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Phopin K, Ruankham W, Prachayasittikul S, Prachayasittikul V, Tantimongcolwat T. Revealing the mechanistic interactions of profenofos and captan pesticides with serum protein via biophysical and computational investigations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1788. [PMID: 38245578 PMCID: PMC10799918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Profenofos (PF) and captan (CT) are among the most utilized organophosphorus insecticides and phthalimide fungicides, respectively. To elucidate the physicochemical and influential toxicokinetic factors, the mechanistic interactions of serum albumin and either PF or CT were carried out in the current study using a series of spectroscopy and computational analyses. Both PF and CT could bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA), a representative serum protein, with moderate binding constants in a range of 103-104 M-1. The bindings of PF and CT did not induce noticeable BSA's structural changes. Both pesticides bound preferentially to the site I pocket of BSA, where the hydrophobic interaction was the main binding mode of PF, and the electrostatic interaction drove the binding of CT. As a result, PF and CT may not only induce direct toxicity by themselves, but also compete with therapeutic drugs and essential substances to sit in the Sudlow site I of serum albumin, which may interfere with the pharmacokinetics and equilibrium of drugs and other substances causing consequent adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Waralee Ruankham
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Tanawut Tantimongcolwat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Chen M, Du R, Zhang T, Li C, Bao W, Xin F, Hou S, Yang Q, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhu A. The Application of a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Model in Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:874. [PMID: 37888724 PMCID: PMC10611306 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics plays a crucial role in the health risk assessments of xenobiotics. Classical compartmental models are limited in their ability to determine chemical concentrations in specific organs or tissues, particularly target organs or tissues, and their limited interspecific and exposure route extrapolation hinders satisfactory health risk assessment. In contrast, physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models quantitatively describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals across various exposure routes and doses in organisms, establishing correlations with toxic effects. Consequently, PBTK models serve as potent tools for extrapolation and provide a theoretical foundation for health risk assessment and management. This review outlines the construction and application of PBTK models in health risk assessment while analyzing their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chutao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qiaomei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Hsieh MT, Lee PC, Chiang YT, Lin HY, Lee DY. The Effects of a Curcumin Derivative and Osimertinib on Fatty Acyl Metabolism and Mitochondrial Functions in HCC827 Cells and Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12190. [PMID: 37569564 PMCID: PMC10418893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combination therapy is a key approach in cancer treatments, aiming to improve therapeutic efficacy and overcome drug resistance. Evaluation of intracellular response in cancer cells to drug treatment may disclose the underlying mechanism of drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of osimertinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and a curcumin derivative, 35d, on HCC827 cells and tumors by analyzing alterations in metabolome and related regulations. HCC827 tumor-bearing SCID mice and cultured HCC827 cells were separately examined. The treatment comprised four conditions: vehicle-only, 35d-only, osimertinib-only, and a combination of 35d and osimertinib. The treated tumors/cells were subsequently subjected to metabolomics profiling, fatty acyl analysis, mitochondrial potential measurement, and cell viability assay. Osimertinib induced changes in the ratio of short-chain (SC) to long-chain (LC) fatty acyls, particularly acylcarnitines (ACs), in both tumors and cells. Furthermore, 35d enhanced this effect by further lowering the SC/LC ratio of most ACs. Osimertinib and 35d also exerted detrimental effects on mitochondria through distinct mechanisms. Osimertinib upregulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI), while 35d induced the expression of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). The alterations in ACs and CPTI were correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited cell growth. Our results suggest that osimertinib and 35d disrupted the fatty acyl metabolism and induced mitochondrial stress in cancer cells. This study provides insights into the potential application of fatty acyl metabolism inhibitors, such as osimertinib or other TKIs, and mitochondrial stress inducers, such as curcumin derivatives, as combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tsang Hsieh
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chih Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu Country 302, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Lu C, Jin L, Bi J, Jin H, You X, Peng L, Fan H, Wang H, Wang L, Fan Z, Wang X, Liu B. Toxicokinetics of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 for injection in cynomolgus monkey for 3 months. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176136. [PMID: 37288111 PMCID: PMC10242211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a potential therapeutic agent for multiple metabolic diseases. However, little is known about the toxicokinetic characteristics of FGF-21. Methods: In the present study, we investigated the toxicokinetics of FGF-21 delivered via subcutaneous injection in vivo. Twenty cynomolgus monkeys were injected subcutaneously with different doses of FGF-21 for 86 days. Serum samples were collected at eight different time points (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 8, 12, and 24 h) on day 1, 37 and 86 for toxicokinetic analysis. The serum concentrations of FGF-21 were measured using a double sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 30, 65, and 87 for blood and blood biochemical tests. Necropsy and pathological analysis were performed on d87 and d116 (after recovery for 29 days). Results: The average AUC(0-24h) values of low-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 5253, 25268, and 60445 μg h/L, and the average AUC(0-24h) values of high-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 19964, 78999, and 1952821 μg h/L, respectively. Analysis of the blood and blood biochemical indexes showed that prothrombin time and AST content in the high-dose FGF-21 group increased. However, no significant changes in other blood and blood biochemical indexes were observed. The anatomical and pathological results showed that continuous subcutaneous injection of FGF-21 for 86 days did not affect organ weight, the organ coefficient, and histopathology in cynomolgus monkeys. Discussion: Our results have guiding significance for the preclinical research and clinical use of FGF-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Bi
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi You
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu Peng
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangshun Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengkai Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
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Zhu Y, He J, Wang Q, Chen A, Aa J, Wang G. Accurate biodetection of trace uranium by electrochemiluminescence and its application inIn vivo toxicokinetic dynamic research. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 215:114489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Özen F, Eraslan G. Toxicokinetic of cyphenothrin in rabbits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31541-31550. [PMID: 35001279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Type II pyrethroids, including cyphenothrin, have a wider efficacy and spectrum of action because they have a killing effect rather than a knockdown effect on pests. For this reason, they are among the most widely used pyrethroid groups today. In addition, this group also has repellent activity. Thus, cyphenothrin is a commonly used pyrethroid, which poses an exposure/toxicity risk for living organisms. Toxicokinetic studies have an important place in predicting the toxicity risks of compounds and evaluating viable treatment options. In this study, the toxicokinetics of cyphenothrin were investigated in rabbits. The animal material of the study comprised 6-month-old female 14 New Zealand rabbits, each weighing 2-2.5 kg. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups, each of 7 animals. The rabbits in group 1 were administered a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw cyphenothrin in dimethyl sulfoxide as an intravenous bolus, while the rabbits in group 2 were administered a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw cyphenothrin in the same vehicle as an oral bolus. Following the administration of cyphenothrin, blood samples were taken at certain intervals from the auricular vein into heparinized tubes. Plasma cyphenothrin levels were determined by gas chromatography, using a capillary column and a micro-electron capture detector. For orally administered cyphenothrin, the plasma maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach the maximum value (tmax), half-life (t1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), area under the curve (AUC0→∞), and bioavailability (F) values were determined as 172.28 ± 47.30 ng/ml, 1.07 ± 0.42 h, 12.95 ± 1.11 h, 17.79 ± 1.69 h, 2220.07 ± 572.02 ng/h/ml, and 29.50%, respectively. For intravenous cyphenothrin, the t1/2β, MRT and AUC0→∞ values were ascertained as 7.66 ± 0.74 h, 9.28 ± 0.62 h, and 7524.31 ± 2988.44 ng/h/ml, respectively. Although the bioavailability of cyphenothrin was limited when taken orally, its half-life and mean residence time in the body were found to be long. This suggests that high doses of this pesticide may pose a poisoning risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Özen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Health Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Eraslan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Danopoulos E, Twiddy M, West R, Rotchell JM. A rapid review and meta-regression analyses of the toxicological impacts of microplastic exposure in human cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127861. [PMID: 34863566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to microplastics (MPs) daily via ingestion and inhalation. It is not known whether this results in adverse health effects and, if so, at what levels of exposure. Without epidemiological studies, human cell in vitro MP toxicological studies provide an alternative approach to this question. This review systematically synthesised all evidence and estimated thresholds of dose-response relationships. MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2021 and study quality was rated using a novel risk of bias assessment tool. Seventeen studies were included in the rapid review and eight in the meta-regression. Four biological endpoints displayed MP-associated effects: cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, barrier attributes, and one did not (genotoxicity). Irregular shape was found to be the only MP characteristic predicting cell death, along with the duration of exposure and MP concentration (μg/mL). Cells showed varying cytotoxic sensitivity to MPs, with Caco-2 cells (human adenocarcinoma cell line) being the most susceptible. Minimum, environmentally-relevant, concentrations of 10 μg/mL (5-200 µm), had an adverse effect on cell viability, and 20 μg/mL (0.4 µm) on cytokine release. This work is the first to quantify thresholds of MPs effects on human cells in the context of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Danopoulos
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Allam Medical Building, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
| | - Maureen Twiddy
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Allam Medical Building, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert West
- Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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McCabe DJ, Walsh RD, Georgakakos PK, Radke JB, Wilson BZ. Flecainide poisoning and prolongation of elimination due to alkalinization. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:394.e1-394.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Qing Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zheng W, Wu M, He G. Dose-response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards. Environ Health 2021; 20:75. [PMID: 34193170 PMCID: PMC8247151 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a common heavy metal that mainly causes renal damage. There is a lack of research on the large-scale and systematic evaluation of the association between urinary Cd (U-Cd) and various effect biomarkers among Chinese residents. METHODS Based on the establishment process of dietary Cd limit standards by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the dose-response relationships between U-Cd and four biomarkers, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), N-acetyl-β-glucosidase (NAG), microalbumin (mALB), and retinol binding Protein (RBP) were explored, respectively. Toxicokinetic model was used to derive the dietary Cd exposure limit for Chinese residents after critical U-Cd concentration was calculated. RESULTS As the sensitive biomarkers of renal injury, β2-MG and NAG were selected to estimate the 95% confidence interval lower limit of the U-Cd benchmark dose (BMDL5) to be 3.07 and 2.98 μg/g Cr, respectively. Dietary Cd exposure limit was calculated to be 0.28 μg/kg bw/day (16.8 μg/day, based on the body weight of 60 kg), which was lower than the average Chinese Cd exposure (30.6 μg/day) by the China National Nutrient and Health Survey. CONCLUSION This study established an overall association between U-Cd and renal injury biomarkers, and explored the Chinese dietary Cd exposure limits, which helps improve Chinese Cd exposure risk assessment and provides a reference basis for formulating reasonable exposure standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanshen Zhu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Fudan University, No. 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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McCann MR, George De la Rosa MV, Rosania GR, Stringer KA. L-Carnitine and Acylcarnitines: Mitochondrial Biomarkers for Precision Medicine. Metabolites 2021; 11:51. [PMID: 33466750 PMCID: PMC7829830 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker discovery and implementation are at the forefront of the precision medicine movement. Modern advances in the field of metabolomics afford the opportunity to readily identify new metabolite biomarkers across a wide array of disciplines. Many of the metabolites are derived from or directly reflective of mitochondrial metabolism. L-carnitine and acylcarnitines are established mitochondrial biomarkers used to screen neonates for a series of genetic disorders affecting fatty acid oxidation, known as the inborn errors of metabolism. However, L-carnitine and acylcarnitines are not routinely measured beyond this screening, despite the growing evidence that shows their clinical utility outside of these disorders. Measurements of the carnitine pool have been used to identify the disease and prognosticate mortality among disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cancer, and heart failure, as well as identify subjects experiencing adverse drug reactions from various medications like valproic acid, clofazimine, zidovudine, cisplatin, propofol, and cyclosporine. The aim of this review is to collect and interpret the literature evidence supporting the clinical biomarker application of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines. Further study of these metabolites could ultimately provide mechanistic insights that guide therapeutic decisions and elucidate new pharmacologic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. McCann
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.V.G.); (G.R.R.)
| | - Gus R. Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.V.G.); (G.R.R.)
| | - Kathleen A. Stringer
- The NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wang X, Zhao J, Wei S, Wang C, Zhang L, Wang M, Liu Y, Fei C, Xue F, Zhang K. Determination of ethanamizuril, a novel triazine coccidiostat, in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography system-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a toxicological study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4652. [PMID: 31322281 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethanamizuril is a new triazine compound that has the potential to be a novel anticoccidial drug. Toxicological studies in experimental rats were performed to understand the safety profile of ethanamizuril for drug product development. In this study, a novel, selective and accurate ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of ethanamizuril concentrations in rat plasma. With 4-nitro-o-cresol as an internal standard, sample pretreatment involved a one-step extraction with acetonitrile of 100 μL plasma. The detection was carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode with selected ion recording. The standard curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.1-100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 8.4 and 8.87%, respectively. The mean extraction recovery of ethanamizuril from rat plasma was 97.68-102.57%. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to monitor plasma concentrations of ethanamizuril in a short-term toxicity study and two-generation reproduction toxicity study. The result of the study confirmed that the elimination of ethanamizuril in rats is slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Wei
- School of Biological Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Viant MR, Ebbels TMD, Beger RD, Ekman DR, Epps DJT, Kamp H, Leonards PEG, Loizou GD, MacRae JI, van Ravenzwaay B, Rocca-Serra P, Salek RM, Walk T, Weber RJM. Use cases, best practice and reporting standards for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3041. [PMID: 31292445 PMCID: PMC6620295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a widely used technology in academic research, yet its application to regulatory science has been limited. The most commonly cited barrier to its translation is lack of performance and reporting standards. The MEtabolomics standaRds Initiative in Toxicology (MERIT) project brings together international experts from multiple sectors to address this need. Here, we identify the most relevant applications for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology and develop best practice guidelines, performance and reporting standards for acquiring and analysing untargeted metabolomics and targeted metabolite data. We recommend that these guidelines are evaluated and implemented for several regulatory use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | | | | | - David J T Epps
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Rocca-Serra
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QG, UK
| | - Reza M Salek
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tilmann Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Oerther S, Lorenz R. State of the Science: Using Telomeres as Biomarkers During the First 1,000 Days of Life. West J Nurs Res 2018; 41:305-325. [PMID: 29504461 DOI: 10.1177/0193945918762806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Telomere biology shows promise as an integrative biomarker of exposures and increased occurrence of chronic disease and early mortality. This integrative review examined the state of the science regarding toxicokinetic risks and maternal factors in humans and in vivo models that are correlated with telomere length during the first 1,000 days of life. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework assisted in guiding this integrative by aiding researchers in identifying, selecting, and critically appraising the literature. Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched. The initial search yielded a total of 381 published articles. Full-text screening resulted in 19 articles retained for review (14 quasi-experimental studies and five experimental studies). Findings suggest a relationship between toxicokinetic exposures creating inflammation or oxidative stress (i.e., smoking) and maternal health conditions such as sleep apnea to shorter telomere length in children below 2 years old.
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Karami A, Courtenay SC. Glutathione S-transferase activities in African catfish injected with β-naphthoflavone: effects of ploidy, gender, dose, and sampling time. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:681. [PMID: 26452505 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are considered among the most controversial biomarkers of water pollutants in fish with little known about factors influencing their activities. The objective of this study was to investigate how gender, dose, ploidy, and sampling time alter hepatic GST activities in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) following β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) injection. Newly matured male and female diploid and triploid fish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 0, 15, or 75 mg/kg of β-NF, and livers were excised 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection. Results showed that hepatic GST activities were significantly inhibited by both doses of β-NF. Inhibition was greater in females than males, but no significant differences were observed between diploid and triploid fish. Enzymatic activities differed over time with lowest levels 72 h post-injection. These results extend our understanding of GST activity in fish and highlight the necessity of considering confounding factors when comparing different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S C Courtenay
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, Canadian Water Network, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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15
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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Vettorazzi A, González-Peñas E, de Cerain AL. Ochratoxin A kinetics: A review of analytical methods and studies in rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:273-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Mumtaz M, Fisher J, Blount B, Ruiz P. Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in chemical risk assessment. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:904603. [PMID: 22523493 PMCID: PMC3317240 DOI: 10.1155/2012/904603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-exposure risk assessment of chemical and environmental stressors is a public health challenge. Linking exposure to health outcomes is a 4-step process: exposure assessment, hazard identification, dose response assessment, and risk characterization. This process is increasingly adopting "in silico" tools such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to fine-tune exposure assessments and determine internal doses in target organs/tissues. Many excellent PBPK models have been developed. But most, because of their scientific sophistication, have found limited field application-health assessors rarely use them. Over the years, government agencies, stakeholders/partners, and the scientific community have attempted to use these models or their underlying principles in combination with other practical procedures. During the past two decades, through cooperative agreements and contracts at several research and higher education institutions, ATSDR funded translational research has encouraged the use of various types of models. Such collaborative efforts have led to the development and use of transparent and user-friendly models. The "human PBPK model toolkit" is one such project. While not necessarily state of the art, this toolkit is sufficiently accurate for screening purposes. Highlighted in this paper are some selected examples of environmental and occupational exposure assessments of chemicals and their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Mumtaz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine (DTEM), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jeffrey Fisher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, USFDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Benjamin Blount
- Division of Laboratory Studies, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine (DTEM), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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18
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Thompson MD, Beard DA. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic tissue compartment model selection in drug development and risk assessment. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:424-35. [PMID: 21968734 PMCID: PMC3314064 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A well-stirred tank (WST) has been the predominant flow-limited tissue compartment model in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Recently, we developed a two-region asymptotically reduced (TAR) PBPK tissue compartment model through an asymptotic approximation to a two-region vascular-extravascular system to incorporate more biophysical detail than the WST model. To determine the relevance of a flow-limited TAR (F-TAR) approach, 75 structurally diverse drugs were evaluated herein using a priori predicted tissue:plasma partition coefficients along with hybrid and whole-body PBPK of eight rat tissues to determine the impact of model selection on simulation and optimization. Simulations showed that the F-TAR model significantly improved the ability to predict drug exposure, with hybrid and whole-body WST model error approaching 50% for tissues with larger vascular volumes. When optimization was used to fit F-TAR and WST models to pseudo data, WST-optimized drug partition coefficients more appropriately represented curve-fitting parameters rather than biophysically meaningful partition coefficients. Median F-TAR-optimized error ranged from -0.4% to +0.3%, whereas WST-optimized median error ranged from -22.2% to +1.8%. These studies demonstrated that the use of F-TAR represents a more accurate, biophysically realistic PBPK tissue model for predicting tissue exposure to drug and that it should be considered for use in drug development and regulatory review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Thompson
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Daniel A. Beard
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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19
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Hammerling U, Tallsjö A, Grafström R, Ilbäck NG. Comparative Hazard Characterization in Food Toxicology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:626-69. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Rhomberg LR, Baetcke K, Blancato J, Bus J, Cohen S, Conolly R, Dixit R, Doe J, Ekelman K, Fenner-Crisp P, Harvey P, Hattis D, Jacobs A, Jacobson-Kram D, Lewandowski T, Liteplo R, Pelkonen O, Rice J, Somers D, Turturro A, West W, Olin S. Issues in the Design and Interpretation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents: Approaches to Dose Selection. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 37:729-837. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440701524949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride in humans was recognized in 1974 based on observations of hepatic angiosarcomas in highly exposed workers. A multiplicity of endpoints has been demonstrated. The primary target organ, the liver, displays differential susceptibilities of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells, which are modified by factors of age and dose. There is consistency in organotropism between experimental animals and humans. Vinyl chloride is a pluripotent carcinogen, predominantly directed toward hepatic endothelial (sinusoidal) cells, and second toward the parenchymal cells of the liver. The similarity of results between experimental animals and humans is a solid basis of an amalgamation of experimental and epidemiological risk estimates. Vinyl chloride requires metabolic activation for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, and toxicokinetics are a key to interpret the dose response. Practically the entire initial metabolism of vinyl chloride is oxidative. At higher exposure concentrations this is nonlinear, and metabolic saturation of metabolism in rats is reached at about 250 ppm. This is consistent with the plateau of hepatic angiosarcoma incidence in rat bioassays. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed and successfully applied within the frame of human cancer risk assessments. The major DNA adduct induced by vinyl chloride (approximately 98% of total adducts in rats), 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine, is almost devoid of promutagenic activity. The clearly promutagenic "etheno" adducts N2,3-ethenoguanine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine each represent approximately 1% of the vinyl chloride DNA adducts in rats, and 1,N6-ethenoadenine is found at even lower concentrations. Etheno adducts appear to have a long persistence and are repaired by glycosylases. Vinyl chloride represents a human carcinogen for which a series of mechanistic events connects exposure with the carcinogenic outcome. These include (1) metabolic activation (to form chloroethylene oxide), (2) DNA binding of the reactive metabolite (to exocyclic etheno adducts), (3) promutagenicity of these adducts, and (4) effects of such mutations on protooncogenes/tumor suppressor genes at the gene and gene product levels. In rat hepatocytes, a further event is a biomarker response. Cancer prestages (enzyme-altered foci), as quantitative biomarkers, provide a tool to study dose response even within low dose ranges where a carcinogenic risk cannot be seen in cancer bioassays directly. Such biomarker responses support a linear nonthreshold extrapolation for low-dose assessment of carcinogenic risks due to vinyl chloride. Published risk estimates based on different sets of data (animal experiments, epidemiological studies) appear basically consistent, and on this basis an angiosarcoma risk of approximately 3 x 10(-4) has been deduced by extrapolation, for exposure to 1 ppm vinyl chloride over an entire human working lifetime. An important point that should be considered in regulatory standard settings is the presence of a physiological background of those etheno DNA adducts, which are also produced by vinyl chloride. Likely reasons for this background are oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In essence, fundamentals of the hepatocarcinogenicity of vinyl chloride appear now well established, providing a solid scientific basis for regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
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22
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Teeguarden JG, Gearhart J, Clewell HJ, Covington TR, Nong A, Andersen ME. Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese. III. Physiological approaches accounting for background and tracer kinetics. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1515-26. [PMID: 17710612 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701384635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), an essential metal nutrient, produces neurotoxicity in workers exposed chronically to high concentrations of Mn-containing dusts. Our long-term goal was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to support health risk assessments for Mn. A PK model that accounts for Mn-tracer kinetics and steady-state tissue Mn in rats on normal diets (about 45 ppm Mn) is described. The focus on normal dietary intakes avoids inclusion of dose-dependent processes that maintain Mn homeostasis at higher dose rates. Data used for model development were obtained from published literature. The model represents six tissues: brain, respiratory tract, liver, kidneys, bone, and muscle. Each of these has a shallow tissue pool in rapid equilibration with blood and a deep tissue store, connected to the shallow pool by transfer rate constants. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) tracer Mn is absorbed into systemic blood and equilibrated with the shallow and deep pools of tissue Mn. The model was calibrated to match steady-state tissue concentrations and radiotracer kinetics following an i.p. dose of 54Mn. Successful simulations showed uptake of 0.8% of dietary Mn, and estimated tissue partition coefficients and transfer rate constants in the tissues. Inhalation tracer 54Mn studies could only be adequately modeled by assuming that deposited Mn was absorbed into deep tissue stores in the lung before becoming available to move via blood to other tissues. In summary, this present effort provides the basic structure of a multiroute PBPK model for Mn that should now be easily extended to include homeostatic control and inhalation exposures in order to support risk assessment calculations for Mn.
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Heinzl H, Mittlböck M, Edler L. On the translation of uncertainty from toxicokinetic to toxicodynamic models--the TCDD example. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:S365-74. [PMID: 17224175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
When estimating human health risks from exposure to TCDD using toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models, it is important to understand how model choice and assumptions necessary for modeling add to the uncertainty of risk estimates. Several toxicokinetic models have been proposed for the risk assessment of dioxins, in particular the elimination kinetics in humans has been a matter of constant debate. For a long time, a simple linear elimination kinetics has been common choice. Thus, it was used for the statistical analysis of the largest occupationally exposed cohort, the German Boehringer cohort. We challenge this assumption by considering, amongst others, a nonlinear modified Michaelis-Menten-type elimination kinetics, the so-called Carrier kinetics. Using the area under the lipid TCDD concentration time curve as dose metrics, we model the time to cancer-related death using the Cox proportional hazards model as toxicodynamic model. This risk assessment set-up was simulated in order to quantify uncertainty of both the dose (TCDD body burden) and the risk estimates, depending on the use of the kinetic model, variations of carcinogenic effect of TCDD and variations of latency period (lag time). If past exposure is estimated assuming a linear elimination kinetics although a Carrier kinetics actually holds, then high exposures in reality will be underestimated through statistical analysis and low exposures will be overestimated, respectively. This bias will carry over on the estimated individual concentration-time curves and the therefrom derived TCDD dose metric values. Using biased dose values when estimating a dose-response relationship will finally lead to biased risk estimates. The extent of bias and the decrease of precision are quantified in selected scenarios through this simulation approach. Our findings are in concordance with recent results in the field of dioxin risk assessment. They also reinforce the general demand for the scheduled uncertainty assessments in risk analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Heinzl
- Core Unit for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Wormley DD, Ramesh A, Hood DB. Environmental contaminant-mixture effects on CNS development, plasticity, and behavior. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 197:49-65. [PMID: 15126074 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon class have been shown to cross the placenta exposing the fetus to the contaminant body burden of the mother. Consequently, a gestational exposure to environmental contaminants may result in increased adverse health outcomes, possibly affecting cognitive performance. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and 2,3,7,8, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are two prototypical environmental contaminants. A systematic review of the literature suggests that there may be a relationship between vulnerability in susceptible populations and health disparities. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a point of reference for neurotoxicological studies of environmental contaminant mixture effects on indices of development in general, and on neurodevelopment in particular. Environmental contaminant-mixture-induced decrements in (1) birth index, (2) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) mRNA expression, (3) long-term potentiation (LTP), (4) fixed-ratio performance learning behavior, and (5) experience-dependent activity related cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) mRNA and protein expression collectively support associations between neurobehavioral deficits and gestational exposure to environmental levels of these contaminants. Collectively, data are presented in this mini-review evaluating the effect of gestational exposure to environmental contaminant-mixtures on specific indices of learning and memory, including hippocampal-based synaptic plasticity mechanisms. These indices serve as templates for learning and memory, and as such, from a vulnerability perspective, may serve as targets for dysregulation during development in susceptible populations that have been disproportionately exposed to these contaminants. Included in this review is also a discussion of the relevance of developing biomarkers for use within the framework of cumulative risk-assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna D Wormley
- Department of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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