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Gironacci MM, Bruna-Haupt E. Unraveling the crosstalk between renin-angiotensin system receptors. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14134. [PMID: 38488216 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. The RAS is a complex interconnected system composed of two axes with opposite effects. The pressor arm, represented by angiotensin (Ang) II and the AT1 receptor (AT1R), mediates the vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative, and pro-inflammatory effects of the RAS, while the depressor/protective arm, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the AT2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The AT1R, AT2R, and MasR belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. GPCRs operate not only as monomers, but they can also function in dimeric (homo and hetero) or higher-order oligomeric states. Due to the interaction with other receptors, GPCR properties may change: receptor affinity, trafficking, signaling, and its biological function may be altered. Thus, heteromerization provides a newly recognized means of modulation of receptor function, as well as crosstalk between GPCRs. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors, and how their properties are influenced by crosstalk with other receptors, adding more complexity to an already complex system and potentially opening up new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela M Gironacci
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Bruna-Haupt
- INTEQUI (CONICET), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Ramírez Sanchez FA, Madrigal Aguilar D, Tufiño C, Castro García S, Bobadilla Lugo RA. Preeclampsia pravastatin early VS late treatment: Effects on oxidative stress and vascular reactivity. Pregnancy Hypertens 2024; 35:96-102. [PMID: 38306739 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2024.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and efficient treatment of preeclampsia remains a medical challenge and etiological factors converge in a deficient placentation that triggers oxidative stress. There is evidence that statins show antioxidant effects that can improve endothelial function without adverse perinatal effects. We aimed to compare early vs. late pravastatin treatment on the oxidative stress and cardiovascular features of an experimental model of preeclampsia. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into preeclampsia phenotype rats (PEP) developed by sub renal aortic coarctation (SRAC) and healthy pregnant rats (C). Each group received pravastatin (5 mg/Kg) p.o. either for one week before and during the first week or during the last two weeks of gestation. Blood pressure was determined using the plethysmographic method. Phenylephrine (Phe)-induced contractility was evaluated in isolated thoracic and abdominal aortic rings with or without endothelium. Blood samples were obtained to determine anion superoxide concentration as indicator of NADPH activity. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to define statistical significance. Early or late pravastatin treatment decreased hypertension of PEP animals but did not change BP of the healthy pregnant group. Thoracic and abdominal aorta from PEP rats showed increased contractility that was reverted by pravastatin early treatment in endothelium intact rings. Pravastatin did not significantly change contractility neither in the thoracic nor in the abdominal aorta segments from healthy pregnant control rats (C), and decrease anion superoxide concentration by NADPH activity. We conclude pravastatin can improve both blood pressure and endothelium-dependent Phe-induced contractility in an experimental model of preeclampsia by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Tufiño
- Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Seidy Castro García
- Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Clark CR, Khalil RA. Regulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor and angiotensin-(1-7)/MasR signaling in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115963. [PMID: 38061417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy (Norm-Preg) is associated with a slight reduction in blood pressure (BP) and decreased BP response to vasoconstrictor stimuli such as angiotensin II (Ang II), although the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is upregulated. Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy manifested as hypertension-in-pregnancy (HTN-Preg), and dysregulation of angiotensin biosynthesis and signaling have been implicated. Ang II activates vascular Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) and Ang II type-2 receptor (AT2R), while angiotensin-(1-7) promotes Ang-(1-7)/MasR signaling. The role of AT1R in vasoconstriction and the activated cellular mechanisms are well-characterized. The sensitivity of vascular AT1R to Ang II and consequent activation of vasoconstrictor mechanisms decrease during Norm-Preg, but dramatically increase in HTN-Preg. Placental ischemia in late pregnancy could also initiate the release of AT1R agonistic autoantibodies (AT1AA) with significant impact on endothelial dysfunction and activation of contraction pathways in vascular smooth muscle including [Ca2+]c and protein kinase C. On the other hand, the role of AT2R and Ang-(1-7)/MasR in vascular relaxation, particularly during Norm-Preg and PE, is less clear. During Norm-Preg, increases in the expression/activity of vascular AT2R and Ang-(1-7)/MasR promote the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factors such as nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor leading to generalized vasodilation. Aortic segments of Preg rats show prominent endothelial AT2R staining and increased relaxation and NO production in response to AT2R agonist CGP42112A, and treatment with AT2R antagonist PD123319 enhances phenylephrine-induced contraction. Decreased vascular AT2R and Ang-(1-7)/MasR expression and receptor-mediated mechanisms of vascular relaxation have been suggested in HTN-Preg animal models, but their role in human PE needs further testing. Changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) have been observed in COVID-19 patients, and whether ACE2 influences the course of COVID-19 viral infection/immunity in Norm-Preg and PE is an intriguing area for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Clark
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wagenaar GTM, Moll GN. Evolving views on the first two ligands of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. From putative antagonists to potential agonists? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176189. [PMID: 37951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most complex regulatory systems that controls multiple organ functions. One of its key components, angiotensin II (Ang II), stimulates two G-protein coupled class A receptors: the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor. While stimulation of the AT1 receptor causes G-protein-dependent signaling and arrestin recruitment, the AT2 receptor seems to have a constitutively active-like conformation and appears to act via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways. Overstimulation of the AT1 receptor may lead to unwanted effects like inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, stimulation of the AT2 receptor leads to opposite effects thus restoring the balance. However, the role of the AT2 receptor has become controversial due to beneficial effects of putative AT2 receptor antagonists. The two first synthetic AT2 receptor-selective ligands, peptide CGP42112 and small molecule PD123319, were initially both considered antagonists. CGP42112 was subsequently considered a partial agonist and it was recently demonstrated to be a full agonist. Based on the search-term PD123319 in Pubmed, 1652 studies have investigated putative AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. Here, we put forward literature that shows beneficial effects of PD123319 alone, even at doses too low for antagonist efficacy. These beneficial effects appear compatible with agonist-like activity via the AT2 receptor. Taken together, a more consistent image of a therapeutic role of stimulated AT2 receptor emerges which may clarify current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Wang X, Shields CA, Ekperikpe U, Amaral LM, Williams JM, Cornelius DC. VASCULAR AND RENAL MECHANISMS OF PREECLAMPSIA. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 33:100655. [PMID: 37009057 PMCID: PMC10062189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem obstetric disorder that affects 2-10% of pregnancies worldwide and it is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The etiology of PE development is not clearly delineated, but since delivery of the fetus and placenta often leads to symptom resolution in the most cases of PE, it is hypothesized that the placenta is the inciting factor of the disease. Current management strategies for PE focus on treating the maternal symptoms to stabilize the mother in an attempt to prolong the pregnancy. However, the efficacy of this management strategy is limited. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic targets and strategies is needed. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms of vascular and renal pathophysiology during PE and discuss potential therapeutic targets directed at improving maternal vascular and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - Corbin A Shields
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - Ubong Ekperikpe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - Lorena M Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | | | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center
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Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology and management. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 50:101975. [PMID: 33171282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related multisystem disorder, frequently encountered pregnancy-related medical complications next to gestational diabetes mellitus. It is the onset of hypertension during pregnancy. The preeclampsia can be of two types, placental or maternal preeclampsia. Among these two types former, i.e., placental preeclampsia is more severe than the latter. According to the recent survey by National Health Portal of India, the incidence of preeclampsia is about 8-10 % among pregnant women. Though our understanding of preeclampsia has improved in recent years, the development and interpretation of the clinical tests remain difficult for preeclampsia. Hence, we have made an attempt to understand the pathophysiology, associated conditions/consequences, treatment and management/prevention of the condition in this review.
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Ramírez-Montero C, Lima-Gómez V, Anguiano-Robledo L, Hernández-Campos ME, López-Sánchez P. Preeclampsia as predisposing factor for hypertensive retinopathy: Participation by the RAAS and angiogenic factors. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107981. [PMID: 32088240 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive complication of pregnancy. Its cause is still unknown and it could be a risk factor for future ophthalmic problems. Retinal vascular bed alterations have been described as a consequence of PE, suggesting a retinopathy. Factors related to angiogenesis and vascular permeability, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) or components of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), prorrenin/renin receptor ((P)RR) and angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) have been located in the retina, participating in other retinopathies, but it is unknown if they could participate in PE. Our aim was to elucidate whether VEGF, PEDF, (P)RR and AT1R could be modified during PE and during hypertension induced in rats with a history of PE. We used female Wistar rats and subrrenal aortic coarctation to induce PE, and after delivery, we induced a second hit by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration. We measured blood pressure, proteinuria and pups development. In both models, eye fundal exploration and immunoblot for VEGF, PEDF, (P)RR and AT1R were performed. We found that the development of hypertension occurred faster in previously PE rats than in normal animals. VEGF, PEDF, (P)RR and AT1R were increased in PE, but in L-NAME-induced hypertension only (P)RR and AT1R were altered. Eye fundal data indicated that PE induced a level I retinopathy, but L-NAME induced a faster and more severe retinopathy in previously PE animals compared to previously normal pregnancy rats. These results indicate that PE predisposes to development of a faster and more severe retinopathy after a second hit. They also suggest that VEGF and PEDF seem to participate only in PE retinopathy, but in both models, RAAS components seem to have a more critical participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ramírez-Montero
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
| | - Virgilio Lima-Gómez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Juárez de México Norte, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Col. Magdalena de la Salinas, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P 07760, Mexico.
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
| | - María Elena Hernández-Campos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
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Sinphitukkul K, Manotham K, Eiam-Ong S, Eiam-Ong S. Aldosterone nongenomically induces angiotensin II receptor dimerization in rat kidney: role of mineralocorticoid receptor and NADPH oxidase. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1589-1598. [PMID: 31749889 PMCID: PMC6855162 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that aldosterone nongenomically induces transglutaminase (TG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enhanced angiotensin II receptor (ATR) dimerization. There are no in vivo data in the kidney. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline solution, or aldosterone (Aldo: 150 μg/kg BW); or received pretreatment with eplerenone (mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, Ep. + Aldo), or with apocynin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor, Apo. + Aldo) 30 min before aldosterone. Thirty minutes after aldosterone injection, protein abundances of dimeric and monomeric forms of AT1R and AT2R, and protein abundances and localizations of TG2 and p47phox, a cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase, were determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Protein abundances of dimeric forms of AT1R and AT2R were enhanced by 170% and 70%, respectively. Apocynin could block dimeric forms of both receptors while eplerenone inhibited only AT2R. Monomeric protein levels of both receptors were maintained. Aldosterone significantly enhanced TG2 and p47phox protein abundances, which were blunted by eplerenone or apocynin. Aldosterone stimulated p47phox protein expression in both the cortex and the medulla while TG2 was induced mostly in the medulla. Eplerenone or apocynin normalized the immunoreactivity of both TG2 and p47phox. CONCLUSIONS This is the first in vivo study demonstrating that aldosterone nongenomically increases renal TG2 and p47phox protein expression and then activates AT1R and AT2R dimerizations. Aldosterone-stimulated AT1R and AT2R dimerizations are mediated through activation of NADPH oxidase. Aldosterone-induced AT1R dimer formation is an MR-independent pathway, whereas the formation of AT2R dimer is modulated in an MR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krissanapong Manotham
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Eiam-Ong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchit Eiam-Ong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Avila-Ramírez M, Esteban-Martínez R, López-Moctezuma E, Anguiano-Robledo L, Hernández-Campos M, López-Sánchez P. (Pro)renin/renin receptor expression during normal and preeclamptic pregnancy in rats. Life Sci 2019; 216:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas (MasR) are part of the "protective arm" of the renin angiotensin system. Gene and pharmacological manipulation studies reveal that AT2R and MasR are involved in natriuretic, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory responses and in lowering blood pressure in various animal models under normal and pathological conditions such as salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The scope of this review is to discuss co-localization and heterodimerization as potential molecular mechanisms of AT2R- and MasR-mediated functions including antihypertensive activities. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidences show that AT2R and MasR are co-localized, make a heterodimer, and are functionally interdependent in producing their physiological responses. Moreover, ang-(1-7) preferably may be an AT1R-biased agonist while acting as a MasR agonist. The physical interactions of AT2R and MasR appear to be an important mechanism by which these receptors are involved in blood pressure regulation and antihypertensive activity. Whether heteromers of these receptors influence affinity or efficacy of endogenous or synthetic agonists remains a question to be considered.
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Marshall SA, Leo CH, Girling JE, Tare M, Beard S, Hannan NJ, Parry LJ. Relaxin treatment reduces angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in pregnancy and protects against endothelial dysfunction†. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:895-906. [PMID: 28379296 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide relaxin has gained considerable attention as a new vasoactive drug, largely through its beneficial therapeutic effects in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that relaxin treatment alleviates systemic vascular dysfunction characteristic of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. We investigated vascular effects and mechanisms of relaxin action in (i) pregnant relaxin-deficient (Rln-/-) mice with enhanced responses to angiotensin II (AngII) and (ii) arteries pre-incubated ex vivo in trophoblast conditioned media (TCM) to induce endothelial dysfunction. Pregnant Rln-/- mice received 0.5 μg/h recombinant human H2 relaxin (rhRLX: n = 5) or placebo (20 nM sodium acetate; n = 7) subcutaneously via osmotic minipumps for 5 days prior to gestational day 17.5. This treatment protocol significantly reduced AngII-mediated contraction of mesenteric arteries and increased plasma 6-keto prostaglandin F1α. These vascular effects were endothelium independent and likely involve smooth muscle-derived vasodilator prostanoids. In the second study, mesenteric arteries were incubated ex vivo for 24 h at 37°C in TCM, which contained high levels of soluble Flt-1 (>20 ng/ml) and soluble Eng (>1 ng/ml). TCM incubation caused significant reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased sensitivity to AngII. Co-incubation of arteries with rhRLX for 24 h (n = 6-16/treatment) prevented endothelial dysfunction but had no effect on AngII-mediated contraction. In conclusion, relaxin treatment prevents and/or reverses vascular dysfunction in mesenteric arteries, but acts through different vascular pathways depending on duration of relaxin treatment and type of vascular dysfunction. Overall, our data suggest that relaxin is a potential therapeutic to alleviate maternal systemic vascular dysfunction associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Marshall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Girling
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Rural Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Beard
- The Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- The Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Parry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Morales-González Á, Bautista M, Madrigal-Santillán E, Posadas-Mondragón A, Anguiano-Robledo L, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Gayosso-Islas E, Sánchez-Moreno C, Morales-González JA. Nrf2 modulates cell proliferation and antioxidants defenses during liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:7801-7811. [PMID: 31966628 DOI: pmid/31966628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the regulatory dynamic of Nrf2 during liver regeneration and the administration of EtOH and/or the G. schiedeanum extract. Male Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy; they were then divided into three groups (groups 1-3). During the experiment, animals in Group 1 drank only water. The other two groups (2-3) received an intragastric dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg BW, solution at 40% in isotonic saline solution). Additionally, rats in group 3 received a geranium extract daily at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW i.g. EtOh and/or Geranium schiedeanum was administered to rats with regenerating livers for 7 days. At the end of treatment, the activity was determined of the antioxidant enzymes, DNA concentration, TBARS, and TAC, in addition to the expression of Nrf-2, Cyclin D1, and Nqo1. EtOH increased ROS and Nrf-2, which activated the antioxidant defenses and delayed liver proliferation. On the other hand, Geranium schiedeanum exerted an antioxidant effect, diminishing ROS, but Nrf-2 expression increased, favoring liver proliferation through the increase of DNA concentration and the overexpression of Cyclin D1, however it did not activate the antioxidant defenses. In sum, it can be concluded that Nrf-2 possesses a regulatory dynamic that is evident in the presence of a toxic agent (EtOH) and/or a phytochemical agent with antioxidant capacity (Geranium schiedeanum) during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
- Área Académica de Farmacia, ICSa, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo México
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
- Depto. de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
- Área Académica de Enfermería, ICSa, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo México
| | - Mirandeli Bautista
- Área Académica de Farmacia, ICSa, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo México
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Araceli Posadas-Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Depto. de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
| | - Evila Gayosso-Islas
- Área Académica de Enfermería, ICSa, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo México
| | | | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional México
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15
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Ali SMJ, Khalil RA. Genetic, immune and vasoactive factors in the vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension in pregnancy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1495-515. [PMID: 26294111 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1067684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy that could lead to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms of PE are not completely understood, but recent research has begun to unravel some of the potential mechanisms. AREAS COVERED Genetic polymorphisms and altered maternal immune response may cause impaired remodeling of the spiral arteries; a potential early defect in PE. Inadequate invasion of cytotrophoblasts into the decidua leads to reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) and placental ischemia/hypoxia. Placental ischemia causes the release of biologically active factors such as anti-angiogenic factors, inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia-inducible factors, and angiotensin II receptor autoantibodies. These vasoactive factors could cause systemic vascular endotheliosis and consequent increase in vascular resistance and blood pressure, glomerular endotheliosis causing proteinuria, cerebrovascular endotheliosis causing cerebral edema, seizures and visual disturbances, and hepatic endotheliosis, which may contribute to the manifestations of HELLP syndrome. PE-associated vascular endotheliosis causes a decrease in vasodilator mediators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, an increase in vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1, angiotensin II and thromboxane A2, and enhanced mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction such as intracellular Ca(2+), protein kinase C and Rho-kinase. Changes in matrix metalloproteinase activity and extracellular matrix cause vascular remodeling and further vasoconstriction. EXPERT OPINION Some of the genetic, immune and vasoactive factors involved in vascular endotheliosis could be used as biomarkers for early detection, and as potential targets for prevention and treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjadh M J Ali
- a Brigham and Women's Hospital, Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Boston, MA, USA +1 617 525 8530 ; +1 617 264 5124 ;
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- a Brigham and Women's Hospital, Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery , Boston, MA, USA +1 617 525 8530 ; +1 617 264 5124 ;
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16
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Koulis C, Chow BSM, McKelvey M, Steckelings UM, Unger T, Thallas-Bonke V, Thomas MC, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Allen TJ. AT2R agonist, compound 21, is reno-protective against type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 2015; 65:1073-81. [PMID: 25776077 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic effects of angiotensin II on diabetic complications are considered to be primarily mediated by the angiotensin II type 1 receptor subtype. However, its biological and functional effect mediated through the angiotensin II type 2 receptor subtype is still unclear. Activation of the angiotensin II type 2 receptors has been postulated to oppose angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated actions and thus attenuate fibrosis. This study aimed to elucidate the reno-protective role of the novel selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, Compound 21, in an experimental model of type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Compound 21 treatment significantly attenuated diabetes mellitus-induced elevated levels of cystatin C, albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic mice. Moreover, Compound 21 markedly inhibited the expression of various proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, in association with decreased extracellular matrix production. These findings demonstrate that monotherapy of Compound 21 is protective against the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koulis
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Maria McKelvey
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Vicki Thallas-Bonke
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Merlin C Thomas
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Mark E Cooper
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.)
| | - Terri J Allen
- From the Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.K., B.S.M.C., M.M., V.T.-B., M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash, Australia (M.C.T., M.E.C., K.A.J.-D., T.J.A.); IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Denmark (U.M.S.); and CARIM-School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (T.U.).
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17
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West CA, Shaw S, Sasser JM, Fekete A, Alexander T, Cunningham MW, Masilamani SME, Baylis C. Chronic vasodilation increases renal medullary PDE5A and α-ENaC through independent renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1133-40. [PMID: 24068049 PMCID: PMC3841800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously observed that many of the renal and hemodynamic adaptations seen in normal pregnancy can be induced in virgin female rats by chronic systemic vasodilation. Fourteen-day vasodilation with sodium nitrite or nifedipine (NIF) produced plasma volume expansion (PVE), hemodilution, and increased renal medullary phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A) protein. The present study examined the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in this mechanism. Virgin females were treated for 14 days with NIF (10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) via diet), NIF with spironolactone [SPR; mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, 200-300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) via diet], NIF with losartan [LOS; angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, 20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) via diet], enalapril (ENAL; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 62.5 mg/l via water), or vehicle (CON). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced 7.4 ± 0.5% with NIF, 6.33 ± 0.5% with NIF + SPR, 13.3 ± 0.9% with NIF + LOS, and 12.0 ± 0.4% with ENAL vs. baseline MAP. Compared with CON (3.6 ± 0.3%), plasma volume factored for body weight was increased by NIF (5.2 ± 0.4%) treatment but not by NIF + SPR (4.3 ± 0.3%), NIF + LOS (3.6 ± 0.1%), or ENAL (4.0 ± 0.3%). NIF increased PDE5A protein abundance in the renal inner medulla, and SPR did not prevent this increase (188 ± 16 and 204 ± 22% of CON, respectively). NIF increased the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (α-ENaC) protein in renal outer (365 ± 44%) and inner (526 ± 83%) medulla, and SPR prevented these changes. There was no change in either PDE5A or α-ENaC abundance vs. CON in rats treated with NIF + LOS or ENAL. These data indicate that the PVE and renal medullary adaptations in response to chronic vasodilation result from RAAS signaling, with increases in PDE5A mediated through AT1 receptor and α-ENaC through the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A West
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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18
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Hilliard LM, Mirabito KM, Denton KM. Unmasking the potential of the angiotensin AT2receptor as a therapeutic target in hypertension in men and women: What we know and what we still need to find out. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:542-50. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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19
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Govender L, Mackraj I, Gathiram P, Moodley J. The role of angiogenic, anti-angiogenic and vasoactive factors in pre-eclamptic African women: early- versus late-onset pre-eclampsia. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 23:153-9. [PMID: 22555639 PMCID: PMC3721863 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2012-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The pathogenesis and aetiology of pre-eclampsia (PE) is still unclear. We investigated the role of angiogenic, anti-angiogenic and vasoactive factors in black South African women with early- and late-onset PE. Serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were determined using the ELISA technique, and placental mRNA expression levels of sFlt-1, VEGF, PlGF and AT1 receptors were determined using real-time PCR. Serum sFlt-1 levels were significantly elevated and PlGF significantly reduced in early-onset PE compared to the normotensive group. Placental VEGF mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in the late-onset preeclamptic group compared with the normotensives. The placental mRNA expression of AT1 receptor in the late-onset pre-eclamptic group was relatively raised compared to the normotensives, suggesting hypersensitivity to pressor agents. We believe that the excess of serum sFlt-1 and reduced VEGF and PlGF levels favour an anti-angiogenic state and endothelial dysfunction leading to PE, and that the aetiology and pathogenesis of early- and late-onset PE differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Govender
- Department of Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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20
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Ramesar SV, Mackraj I, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Sildenafil citrate decreases sFlt-1 and sEng in pregnant l-NAME treated Sprague-Dawley rats. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 157:136-40. [PMID: 21481522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously shown that sildenafil citrate improves various fetal outcomes in pregnant, L-NAME treated, Sprague-Dawley rats. We therefore aimed to identify which component/s of this diverse pathophysiologic cascade is/are improved by this drug. STUDY DESIGN This study is a sub-analysis of plasma samples obtained in a previous study in which 24 pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were divided into three groups (n=8) i.e. the control group (CON), the experimental control group (PRE) where the pre-eclampsia-like symptoms were induced using l-NAME, and the experimental group (SCT) where the pre-eclampsia-like symptoms were once again induced using L-NAME but these animals were treated with sildenafil citrate. On gestation day 20 blood samples were collected in heparin-coated tubes and plasma samples were then analysed for specific variables using commercially available kits for rats. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the plasma levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase1 (sFlt-1) in the PRE group (1228.80±116.29 pg/ml) when compared to the CON (774.91±26.81 pg/ml) and SCT (698.98±20.78 pg/ml) groups, respectively (p<0.001). The plasma levels of soluble endoglin (sEng) were significantly decreased in the SCT group (149.47±3.72 ng/ml) when compared to the CON (178.52±5.33 ng/ml) and PRE (183.44±8.294 ng/ml) groups, respectively (p<0.01). Plasma nitric oxide and l-arginine levels showed a decreasing trend in the PRE groups when compared to the control (CON) and treated (SCT) groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Sildenafil citrate reduces the plasma levels of anti-angiogenic factors, sFlt-1 and sEng, in pre-eclamptic (L-NAME induced) Sprague-Dawley rats and may therefore be responsible for the reduction in blood pressure and proteinuria as well as the improved fetal outcomes noted in an earlier study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ramesar
- Department of Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, University of Kwa Zulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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21
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Velazquez-Roman JA, Villafaña S, Lopez Sanchez P, Fernandez-Vallín E, Bobadilla Lugo RA. Effect of Pregnancy and Diabetes on Vascular Receptors for Angiotensin II. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33:167-73. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2010.531843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Reslan OM, Khalil RA. Molecular and vascular targets in the pathogenesis and management of the hypertension associated with preeclampsia. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2011; 8:204-26. [PMID: 20923405 DOI: 10.2174/187152510792481234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with significant hemodynamic changes and vasodilation of the uterine and systemic circulation in order to meet the metabolic demands of the mother and developing fetus. Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the foremost complications of pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms of PE have been elusive, but some parts of the puzzle have begun to unravel. Genetic factors such as leptin gene polymorphism, environmental and dietary factors such as Ca(2+) and vitamin D deficiency, and co-morbidities such as obesity and diabetes may increase the susceptibility of pregnant women to develop PE. An altered maternal immune response may also play a role in the development of PE. Although the pathophysiology of PE is unclear, most studies have implicated inadequate invasion of cytotrophoblasts into the uterine artery, leading to reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) and placental ischemia/hypoxia. Placental ischemia induces the release of biologically active factors such as growth factor inhibitors, anti-angiogenic factors, inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia-inducible factors, and antibodies to vascular angiotensin II (AngII) receptor. These bioactive factors could cause vascular endotheliosis and consequent increase in vascular resistance and blood pressure, as well as glomerular endotheliosis with consequent proteinuria. The PE-associated vascular endotheliosis could be manifested as decreased vasodilator mediators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and hyperpolarizing factor and increased vasoconstrictor mediators such as endothelin-1, AngII and thromboxane A₂. PE could also involve enhanced mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction including intracellular Ca(2+), and Ca(2+) sensitization pathways such as protein kinase C and Rho-kinase. PE-associated changes in the extracellular matrix composition and matrix metalloproteinases activity also promote vascular remodeling and further vasoconstriction in the uterine and systemic circulation. Some of these biologically active factors and vascular mediators have been proposed as biomarkers for early prediction or diagnosis of PE, and as potential targets for prevention or treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossama M Reslan
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Young BC, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:173-92. [PMID: 20078220 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a systemic syndrome that occurs in 3 to 5% of pregnant women and classically manifests as new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The only known cure is delivery of the placenta. Recent discoveries, however, have led to important advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the condition. Placental antiangiogenic factors are upregulated and disrupt the maternal endothelium. This change in the normal angiogenic balance toward an antiangiogenic state can result in hypertension, proteinuria, glomerular endotheliosis, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome, and cerebral edema-the clinical signs of preeclampsia and eclampsia. The regulation of these antiangiogenic factors in the placenta is unknown. The recent discoveries of upregulated antiangiogenic factors provide promise for future testing to predict and diagnose preeclampsia as well as therapeutic targets for amelioration of the clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Young
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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24
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González-Hernández MDL, Godínez-Hernández D, Bobadilla-Lugo RA, López-Sánchez P. Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and alpha-1D adrenoceptor form a heterodimer during pregnancy-induced hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:167-72. [PMID: 20102360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2009.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy courses with low response to angiotensin II and adrenergic agonists. In preeclampsia, both effects are reverted. It is known that angiotensin II regulates adrenergic system. It is not known, however, the interaction between both systems receptors. Our aim was to study if AT(1)R and alpha1D adrenoceptor heterodimerize in preeclampsia. We used subrenal aorctic coarctation in pregnant rats. Aortic tissues were prepared for confocal imaging and coimmunoprecipitated for alpha1D and AT(1) receptors. We found that AT(1)R and alpha1D adrenoceptor heterodimerize in both, healthy and preeclamptic groups. In healthy pregnant rats, heterodimer is barely detected. In preeclamptic rats however, we found higher heterodimerization. These results suggest that AT(1)R and alpha1D -adrenoceptor may form heterodimers, and may play a role in preeclampsia.
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Bracho-Valdés I, Godínez-Hernández D, Arroyo-Vicelis B, Bobadilla-Lugo RA, López-Sánchez P. Increased alpha-1 adrenoceptor expression in pregnant rats with subrenal aortic coarctation. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009; 28:402-16. [PMID: 19843003 DOI: 10.3109/10641950802629659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The progression of pregnancy is associated with attenuation in vasopressor response to adrenergic agonists. In pregnancy-induced hypertension this attenuation is reverted. It is not known if this reversion involves alpha-1 adrenoceptor expression. OBJECTIVE In this work we propose that in pregnant rats with subrenal aortic coarctation there are changes in the expression of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in the thoracic and abdominal aorta during pregnancy. METHODS We used non-pregnant, normal pregnant and pregnant with subrenal aortic coarctation female Wistar rats. Pregnancy-induced hypertension indicators, systolic blood pressure, 24 hours proteinuria, pup weight and maternal weight were measured. Dose response curves to phenylephrine were carried out to determine vascular reactivity along pregnancy. Alpha 1-adrenoceptors were detected from thoracic and abdominal aorta using immunoblot. RESULTS Results show significant increases in arterial pressure and proteinuria in pregnant rats with SRAC at the end of the third week. Pregnancy reduces alpha-(1-A, -B) and (-D) adrenoceptor expression and this event is reverted by subrenal aortic coarctation. This phenomenon is more apparent in the abdominal segment of the aorta. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that subrenal aortic coarctation is a good animal model of pregnancy-induced hypertension and that alpha1-adrenoceptors participate in its physiopathology increasing their expression in a segment-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Bracho-Valdés
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina del IPN, Casco de Santo Tomás, México
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Angiogenesis inhibition causes hypertension and placental dysfunction in a rat model of preeclampsia. J Hypertens 2009; 27:829-37. [PMID: 19516182 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328324f8ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication, accompanied by increased maternal and fetal morbidity. Different models have been used to study preeclampsia, but none of these display all the key features of the disease. METHOD We investigated the effects on maternal blood pressure and fetal outcome exerted by the angiogenesis inhibitor Suramin (100 mg/kg i.p.) during early placentation. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously with telemetry in Sprague-Dawley rats of four experimental groups: nonpregnant controls, Suramin-treated nonpregnant rats, pregnant controls and pregnant Suramin-treated rats. Blood samples were collected before pregnancy and at gestational day 20 for analysis of renin and sFlt-1. The fetal and placental morphology were evaluated after caesarian section on gestational day 20. RESULTS The blood pressure of the pregnant Suramin-treated rats successively increased during pregnancy and differed by 17 mmHg at gestational day 20 compared with the pregnant control rats. In the pregnant Suramin-treated rats group, the renin levels increased (+122%) and the sFlt-1 levels decreased (-58%) during pregnancy. The pregnant Suramin-treated fetuses and placentae were smaller (2.8 g and 0.51 g) than the pregnant controls rats' fetuses and placentae (3.5 g and 0.56 g). Resorptions tended to be higher in the pregnant Suramin-treated rat litters compared with the pregnant control rat litters (P = 0.08). The area of the maternal blood vessels in the mesometrial triangle was smaller in the pregnant Suramin-treated rats group than in the pregnant control rats group. CONCLUSION The inhibition of uterine angiogenesis increases maternal blood pressure and compromises fetal and placental development. Placental hypoxia and subsequent activation of the renin-angiotensin system may play an important role for the hypertension.
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