How resilience is strengthened by exposure to stressors: the systematic self-reflection model of resilience strengthening

Navigating life's challenges: A randomized 6-week online intervention study to enhance resilience in working-age adults

Psychological resilience describes a trainable capacity that allows us to cope with adversity and adapt to stressful life events. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a 6-week online resilience intervention in students and working-age individuals. We randomly assigned 174 participants aged between 18 and 54 years (74.1% female) to either an intervention (n = 86, Mage = 24.83, SDage = 5.93) or a wait-list control group (n = 88, Mage = 23.30, SDage = 4.49). The intervention group received a 6-week flexible, asynchronous online resilience training consisting of 12 short videos. We assessed resilience, perceived stress, and worries in both groups. Mixed-ANCOVA results indicated that participants assigned to the intervention group significantly increased their resilience scores (Mdiff = 3.65, p < .001) and reduced negative emotions such as perceived stress (Mdiff = 4.18, p < .001) and worries (Mdiff = 5.09, p < .001). We observed no significant changes in the wait-list control group. The intervention group's ability to enhance resilience through watching two short videos per week supports the idea that resilience is trainable. Online resilience interventions represent a promising opportunity to acquire novel coping strategies in order to strengthen resilience and manage life's upcoming challenges.

Rumination, Basic Beliefs, and Posttraumatic Growth in Cancer Patients: A Moderated Mediation Model

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a highly distressing and traumatic experience that can significantly impact individuals' psychological well-being. Whereas many cancer patients may experience negative psychological outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms, a subset of individuals also reports positive psychological changes known as posttraumatic growth.

OBJECTIVE

To contribute to theory-driven development of these treatments by exploring the role of deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth, along with the basic beliefs that might shape it.

METHODS

A sample of cancer patients (n = 139) completed self-report measures assessing rumination, basic beliefs, and posttraumatic growth. Multiple linear regression analyses and moderated mediation models were conducted to analyze the data.

RESULTS

Findings support the hypothesis that intrusive rumination, deliberate ruminating, and disruption in basic beliefs strongly predict posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. The results of this simple mediation indicate that deliberate rumination has a full mediating role. The results show that at all levels of basic beliefs, there is a positive and statistically significant indirect effect of intrusive rumination on posttraumatic growth.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the importance of addressing rumination and core beliefs in interventions aimed at promoting posttraumatic growth among cancer patients. Further research is needed to explore additional factors that may influence the relationship between rumination, basic beliefs, and posttraumatic growth.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Oncology nurses can assist individuals in recognizing and managing intrusive rumination, as well as advocating deliberate rumination as a constructive cognitive process for making sense of a traumatic event and fostering growth.

Resilience and its associated factors in optometry students from eight institutions across six countries

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Resilience is a key enabler for healthcare professionals including optometrists, to cope with adversities and practice self-care. Evaluating the levels of resilience and its associated factors in optometry students can lead to the development of appropriate intervention strategies for academic and professional success.

BACKGROUND

The moderately high prevalence of mental health issues and burnout among optometry students suggests a need to equip the next generation of optometrists with the necessary skills to enhance mental health. Resilience has been shown to mitigate burnout among healthcare professionals and offer personal and professional benefits. Additionally, resilience education during healthcare student training can enhance mental health and wellbeing, leading to better patient care. This study aims to evaluate resilience levels and its associated factors (self-efficacy, mindfulness, positive and negative affect, and coping strategies) in optometry students.

METHODS

Students enrolled in optometry schools across eight institutions in six countries were invited to participate in an online survey within the period of April 2023 - January 2024. The survey comprised of demographic data, existing and validated questionnaires on resilience, self-efficacy, mindfulness, positive and negative affect, and coping strategies. Descriptive statistics and linear regressions were used for analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 294 valid responses were collected. There were no significant differences in resilience scores between countries. Greater resilience (p < 0.05) was associated with older age, higher academic grades and having no financial assistance. Additional predictors of greater resilience included higher self-efficacy, mindfulness, positive affect and acceptance scores, and lower behavioural disengagement scores.

CONCLUSION

Identifying factors that affect resilience in optometry students provides information for targeted strategies that enhance resilience. More work is required to understand the generalisability of these results, impact of culture on resilience, and appropriate intervention methods.

Effects of chamber restricted environmental stimulation therapy on state mindfulness, physiological regulation and emotional experience in young adults: Exploring variations by resting heart rate variability

This exploratory study examines the effects of a single, brief (3-h) Chamber Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) session on emotional experience, state mindfulness, and physiological regulation in young adults. Previous research has shown preliminary evidence, that REST offers a range of benefits in managing stress and mental well-being. We focused on young adult population, a group particularly vulnerable to stress, digital dependence and immersion, who often lack time for self-reflection and contemplative activities, while navigating numerous distractions. Additionally, we included resting heart rate variability (HRV) in our analysis, a well-established marker of cardiovascular health, self-regulation capacity, and resilience to stress. A total of 130 participants completed the Chamber REST session, while 61 were assigned to the control condition. A matching procedure was used to ensure equivalency between the experimental and control groups in a 1:1 ratio (experimental = 58, control = 58). Subsequently, a median split of resting HRV was performed within the experimental group, allowing for a comparison of the effects of Chamber REST between the High HRV (N = 65) and Low HRV (N = 65) subgroups. The results did not show significant differences between the experimental and control conditions across the observed variables. However, we found that Chamber REST naturally evokes mindful attention, regardless of meditation experience, suggesting underlying mechanisms of REST's effectiveness. The Low HRV group exhibited heightened sensitivity to the REST session, as evidenced by a stronger correlation between parasympathetic activity and emotionally valenced experience (both positive and negative), as well as the relationship between satisfaction with the stay, smartphone use tendencies after the session, and state mindfulness. These findings were further discussed in the context of resting HRV, digital immersion, and self-regulation.

The Mediating Role of Meaning-Making in the Relationship Between Mental Time Travel and Positive Emotions in Stress-Related Blogs: Big Data Text Analysis Research

BACKGROUND

Given the ubiquity of stress, a key focus of stress research is exploring how to better coexist with stress.

OBJECTIVE

This study conducted text analysis on stress-related Weibo posts using a web crawler to investigate whether these posts contained positive emotions, as well as elements of mental time travel and meaning-making. A mediation model of mental time travel, meaning-making, and positive emotions was constructed to examine whether meaning-making triggered by mental time travel can foster positive emotions under stress.

METHODS

Using Python 3.8, the original public data from active Weibo users were crawled, yielding 331,711 stress-related posts. To avoid false positives, these posts were randomly divided into two large samples for cross-validation (sample 1: n=165,374; sample 2: n=166,337). Google's natural language processing application programming interface was used for word segmentation, followed by text and mediation analysis using the Chinese psychological analysis system "Wenxin." A mini-meta-analysis of the mediation path coefficients was conducted. Text analysis identified mental time travel words, meaning-making words, and positive emotion words in stress-related posts.

RESULTS

The constructed mediation model of mental time travel words (time words), meaning-making words (causal and insightful words), and positive poststress emotions validated positive adaptation following stress. A mini-meta-analysis of two different mediation models constructed in the two subsamples indicated a stable mediation effect across the 2 random subsamples. The combined effect size (B) obtained was .013 (SE 0.003, 95% CI 0.007-0.018; P<.001), demonstrating that meaning-making triggered by mental time travel in stress-related blog posts can predict positive emotions under stress.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals can adapt positively to stress by engaging in meaning-making processes that are triggered by mental time travel and reflected in their social media posts. The study's mediation model confirmed that mental time travel leads to meaning-making, which fosters positive emotional responses to stress. Mental time travel serves as a psychological strategy to facilitate positive adaptation to stressful situations.

Unfolding insights about resilience and its coping strategies by medical academics and healthcare professionals at their workplaces: a thematic qualitative analysis

BACKGROUND

Health care professionals (HCPs) and medical and health academics (MHAs) strive to maintain and promote population health through evidence-based medical education and practice. At their workplaces, due to the demanding nature of work, HCPs and MHAs face substantial degrees of physiological, psychological, and physical stress, including burnout. Resilience has therefore become a fundamental necessity in the medical field. Our research aimed to acquire an in-depth comprehension of how HCPs and MHAs understand, cultivate, and sustain resilience when confronted with workplace challenges and stressors.

METHODS

We reviewed the existing corpus of literature about resilience, stressors, and coping strategies and followed an iterative deliberations process to develop an interview guide. The guide was validated by content experts and was piloted on a small group of MHAs of the University of Sharjah (UoS) and HCPs from different hospitals of the United Arab Emirates to test its relevance, internal consistency, and inter-observer validity. The validated interview guide was then administered for in-person interviews. Lastly, we adopted the Braun and Clarke 6-stage thematic model for qualitative data analysis.

RESULTS

Our study recorded insights of 170 participants; 69 MHAs and 101 HCPs. Through an inductive thematic analysis, three overarching themes with sub-themes emerged; cognitive mastery (cognitive appraisal and problem-solving abilities), affective well-being (gratification from professional efficacy and social support), and conative efficiency (proactive approaches and introspection and reflection). Other main findings highlighted stress-related factors, realistic expectations, personal well-being and work-life balance. MHAs were concerned about academic output and research, while HCPs were stressed about patient care, delivery of services, and workload. These factors highlighted a complex interaction between cognitive mastery, emotional well-being, and conative efficiency.

CONCLUSION

The findings of our study bestow valuable insights into the dynamic nature of resilience in the medical profession. The synergies and dissimilarities in work-life balance, personal productivity, and job-specific stressors among HCPs and MHAs demand a well-structured resilience program. The themes of cognitive mastery, affective well-being, and conative efficiency are interconnected and can help foster work-life balance and personal well-being of HCPs and MHAs to improve their resilience.

A cross-sectional network analysis of successful aging in a resilience-based framework

Aging inevitably gives rise to many challenges and transitions that can greatly impact our (mental) well-being and quality of life if these are not controlled adequately. Hence, the key to successful aging may not be the absence of these stressors, but the ability to demonstrate resilience against them. The current study set out to explore how resilience and successful aging may intersect by investigating how various resilience capacity-promoting (protective) and resilience capacity-reducing (risk) factors relate to mental well-being and quality of life. Through a large-scale (N = 2000, age 55+, 30 factors) network analysis, we established the interplay between risk/protective factors from various domains, including demographics, (mental) health, (environmental) stress, lifestyle, coping/personality, and ageism. We revealed some unique pathways through which each of these factors contribute to individuals' mental well-being and/or quality of life, and interpreted these findings in terms of a resilience-based framework of successful aging. Our findings emphasize the complexity of factors that can impact quality of life and mental well-being in later life and can steer researchers and practitioners in devising efficacious, multi-pronged interventions that target risk and protective factors simultaneously, thereby maximizing their potential in boosting beneficial outcomes among older individuals.

The missing links of value congruence: evidence from the Thai healthcare workforce

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate possible factors, such as trust in management and shared vision, that influence value congruence and its mediating effect on work engagement. It also explores how resilience, functioning as a moderator, could change the nature of the links between value congruence and its determinants.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH

Data were collected through an online survey from 301 healthcare employees in Thailand. Hypotheses were tested and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping procedures.

FINDINGS

The results reveal that value congruence mediates the positive impacts of trust in management and shared vision on work engagement. Trust in management and shared vision translate into higher levels of value congruence, more so when employees are highly resilient.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

The findings suggest that healthcare administrators should design interventions to cultivate trustworthy leadership behaviors in daily operations while improving communication of the organization's overarching vision and objectives to help employees internalize and seamlessly integrate its core values into their own professional identities.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE

Despite the extensive research on value congruence and its outcomes, little is known about its development. This study makes a valuable contribution by addressing these missing links, particularly in hospital settings. It also highlights how resource management explains the ways in which resilience in practice influences employees' value congruence at work.

Factors contributing to the fostering of resilience among final-year nursing students in challenging situations: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, final-year nursing students in our country volunteered to join the healthcare workforce, and the challenges they faced were considerable.

AIM

To explore the factors that foster resilience among final-year nursing students that joined the healthcare workforce during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN

Descriptive qualitative study with thematic analysis.

PARTICIPANTS

Newly graduated nurses who had volunteered to join the health workforce during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic as final-year bachelor of nursing students.

METHODS

Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted during January and February 2021. Interviews were conducted by nursing students as part of their final-year dissertation with the supervision of a researcher with experience on qualitative data collection methods. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed using Weft QDA 1.0.1.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed two main themes that described newly graduated nurses views regarding the factors that had enabled them to develop resilience when working on the frontline as final-year nursing students: (1) factors that helped them cope with adversity related with the identification and use of personal resources, feeling supported from others and professional recognition; and (2) factors that promoted learning such as guided reflection and the opportunity to share peer experiences.

CONCLUSION

The identification and use of personal resources, recognition and support from others, guided reflection and sharing peer experiences appear to be the key factors in helping nursing students develop resilience in the face of challenging situations. Promoting these factors in the context of nurse education programmes will help to ensure that future professionals are better prepared to deal with the challenges that nurses face in clinical practice in their early career.

A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Coping Self-Insights Associated with Resilience

Self-insight has been associated with psychological resilience; however, less is understood about the role coping-specific self-insights play in strengthening resilience. This study used a convergent mixed-methods approach to investigate the coping self-insights triggered by self-reflection on coping experiences and their effects on perceived resilience. Australian ministry workers (n = 79) provided up to five qualitative self-reflective workbook entries, and quantitative online self-report survey responses before and six months after training. Hierarchical regression analyses of weighted quantized coping-specific self-insights on perceived resilience were conducted. Results suggest two pathways for the strengthening of resilience. A set of three self-insights related to greater perceived resilience appear to reinforce and sustain resilient beliefs across six months to increase perceived resilience. Another set of four self-insights is related to lesser perceived resilience after six months. It is suggested that the first set of self-insights may enhance beliefs that support resilience in the mid-term, whereas the second set may promote self-awareness that reduces perceived resilience in the mid-term. These findings support further exploration of coping self-insights, and the use and on-going testing of self-reflection resilience training.

Resilience in Oral Health Professional Education: A Scoping Review

INTRODUCTION

Resilience is defined as an individual's capacity to effectively adapt in the face of challenges without detrimental effects on their health and well-being. This scoping review identifies and rationalises the published concepts that underpin resilience in oral health professional (OHP) education. It provides recommendations for the development of evidence-based strategies for promoting resilience in OHP education.

METHODS

The PRISMA and Arksey and O'Malley methodological frameworks for scoping reviews were used to determine the methodology and answer the question 'What concepts contribute to resilience in OHP Education?'. The search strategy included published literature searches and internet searches.

RESULTS

In total, 744 articles on resilience and coping were identified, and 59 were included after excluding irrelevant records. Most studies used surveys as their study design and focused on undergraduate dental students in North America and Asia. Three main themes were identified: factors that contribute to resilience, measurement tools and scales and enhancing resilience. This review highlights a positive correlation between increased resilience and improved outcomes for dental students.

CONCLUSION

Resilience and its related factors are not well understood. There is insufficient evidence to support interventions for building resilience due to inconsistent measuring methods and limited research validating resilience scales in OHP education. Investigators should accurately understand the terminology for clarity and consistency. Validated outcome measures and student feedback should be used to determine the effectiveness of interventions. It is important to teach students coping strategies to manage stressors, and digital applications for building resilience should be developed and tested in OHP student populations.

The association of multi-system conditions on mental health trajectories during naval deployment

This study seeks to enhance understanding of mental health trajectories across Navy deployments and the predictors of those trajectories by exploring a range of job design and individual-level factors. Personnel from the Royal Australian Navy were surveyed on pre-deployment, mid-deployment, and post-deployment. At pre-deployment, there were 559 (Mage = 30.19; male = 75.5%) survey responses, N = 112 survey responses could be linked at all time points (retention rate of 20.04% across all time points), and 314 personnel (56.2%) responded at least twice. Latent class growth analyses and growth mixture models were used to determine the trajectories that best fit the data. Separate models were developed for each of the mental health outcomes studied (i.e. psychological distress, perceived resilience, and perceived stress), plus a latent outcome representing a summary measure of psychological ill-health. This latent outcome, estimated as the most comprehensive assessment approach, was used to evaluate all 33 predictors. Consistent with previous work, we identified between two and four trajectories reflecting resilient/low symptom trajectories and heterogeneous symptom trajectories. There were a greater proportion of personnel in the heterogeneous symptom trajectories than identified in previous research. A key contribution of this work is the thorough comparison and ranking of factors that influence the deployment experience. We emphasize the importance of role demands and resources in determining these trajectories when compared directly to self-regulation strategies. Study findings highlight important implications for job design for military personnel during deployment and underscore the importance of adopting a holistic system approach to well-being.

Interactions of the CSF3R polymorphism and early stress on future orientation: evidence for the differential model of stress-related growth

AIMS

This study aims to explore the concept of future orientation, which encompasses individuals' thoughts about the future, goal-setting, planning, response to challenges and behavioural adjustments in evolving situations. Often viewed as a psychological resource, future orientation is believed to be developed from psychological resilience. The study investigates the curvilinear relationship between childhood maltreatment and future orientation while examining the moderating effects of genotype.

METHODS

A total of 14,675 Chinese adults self-reported their experiences of childhood maltreatment and their future orientation. The influence of genetic polymorphism was evaluated through genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS; genome-wide association study [GWAS] using gene × environment interaction) and a candidate genes approach.

RESULTS

Both GWAS and candidate genes analyses consistently indicated that rs4498771 and its linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms, located in the intergenic area surrounding CSF3R, significantly interacted with early trauma to influence future orientation. Nonlinear regression analyses identified a quadratic or cubic association between future orientation and childhood maltreatment across some genotypes. Specifically, as levels of childhood maltreatment increased, future orientation declined for all genotypes. However, upon reaching a certain threshold, future orientation exhibited a rebound in individuals with specific genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that individuals with certain genotypes exhibit greater resilience to childhood maltreatment. Based on these results, we propose a new threshold model of stress-related growth.

Stepping back or stepping in: A qualitative investigation of self-distanced versus self-immersed stressor reflections with competitive swimmers

High performance sport consists of stressor events which can disrupt an athletes' functioning and negatively influence performance. The way in which one reflects upon stressor events and develops insights regarding how they coped is essential to overcoming similar experiences in the future. We conducted a pilot randomised controlled trial with a qualitative analysis to explore the coping insights among 48 highly trained/national level swimmers in the lead up to major swimming competitions, who reflected on stressor events from self-distanced or self-immersed perspectives over a 3-week period. Using the self-reflection and coping insight framework as a guideline, we captured divers coping insights across both groups. Irrespective of the group to which they were assigned, athletes showed positive signs towards re-interpreting their stressor experience and embracing the stressor event, whereas consideration of individual values and adoption of a future-focus viewpoint were areas lacking. The emotionality described by athletes in their written reflections varied across both groups and influenced the development of coping insights. Our findings indicate a necessity to examine the emotionality associated with unique stressor events and consider integrating reflection strategies, while also enhancing the operational definitions within conceptual models of stress reflection protocols.

Decoding ruminative reflection in healthy individuals: The role of triple network connectivity

Ruminative reflection has been linked to enhanced executive control in processing internally represented emotional information, suggesting it may serve as an adaptive strategy for emotion regulation. Investigating the neural substrates of reflection can deepen our understanding of its adaptive properties. This study used network-based statistic (NBS)-Predict methodology to identify resting state functional connectivity (FC)-based predictors of ruminative reflection in a healthy sample. Our results showed that reflection in healthy subjects was predicted by FC within and between the default mode network (DMN), fronto-parietal network (FPN), and salience network (SN). Notably, FC within the FPN and SN, as well as between the FPN and DMN, contributed more significantly to the predictive model. These results underscore the greater influence of FPN and SN connectivity in predicting reflection, providing empirical evidence that increased executive control over internal emotional representations is integral to adaptive reflective processes. Moreover, the triple-network model, particularly the FPN-DMN coupling, emerges as a crucial predictor of ruminative reflection, highlighting the importance of coordinating self-relevant and goal-directed processing in reflective mechanisms. These identified connectivity fingerprints may offer insights into the role of reflective processes in facilitating recovery from depression.

A longitudinal study on impact of emergency cash transfer payments during the COVID pandemic on coping among Australian young adults

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused financial hardship and psychological distress among young Australians. This study investigates whether the Australian Government's emergency cash transfer payments-specifically welfare expansion for those unemployed prior to the pandemic (known in Australia as the Coronavirus Supplement) and JobKeeper (cash support for those with reduced or stopped employment due to the pandemic)-were associated with individual's level of coping during the coronavirus pandemic among those with and without mental disorders (including anxiety, depression, ADHD and autism). The sample included 902 young adults who participated in all of the last three waves (8, 9C1, 9C2) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a nationally representative cohort study. Modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the impact of emergency cash transfer payments on 18-22-year-old's self-rated coping level, stratifying the analysis by those with and without mental disorders. All models were adjusted for gender, employment, location, family cohesion, history of smoking, alcohol intake, and COVID-19 test result. Of the 902-person sample analysed, 41.5% (n = 374) reported high levels of coping, 18.9% (n = 171) reported mental disorders, 40.3% (n = 364) received the Coronavirus Supplement and 16.4% (n = 148) received JobKeeper payments. Analysing the total sample demonstrated that participants who received the JobKeeper payment were more likely to have a higher level of coping compared to those who did not receive the JobKeeper payment. Stratified analyses demonstrated that those with pre-existing mental disorder obtained significant benefit from the JobKeeper payment on their level of coping, compared to those who did not receive JobKeeper. In contrast, receipt of the Coronavirus Supplement was not significantly associated with higher level of coping. Among those with no mental health disorder, neither the Coronavirus Supplement nor JobKeeper had a statistically significant impact on level of coping. These findings suggest the positive impacts of cash transfers on level of coping during the pandemic were limited to those with a pre-existing mental disorder who received JobKeeper.

Does self-care improve coping or does coping improve self-care? A structural equation modeling study

BACKGROUND

Support interventions often address both self-care and coping. Different approaches are used to promote self-care and coping so clarifying the intervention effect can guide clinicians and researchers to provide interventions that achieve benefit.

PURPOSE

To compare two models to determine whether self-care improves coping or coping improves self-care.

METHODS

We used cross-sectional data from 248 caregivers obtained at enrollment into a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a support intervention. Factor scores for scales measuring caregiver demand, self-care, coping, stress appraisal, and mental health were derived from exploratory factor analysis. Structural equation models were analyzed using the factor scores as estimates of each construct. To control possible spurious effects caregiver age, gender, relationship with the patient, and income adequacy were included.

RESULTS

Both models were compatible with the data, but the self-care model was stronger than the coping model. That model had a non-significant chi square and an excellent fit to the data, χ2(4, N = 248) = 2.64, p = .62. The percentage of variance explained by the self-care model was 54 % for mental health, 42 % for stress appraisal, 10 % for avoidance coping, and 6 % for active coping. In the coping model the explained variance of stress appraisal dropped to 33 %, avoidance coping dropped to 0 %, and active coping dropped to 3 %.

CONCLUSIONS

The self-care model was strongest, illustrating that self-care decreases stress, promotes coping, and improves mental health. These results suggest that promoting self-care may be more effective in improving mental health than interventions aimed at improving coping.

A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of self-reflective writing focused on successful and unsuccessful coping experiences on resilience

Evidence supports the effectiveness of self-reflective training approaches for the development of resilience. Building this work, the objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the focus of coping self-reflective activities on resilience by applying a self-reflection approach to a sample of 254 Australian ministry workers. This randomized controlled trial included three attention-matched conditions: (1) self-reflective writing focused on successful coping, (2) self-reflective writing focused on unsuccessful coping or (3) written descriptions of stressor events alone. Participants were assessed across four time points: prior to, immediately post, 3-months, and 6-months after the intervention. Results demonstrated that self-reflective writing was more effective in enhancing perceived resilience than descriptive writing. Analyses also showed greater maintenance of beneficial effects in the successful self-reflection condition, compared to the unsuccessful condition. These findings support the use of self-reflection training to strengthen individuals' psychological resilience, particularly when focused on successful coping situations for those who initially experience more ruminative thought.

A coping self-insight scale for adults: development and preliminary psychometric properties

BACKGROUND

Self-insights focused on the coping process are implicated in the refinement of capacities for resilience. To advance this research, we must identify key coping self-insights and develop a concise measurement tool.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence for the construct dimensionality and validity of a measure of coping self-insight.

METHODS

Items measuring 13 coping self-insight dimensions were generated via consultation with theoretical work, subject matter experts, and pre-testing items for clarity. Thereafter, the dimensionality of items was assessed with undergraduate students (N = 232) and an online sample (N = 800) via exploratory and confirmatory analyses. Finally, a multi-trait, multi-method approach was used to test discriminant validity in a further sample of students (N = 228).

RESULTS

The initial item list was reduced to five key dimensions that balanced data-driven and conceptual considerations. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed moderate-to-strong correlations (r = .47-.80) among dimensions. We also demonstrated evidence of internal reliability, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity. Invariance tests for sub-groups of interest (e.g., sex, sample type) frequently demonstrated metric or scalar invariance, except for age sub-groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings offer a starting point regarding the types of coping self-insights important for the emergence of resilience and a validated tool for future research.

When there is no justice, we need an old HERO. The trickle-down effect of psychological capital: the moderating role of organizational justice and leaders' age

The objective of the study was to explore the impact of leaders' ages and followers' perceptions of organizational justice (POJ) on the transfer of psychological capital (PsyCap) from leaders to followers, particularly examining how employees' resilience is influenced by leaders' PsyCap. While some evidence exists regarding PsyCap's trickle-down effect, the specific circumstances triggering this phenomenon remain unclear. This study investigates the relationship between followers' and leaders' PsyCap, employing the Social Cognitive Theory and considering the moderating effects of leaders' age and POJ. The study focused on leader-follower dyads within a randomly selected sample of 406 businesses, encompassing 812 respondents. The survey investigation utilized the CAPI approach. The hypothesized model underwent testing through multilevel dyadic regression analysis, employing an actor-partner interdependence model. The findings support two moderators -employees' POJ and managers' age - and highlight the cross-over effect of PsyCap. Specifically, a stronger trickle-down link is observed when a leader is older and operating within a low POJ environment. Additionally, the study revealed a positive correlation between employees' PsyCap and POJ. The development of POJ enhances employees' PsyCap and resilience, while leaders' PsyCap may compensate for organizational POJ deficiencies. This study is among the first to explore PsyCap's moderators, specifically analyzing leaders' ages and POJ as factors influencing the cross-over effect of PsyCap. By identifying previously unrecognized moderators affecting the cross-over PsyCap effect, this research contributes significantly to the PsyCap literature.

Are we really studying resilience in sport? A critical review of adopted methodologies

Psychological resilience has gained considerable attention in sport. Nevertheless, the construct often remains poorly understood and multiple conceptual and methodological issues pervade the literature. The purpose of the present article is to provide a critical review of the commonly adopted methodologies to study resilience in sport. This review is divided into four sections. The first section will briefly discuss opposing conceptualizations of resilience as a static trait or a dynamic process. The second section will then discuss key methodological implications relating to the conceptualization of resilience as a dynamic process. In the third section, common methodologies to study resilience in sport are presented and critically reviewed. These methodologies are broadly divided into: (i) self-report resilience measures, (ii) qualitative research, and (iii) direct assessment of functioning in relation to observed adversity. In the final section, some avenues for future research are offered.

Perceived stress of mental demands at work, objective stress and resilience - an analysis of the LIFE-Adult-study

BACKGROUND

So far, previous research suggests positive effects of mental demands at the workplace. However, it may depend on how stressfull these demands are perceived on an individual level.

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to build on previous research by investigating how mental demands are related to stress, overload, and work discontent and whether this relationship is mediated by individuals resources, such as resilience.

METHOD

A sub-sample of the LIFE Adult Cohort (n = 480) was asked to answer questions on sociodemographic characteristics, objective stress (using the Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress (TICS)), and perceptions of stress with regard to verbal and executive mental demands at work.

RESULTS

According to generalized linear regression models, higher verbal as well as executive mental demands were associated with higher levels of chronic stress, work overload and discontent. Higher levels of resilience were associated with lower levels of these outcomes. Analyses regarding interaction effects revealed that the interaction between resilience and perceived stress of verbal mental demands was significant only in terms of work overload.

CONCLUSION

Higher perceived stressfulness of mental demands was associated with higher chronic stress, work overload and work discontent. Therefore, mental demands should be targeted by occupational interventions that aim to improve job conditions and employees' overall well-being. Besides resilience, other potential influencers or personal resources should be focused on in future studies to develop interventions.

A Mixed Methods Investigation on the Relationship Between Perceived Self-Regard, Self-Efficacy, and Commitment to Serve Among Military Medical Students

INTRODUCTION

Routinely faced with potentially traumatizing situations, resilience is critical for military physicians. However, related studies are limited in scope. The current study distinctively combines hyper-realistic immersion training for military medical students with emotional intelligence and hardiness measures. With self-reflection shown to improve performance, qualitative inquiry was concurrently conducted in a mixed methodology approach to provide a uniquely comprehensive perspective on the resilience training needs of this population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-four osteopathic military medical students participated in a week-long training simulating real-life combat and mass casualty events. The Emotional Quotient-Inventory 2.0 (EQ-i 2.0) and Hardiness Resilience Gauge were administered as pre- and post-test measures. Paired t-tests were used to determine statistically significant gains, and a multiple case study analysis of a six-student focus group allowed for the synchronization of quantitative and qualitative data. Institutional Review Board approval for the study was obtained through Rocky Vista University with a reciprocal agreement with Touro University California's Institutional Review Board. All students participating in the study received written informed consent.

RESULTS

Qualitative findings for this study aligned with this current year's findings of statistically significant results in the improvement of the Overall EQ-i and Overall Hardiness. Qualitative responses thematically analyzed demonstrated environmental realism, adaptation, increased awareness, and positive interpersonal and clinical outlook. Notable increases occurred in all EQ-i domains except Decision-Making and Stress Tolerance. The Self-Perception domain saw significant increases in Self-Regard and Emotional Self-Awareness while Well-Being and Optimism simultaneously improved.

CONCLUSION

This unique pilot study showed that quantitative and qualitative results aligned, supporting the finding that a safe trauma-related training environment can improve the confidence and resilience in military medical students. The goal of this training was to promote resilience and mitigate trauma. Results demonstrate improved self-efficacy and enhanced commitment. Increases in self-awareness and confidence made participants more inclined to see their worth and strengthened their sense of duty as described in their qualitative responses. Pervasive gains suggest that the training aligned well with its purpose, and the methods employed enhanced participant experience. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess outcome sustainability.

The impact of global health outreach experiences on medical student burnout

BACKGROUND

Student burnout during medical education is a prevalent and critical problem. Burnout has reaching consequences, including negative health outcomes for students, financial loss for schools, and worsened patient care as students transition to practice. Global Health Outreach Experiences (GHOEs), known to enhance cultural awareness and clinical knowledge among medical students, are offered in most programs. Prior studies document that GHOEs benefit physicians suffering from burnout, with effects demonstrating improvement over 6 months. No study, to our knowledge, has assessed the influence GHOEs may have on medical student burnout with a comparable control group. This study examines whether participation in a GHOE, compared to a standard break from school, has a positive effect on burnout.

METHODS

A case control study utilizing the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was conducted on medical students. 41 students participated in a one-week, spring break GHOE and 252 were randomly selected as non-participating students in a control group. Assessments were gathered 1 week prior, 1 week after, and 10 weeks after spring break. Response across the surveys in chronological order included 22, 20, 19 GHOE and 70, 66, 50 control participants.

RESULTS

A significant reduction in personal burnout (PB) (P = 0.0161), studies related burnout (SRB) (P = 0.0056), and colleagues related burnout (CRB) (P = 0.0357) was found among GHOE attendees compared to control participants at 10-weeks after spring break. When modeled with potential confounders, CRB and SRB reductions remained significant.

CONCLUSION

GHOEs may be a potential tool for institutions to combat burnout rates in their students. The benefits of GHOEs appear to enhance over time.

The Impact of a Psychoeducational Group Program on the Mental Well-Being of Unit-Based Nurse Leaders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial examined the impact of a psychoeducational group program on the mental well-being of unit-based nurse leaders, specifically nurse managers and assistant nurse managers. The program was developed around the themes of resilience, insight, self-compassion, and empowerment to fight burnout and enhance purposeful adaptive coping to reduce distress and improve mental wellbeing. The sample included 77 unit-based nurse leaders. Outcomes included post-traumatic growth, resilience, insight, self-compassion, empowerment, perceived stress, burnout, and job satisfaction. Paired samples t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA tests were conducted to compare outcomes at baseline to the follow-up timepoints of endpoint, one-month follow-up, three-month follow-up, and six-month follow-up. The intervention group participants showed significant improvement in post-traumatic growth between baseline and all follow-up timepoints compared to the waitlist control group. Among intervention group participants, there were also significant improvements in self-reflection and insight, self-compassion, psychological empowerment, and compassion satisfaction, as well as significant reductions in perceived stress, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. This study extends existing evidence that this psychoeducational group program can be an effective intervention for improving and protecting mental wellbeing. Among nurse leaders, it can reduce stress and burnout and improve post-traumatic growth, self-reflection and insight, self-compassion, psychological empowerment, and compassion satisfaction.

How Reflective Automated e-Coaching Can Help Employees Improve Their Capacity for Resilience: Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND

An eHealth tool that coaches employees through the process of reflection has the potential to support employees with moderate levels of stress to increase their capacity for resilience. Most eHealth tools that include self-tracking summarize the collected data for the users. However, users need to gain a deeper understanding of the data and decide upon the next step to take through self-reflection.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aimed to examine the perceived effectiveness of the guidance offered by an automated e-Coach during employees' self-reflection process in gaining insights into their situation and on their perceived stress and resilience capacities and the usefulness of the design elements of the e-Coach during this process.

METHODS

Of the 28 participants, 14 (50%) completed the 6-week BringBalance program that allowed participants to perform reflection via four phases: identification, strategy generation, experimentation, and evaluation. Data collection consisted of log data, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questionnaires for reflection provided by the e-Coach, in-depth interviews, and a pre- and posttest survey (including the Brief Resilience Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale). The posttest survey also asked about the utility of the elements of the e-Coach for reflection. A mixed methods approach was followed.

RESULTS

Pre- and posttest scores on perceived stress and resilience were not much different among completers (no statistical test performed). The automated e-Coach did enable users to gain an understanding of factors that influenced their stress levels and capacity for resilience (identification phase) and to learn the principles of useful strategies to improve their capacity for resilience (strategy generation phase). Design elements of the e-Coach reduced the reflection process into smaller steps to re-evaluate situations and helped them to observe a trend (identification phase). However, users experienced difficulties integrating the chosen strategies into their daily life (experimentation phase). Moreover, the identified events related to stress and resilience were too specific through the guidance offered by the e-Coach (identification phase), and the events did not recur, which consequently left users unable to sufficiently practice (strategy generation phase), experiment (experimentation phase), and evaluate (evaluation phase) the techniques during meaningful events.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants were able to perform self-reflection under the guidance of the automated e-Coach, which often led toward gaining new insights. To improve the reflection process, more guidance should be offered by the e-Coach that would aid employees to identify events that recur in daily life. Future research could study the effects of the suggested improvements on the quality of reflection via an automated e-Coach.

Effect of a Four-Week Soccer Training Program Using Stressful Constraints on Team Resilience and Precompetitive Anxiety

The present study examined the effects of stressful constraints during soccer trainings on psychological skill development and internal load when compared with control (nonstressful) trainings. A total of 51 elite male youth soccer players (27 in the experimental group, M = 16.54 years; 24 in the control group, M = 15.44 years) participated in the study. In a 12-week longitudinal survey, team resilience, using the Spanish version of the Characteristics of Resilience in Sports Teams Inventory, and anxiety, using the Sport Anxiety Scale, were measured at baseline (after 4 weeks of regular trainings), postprotocol (after 4 weeks of control or experimental trainings), and follow-up (after 4 weeks of regular trainings). Results show that, when compared with the control group, a program with stressful constraints helped young soccer players to develop better psychological skills: specifically, increased ability to cope with impairments in resilience (both resilience characteristics and team vulnerability under pressure; p < 0.001). Increases in anxiety (p = 0.06) and decreases in preoccupation (p < 0.001) and lack of concentration (p < 0.001) were also observed. The adaptation of human behavior to specific trainings may explain these results. In conclusion, the regular exposure of young soccer players to stressful situations during trainings shows benefits for their psychological skill development in soccer. Then, benefits on internal load were also observed.

Factors Associated With Resilience During Long-Term Hemodialysis

BACKGROUND

Resilience has been associated with greater adherence to treatment, better outcomes, and improved quality of life (QOL) in people with chronic health conditions. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, treatment accessibility-related, clinical, and psychological variables associated with resilience in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing long-term hemodialysis (>6 months).

METHODS

This was a multicenter, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The instruments used were the Spanish versions of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36. The participants were categorized as resilient (with a score of ≥49.37 on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) or nonresilient. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables with predictive power for the group with the resilient profile.

RESULTS

Perceived stress, general QOL, and subcomponents of QOL, such as the physical component and burden of kidney disease, were identified as factors related to the resilient profile.

DISCUSSION

Identifying the factors related to resilient adjustment in patients with advanced CKD may assist health caregivers in improving adherence to treatment, treatment outcomes, and QOL.

The sporting resilience model: A systematic review of resilience in sport performers

We systematically reviewed resilience research in sport and exercise psychology. Sample included 92 studies comprising empirical qualitative and quantitative studies, mixed-method studies, review studies and conceptual/theoretical studies on psychological resilience in sports context. From the findings, we synthesized an evidence-based sport-specific definition and meta-model of "Sporting Resilience." The review incorporates evidence from global culture contexts and evidence synthesized into the new definition and meta-model to achieve its aim. Conceptual detail and testability of the operational definition is provided. Sporting resilience provides a guiding framework for research and applied practice in a testable, objective manner. The new theoretical meta-model of resilience is derived from systematic evidence from sport psychology with theoretical considerations from positive and clinical psychology allowing generalizability. This original theory posits that there is a resilience filter comprised of biopsychosocial protective factors. The strength of this filter determines the impact of adversity and establishes the trajectory of positive adaptation. The findings of the review are used to discuss potential avenues of future research for psychological resilience in sports psychology.

Systematic review registration

https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AFWRU.

The coping insights evident through self-reflection on stressful military training events: Qualitative evidence from self-reflection journals

Research has demonstrated that adaptive forms of self-reflection on stressor events and insight may strengthen resilient capacities. However, the coping insights that emerge during self-reflection are notoriously under-researched. In this research, we sought to explore the evidence for the self-reflective activities and coping insights drawn from the Self-Reflection and Coping Insight Framework and find evidence of new reflections or insights not captured within the framework. Qualitative analysis was used to examine weekly, written self-reflective journals completed by Officer Cadets involved in a randomised-controlled trial of Self-Reflection Resilience Training. Sixty-eight Officer Cadets who submitted their journals for analysis were included. Journals were analysed using a deductive thematic approach. Findings revealed that self-reflective activities occurred frequently over the course of the intervention. Coping insights were comparatively less frequent, but conveyed complex ideas about the self in the context of stressor exposure, broad principles about stress and coping, and nuanced interpretations regarding the interaction between the efficacy of coping approaches and broader contextual and intrapersonal factors. These findings demonstrate the critical role of coping insight during Self-Reflection Resilience Training, with implications for developing a validated self-report measure of self-reflective activity and coping insight.

Exploring the Association Between Resilience and Quality of Life Among Glaucoma Patients: Sleep Disturbance as a Mediating Factor

BACKGROUND

Patients with glaucoma may experience many symptoms such as blindness, which seriously affect their quality of life (QoL). Resilience is playing a vital role in enhancing the QoL and well-being of patients with chronic diseases. In addition, sleep disturbance is common in patients with glaucoma, leading to a decline in their QoL. However, there is a dearth of research on whether sleep disturbance plays a mediating role between resilience and QoL among glaucoma patients.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to explore the role of sleep disturbance in the relationship between resilience and QoL among glaucoma patients.

METHODS

From July to December 2019, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 215 glaucoma patients in an ophthalmic hospital in Liaoning Province. Hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to examine the factors related to QoL and to test the hypothesis that sleep disturbance mediates the relationship between resilience and QoL among glaucoma patients.

RESULTS

The average QoL score among glaucoma patients was 43.85 ± 14.97 as reported by the Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (GQL-15) scale, where a higher scores indicating a poorer QoL. Resilience was found to be linked with a lower QoL score (P < 0.01), while sleep disturbance was associated with a higher QoL score (P < 0.01). When sleep disturbance was included in the model as partial mediator, the path coefficients for the association between resilience and QoL score was significantly decreased (a*b = -0.1, BCa95% CI: -0.154∼-0.045).

CONCLUSION

Findings of this study reflected that QoL among glaucoma patients in China was poor. Resilience was found to be an important positive factor, which could result in the improvement of QoL. Furthermore, sleep disturbance mediated the relationship between resilience and QoL among patients with glaucoma, thereby reducing the positive impact of resilience on QoL in glaucoma patients. Efforts to improve QoL among glaucoma patients may benefit from interventions that enhance the levels of resilience and promote healthy sleep.

Professionalism, Resilience and Reflective Thinking: How Do These Influence Occupational Therapy Student Fieldwork Outcomes?

The relationship between entry-level, undergraduate occupational therapy students' fieldwork performance and measures of professionalism, reflective thinking and resilience was examined. A group of 135 undergraduates (86% female) completed a self-report questionnaire containing the standardized instruments measuring professionalism, resilience and reflective thinking. The Australian Student Practice Evaluation Form-Revised (SPEF-R) measured fieldwork performance. Linear regression analyses identified Staying Healthy and Relationships with Others as significant predictors of students' fieldwork performance in Professional Behaviors, Self-Management and Information Gathering. The findings highlight the importance of interpersonal skills and engagement in healthy lifestyles in key fieldwork performance areas.

The effectiveness of self-distanced versus self-immersed reflections among adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies

Stressor events can be highly emotional and disruptive to our functioning, yet they also present opportunities for learning and growth via self-reflections. Self-distanced reflections in which one reasons about target events in ways that maximise their removal of the current self from the experiential reality are said to facilitate this reflective process. We tested the expectation that self-distanced reflections offer an advantage over self-immersed vistas via a pre-registered systematic review of seven electronic databases (Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, PsycInfo, CINAHL Plus, Embase, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global) to identify experimental tests with adults aged 18-65 years where the focus of the reflection was a stressor or adverse event that participants had already experienced. A three-level, random effects meta-analysis of 25 experiments (N = 2,397, 68 effects) revealed a small-to-moderate advantage of self-distanced reflections (g = 0.19, SE = 0.07, 95% CI [0.05, 0.33]) and were most effective when they targeted a stressor experience that emphasised one's emotional state or lifetime. Nevertheless, our assessment of the overall quality of evidence including risk of bias suggested uncertainty regarding the benefit of this pragmatic self-regulatory tactic and therefore the need for future high-powered, high-quality experiments.

Association of Self-reflection With Cognition and Brain Health in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Self-reflection (the active evaluation of ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) can confer protection against adverse health outcomes. Its effect on markers sensitive to Alzheimer disease (AD), however, is unknown. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between self-reflection and AD-sensitive markers.

METHODS

This study used baseline data from cognitively unimpaired older adults enrolled in the Age-Well clinical trial and older adults with subjective cognitive decline from the SCD-Well clinical trial. In both cohorts, self-reflection was measured via the reflective pondering subscale of the Rumination Response Scale, global cognition assessed via the Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite 5, and a modified late-life Lifestyle-for-Brain-Health (LIBRA) index computed to assess health and lifestyle factors. In Age-Well, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition were quantified in AD-sensitive gray matter regions via fluorodeoxyglucose- and AV45-PET scans, respectively. Associations between self-reflection and AD-sensitive markers (global cognition, glucose metabolism, and amyloid deposition) were assessed via unadjusted and adjusted regressions. Furthermore, we explored whether associations were independent of health and lifestyle factors. To control for multiple comparisons in Age-Well, false discovery rate-corrected p values (p _FDR) are reported.

RESULTS

A total of 134 (mean age 69.3 ± 3.8 years, 61.9% women) Age-Well and 125 (mean age 72.6 ± 6.9 years, 65.6% women) SCD-Well participants were included. Across unadjusted and adjusted analyses, self-reflection was associated with better global cognition in both cohorts (Age-Well: adjusted-β = 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.40, p _FDR = 0.041; SCD-Well: adjusted-β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03-0.33, p = 0.023) and with higher glucose metabolism in Age-Well after adjustment for all covariates (adjusted-β = 0.29, 95% CI 0.03-0.55, p _FDR = 0.041). Associations remained following additional adjustment for LIBRA but did not survive false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Self-reflection was not associated with amyloid deposition (adjusted-β = 0.13, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.34, p _FDR = 0.189).

DISCUSSION

Self-reflection was associated with better global cognition in 2 independent cohorts and with higher glucose metabolism after adjustment for covariates. There was weak evidence that relationships were independent from health and lifestyle behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to elucidate whether self-reflection helps preserve cognition and glucose metabolism or whether reduced capacity to self-reflect is a harbinger of cognitive decline and glucose hypometabolism.

TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION

Age-Well: NCT02977819; SCD-Well: NCT03005652.

Stressor reflections, sleep, and psychological well-being: A pre-registered experimental test of self-distanced versus self-immersed reflections

Evidence supports the effectiveness of cuing people to analyse negative autobiographical experiences from self-distanced rather than self-immersed perspectives. However, the evidence on which this expectation resides is limited largely to static snapshots of mean levels of cognitive and emotional factors. Via a pre-registered, randomised controlled trial (N = 257), we examined the differential effectiveness of self-distanced relative to self-immersed reflections on mean levels and within-person variability of sleep duration and quality as well as psychological well-being over a 5-day working week. Except for sleep quality, we found that reflecting from a psychologically distanced perspective, overall, was no more effective for mean levels and within-person variability of sleep duration, well-being, and stress-related factors than when the current self is fully immersed in the experiential reality of the event. We consider several substantive and methodological considerations (e.g., dosage, salience of stressor event) that require interrogation in future research via experimental and longitudinal observational methods.

An Exploration of Resiliency Among Nurse Educators During the COVID-19 Pandemic

AIM

The purpose of this study was to explore resilience among nursing faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine associations or differences that may exist among variables and between groups.

BACKGROUND

Nurse educators' resilience has been identified as an important characteristic because of the challenges involved in nursing education. It is important to explore resilience among nurse educators to determine which factors promote or inhibit this important characteristic.

METHOD

This correlational research study used an online survey to explore factors related to resilience among nurse faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between various resilience constructs and select demographic variables.

RESULTS

Findings indicated that higher levels of resilience were associated with age (ρ = .21, p < .001), experience teaching online ( r = .22, p < .001), and professional development related to online teaching ( M = 80.7, SD = 11.0), t (276) = 2.41, p = .017.

CONCLUSION

Resilience and related characteristics have the potential to assist nurse educators in adapting successfully to stressful circumstances. It is crucial that schools of nursing develop programs to enhance or develop resilience among nurse educators. Support and training in the area of online education are also of paramount importance.

It's worth the trouble: Stressor exposure is related to increased cognitive reappraisal ability

Recent theories propose moderate (compared to high or no) stressor exposure to promote emotion regulation capacities. More precisely, stressful situations are expected to serve as practice opportunities for cognitive reappraisal (CR), that is, the reinterpretation of a situation to alter its emotional impact. Accordingly, in this study, we expect an inverted U-shaped relationship between exposure to daily hassles and performance in a CR task, that is, best reappraisal ability in individuals with a history of moderate stressor exposure. Participants (N = 165) reported the number of daily hassles during the last week as indicator of stressor exposure and completed the Script-based Reappraisal Test (SRT). In the SRT, participants are presented with fear-eliciting scripts and instructed to either downregulate negative affect via reappraisal (reappraisal-trials) or react naturally (control-trials). Two measures indicate CR ability: (1) reappraisal effectiveness, that is, the difference between affective ratings in reappraisal- and control-trials and (2) reappraisal inventiveness, that is, the number of valid and categorically different reappraisal thoughts. Multiple regression analyses revealed positive linear, but not quadratic, relationships of exposure to daily hassles and both indicators of CR ability. Potential benefits of stressor exposure for emotion regulation processes are discussed.

Identifying the Barriers to Incorporating Reflective Practice into a Veterinary Curriculum

A portfolio with good reflective content can play a large role in learning and setting up the lifelong learning practice required by veterinary surgeons in practice or in research. The aim of this project was to investigate students' experience with their reflective diaries within an electronic portfolio (e-portfolio). Focus groups were conducted with veterinary students at the University of Liverpool in years 1-4 to explore student perceptions of the e-portfolio, with an emphasis on reflection. Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: assessment, understanding the assignment (i.e., is it a useful and fair exercise?), and student well-being (i.e., stress, professional accountability, anxiety). Students had clear concerns about the assessment and did not see the relevance of the reflective diaries to their future career and learning. This has led the university's School of Veterinary Science to restructure the reflections on professional skills in the portfolio.

Relationship Between Perceived Parental Academic Expectations and Students' Self-Regulated Learning Ability: A Cross-Sectional Study

In the field of self-regulated learning ability for college students, prior research usually neglected the role of parents when considering the physical distance between college and home. Indeed, an underlying describable driving force of learning remains embedded in the relationship between parents and students, even at the college stage. This study aimed to explore the relationships among perceived parental academic expectations, mastery goal orientation, self-reflection, and self-regulated learning ability of college students. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were employed to analyze a sample of 691 college students. The results indicate that mastery goal orientation partially mediates the relationship between perceived parental academic expectations and self-regulated learning. In addition, self-reflection moderates the relationship between perceived parental academic expectations and self-regulated learning. The positive correlation between perceived parental academic expectation and self-regulated learning is stronger for students with low self-reflection than those with high self-reflection.

The Effects of the Solution-Focused Model on Anxiety and Postpartum Depression in Nulliparous Pregnant Women

Background

Solution-focused model (SFM) is an intervention method that fully mobilizes patients’ initiative through their potential. We aimed to investigate the effects of SFM on anxiety and postpartum depression (PPD) in nulliparous pregnant women compared with routine care services.

Methods

We chose the mothers diagnosed as depressed or with depressive tendency by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at 28 weeks of gestation and divided them into the intervention and control groups. The control group only took the routine pregnancy healthy nursing, while the SFM group took the regular nursing and SFM counselling. Different assessments were conducted at 28 weeks of gestation, post-delivery, and post-intervention to evaluate the anxiety and depression levels of the patients. Finally, nursing satisfaction was evaluated by the nursing satisfaction questionnaire.

Results

Compared with the control group, SFM could decrease the scores of anxiety and depression more effectively and influence sleep quality more positively. We also found that SFM resulted in significantly higher nursing satisfaction than that in the control group (p = 0.0046).

Conclusion

In conclusion, SFM could effectively alleviate anxiety and PPD in nulliparous pregnant women.

Challenge Demands and Resilience

Abstract. This study investigates the relationship of challenge demands (i. e., time pressure, job complexity) on employee resilience. We provide insights into potential pathways (i. e., learning, cognitive irritation) for how challenge stressors influence employee resilience. We employed a two-wave, time-lagged design to examine the influences of challenge stressors and explanatory pathways on employee resilience 2 months later. The data from 359 participants (52.1 % male) were analyzed using a Bayesian time-lagged path model. Results indicate that time pressure and job complexity are negatively related to employee resilience via cognitive irritation. In contrast, we found a positive, indirect effect of job complexity and resilience via learning. This paper contributes to existing employee resilience and stress research by highlighting the roles of learning and cognitive irritation to explain the relationships of challenge stressors on employee resilience. Moreover, the results provide us with a deeper understanding of which factors foster or drain employee resilience.

Working Harder than Others to Prove Yourself: High-Effort Coping as a Buffer between Teacher-Perpetrated Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Black American Adolescents

High-effort coping (feeling like one must work harder than others to succeed due to anticipated discrimination) is an understudied concept in adolescence. The current study examined among Black American adolescents surveyed in eighth and 11^th grade (N = 630, 49% female) how high-effort coping moderated the relations between teacher-perpetrated racial discrimination and psychological distress across time, and whether the buffering role of high-effort coping varied by adolescent gender and socioeconomic status. Experiencing racial discrimination from teachers in eighth grade was positively related with depressive symptoms, anger, and suicidal ideation in 11^th grade. High-effort coping buffered against teacher discrimination for suicidal ideation among low socioeconomic status youth, as well as for anger among high socioeconomic status youth. Findings underscore the harmful influence of racial discrimination on Black American adolescents' mental health, as well as suggest that among certain subpopulations, high-effort coping may be one psychologically protective resource through which Black American youth retain positive feelings that are undermined by racial discrimination, and thus promote mental well-being.

Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction

We review the still scarce but growing literature on resilience to the effects of social stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. We define the concept of resilience and how it is applied to the field of drug addiction research. We also describe the internal and external protective factors associated with resilience, such as individual behavioral traits and social support. We then explain the physiological response to stress and how it is modulated by resilience factors. In the subsequent section, we describe the animal models commonly used in the study of resilience to social stress, and we focus on the effects of chronic social defeat (SD), a kind of stress induced by repeated experience of defeat in an agonistic encounter, on different animal behaviors (depression- and anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment and addiction-like symptoms). We then summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiological substrates of resilience derived from studies of resilience to the effects of chronic SD stress on depression- and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Finally, we focus on the limited studies carried out to explore resilience to the effects of SD stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, describing the current state of knowledge and suggesting future research directions.

Associations of university student life challenges with mental health and self-rated health: A longitudinal study with 6 months follow-up

BACKGROUND

Mental health problems are highly prevalent among university students. Stress due to student life challenges may be a risk factor for poorer health. This study investigates to what extent student life challenges and changes therein are associated with mental health and self-rated health.

METHODS

In a longitudinal study with 568 Italian university students mental health was assessed using the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5) and self-rated health with a single item from the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF36) (score ranges: 0-100) at baseline and at six months follow-up. Student life challenges were investigated using six subscales (score ranges: 1-4) of the Higher Education Stress Inventory (HESI). A between-within linear regression model was used to investigate whether a higher exposure to life challenges was associated with poorer health (between individuals) and whether changes in student life challenges were associated with changes in health (within individuals).

RESULTS

Higher exposure to student life challenges was associated with poorer mental health (b ranging from -5.3 to -10.3) and self-rated health (b ranging from -3.1 to -9.6). An increase in student life challenges within individuals was associated with poorer mental health and self-rated health, in particular for high workload (b up to -5.9), faculty shortcomings (b up to -5.7), and unsupportive climate (b up to -5.6).

DISCUSSION

Exposure to student life challenges and changes therein are associated with university students' health. Our findings suggest that student life challenges may be a target for interventions to improve mental health and self-rated health among university students.