID: 35639302 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deviant peer affiliation predicts externalizing behavior in adolescence, but no research explores how having negative or suspicious expectations of others (i.e., distrust) may evoke or buffer against the relationship between deviant peer affiliation and externalizing behavior. The current study used data across two timepoints to investigate the impact of deviant peer affiliation and distrust on externalizing behavior 3 years later and whether race/ethnicity moderated this relationship. The sample consisted of 611 adolescents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Study (48% male; Mage = 15.5 years, SD = 1.6; 17% White; 34% Black; 49% Hispanic). Higher levels of distrust buffered against the influence of deviant peer affiliation on externalizing behaviors. Further, this buffering was evident in Black compared to White adolescents. Understanding externalizing behavior warrants considering the intersection between the person and their environment.
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Newman D, Lewandowsky S, Mayo R. Believing in nothing and believing in everything: The underlying cognitive paradox of anti-COVID-19 vaccine attitudes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 189:111522. [PMID: 35068637 PMCID: PMC8761558 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devora Newman
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501, Israel
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Ruth Mayo
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501, Israel
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Posten A, Steinmetz J. Who's a yea‐sayer? Habitual trust and affirmative response behavior. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Christin Posten
- University of Limerick
- Department of Psychology University of Cologne Cologne Germany
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15
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Stel M, van Dijk E. Response: Commentary: Distrust, False Cues, and Below-Chance Deception Detection Accuracy: Commentary on Stel et al. (2020) and Further Reflections on (Un)Conscious Lie Detection From the Perspective of Truth-Default Theory. Front Psychol 2021; 12:763218. [PMID: 34777168 PMCID: PMC8579807 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Stel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk, and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dijk
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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The experience of trust in everyday life. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:245-251. [PMID: 34749242 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we review current research on daily-life experiences of trust in diverse and naturally occurring social interactions ranging from close relationships to complete strangers. Experience-sampling methodology allows the joint examination of situational, relational, dispositional, motivational, and behavioral variables in their relation to trust. Thereby, these recent studies advance our understanding of how trust is shaped by important features of the social situation such as perceived conflict of interest. They elucidate how trust fluctuates in accordance with stable traits, and how these traits interact with situational variables (e.g., social closeness to the target). Furthermore, trust connects social perceptions of trustees with trustors' prosocial tendencies.
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Social Networks, Trust, and Disaster-Risk Perceptions of Rural Residents in a Multi-Disaster Environment: Evidence from Sichuan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042106. [PMID: 33671496 PMCID: PMC7927000 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual perception of disaster risk is not only the product of individual factors, but also the product of social interactions. However, few studies have empirically explored the correlations between rural residents' flat social networks, trust in pyramidal channels, and disaster-risk perceptions. Taking Sichuan Province-a typical disaster-prone province in China-as an example and using data from 327 rural households in mountainous areas threatened by multiple disasters, this paper measured the level of participants' disaster-risk perception in the four dimensions of possibility, threat, self-efficacy, and response efficacy. Then, the ordinary least squares method was applied to probe the correlations between social networks, trust, and residents' disaster-risk perception. The results revealed four main findings. (1) Compared with scores relating to comprehensive disaster-risk perception, participants had lower perception scores relating to possibility and threat, and higher perception scores relating to self-efficacy and response efficacy. (2) The carrier characteristics of their social networks significantly affected rural residents' perceived levels of disaster risk, while the background characteristics did not. (3) Different dimensions of trust had distinct effects on rural residents' disaster-risk perceptions. (4) Compared with social network variables, trust was more closely related to the perceived level of disaster risks, which was especially reflected in the impact on self-efficacy, response efficacy, and comprehensive perception. The findings of this study deepen understanding of the relationship between social networks, trust, and disaster-risk perceptions of rural residents in mountainous areas threatened by multiple disasters, providing enlightenment for building resilient disaster-prevention systems in the community.
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Yuan S, Xu M, Yao X, Zhang L, Du X, Yang D. Impact of trust violations on Attentional Bias and working memory updating. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang Y, White KRG, Fan X, Xu Q, Chen QW. Differences in Explicit Stereotype Activation among Social Groups Based on the Stereotype Content Model: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence in Chinese Sample. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1001. [PMID: 33348655 PMCID: PMC7767265 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick and Xu, 2002) identifies four basic categories of stereotyped social groups: high warmth-high competence (HW-HC), high warmth-low competence (HW-LC), low warmth-high competence (LW-HC), and low warmth-low competence (LW-LC). However, many of these groups have not been directly examined in stereotype activation research. The purpose of the present research was to extend stereotype activation research to groups that more fully represent those identified under the SCM. Employing explicit sequential priming task, participants responded to prime-target stimulus pairs that were either congruent or incongruent with stereotypes of social groups from all four SCM quadrants in two studies in the current investigation. Study 1 was to determine the behavioral pattern of explicit stereotype activation among four quadrants (the sample included 60 Chinese undergraduate students, 51%-female). Study 2 further employed event-related brain potentials (ERPs) technique to track the time course and electrophysiological underpinnings of explicit stereotype activation (the sample included 22 right-handed Chinese undergraduate students, 76%-female). In Study 1, participants responded more quickly and accurately on stereotype congruent trials than incongruent trials for all social groups except LW-LC groups. This reverse priming effect on LW-LC social groups in RTs was also replicated in Study 2. ERPs findings further showed that incongruent targets elicited larger N400 amplitudes than congruent targets for all four SCM quadrants. Moreover, congruent targets elicited larger P2 than incongruent targets, but only found for the LW-LC social groups. In addition, congruent targets elicited larger amplitudes of late positive component than incongruent targets for the low warmth (LW-LC and LW-HC) groups. Together, these results highlight the unique processing that LW-LC groups receive throughout the cognitive stream, ultimately manifesting in distinctive behavioral responses. Unconscious activation of egalitarian goals, disgust, and distrust accounts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Katherine R. G. White
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Xinfang Fan
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Jalbert M, Schwarz N, Newman E. Only half of what i’ll tell you is true: Expecting to encounter falsehoods reduces illusory truth. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Interpersonal distance adjustments after interactions with a generous and selfish trustee during a repeated trust game. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Linne R, Glaser T, Pum K, Bohner G. Lateral Attitude Change: Stalking the Elusive Displacement Effect. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent theorizing (Glaser et al., 2015, Personality and Social Psychology Review) distinguishes two types of lateral attitude change (LAC): generalization, where explicit attitude change toward a focal object transfers to lateral (= related) objects, and displacement, where only lateral (but not focal) attitudes change. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that generalization versus displacement effects depend on acceptance versus rejection of focal attitude change. Participants (total n = 471) read positive and negative ratings of different products that served as focal attitude objects. Subsequent attitude change toward focal products generalized to lateral products as a function of similarity (Experiments 1–3) and of induced preference for consistency (Experiment. 3). However, manipulations designed to induce rejection of focal change by telling participants not to trust the information presented were not successful: Instead of displacement, they produced attenuated generalization (Experiments 1–3). Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
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Stel M, Schwarz A, van Dijk E, van Knippenberg A. The Limits of Conscious Deception Detection: When Reliance on False Deception Cues Contributes to Inaccurate Judgments. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1331. [PMID: 32636787 PMCID: PMC7318848 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People are generally too trusting, which decreases their ability to detect deceit. This suggests that distrust could enhance our deception detection abilities. Yet, a state of distrust may induce deliberative conscious thought. This mode of thinking has been related to worse complex decision making. Hence, we investigate whether contextual distrust decreases the ability to detect deceit via the stronger reliance on consciously held beliefs about which cues betray deception. In two studies, participants were asked to judge videos of either deceiving or truth telling targets. Contextual distrust was manipulated by asking participants to squint their eyes (distrust) or to round their eyes (trust) while watching the videos. Participants’ judgments of targets being deceptive or truthful were measured (Studies 1 and 2) and they were asked on what basis they made these judgments (Study 2). Results showed that distrust especially hampers the detection of truth, which is partly due to more reliance on false beliefs about deception cues. These results corroborate the idea that deliberative conscious information processing may hinder truth detection, while intuitive information processing may facilitate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Stel
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk & Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Annika Schwarz
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk & Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dijk
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ad van Knippenberg
- Department of Social and Cultural Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Individual differences in receptivity to scientific bullshit. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPseudo-profound bullshit receptivity is the tendency to perceive meaning in important-sounding, nonsense statements. To understand how bullshit receptivity differs across domains, we develop a scale to measure scientific bullshit receptivity — the tendency to perceive truthfulness in nonsensical scientific statements. Across three studies (total N = 1,948), scientific bullshit receptivity was positively correlated with pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity. Both types of bullshit receptivity were positively correlated with belief in science, conservative political beliefs, and faith in intuition. However, compared to pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity, scientific bullshit receptivity was more strongly correlated with belief in science, and less strongly correlated with conservative political beliefs and faith in intuition. Finally, scientific literacy moderated the relationship the two types of bullshit receptivity; the correlation between the two types of receptivity was weaker for individuals scoring high in scientific literacy.
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25
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Weil R, Mudrik L. Detecting falsehood relies on mismatch detection between sentence components. Cognition 2019; 195:104121. [PMID: 31733397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
How do people process and evaluate falsehood of sentences? Do people need to compare presented information with the correct answer to determine that a sentence is false, or do they rely on a mismatch between presented sentence components? To illustrate, when confronted with the false sentence 'trains run on highways', does one need to know that trains do not run on highways or does one need to know that trains run on tracks to reject the sentence as false? To investigate these questions, participants were asked to validate sentences that were preceded by images (Experiments 1-3) conveying a truth-congruent or a falsehood-congruent component of the sentence (e.g., an image of tracks/highway preceding the sentence 'trains run on tracks/highways') or by words (Experiment 4) that were either sentence-congruent, truth-congruent, or both (e.g., the word 'train/tracks' preceding the sentence 'trains run on tracks/highways'). Results from four experiments showed that activating sentence-congruent concepts facilitates validation for both false and true sentences but that activating truth-congruent concepts did not aid the validation of false sentences. The present findings suggest that a detection of falsehood relies on a mismatch detection between sentence's components, rather than on the activation of true content in the context of a particular sentence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Weil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - Liad Mudrik
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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26
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Seta JJ, Seta CE, McCormick M. An overcorrection framing effect. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Seta
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina
| | - Catherine E. Seta
- Department of PsychologyWake Forest University Winston‐Salem North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Butera
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale (UNILaPS), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sommet
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale (UNILaPS), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Life Course and Inequality Research Centre (LINES), Université de Lausanne, 1050 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Toma
- Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1015 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Conway P, Weiss A, Burgmer P, Mussweiler T. Distrusting Your Moral Compass: The Impact of Distrust Mindsets on Moral Dilemma Processing and Judgments. SOCIAL COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2018.36.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Conway
- Florida State University
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne
| | - Alexa Weiss
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne
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Weiss A, Burgmer P, Mussweiler T. Two-Faced Morality: Distrust Promotes Divergent Moral Standards for the Self Versus Others. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1712-1724. [PMID: 29804510 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218775693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People do not trust hypocrites, because they preach water, but drink wine. The current research shows that, ironically, when we distrust, we become moral hypocrites ourselves. We argue that experiencing distrust alerts us to the possibility that others may intent to exploit us, and that such looming exploitation differentially affects moral standards for the self versus others. Four studies ( N = 1,225) examined this possibility and its underlying motivational dynamic. Study 1 established a relationship between dispositional distrust and flexible, self-serving moral cognition. In Studies 2 and 3, participants experiencing distrust (vs. trust) endorsed more lenient moral standards for themselves than for others. Study 4 explored the role of the motivation to avoid exploitation in these effects. Specifically, participants' dispositional victim sensitivity moderated the effect of distrust on hypocrisy. Together, these findings suggest that individuals who distrust and fear to be exploited show self-serving, and hence untrustworthy, moral cognition themselves.
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30
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Kleiman T, Enisman M. The conflict mindset: How internal conflicts affect self-regulation. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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