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Pimpini L, Franssen S, Reber P, Jansen A, Roefs A. Effects of a health versus hedonic mindset on daily-life snacking behaviour. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36:2085-2098. [PMID: 37545043 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In today's obesogenic environment high-caloric palatable foods are omnipresent, making it hard for many to reach and maintain a healthy body weight. This study investigates the effects of a health versus hedonic mindset on daily-life snacking behaviour. The hypothesis is that a health mindset leads to reduced snacking behaviour compared to a hedonic mindset. This effect is expected to be most pronounced with high dietary restraint and least pronounced with high trait self-control. METHODS For 3 weeks, degree of craving and amount of snacks that were craved and consumed were assessed four times a day, using smartphone Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). A total of 111 female participants (body mass index range: 20-23.5) were randomly assigned to a 1-week health (n = 53) or hedonic (n = 58) mindset, occurring in week 2 of the EMA protocol. The mindset manipulations consisted of text messages, focusing either on the enjoyment of tasty food (hedonic) or on healthy living and eating (health). RESULTS contrary to our hypotheses, mindset did not affect snacking behaviour. Instead, degree of craving and intake of snacks reduced significantly over time, not moderated by mindset, dietary restraint (Restraint Scale) or trait self-control (Brief Self-Control Scale). Importantly, this was not due to reduced compliance. Possibly, the reduced craving and snacking behaviour were due to monitoring and/or socially desirable answering tendencies. Additional time point analyses showed that craving was strongest in the late afternoon (3:30-5:00 PM), and-across mindset conditions-degree of craving correlated negatively with trait self-control. CONCLUSIONS future studies could manipulate degree of monitoring and design individually tailored manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pimpini
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sieske Franssen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Reber
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Roefs
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Temple JL, Van der Kloet E, Atkins AM, Crandall A, Ziegler AM. Daily exposure to either a high- or low-energy-dense snack food reduces its reinforcing value in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:432-437. [PMID: 28063216 PMCID: PMC5907937 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of daily exposure to a low-energy-dense (LED) or a high-energy-dense (HED) snack food on its reinforcing value (RRV) in adolescents with healthy weight, overweight, or obesity. METHODS A parallel-group, randomized trial was used to assess RRV of LED or HED snack food at baseline and again after exposure to that snack food daily for 2 weeks in 77 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Information on eating-related subject characteristics was also collected at baseline. RESULTS After 2 weeks of daily exposure, the RRV of the snack foods was significantly reduced in all participants, regardless of energy density or participant weight status. Among individuals who were high in dietary restraint only, those randomized to LED food found their snack food less reinforcing at baseline than those who were randomized to HED food. Baseline eating-related variables also differed as a function of weight status. CONCLUSIONS Daily exposure to snack food in adolescents reduces the RRV of that food regardless of snack food energy density or weight status of the adolescent. This finding differs from adults, suggesting that increases in RRV of HED food after repeated exposure may develop after adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall Buffalo, NY 14214, Phone: (716) 829-5593, Fax: (716) 829-2072,
| | - Erika Van der Kloet
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
| | - Amanda M Atkins
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
| | | | - Amanda M. Ziegler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
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Nansel TR, Lipsky LM, Siega-Riz AM, Burger K, Faith M, Liu A. Pregnancy eating attributes study (PEAS): a cohort study examining behavioral and environmental influences on diet and weight change in pregnancy and postpartum. BMC Nutr 2016; 2:45. [PMID: 28663822 PMCID: PMC5486996 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of maternal overweight/obesity and excessive gestational weight gain poses a serious public health concern due to the contribution of these factors to increased risk of negative health outcomes for both mother and child. Scant intervention research has indicated moderate short-term improvement in maternal diet and gestational weight gain, with little evidence of long-term behavior change, in parallel with findings from interventions outside of pregnancy. Recent laboratory-based findings from neuroscience implicate aberrant reward processing of food at the brain level ("food reward sensitivity," the between-individual variation in the response to food stimuli) as a contributor to eating beyond energy needs. However, scant research has examined the influence of these processes on weight change in population-based settings, and the relevance of these processes to pregnancy-related weight change has not been explored. The purpose of the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study (PEAS) is to examine the role of food reward sensitivity in maternal diet and weight change during pregnancy and postpartum. The study examines the interplay of food reward sensitivity with behavioral control, home food environment, and related aspects of eating behavior in the context of weight-related biomedical, psychosocial, genetic and behavioral factors including physical activity, stress, sleep and depression. METHODS Women of varying baseline weight status (n = 450) are enrolled early in pregnancy and followed, along with their infants, until 1 year postpartum. Assessments occur during each trimester of pregnancy, and postpartum at approximately 2 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Maternal food reward, self-control, home food environment, eating behaviors, dietary intake, health behaviors, and anthropometrics are assessed along with maternal and infant clinical and biological data, infant anthropometrics, and feeding practices. Primary exposures of interest include food reward sensitivity, behavioral control, and home food environment. Primary outcomes include gestational weight gain, postpartum weight retention and maternal diet quality. DISCUSSION With increasing evidence suggesting the relevance of food reward sensitivity for understanding eating behavior, PEAS aims to advance understanding of the determinants of eating behavior during pregnancy, informing future interventions for improving maternal diet and weight change, and leading to improved maternal and child health and weight trajectories. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02217462. Date of registration: August 13, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonja R. Nansel
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leah M. Lipsky
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Maria Siega-Riz
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 2105-A McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyle Burger
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 2204 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB# 7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
| | - Myles Faith
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo – SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14250-1000, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Carr KA, Lin H, Fletcher KD, Epstein LH. Food reinforcement, dietary disinhibition and weight gain in nonobese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:254-9. [PMID: 23512958 PMCID: PMC3815500 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food reinforcement is cross-sectionally related to BMI and energy intake in adults, and prospectively predicts weight gain in children, but there has not been any research studying food reinforcement as a predictor of adult weight gain. DESIGN AND METHODS This study examined whether the relative reinforcing value of food versus sedentary activities, as measured on a progressive ratio schedule, predicts 12-month weight gain in a sample of 115 nonobese (BMI < 30) adults. Dietary disinhibition and dietary restraint were also examined as potential moderators of this relationship. RESULTS In a hierarchical regression controlling for baseline age and weight, dietary hunger, income, sex, and minority status, food reinforcement and predicted weight gain (P = 0.01) significantly increased the variance from 6.3% to 11.7% (P = 0.01). Dietary disinhibition moderated this relationship (P = 0.02) and increased the variance an additional 4.7% (P = 0.02), such that individuals with high food reinforcement had greater weight gain if they were also high in disinhibition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that food reinforcement is a significant contributor to weight change over time, and food reinforcement may have the biggest effect on those who are most responsive to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A. Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Henry Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Kelly D. Fletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Leonard H. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
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French SA, Mitchell NR, Wolfson J, Finlayson G, Blundell JE, Jeffery RW. Questionnaire and laboratory measures of eating behavior. Associations with energy intake and BMI in a community sample of working adults. Appetite 2013; 72:50-8. [PMID: 24096082 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present research compared a self-report measure of usual eating behaviors with two laboratory-based behavioral measures of food reward and food preference. METHODS Eating behaviors were measured among 233 working adults. A self-report measure was the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger subscales. Laboratory measures were the (RVF) and Explicit Liking (EL) and Implicit Wanting (IW) for high fat food. Outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), and energy intake measured using three 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS Significant bivariate associations were observed between each of the eating behavior measures and energy intake, but only Disinhibition and Hunger were associated with BMI. Multiple regression results showed RVF and EL and IW predicted energy intake independent of the TFEQ scales but did not predict BMI. CONCLUSION Laboratory and self-report measures capture unique aspects of individual differences in eating behaviors that are associated with energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A French
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, 1300 South 2nd St, #300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Best JR, Theim KR, Gredysa DM, Stein RI, Welch RR, Saelens BE, Perri MG, Schechtman KB, Epstein LH, Wilfley DE. Behavioral economic predictors of overweight children's weight loss. J Consult Clin Psychol 2012; 80:1086-1096. [PMID: 22924332 DOI: 10.1037/a0029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine whether behavioral economic constructs-including impulsivity (i.e., steep discounting of delayed food and monetary rewards), the relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood), and environmental enrichment (i.e., the presence of alternatives to unhealthy foods in the home and neighborhood environments)-are significant pretreatment predictors of overweight children's weight loss within family-based treatment. METHOD Overweight children (N = 241; ages 7-12 years; 63% female; 65% non-Hispanic White) enrolled in a 16-week family-based obesity treatment with at least one parent. At baseline, children completed a task to assess RRVfood and delay discounting measures of snack foods and money to assess impulsivity. Parents completed questionnaires to assess environmental enrichment. RESULTS Children who found food highly reinforcing and steeply discounted future food rewards at baseline showed a blunted response to treatment compared with children without this combination of risk factors. High environmental enrichment was associated with treatment success only among children who did not find food highly reinforcing. Monetary discounting rate predicted weight loss, regardless of children's level of RRVfood. CONCLUSIONS Investigation is warranted into novel approaches to obesity treatment that target underlying impulsivity and RRVfood. Enriching the environment with alternatives to unhealthy eating may facilitate weight loss, especially for children with low RRVfood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington
| | - Michael G Perri
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida
| | | | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
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Roemmich JN, Lambiase MJ, Lobarinas CL, Balantekin KN. Interactive effects of dietary restraint and adiposity on stress-induced eating and the food choice of children. Eat Behav 2011; 12:309-12. [PMID: 22051365 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Individual Differences Model posits that individual differences in physiological and psychological factors explain eating behaviors in response to stress. The purpose was to determine the effects of individual differences in adiposity, dietary restraint and stress reactivity on children's energy intake and food choices. A total of 40 boys and girls, age 8-12 years, with wide ranges of dietary restraint, adiposity, and stress reactivity were measured for total energy intake and choice of energy dense 'comfort' and lower density 'healthy' foods following reading and speech stressor manipulations. When exploring the interaction of dietary restraint and stress reactivity, lower restraint/lower reactivity and lower restraint/higher reactivity were associated with reductions in energy intake (37-62 kcal) and comfort food (33-89 kcal). Higher restraint/lower reactivity was associated with consuming 86 fewer total kcal and 45 fewer kcal of comfort food. Only higher restraint/higher reactivity predicted increased energy intake (104 kcal) and comfort food (131 kcal). The interaction of dietary restraint and percentage body fat revealed that lower restraint/lower adiposity was associated with consuming 123 fewer kcal after being stressed with the entire reduction due to a decrease in comfort food. Lower restraint/higher adiposity was associated with consuming 116 kcal more after being stressed with 70% (81 kcal) of the increase in the form of comfort foods. Higher restraint/lower adiposity and higher restraint/higher adiposity were associated with smaller changes in total energy intake of 22 kcal and 1 kcal; respectively. Both restraint and adiposity moderated the effect of stress on energy intake and food choice. Children with greater adiposity may be at risk for stress-induced eating to contribute to their obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Roemmich
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Goldfield GS, Lorello C, Cameron J, Chaput JP. Gender differences in the effects of methylphenidate on energy intake in young adults: a preliminary study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:1009-13. [PMID: 22029641 DOI: 10.1139/h11-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined gender differences in response to methylphenidate (MPH) on energy intake and macronutrient preference. Twelve adults (6 men, 6 women) were given placebo or short-acting MPH (0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover fashion. One hour after drug administration, appetite sensations and the relative reinforcing value of energy-dense snack food were measured, followed immediately by energy intake and macronutrient preference during a buffet lunch. Relative to placebo, men exhibited a significantly greater reduction in energy intake, fat intake, and carbohydrate intake after MPH administration compared with women. Future research is needed to verify these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Goldfield
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Food reinforcement and obesity. Psychological moderators. Appetite 2011; 58:157-62. [PMID: 22005184 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relative reinforcing value of food (RRV(food)) provides an index of the motivation to eat. Research has shown that RRV(food) is higher in obese individuals than their non-obese peers, is associated with greater energy intake, predicts weight gain and interacts with impulsivity to predict energy intake. This study was designed to determine whether dietary restraint, dietary disinhibition or hunger moderate the effect of RRV(food) on the weight status and energy intake in 273 adults of various body mass index (BMI) levels. Hierarchical regression was used to assess the independent effects of RRV(food) on BMI and energy intake, controlling for age, sex, income, education, minority status, and RRV(reading). Results showed that greater RRV(food), but not RRV(reading), was associated with greater BMI and energy intake. Dietary disinhibition and dietary restraint moderated the relationship between RRV(food) and BMI, with dietary disinhibition being a stronger moderator of this relationship (r(2)=0.20) than dietary restraint (r(2)=0.095). In addition, dietary disinhibition moderated the effect of RRV(food) on energy intake. These results replicate the importance of RRV(food) as a predictor of obesity, and show that psychological factors moderate the effect of food reinforcement on body weight and energy intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00962117.
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