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Meguerdichian MJ, Trottier DG, Campbell-Taylor K, Bentley S, Bryant K, Kolbe M, Grant V, Cheng A. When common cognitive biases impact debriefing conversations. Adv Simul (Lond) 2024; 9:48. [PMID: 39695901 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-024-00324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/23/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthcare debriefing is a cognitively demanding conversation after a simulation or clinical experience that promotes reflection, underpinned by psychological safety and attention to learner needs. The process of debriefing requires mental processing that engages both "fast" or unconscious thinking and "slow" intentional thinking to be able to navigate the conversation. "Fast" thinking has the potential to surface cognitive biases that impact reflection and may negatively influence debriefer behaviors, debriefing strategies, and debriefing foundations. As a result, negative cognitive biases risk undermining learning outcomes from debriefing conversations. As the use of healthcare simulation is expanding, the need for faculty development specific to the roles bias plays is imperative. In this article, we hope to build awareness about common cognitive biases that may present in debriefing conversations so debriefers have the chance to begin the hard work of identifying and attending to their potential detrimental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Meguerdichian
- Institute for Simulation and Advanced Learning, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYC Health+Hospitals: Harlem Hospital Center, 506 Malcolm X Blvd, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana George Trottier
- Institute for Simulation and Advanced Learning, 1400 Pelham Parkway S, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Bentley
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Gustave L. Levy Pl, Elmhurst Hospital Center, 79-01 Broadway, Queens, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kellie Bryant
- National League of Nursing, 2600 Virginia Ave NW, Washington D.C, 20037, USA
| | - Michaela Kolbe
- Simulation Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Grant
- eSim Provincial Simulation Program for Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
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2
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Yi W, Chen W, Lan B, Yan L, Hu X, Wu J. A U-shaped relationship between chronic academic stress and the dynamics of reward processing. Neuroimage 2024; 300:120849. [PMID: 39265955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential link between stress-induced reward dysfunctions and the development of mental problems, limited human research has investigated the specific impacts of chronic stress on the dynamics of reward processing. Here we aimed to investigate the relationship between chronic academic stress and the dynamics of reward processing (i.e., reward anticipation and reward consumption) using event-related potential (ERP) technology. Ninety healthy undergraduates who were preparing for the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) participated in the study and completed a two-door reward task, their chronic stress levels were assessed via the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The results showed that a lower magnitude of reward elicited more negative amplitudes of cue-N2 during the anticipatory phase, and reward omission elicited more negative amplitudes of FRN compared to reward delivery especially in high reward conditions during the consummatory phase. More importantly, the PSS score exhibited a U-shaped relationship with cue-N2 amplitudes regardless of reward magnitude during the anticipatory phase; and FRN amplitudes toward reward omission in high reward condition during the consummatory phase. These findings suggest that individuals exposed to either low or high levels of chronic stress, as opposed to moderate stress levels, exhibited a heightened reward anticipation, and an augmented violation of expectations or affective response when faced with relatively more negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 3688#, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wangxiao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 3688#, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Biqi Lan
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 3688#, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 6.62, Jocky Club Tower, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 3688#, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Viher PV, Seitz-Holland J, Schulz MS, Kensinger EA, Karmacharya S, Swisher T, Lyall AE, Makris N, Bouix S, Shenton ME, Kubicki M, Waldinger RJ. More organized white matter is associated with positivity bias in older adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:555-565. [PMID: 38270836 PMCID: PMC11222031 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
On average, healthy older adults prefer positive over neutral or negative stimuli. This positivity bias is related to memory and attention processes and is linked to the function and structure of several interconnected brain areas. However, the relationship between the positivity bias and white matter integrity remains elusive. The present study examines how white matter organization relates to the degree of the positivity bias among older adults. We collected imaging and behavioral data from 25 individuals (12 females, 13 males, and a mean age of 77.32). Based on a functional memory task, we calculated a Pos-Neg score, reflecting the memory for positively valenced information over negative information, and a Pos-Neu score, reflecting the memory for positively valenced information over neutral information. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were processed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. We performed two non-parametric permutation tests to correlate whole brain white matter integrity and the Pos-Neg and Pos-Neu scores while controlling for age, sex, and years of education. We observed a statistically significant positive association between the Pos-Neu score and white matter integrity in multiple brain connections, mostly frontal. The results did not remain significant when including verbal episodic memory as an additional covariate. Our study indicates that the positivity bias in memory in older adults is associated with more organized white matter in the connections of the frontal brain. While these frontal areas are critical for memory and executive processes and have been related to pathological aging, more extensive studies are needed to fully understand their role in the positivity bias and the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra V Viher
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Seitz-Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Schulz
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
| | | | - Sarina Karmacharya
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talis Swisher
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda E Lyall
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert J Waldinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Nordhall O, Kaur R, Törnblom L, Knez I. Female managers' organizational leadership during telework: experiences of job demands, control and support. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1335749. [PMID: 38873518 PMCID: PMC11171136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1335749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The frequent use of telework during the COVID -19 pandemic has created a more challenging work situation for managers who need to lead effectively in the virtual space, this especially concerns female managers. Therefor it is of importance to investigate female managers' experiences of job related demands, control and support within this work context. Accordingly, we investigated female managers' experiences of demands, control and support in their organizational leadership during telework. The present study used a deductive, theory-driven, qualitative approach with predetermined themes defined within the demand-control-support model. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The female managers had at least 50% of their working hours as telework. The results showed that the female managers experienced demands in terms of hard, fast or even excessive work in order to be available and solve complex problems, and control as varied work content, new learning, planning and decision freedom. Support was experienced in terms of attentive superior manager, good cooperation and helpfulness among colleagues. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed in terms of telework situation for female managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nordhall
- Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational Health, Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
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López-Molina L, Sancho-Balsells A, Al-Massadi O, Montalban E, Alberch J, Arranz B, Girault JA, Giralt A. Hippocampal Pyk2 regulates specific social skills: Implications for schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106487. [PMID: 38552722 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 has been shown previously to be involved in several psychological and cognitive alterations related to stress, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. All these disorders are accompanied by different types of impairments in sociability, which has recently been linked to improper mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that Pyk2, which regulates mitochondria, could be associated with the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and social skills. In the present manuscript, we report that a reduction of Pyk2 levels in mouse pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus decreased social dominance and aggressivity. Furthermore, social interactions induced robust Pyk2-dependent hippocampal changes in several oxidative phosphorylation complexes. We also observed that Pyk2 levels were increased in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of schizophrenic subjects, occurring alongside changes in different direct and indirect regulators of mitochondrial function including DISC1 and Grp75. Accordingly, overexpressing Pyk2 in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells mimicked some specific schizophrenia-like social behaviors in mice. In summary, our results indicate that Pyk2 might play a role in regulating specific social skills likely via mitochondrial dynamics and that there might be a link between Pyk2 levels in hippocampal neurons and social disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Molina
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005 Paris, France; Translational Endocrinology Group, Servicio de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005 Paris, France; UMR 1286, NutriNeuro - INRAE / Université de Bordeaux / INP 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Brodeaux cedex, France
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Arranz
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer a Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Huang J, Wu H, Jiang J, Yang L, Li K, Wang T. The enhanced emotional negativity bias in parents of atypically developing children: Evidence from an event-related potentials study. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14517. [PMID: 38189559 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Parents of atypically developing children such as parents of children with ASD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disability experience higher levels of parenting stress than parents of typically developing children. However, whether they possess enhanced emotional negativity bias was unclear. In the present study, 28 parents of typically developing children and 29 parents of atypically developing children were recruited. The emotional Stroop task and event-related potentials were adopted to measure their emotional negativity bias, in which participants were required to respond to the borders' color of face pictures. Behaviorally, the impact of parenting stress on emotional negativity bias was not found. At the electrophysiological level, the P2 differential amplitude (negative minus positive) was greater in parents of atypically developing children than in parents of typically developing children, reflecting an enhanced early attentional bias toward negative faces. N2 amplitude for the emotionally negative face was smaller than the positive face in parents of atypically developing children, indicating a too weak attentional control to inhibit distractors. Furthermore, sustained attention to negative faces was observed in parents of atypically developing children, that is, the emotionally negative face elicited greater frontal P3 (300 ~ 500 ms) than the positive faces. These findings revealed that compared to parents of typically developing children, parents of atypically developing children owned an enhanced emotional negativity bias at the early and late stages of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- School of Education Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Education Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Education Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, China
- School of Mathematics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linhui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Education Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, China
- Changsha Special Education School, Changsha, China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- School of Education Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Education Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Education Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Psychological Diagnosis and Education Technology for Children with Special Needs, Chongqing, China
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7
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Guo Y, Li R, Xia LX. Effects of relative deprivation on change in displaced aggression and the underlying motivation mechanism: A three-wave cross-lagged analysis. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:1-19. [PMID: 37351801 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Displaced aggression refers to pernicious acts against innocent people. To date, little is known about mechanisms underlying dynamic changes in displaced aggression. The present study constructed a cross-lagged model to examine the dynamic effects of relative deprivation on displaced aggression and the mediation mechanisms underlying these effects. A total of 1130 undergraduate students participated in this three-wave longitudinal study. The results showed that relative deprivation predicted changes in displaced aggression through concurrent changes in levels of hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement. Hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement could predict each other longitudinally. The relationships between relative deprivation and displaced aggression, and relative deprivation and hostile attribution bias were mutual. This multiple mediation model with two mutually predicting mediators was explained from the aggressive motivation perspective. The findings help inform aggression theories and have implications for the prevention of and interventions against displaced aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Guo
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Xia
- Research Centre of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education (SWU), Chongqing, China
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8
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Webb EK, Timmer-Murillo SC, Huggins AA, Tomas CW, deRoon-Cassini TA, Larson CL. Attributional negativity bias and acute stress disorder symptoms mediate the association between trauma history and future posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:785-795. [PMID: 37339014 PMCID: PMC10528836 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who have experienced more trauma throughout their life have a heightened risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following injury. Although trauma history cannot be retroactively modified, identifying the mechanism(s) by which preinjury life events influence future PTSD symptoms may help clinicians mitigate the detrimental effects of past adversity. The current study proposed attributional negativity bias, the tendency to perceive stimuli/events as negative, as a potential intermediary in PTSD development. We hypothesized an association between trauma history and PTSD symptom severity following a new index trauma via heightened negativity bias and acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms. Recent trauma survivors (N =189, 55.5% women, 58.7% African American/Black) completed assessments of ASD, negativity bias, and lifetime trauma 2-weeks postinjury; PTSD symptoms were assessed 6 months later. A parallel mediation model was tested with bootstrapping (10,000 resamples). Both negativity bias, Path b1 : β = -.24, t(187) = -2.88, p = .004, and ASD symptoms, Path b2 : β = .30, t(187) = 3.71, p < .001, fully mediated the association between trauma history and 6-month PTSD symptoms, full model: F(6, 182) = 10.95, p < .001, R 2 = .27; Path c': β = .04, t(187) = 0.54, p = .587. These results suggest that negativity bias may reflect an individual cognitive difference that can be further activated by acute trauma. Moreover, negativity bias may be an important, modifiable treatment target, and interventions addressing both acute symptoms and negativity bias in the early posttrauma period may weaken the link between trauma history and new-onset PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kate Webb
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sydney C Timmer-Murillo
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley A Huggins
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carissa W Tomas
- Division of Epidemiology and Social Sciences, Institute for Health Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Terri A deRoon-Cassini
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Bélanger K, Blanchette I. Stressful Life Events Are Related to More Negative Interpretations, but Not Under Acute Stress. Psychol Rep 2021; 125:1988-2008. [PMID: 33969753 PMCID: PMC9350455 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies have identified deleterious effects of stress on multiple cognitive processes
such as memory and attention. Little is known about the impact of stress on
interpretation. We investigated how an induced acute stress and more long-term stress
related to life events were associated with interpretations of ambiguous stimuli. Fifty
participants answered a questionnaire indexing the number of stressful life events. A
median split was used to compare those reporting few or more events. Half of participants
performed an arithmetic task that induced acute stress; they were compared to a control
group performing a less stressful task. We measured the interpretation of ambiguous visual
stimuli, which participants had to judge as “negative” or “positive”. We found a
significant interaction between the number of stressful life events and the induced acute
stress on the proportion of positive interpretations. In the control group, participants
reporting more stressful events produced less positive interpretations than those
reporting few events. In the induced stress condition, no significant difference was
found. Life events tend to influence interpretation in the absence of an acute stressor,
which seems to be more influent in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Bélanger
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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Rivers AS, Clifton M, Pizzuto AE, Buchanan A, Sanford K. Assessing Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Prevention: Defining Two Attitudes Crucial for Understanding Systemic and Social Variables Associated with Disparities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1030-1039. [PMID: 33876408 PMCID: PMC8054853 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study tested a conceptual model identifying two distinct types of attitudes people may have toward following recommendations to prevent COVID-19. These attitudes were expected to be important for understanding types of systemic and social variables associated with health disparities such as racial discrimination, residential environment, lack of healthcare access, and negative healthcare experiences. The conceptual model was drawn from previous work examining adherence to medical recommendations that identified two distinct and consequential attitudes that influence behavior: perceived benefit (believing recommendations are effective and necessary) and perceived burden (experiencing recommendations as unpleasant or difficult). Approximately equal proportions of Black and White individuals living in the USA (N = 194) were recruited to complete an online survey. A psychometric analysis indicated that perceived benefit and burden attitudes were two distinct and meaningful dimensions that could be assessed with high validity, and scales demonstrated measurement invariance across Black and White groups. In correlation analyses, benefit and burden attitudes were robustly associated with neighborhood violence, healthcare access, and healthcare experiences (but not with experiences of discrimination), and all these associations remained significant after accounting for subjective stress and political affiliation. These findings have implications for increasing compliance to public health recommendations and addressing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Clifton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Ashley Buchanan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sanford
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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