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Romm KF, Berg CJ, Wang Y, Cohn AM. Patterns of Tobacco and Cannabis Use Among Sexual Minority Females and Males From PATH Wave 5: The Role of Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Correlates. SUBSTANCE USE & ADDICTION JOURNAL 2024; 45:397-407. [PMID: 38281150 DOI: 10.1177/29767342231222245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although sexual minority (SM; vs heterosexual) individuals display higher rates of tobacco and cannabis use, limited research has examined sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of single and co-use among this population. METHODS Participants were SM-identifying female (N = 2419; Mage = 27.80; 50.0% racial/ethnic minority) and male (N = 1142; Mage = 30.34; 46.1% racial/ethnic minority) adults from Wave 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Multinomial logistic regressions examined sociodemographic (ie, sexual identity, age, race/ethnicity, education, income) and psychosocial (ie, alcohol use, mental health, substance use) correlates of single and co-use (ie, no use [referent], tobacco-only, cannabis-only, co-use), controlling for state cannabis legalization, among SM females and males, separately. RESULTS The proportions of SM females reporting no use, tobacco-only, cannabis-only, and co-use were 37.9%, 24.0%, 10.5%, and 27.6%, respectively. Among males, 40.6%, 27.8%, 10.1%, and 21.5% reported no use, tobacco-only, cannabis-only, and co-use, respectively. Among females and males, substance use problems were associated with all 3 use groups (vs no use); past-month alcohol use was associated with cannabis-only and co-use; and mental health symptoms were associated with co-use (and cannabis-only in males). Sociodemographic correlates among females were: tobacco-only-identifying as bisexual (vs lesbian), White (vs Black), older, lower education, and lower income; cannabis-only-bisexual, other race (vs White); and co-use-White (vs Hispanic), lower education, and lower income. Among males, sociodemographic correlates were: tobacco-only-older, lower education, and lower income; cannabis-only-Black (vs White) and higher income. CONCLUSIONS Public health efforts to reduce tobacco and cannabis use among SM adults should target single versus co-use patterns and their corresponding sociodemographic, mental health, and substance use profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Pritschmann RK, Rung JM, Berry MS, Yurasek AM. Independent and concurrent cannabis use with alcohol, cigarettes, and other substances among college students: Rates and consequences. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1263-1270. [PMID: 35658020 PMCID: PMC9718891 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of concurrent cannabis and other substance use and their differential associations with cannabis-related problems and academic outcomes in college students. Participants: Participants were undergraduate students (N = 263; M age = 19.1 years; 61.2% female) who were eligible if they used cannabis at least 3 days in the past month (M = 10.1 days). Method: Substance use, academic-related outcomes, and measures of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) severity and problems were obtained in an online survey. Results: The five groups evaluated were cannabis-only users (5.3%), cannabis and alcohol (47.1%), cannabis, alcohol and cigarettes (16.7%), cannabis, alcohol and other substances (14.8%), or all-substances (16%). Cannabis-only and all-substance users reported using cannabis most frequently (ps ≤ .034), but only the latter reported greater CUD severity, problems, and poorer academic outcomes. Discussion: College student polysubstance users may be at increased risk for poorer outcomes compared to cannabis-only users and other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda K Pritschmann
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jillian M Rung
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Meredith S Berry
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ali M Yurasek
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Nabil AK, Barry AE, Kum HC, Ohsfeldt RL. Actual and perceived E-cigarettes behaviors among a national sample of U.S. college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:109-117. [PMID: 35025725 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.2024209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Electronic cigarette use represents an important college health concern. This investigation assessed demographic and behavioral correlates associated with actual and perceived e-cigarette use among a national sample of American college students. Methods: Respondents (n = 19,861) comprised college students from over 40 distinct American higher education institutions. Multivariable logistic regression assessed whether (1) alcohol, tobacco or marijuana use were associated with e-cigarette use; (2) perceived peer use of alcohol, tobacco or marijuana were associated with perceived e-cigarette use. Results: Approximately 5% of survey respondents self-reported using e-cigarettes within the past month. More than 7 out of every 10 respondents, however, thought the 'typical student' was an e-cigarette user. As perceptions of typical student substance use increased, respondents were far more likely to contend the typical student used e-cigarettes. Discussion: In addition to adopting smoke-free campus policies, university officials should disseminate accurate information regarding e-cigarette behaviors of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Khurshid Nabil
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Adam E Barry
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hye-Chung Kum
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Ohsfeldt
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Yoon Y, Lee N, Lee AD, Gehring MB, Constantine R, Mathes DW, Yu JW, Khechoyan D, Iorio ML, Kaoutzanis C. Analysis of postoperative complications related to cannabis and tobacco usage in patients undergoing mandible facial fracture surgeries. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 85:127-133. [PMID: 37482026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the third most used controlled substance in the world. Despite its widespread use, minimal research investigates cannabis usage in patients undergoing facial fracture surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate patterns of postoperative complications related to cannabis and tobacco usage after mandible fracture surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS PearlDiver™, a commercially available healthcare database, was used to identify patients endorsing the use of cannabis, tobacco, or both who underwent mandible fracture surgeries for cross-sectional analysis. The study population was categorized into groups using the Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9), ICD-10, and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. A chi-square analysis was performed to assess the influence of cannabis and tobacco use on postoperative complications. RESULTS A total of 8288 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 72 patients with cannabis-only usage, 914 patients with cannabis and tobacco usage, 3236 patients with tobacco-only usage, and 4066 in the control group. For patients using only cannabis, there was not an increased risk of developing postoperative complications compared with the control population. Patients with concurrent cannabis and tobacco usage and those with tobacco-only usage had an increased risk of surgical site infection, facial nonunion, facial abscess, debridement, and malocclusion after surgical repair of mandibular facial fracture. CONCLUSION Patients with tobacco-only as well as cannabis and tobacco usage had an increased risk of all postoperative complications, except malocclusion, compared with cannabis-only. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that healthcare providers consider a patient's history of tobacco use when planning and performing surgical treatment for traumatic mandible fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- YooJin Yoon
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nayun Lee
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
| | - Anna D Lee
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
| | - Michael B Gehring
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - Ryan Constantine
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - David W Mathes
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - Jason W Yu
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - David Khechoyan
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - Matthew L Iorio
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States
| | - Christodoulos Kaoutzanis
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, United States.
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Abraham AD, Wiley JL, Marusich JA. Experimenter administered Δ 9-THC decreases nicotine self-administration in a rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 231:173632. [PMID: 37690617 PMCID: PMC10543614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-use of nicotine and cannabis has been steadily rising in the United States. Rodent studies suggest that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could increase addictive qualities of nicotine, but whether repeated THC exposure alters self-administration of nicotine has not been tested. We hypothesized that THC would increase the reinforcing effects of nicotine and alter nicotine intake. METHODS Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with THC (0, 3, 30 mg/kg) daily for 14 days prior to and during training for intravenous self-administration of nicotine. Rats were allowed to self-administer nicotine for several weeks, then tested for sensitivity to nicotine dose through multiple determinations of a nicotine dose-effect curve with or without THC pretreatment. A separate set of rats were trained on fixed ratio responding for sucrose and assessed for THC effects on behavior. RESULTS Post-session THC decreased nicotine self-administration in male and female rats throughout acquisition and maintenance and increased the latency to stable rates of nicotine intake during acquisition. Post-session THC shifted nicotine dose-effect curves downward, and pre-session THC suppressed responding at higher nicotine doses. Unlike nicotine, responding for sucrose was not affected by post-session THC. Pre-session THC decreased responding for sucrose, particularly for THC-naïve rats. CONCLUSIONS Repeated post-session THC decreased nicotine-taking behaviors but did not alter sucrose responding. Thus, post-session THC may alter sensitivity to nicotine. Pre-session THC treatment decreased lever pressing in both sucrose and nicotine studies, indicating this effect was nonspecific. These studies show that THC modulates patterns of nicotine intake in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony D Abraham
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Yang JJ, Ou TS, Lin HC, Kyung Nam J, Piper ME, Buu A. Retrospective and Real-time Measures of the Quantity of E-cigarette Use: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1667-1675. [PMID: 37327251 PMCID: PMC10445250 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantifying e-cigarette use is challenging because of the wide variety of products and the lack of a clear, objective demarcation of a use event. This study aimed to characterize the difference between retrospective and real-time measures of the quantity of e-cigarette use and identify the covariates that may account for discrepancies between the two types of measures. METHODS This study analyzed data from 401 college student e-cigarette users in Indiana and Texas who responded to a web survey (retrospective) and 7-day ecological momentary assessments (EMA) (real-time) on their e-cigarette use behavior, dependence symptomatology, e-cigarette product characteristics, and use contexts from Fall 2019 to Fall 2021. Generalized linear mixed models were used to model the real-time measures of quantity offset by the retrospective average quantity. RESULTS Although the number of times using e-cigarettes per day seems to be applicable to both retrospective and real-time measures, the number reported via EMA was 8.5 times the retrospective report. E-cigarette users with higher e-cigarette primary dependence motives tended to report more daily nicotine consumption via EMA than their retrospective reports (ie, perceived average consumption). Other covariates that were associated with discrepancies between real-time and retrospective reports included gender, nicotine concentration, using a menthol- or fruit-flavored product, co-use with alcohol, and being with others when vaping. CONCLUSIONS The study found extreme under-reporting of e-cigarette consumption on retrospective surveys. Important covariates identified to be associated with higher than average consumption may be considered as potential targets for future vaping interventions. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study that characterizes the direction and magnitude of the difference between retrospective and real-time measures of the quantity of e-cigarette use among young adults-the population most likely to use e-cigarettes. An average retrospective account of vaping events per day may significantly underestimate e-cigarette use frequency among young adults. The lack of insight into the degree of consumption among users with heavy primary dependence motives illustrates the importance of incorporating self-monitoring into cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tzung-Shiang Ou
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Joon Kyung Nam
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Najera MS, Cavalli JM, Cservenka A. Distress tolerance and problematic cannabis use: does the form of cannabis matter? J Addict Dis 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37565482 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2244378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low distress tolerance may result in greater vulnerability to problematic cannabis use. However, the role of the primary form of cannabis used has not been examined as a moderator of this association. While marijuana flower remains the preferred form of cannabis, the popularity of other forms of cannabis, including concentrates and edibles, is on the rise. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between distress tolerance and problematic cannabis use and whether the primary form of cannabis used moderates this relationship. METHODS Participants were 695 (67.6% male) past-month cannabis users who completed an online survey. Multiple linear regressions assessed whether distress tolerance, the primary form of cannabis used, and their interaction were related to problematic cannabis use while controlling for demographic variables and past 30-day alcohol and cannabis use frequency. RESULTS Lower tolerance for distress was associated with more problematic cannabis use. Endorsing concentrates as the primary form of cannabis used vs. marijuana flower was related to more problematic cannabis use while reporting edibles as the primary form of cannabis used vs. marijuana flower or concentrates was related to less problematic cannabis use. Individuals preferring marijuana flower or concentrates reported more problematic cannabis use at lower levels of distress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users exhibiting low distress tolerance or a preference for concentrates may be at greatest risk for experiencing negative consequences related to their cannabis use. Additionally, building tolerance for stressful situations, among both concentrates and marijuana flower users, may aid in minimizing problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Najera
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jessica M Cavalli
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anita Cservenka
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Buu A, Yang JJ, Ou TS, Kyung Nam J, Suh G, Lin HC. An ecological momentary assessment study to examine covariates and effects of concurrent and simultaneous use of electronic cigarettes and marijuana among college students. Addict Behav 2023; 141:107662. [PMID: 36805815 PMCID: PMC10226867 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of concurrent and simultaneous use of e-cigarette and marijuana among college students is high. Yet, the literature was mainly based on cross-sectional surveys with emphasis on the smoking route. This is the first ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study that examined the vaping route of nicotine-marijuana co-use and the associated short-term psychological effects. METHODS This study recruited 686 college student e-cigarette users to participate in an on-line survey and 7-day EMA. Frequent marijuana users (247) - using marijuana weekly or daily - were compared with infrequent/non-users (439) on academic performance, e-cigarette use patterns, and dependence and respiratory symptoms. EMA data from the frequent users were used to study the association between marijuana vaping and e-cigarette consumption and the short-term psychological effects of e-cigarette and marijuana use. RESULTS The results show that e-cigarette users who frequently used marijuana tended to have lower academic performance, be involved in higher-risk use patterns, and have higher levels of e-cigarette dependence, marijuana problems, and respiratory symptoms, compared to infrequent/non-users. Marijuana vaping was associated with a higher level of e-cigarette consumption. E-cigarette use and marijuana use were both associated with higher levels of positive affect, physiological sensation, and craving for e-cigarettes. While marijuana use was linked to a lower level of negative affect, e-cigarette use did not have a significant effect. Further, none of the interaction effects between e-cigarette and marijuana use on psychological states were significant. CONCLUSIONS The results showed additive effects of e-cigarette and marijuana use although the hypothesized synergistic effects were not supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - James J Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Tzung-Shiang Ou
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7(th) Street, SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Joon Kyung Nam
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ganghui Suh
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7(th) Street, SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7(th) Street, SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Goodwin SR, Moskal D, Marks RM, Clark AE, Squeglia LM, Roche DJO. A Scoping Review of Gender, Sex and Sexuality Differences in Polysubstance Use in Adolescents and Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:292-321. [PMID: 35284931 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is a common, problematic behavior that increases risk of harm to self and others. Research suggests that rates may vary based on gender, sex and sexuality. Understanding the current state of this literature may inform prevention and treatment of polysubstance use, leading to reduced public health burden. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to synthesize research on gender, sex and sexuality differences in polysubstance use in adults and adolescents. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using all EBSCO databases, PubMed and Google Scholar to identify articles examining the effects of gender, sex and sexuality on polysubstance use. Polysubstance use was defined broadly as the use of any combination of substances over any time period and included licit (alcohol, tobacco) and illicit substances, concurrent and simultaneous use, from lifetime to daily use and use at any frequency. Studies were considered if they were published in peer-reviewed journals between January 1990 and October 2020 and were written in English. Publicly available data sources were also utilized to fully capture prevalence data that has not been published elsewhere. RESULTS Findings were mostly inconsistent and often conflicting. Only two findings were generally consistent: adult men were overall more likely to report polysubstance use than adult women, and sexual and gender minorities report more frequent polysubstance use than non-minorities. CONCLUSIONS Research has been unable to clearly elucidate differences in polysubstance use prevalence and patterns according to gender, sex and sexuality. Several recommendations are offered to advance future research and address limitations of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dezarie Moskal
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA.,Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Russell M Marks
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Ashton E Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Correa JB, Myers MG, Tully LK, Doran N. Co-occurring Use of Cannabis and Tobacco and the Presence of Acute Respiratory Symptoms among Young Adult Light and Intermittent Smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2129-2137. [PMID: 32696699 PMCID: PMC7537795 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1793366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use and intermittent smoking are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults. Thus, identifying health consequences of co-occurring use of these substances represents an emerging research priority. Purpose/Objectives: This study evaluated the relationship between tobacco/cannabis co-use and acute symptoms of respiratory illness among young adult intermittent smokers. We hypothesized that tobacco/cannabis co-use would be more strongly associated with respiratory symptoms relative to use of neither or one product. Methods: A secondary analysis of a three-year observational study was conducted. Non-daily smokers (n = 563) aged 18-24 were recruited via social media and completed electronic surveys at baseline and annually for two years, producing three total assessments. Past-two-week use of tobacco and cannabis was measured at each assessment, as was severity of six acute respiratory symptoms. The respiratory measure was dichotomized to indicate the presence or absence of symptoms. Results: Tobacco/cannabis co-use decreased from 54.8% at baseline to 43.4% at year two (p < .001). Mean respiratory symptoms also declined significantly over time (ps < .05). At each timepoint, co-use was more strongly associated with presence of respiratory symptoms than the use of neither product (aORs = 2.73-4.39, ps ≤ .013). Co-users were also 38%-183% more likely to endorse the presence of respiratory symptoms than single product users at each timepoint (aORs = 1.38-2.83, ps = .023-.212). Conclusions/Importance: Although co-occurring use of tobacco and cannabis by young adults may represent experimental use of multiple substances, it may also promote or exacerbate acute symptoms of respiratory illness. Further exploration with more granular patterns of co-use and across different routes of administration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Correa
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
- University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Mark G. Myers
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
- University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Lyric K. Tully
- University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Neal Doran
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
- University of California, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161
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Prevalence and Socio-Demographic, Academic, Health and Lifestyle Predictors of Illicit Drug/s Use among University Undergraduate Students in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145094. [PMID: 32679701 PMCID: PMC7400316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug/s use (IDU) among university students is a public health concern. We assessed the associations between socio-demographic, academic, and health and lifestyle characteristics (independent variables) and regular, occasional or never IDU (dependent variables). Data were collected across seven faculties (1177 students) at the University of Turku (Finland) via an online questionnaire. About 1.5% of the sample had regular IDU, 19% occasional IDU, and 79% never IDU. Independent predictors of ever (lifetime) IDU included males [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.82, P = 0.001], not living with parents (AOR 2.59, P < 0.001), singles (AOR 0.51, P < 0.001), lower religiosity (AOR 1.49, P = 0.022), better self-rated general health (AOR 0.41, P = 0.003), higher health awareness (AOR 1.93, P = 0.014), more depressive symptoms (AOR 1.82, P = 0.004), daily smokers (AOR 3.69, P < 0.001), heavy episodic drinking (AOR 2.38, P < 0.001) and possible alcohol dependency (AOR 2.55, P < 0.001). We observed no independent associations between ever IDU with age, study discipline, perceived stress or academic performance. The 20.5% ever IDU is concerning. The compelling independent predictors of ever IDU included not living with parents, lower religiosity, daily smokers, heavy episodic drinking and possible alcohol dependency (AOR range 2.38-3.69). Education and prevention need to emphasize the negative consequences to reinforce abstinence from IDU. Health promotion could focus on beliefs and expectations about IDU and target students at risk for successful efforts.
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