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Ledford A, Luning CR, Dixon DP, Miles P, Lynch SM. The role of mindfulness and resilience in Navy SEAL training. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 36:286-300. [PMID: 38661469 PMCID: PMC11057574 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2062973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness and resilience are thought to be essential qualities of the military's special operations community. Both are tested daily in Special Operations Forces (SOF) assessment and selection efforts to prepare candidates to persist through grueling training and complex combat situations; but these qualities are rarely measured. While military leadership places value on the concepts of mindfulness and resilience, there is minimal empirical research examining the role that they play in the completion of training. This longitudinal study followed three classes of SEAL candidates at Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training over their six-month selection program. We estimated logit models predicting successful completion of BUD/S and specific types of failure in that training environment with indexes of mindfulness and resilience at the start of the program as predictors of completion. The results indicate that (1) mindfulness is unrelated to completion, while (2) resilience is positively related to completion, and (3) The results indicate that mindfulness is generally unrelated to completion, while resilience generally predicts completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ledford
- Department of Leadership, Ethics, and Law, United States Naval, Arnold, Maryland, USA
- Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership, United States Naval, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Celeste Raver Luning
- Department of Leadership, Ethics, and Law, United States Naval, Arnold, Maryland, USA
- Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership, United States Naval, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Deirdre P. Dixon
- TECO Energy Center for Leadership, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Sykes College of Business, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Patti Miles
- Maine Business School, University of MaineOrono, Maine, USA
| | - Scott M. Lynch
- Department of Sociology and Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Jones MV, Smith N, Walker L, Turner M, McCann A, Braithwaite E, Burns D, Emmerson P, Webster L, Jones M. Development of the ARENA training programme for resilient performance in defense and security settings. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37921638 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2268495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Defense and Security Personnel (DSP) often have to operate in the presence of stressful demands. Prior research has identified factors and processes associated with DSP being able to perform resiliently in demanding situations and settings. The aim of the present study was to develop a resilient performance training programme for UK defense and security operators. An intervention mapping (IM) method was used to guide the development of the programme. Typically, IM follows six sequential phases. In the present work, these phases were shaped by insights from prior research (e.g. systematic review and end user interviews), the input of a dedicated working group (N = 13) and from practitioner focus groups. During the IM process, the importance of programme flexibility was emphasized by practitioners. As such, the enAbling REsilieNt performAnce (ARENA) training programme was designed to be agile and include both face-to-face training and online learning modules. Theoretical behavior change principles, closely aligned to findings of earlier work on resilient defense and security performance, were used to underpin programme content and delivery. Future research should seek to gather data on the impact of the ARENA programme, in the targeted biological, psychological and social factors that previously been associated with resilient performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc V Jones
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Nathan Smith
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Lucy Walker
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew McCann
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Danielle Burns
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Leonie Webster
- Human Sciences Group, CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Martin Jones
- Human Sciences Group, CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
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Moyers SA, Hagger MS. Physical Activity and Cortisol Regulation: A Meta-Analysis. Biol Psychol 2023; 179:108548. [PMID: 37001634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity participation is associated with effective stress coping, indicated by decreases in both physiological stress reactivity and perceived stress. Quantifying the effect of physical activity on the diurnal regulation of one key physiological stress indicator, the stress hormone, cortisol, across studies may demonstrate the extent to which physical activity participation is associated with diurnal HPA axis regulation. We meta-analyzed studies examining relations between physical activity participation and indices of HPA axis regulation: the diurnal cortisol slope and the cortisol awakening response. We also examined moderators of the relation. The analysis revealed a small, non-zero negative averaged correlation between physical activity and the diurnal cortisol slope (r = -0.043, 95% CI [-0.080, -0.004]). Examination of sample sociodemographic differences, study design characteristics, cortisol measurement methods, and physical activity variables as moderators revealed few effects on the relation between physical activity and diurnal cortisol slope. We did not observe lower levels of variability in the mean cortisol awakening response at higher levels of physical activity participation, and moderator analyses showed little evidence of reductions in heterogeneity for this effect. We found some evidence of systematic publication bias. Findings suggest higher physical activity is associated with a steeper diurnal cortisol slope. However, the cortisol awakening response did not differ by physical activity level. Future studies testing the physical activity and cortisol regulation association should use standardized physical activity measures, follow guidelines for better quality cortisol sampling collection and analysis, and test relations in large-scale empirical studies to confirm the direction and causality of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susette A Moyers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA; Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Martin S Hagger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, USA; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Australia
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Shadle A, Waite L, Chappelle W. Personality Trait Comparison of Pararescue Personnel and Elite Athletes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:783-790. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6087.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pararescue personnel (PJs) deploy in high-risk environments and perform extraordinary missions under intense conditions, requiring an unusual combination of physical and psychological abilities. The rigorous nature of PJ training and the superior levels of fitness
and cognitive functioning to perform challenging physical feats in high-pressure, high-intensity environments have prompted military commanders and embedded health care providers to compare successful performance in the PJ mission with the characteristics required of elite, Olympic-level athletes.METHODS:
In the current study, we tested this assumption by comparing the social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of 160 U.S. PJ training candidate graduates and 73 elite, Olympic-level track and field athletes using scores on the NEO Personality Inventory-3.RESULTS: Results from this
study suggest that although there are physical and psychological challenges inherent in both the PJ and elite athlete career fields, the emotional, social, and behavioral performance of PJs differs in functional ways from the elite athlete population, with PJs scoring significantly lower in
Neuroticism and higher in Extraversion and Conscientiousness.DISCUSSION: The results of this study can be used to improve the delivery of embedded mental health services geared toward improving training and enhancing health, recovery, and performance within operational units.Shadle
A, Waite L, Chappelle W. Personality trait comparison of pararescue personnel and elite athletes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(11):783–790.
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Lodha S, Gupta R. Mindfulness, Attentional Networks, and Executive Functioning: a Review of Interventions and Long-Term Meditation Practice. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jones MV, Smith N, Burns D, Braithwaite E, Turner M, McCann A, Walker L, Emmerson P, Webster L, Jones M. A systematic review of resilient performance in defence and security settings. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273015. [PMID: 36190945 PMCID: PMC9529107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative systematic literature review was conducted to explore resilient performance in defence and security settings. A search strategy was employed across a total of five databases, searching published articles from 2001 onwards that assessed performance and optimal function in relation to resilience, in defence and security personnel. Following narrative synthesis, studies were assessed for quality. Thirty-two articles met inclusion criteria across a range of performance domains, including, but not limited to, course selection, marksmanship, land navigation, and simulated captivity. Some of the key findings included measures of mental toughness, confidence, and a stress-is-enhancing mindset being positively associated with performance outcomes. There was mixed evidence for the predictive value of biomarkers, although there was some support for cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and neuropeptide-y (NPY), and vagal reactivity. Interventions to improve resilient performance were focused on mindfulness or general psychological skills, with effects generally clearer on cognitive tasks rather than direct performance outcomes in the field. In sum, no single measure, nor intervention was consistently associated with performance over a range of domains. To inform future work, findings from the present review have been used to develop a framework of resilient performance, with the aim to promote theoretically informed work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vincent Jones
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan Smith
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, England
| | - Danielle Burns
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | | | - Martin Turner
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Andy McCann
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Lucy Walker
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | | | - Leonie Webster
- Human and Social Sciences Group, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Jones
- Human and Social Sciences Group, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Buskerud JE, Abrahamsen FE, Solberg PA. Physical Stress and Determinants of Shooting Performance Among Norwegian Special Forces Operators. Front Psychol 2022; 13:894169. [PMID: 35719593 PMCID: PMC9200070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
However, there is a lack of conceptual understanding of the factors influencing performance decrements in prone shooting. The present study examines how one can simulate a combat scenario by inducing acute physical stress, ultimately impacting one's shooting performance (SP). The relationship between participants' physical level and SP was measured in several ways. The SP of members of the Norwegian Navy Special Operations Forces (SOF) (N = 30) was measured before and directly after acute exercise-induced stress caused by a 200-m uphill run (90% HRmax). Under acute physical stress, participants took less time to fire five rounds (total 15.5 ± 10.9 s faster), and the probability of hitting the target was unaffected (92%). In terms of more sensitive measures, score was significantly reduced and shot-group dispersion increased (64 ± 90 cm2, p < 0.01, d = 0.72), mainly due to increased vertical dispersion (2.5 ± 4.6 cm, p < 0.01, d = 0.53). Age, trait somatic anxiety and the Big Five Inventory item "openness" explained 45.2% of the variance in shooting score in the pre-physical stress condition. In the post-physical stress condition, pre-test shooting score, the number of months deployed, and shooting time predicted 32.9% of the variance in shooting score. The change in SP (pre-post) showed the concentration disruption scale was the best predictor of the reduction in shot score (20.1%). From a practical point of view, maintaining the probability of hitting the target with reduced shooting time post-physical stress could be viewed as superior performance for SOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erik Buskerud
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Paul André Solberg
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
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Chesin MS, Keilp JG, Kline A, Stanley B, Myers C, Latorre M, St Hill LM, Miller RB, King AR, Boschulte DR, Rodriguez KM, Callahan M, Sedita M, Interian A. Attentional control may be modifiable with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide. Behav Res Ther 2021; 147:103988. [PMID: 34700258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicide (MBCT-S) is associated with improvement in attentional control, an objective marker of suicide attempt. METHOD In the context of a randomized clinical trial targeting suicide risk in Veterans, computerized Stroop and emotion Stroop (E-Stroop) tasks were administered 3 times over 6-months follow-up to 135 high suicide risk Veterans. Seventy were randomized to receive MBCT-S in addition to enhanced treatment as usual (eTAU), and 65 were randomized to eTAU only. E-Stroop word types included positively- and negatively-valenced emotion, suicide, and combat-related words. Interference scores and mixed effects linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS Veterans receiving MBCT-S showed a more favorable trajectory of attentional control over time, as indicated by performance on two E-Stroop tasks. Combat-stress interference scores improved over time among Veterans in MBCT-S. Interference processing time for negative affective words deteriorated over time among Veterans receiving eTAU only. CONCLUSIONS MBCT-S may effectively target attentional control, and in particular reduce processing time during affective interference, in high suicide risk Veterans. Future studies to replicate these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Chesin
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, USA.
| | - John G Keilp
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | - Anna Kline
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | - Catherine Myers
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Healthcare System, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Sedita
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, USA
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Márquez MA, Galiana L, Oliver A, Sansó N. The impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on the quality of life of Spanish national police officers. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2021; 29:1491-1501. [PMID: 33125800 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Police officers belong to a profession with a high risk of stress, burnout and compassion fatigue. Incorporating mindfulness practices into the health and occupational-risk prevention programs run by the national police forces in Spain could provide a new approach to reducing stress and enhancing the psychological and emotional balance of these officers. METHODS A 7-week mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) was conducted in a group of 20 national police officers in Mallorca (Spain). Mindfulness, self-compassion, burnout, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and perceived stress were measured and compared before and after the intervention. RESULTS We identified significant differences in mindfulness (F(5, 14) = 7.441, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.727), compassion satisfaction (F(1, 19) = 5.929, p = 0.025, η2 = 0.238) and perceived stress levels (t(18) = 2.863, p = 0.010, d = 0.611) after the intervention; non-significant improvements were observed for the remaining variables assessed. CONCLUSIONS MBIs could be an effective way of reducing stress levels among police officers in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Márquez
- Centro de meditación Tushita, Girona, Spain
- Medical Consulting Arcades Ambo SL, Sant Joan, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Oliver
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemí Sansó
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IDISBA), Palma, Spain
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Susceptibility of Women to Cardiovascular Disease and the Prevention Potential of Mind-Body Intervention by Changes in Neural Circuits and Cardiovascular Physiology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050708. [PMID: 34068722 PMCID: PMC8151888 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have been reported to be more vulnerable to the development, prognosis and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, yet the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and strategies to overcome them are still relatively undeveloped. Studies show that women's brains are more sensitive to factors affecting mental health such as depression and stress than men's brains. In women, poor mental health increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and conversely, cardiovascular disease increases the incidence of mental illness such as depression. In connection with mental health and cardiovascular health, the presence of gender differences in brain activation, cortisol secretion, autonomic nervous system, vascular health and inflammatory response has been observed. This connection suggests that strategies to manage women's mental health can contribute to preventing cardiovascular disease. Mind-body interventions, such as meditation, yoga and qigong are forms of exercise that strive to actively manage both mind and body. They can provide beneficial effects on stress reduction and mental health. They are also seen as structurally and functionally changing the brain, as well as affecting cortisol secretion, blood pressure, heart rate variability, immune reactions and reducing menopausal symptoms, thus positively affecting women's cardiovascular health. In this review, we investigate the link between mental health, brain activation, HPA axis, autonomic nervous system, blood pressure and immune system associated with cardiovascular health in women and discuss the effects of mind-body intervention in modulating these factors.
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Ihme KRM, Sundstrom P. The mindful shield: The effects of mindfulness training on resilience and leadership in military leaders. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:675-688. [PMID: 32740947 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to address military leader perceptions of their resilience, transformational leadership behaviors, and leadership effectiveness before and after experiencing Mindfulness-Based Attention Training (MBAT). METHODS Participants were formal and informal leaders in the Kansas Air National Guard. The study used a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Phase I involved analyzing pretest and posttest results obtained from a Jha Lab study for three self-report assessments in an intervention group (n = 36) vs a control group (n = 37). The qualitative data in phase II was obtained from individual interviews of participants (n = 12) following the Jha Lab study. RESULTS The phase I quantitative results confirmed the null hypotheses-no significant differences found-for all research questions. Phase II resulted in eight thematic codes, six of which were central to the experiences described by participants (Halting, Sensing, Being, Shielding, Considering, and Engaging) and two that were not (Obstructing, and Escaping). CONCLUSIONS The key finding was that the descriptions of mindful thoughts and behaviors were consistent across participants indicating that MBAT accurately presents mindfulness during the course and the training had positive effects on participant mindfulness, primarily in the areas of being present to self, shielding the self through reperceiving, and then consciously altering behavior based on the new perspective. Results should direct future resiliency course development, leadership course curricula, and aid understanding of how leaders mentally conceptualize stress, incorporate resilient behaviors and then apply that knowledge to their own leadership behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R M Ihme
- College of Doctoral Studies, University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Peggy Sundstrom
- Program Chair, Organizational Development and Leadership, Ashford University College of Doctoral Studies, San Diego, California
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Im S, Stavas J, Lee J, Mir Z, Hazlett-Stevens H, Caplovitz G. Does mindfulness-based intervention improve cognitive function?: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 84:101972. [PMID: 33582570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts and preliminary evidence suggest that Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) improve cognitive function, but reviews of empirical studies have provided mixed results. To clarify empirical evidence, we conducted a meta-analysis of 25 studies (n = 1439) and examined the effects of MBIs on four cognitive domains: attention, working memory, long-term memory, and executive function. The summary effect sizes indicate that MBIs produce non-significant effects on attention (SMD = 0.07), working memory (SMD = 0.16), and long-term memory (SMD = -0.12), while a small effect was observed for executive function (SMD = 0.29). Given significant heterogeneity across studies, we conducted meta-regression analyses with sample characteristics, age, number of treatment sessions, treatment duration, intervention type, control group type, and study design. We found moderating effects of intervention type on attention and executive function. Although the current study highlights preliminary evidence for improvements in executive function, overall results suggest non-significant findings for attention, working memory, and long-term memory. To draw a firm conclusion, further research is needed to address methodological challenges in meta-analysis and the limitations of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Im
- Western Kentucky University, United States of America.
| | - Julie Stavas
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Kwangwoon University, United States of America
| | - Zareen Mir
- Teachers College, Columbia University, United States of America
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Trombka M, Demarzo M, Campos D, Antonio SB, Cicuto K, Walcher AL, García-Campayo J, Schuman-Olivier Z, Rocha NS. Mindfulness Training Improves Quality of Life and Reduces Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Police Officers: Results From the POLICE Study-A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:624876. [PMID: 33716824 PMCID: PMC7952984 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Police officers' high-stress levels and its deleterious consequences are raising awareness to an epidemic of mental health problems and quality of life (QoL) impairment. There is a growing evidence that mindfulness-based interventions are efficacious to promote mental health and well-being among high-stress occupations. Methods: The POLICE study is a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three assessment points (baseline, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up) where police officers were randomized to mindfulness-based health promotion (MBHP) (n = 88) or a waiting list (n = 82). This article focuses on QoL, depression and anxiety symptoms, and religiosity outcomes. Mechanisms of change and MBHP feasibility were evaluated. Results: Significant group × time interaction was found for QoL, depression and anxiety symptoms, and non-organizational religiosity. Between-group analysis showed that MBHP group exhibited greater improvements in QoL, and depression and anxiety symptoms at both post-intervention (QoL d = 0.69 to 1.01; depression d = 0.97; anxiety d = 0.73) and 6-month follow-up (QoL d = 0.41 to 0.74; depression d = 0.60; anxiety d = 0.51), in addition to increasing non-organizational religiosity at post-intervention (d = 0.31). Changes on self-compassion mediated the relationship between group and pre-to-post changes for all QoL domains and facets. Group effect on QoL overall health facet at post-intervention was moderated by mindfulness trait and spirituality changes. Conclusion: MBHP is feasible and efficacious to improve QoL, and depression and anxiety symptoms among Brazilian officers. Results were maintained after 6 months. MBHP increased non-organizational religiosity, although the effect was not sustained 6 months later. To our knowledge, this is the first mindfulness-based intervention RCT to empirically demonstrate these effects among police officers. Self-compassion, mindfulness trait, and spirituality mechanisms of change are examined. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov. identifier: NCT03114605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Trombka
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marcelo Demarzo
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Campos
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental en Atención Primaria, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia B. Antonio
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Cicuto
- Mente Aberta, Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Walcher
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Mental en Atención Primaria, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Zev Schuman-Olivier
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Neusa S. Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life Research Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Belschner L, Lin SY, Yamin DF, Best JR, Edalati K, McDermid J, Stewart SE. Mindfulness-based skills training group for parents of obsessive-compulsive disorder-affected children: A caregiver-focused intervention. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101098. [PMID: 32379640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parents of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) report significant emotional and socio-occupational impacts. There is, however, currently insufficient support for these parents. This study examined a mindfulness-based intervention for parents of OCD-affected children, investigating its feasibility and impact on parental ability to tolerate their child's OCD-related distress, in addition to exploring potential indirect effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parents of OCD-affected children (n = 39) completed an eight-week baseline observation period followed by eight, weekly manualized mindfulness-based intervention group sessions. Measures of parental tolerance of child distress, dispositional mindfulness, family accommodation, family functioning, and OCD symptom severity were collected. RESULTS In comparison to the baseline observation period, parental tolerance of child distress and dispositional mindfulness significantly improved following mindfulness training. No other temporal differences were observed. Parents reported high satisfaction. CONCLUSION Mindfulness-based skills training for parents of OCD-affected youth appears to be feasible and to significantly increase tolerance related to the child's distress. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03212703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belschner
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Sarah Yao Lin
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Diana Franco Yamin
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - John R Best
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Kourosh Edalati
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Joanna McDermid
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Centre for Mindfulness, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Centre for Mindfulness, A3-121, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Mindfulness and Attention: Current State-of-Affairs and Future Considerations. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020; 4:340-367. [PMID: 33817547 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review examines longitudinal studies of changes in components of attention following mindfulness training. A total of 57 retreat studies, non-randomized trials, and randomized controlled trials were identified. Employing the classical taxonomy proposed by Posner and Petersen (1990), outcome measures were broadly categorized based on whether they involved maintenance of an aroused state (alerting), selective prioritization of attention to target items (orienting), or assessed conflict monitoring (executive attention). Although many non-randomized and retreat studies provide promising evidence of gains in both alerting and conflict monitoring following mindfulness training, evidence from randomized controlled trials, especially those involving active control comparison groups, is more mixed. This review calls attention to the urgent need in our field of contemplative sciences to adopt the methodological rigor necessary for establishing mindfulness meditation as an effective cognitive rehabilitation tool. Although studies including wait-listed control comparisons were fruitful in providing initial feasibility data and pre-post effect sizes, there is a pressing need to employ standards that have been heavily advocated for in the broader cognitive and physical training literatures. Critically, inclusion of active comparison groups and explicit attention to the reduction of demand characteristics are needed to disentangle the effects of placebo from treatment. Further, detailed protocols for mindfulness and control groups and examination of theoretically guided outcome variables with established metrics for reliability and validity are key ingredients in the systematic study of mindfulness meditation. Adoption of such methodological rigor will allow for causal claims supporting mindfulness training as an efficacious treatment modality for cognitive rehabilitation and enhancement.
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Examining the impact of mindfulness and self-compassion on the relationship between mental health and resiliency. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2020.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sala M, Rochefort C, Lui PP, Baldwin AS. Trait mindfulness and health behaviours: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2019; 14:345-393. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1650290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sala
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - P. Priscilla Lui
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Austin S. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Frenkel MO, Brokelmann J, Nieuwenhuys A, Heck RB, Kasperk C, Stoffel M, Plessner H. Mindful Sensation Seeking: An Examination of the Protective Influence of Selected Personality Traits on Risk Sport-Specific Stress. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1719. [PMID: 31440179 PMCID: PMC6694797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress often has a negative influence on sports performance. Stress-induced decreases in performance can be especially disastrous for risk sports athletes, who often put their life at risk when practicing their sport. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify protective factors in stressful situations in risk sports. On average, risk sports athletes score extremely high on the personality trait sensation seeking. At the same time, theoretical considerations about dispositional mindfulness suggest that mindful athletes can handle stress more effectively. The main goal of this experiment is to examine the influence of sensation seeking and mindfulness on the stress response to a risk sport-specific stressor. To induce stress, 88 male students completed the Heidelberg Risk Sport-Specific Stress Test (HRSST) which utilizes fear of falling as the stressful event during a climbing exercise. Psychological (anxiety) and physiological (cortisol) responses were measured at multiple time points before and after the HRSST to determine the severity of the stress response. In reaction to the stressor, a significant increase in self-reported state anxiety, but no significant increase in cortisol were observed. The mindfulness subscale external observation correlated positively with anxiety in the climbing wall, sensation seeking and the anxiety scales after the jump correlated negatively and sensation seeking predicted anxiety subscales after the jump in hierarchical regression analyses. However, mindfulness did not predict anxiety measures. Neither sensation seeking nor mindfulness correlated significantly with cortisol levels. The results suggest that high sensation seekers perceive a risk sport-specific stressor as less stressful. The missing physiological response might be explained by the Cross-Stressor-Adaptation-Hypothesis and particularities of the sample. Good internal observers might be especially aware of their need of stimulation and new experiences, which in turn might explain the higher experience-seeking scores. Future studies should further examine the role of mindfulness in stressful situations and the interaction of its subscales with sensation seeking. The current experiment offers new possibilities for adjoining research fields at the interface between sports sciences, psychology and medicine: The findings can be transferred to high risk professions such as police officers, firefighters and military forces (e.g., for selection processes or for interventions).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Brokelmann
- Psychological Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robin-Bastian Heck
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kasperk
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Steroid Laboratory, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Stoffel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Plessner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Heckenberg RA, Hale MW, Kent S, Wright BJ. An online mindfulness-based program is effective in improving affect, over-commitment, optimism and mucosal immunity. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:20-27. [PMID: 30395806 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated mindfulness-based programs are effective in reducing workplace stress; however, few have investigated the effectiveness of online mindfulness-based programs. Physiological measures are also underutilised when examining the efficacy of these programs. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of an online mindfulness-based program on both short-term and more enduring aspects of psychological and physiological measures of stress and ill-health. Participants (N = 22) completed an 8-week online mindfulness-based program. Immediately before and after a mindfulness session, participants completed questionnaires to assess the short-term effects on mood and state anxiety and provided saliva samples to assess salivary alpha amylase (sAA) concentrations. Additionally, pre and post the 8-week intervention, participants completed questionnaires assessing workplace stress, over-commitment, work engagement, dispositional mindfulness and personal resources. Saliva samples were collected to measure the cortisol awakening response, sAA awakening response and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Our findings demonstrate that online mindfulness-based programs induce short-term improvements in fatigue and anxiety in employees. Additionally, we also report a decrease in over-commitment and increases in optimism and mucosal immunity (sIgA) following the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Heckenberg
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Bradley J Wright
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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20
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Do workplace-based mindfulness meditation programs improve physiological indices of stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2018; 114:62-71. [PMID: 30314581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have been related with improved job satisfaction, wellbeing, health, and reduced workplace stress with employees. However, until now, synthesis of the evidence of the effect of MBIs on physiological indices associated with stress and ill-health has been lacking. Therefore the current systematic review aimed to synthesise the literature from employee samples to provide guidance for future investigations in terms of which physiological indicators and biological systems may be most impacted by MBIs. METHODS Electronic databases were searched. Studies that conducted a mindfulness-based program with an employee sample, which targeted workplace stress or work engagement, and measured a physiological outcome were selected for inclusion. Studies using either a between-group or within-group design were included. Nine papers were found to meet the inclusion criteria for our systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. RESULTS MBIs were found to be effective in reducing cortisol production, as indicated by lowered high and low diurnal cortisol slopes. However, no changes were found for cortisol awakening response or concentrations for single a.m. and p.m. time-points. MBIs also improved autonomic balance, assessed by heart rate variability coherence measures, but not blood pressure. Sympathetic nervous system reactivity as measured by salivary alpha amylase was also reduced following MBI. While aspects of immune function were also improved following MBIs, specifically, increased antibody response to a viral vaccine and reduced C-reactive protein concentrations, each of these outcomes were only assessed in a single study. CONCLUSION Taken together, the findings suggest that MBIs are a promising avenue for intervention for improving physiological indices of stress. Our findings suggest that changes in daytime cortisol secretion and HRV coherence may be particularly influenced by MBIs. Future studies should aim to assess multiple physiological indices to confirm the current findings and further improve current understanding of which biological systems (and indices within these systems) show responses indicative of reduced stress due to MBI.
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Cheng KS, Chang YF, Han RPS, Lee PF. Enhanced conflict monitoring via a short-duration, video-assisted deep breathing in healthy young adults: an event-related potential approach through the Go/NoGo paradigm. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3857. [PMID: 29018605 PMCID: PMC5633029 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Practitioners of mindfulness are reported to have greater cognitive control especially in conflict monitoring, response inhibition and sustained attention. However, due to the various existing methods in each mindfulness practices and also, the high commitment factor, a barrier still exists for an individual to pick up the practices. Therefore, the effect of short duration deep breathing on the cognitive control is investigated here. Methods Short duration guided deep breathing videos consisting of 5, 7 and 9 min respectively were created and used on subjects training. The effect on cognitive control was assessed using a Go/NoGo task along with event-related potential (ERP) measurements at Fz, Cz, and Pz. Results From the study, the significant outcome showed at the follow-up session in which participants engaged for 5 min deep breathing group showed a profound NoGo N2 amplitude increment as compared to the control group, indicating an enhanced conflict monitoring ability. An inverse relationship between the NoGo N2 amplitude and the breathing duration is observed as well at the follow-up session. Conclusion These results indicated the possibility of performing short duration deep breathing guided by a video to achieve an enhanced conflict monitoring as an alternative to other mindfulness practices and 5 min is found to be the optimum practice duration. Significant This study is the first to establish a relationship between deep breathing and conflict monitoring through ERP. The study population of young adults taken from the same environment reduces the variance in ERP results due to age and environment. Limitation A larger sample size would provide a greater statistical power. A longer duration of deep breathing should be investigated to further clarify the relationship between the practice duration and the NoGo N2 amplitude. The result can be split by gender and analyzed separately due to the different brain structure of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Suen Cheng
- Department of Mechatronics & Biomedical Engineering, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Fah Chang
- Department of Mathematical & Actuarial Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ray P S Han
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Poh Foong Lee
- Department of Mechatronics & Biomedical Engineering, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
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