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Li B, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Chai E. Research progress of different components of PM 2.5 and ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15965. [PMID: 37749193 PMCID: PMC10519985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is a nonhomogeneous mixture of complex components produced from multiple sources, and different components of this mixture have different chemical and biological toxicities, which results in the fact that the toxicity and hazards of PM2.5 may vary even for the same mass of PM2.5. Previous studies on PM2.5 and ischemic stroke have reached different or even opposing conclusions, and considering the heterogeneity of PM2.5 has led researchers to focus on the health effects of specific PM2.5 components. However, due to the complexity of PM2.5 constituents, assessing the association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and ischemic stroke presents significant challenges. Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes studies related to PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke, aiming to understand the composition of PM2.5 and identify its harmful components, elucidate their relationship with ischemic stroke, and thus provide some insights and considerations for studying the biological mechanisms by which they affect ischemic stroke and for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke associated with different components of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- First Clinical Medicine College, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Erqing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Kriit HK, Andersson EM, Carlsen HK, Andersson N, Ljungman PLS, Pershagen G, Segersson D, Eneroth K, Gidhagen L, Spanne M, Molnar P, Wennberg P, Rosengren A, Rizzuto D, Leander K, Yacamán-Méndez D, Magnusson PKE, Forsberg B, Stockfelt L, Sommar JN. Using Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models to Estimate Exposure Lag-Response Associations between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052630. [PMID: 35270332 PMCID: PMC8909720 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-term air pollution exposure increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the temporal relationships between exposure and health outcomes. This study aims to estimate the exposure-lag response between air pollution exposure and risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke incidence by applying distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs). Annual mean concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) were estimated for participants in five Swedish cohorts using dispersion models. Simultaneous estimates of exposure lags 1-10 years using DLNMs were compared with separate year specific (single lag) estimates and estimates for lag 1-5- and 6-10-years using moving average exposure. The DLNM estimated no exposure lag-response between PM2.5 total, BC, and IHD. However, for PM2.5 from local sources, a 20% risk increase per 1 µg/m3 for 1-year lag was estimated. A risk increase for stroke was suggested in relation to lags 2-4-year PM2.5 and BC, and also lags 8-9-years BC. No associations were shown in single lag models. Increased risk estimates for stroke in relation to lag 1-5- and 6-10-years BC moving averages were observed. Estimates generally supported a greater contribution to increased risk from exposure windows closer in time to incident IHD and incident stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Katre Kriit
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (B.F.); (J.N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-722-40-5220
| | - Eva M. Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.M.A.); (H.K.C.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Hanne K. Carlsen
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.M.A.); (H.K.C.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.A.); (P.L.S.L.); (G.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Petter L. S. Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.A.); (P.L.S.L.); (G.P.); (K.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd Hospital, 18233 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.A.); (P.L.S.L.); (G.P.); (K.L.)
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Segersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden; (D.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Kristina Eneroth
- SLB-Analys, Environment and Health Administration, 10420 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lars Gidhagen
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden; (D.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Mårten Spanne
- Environmental Department of the City of Malmö, 20580 Malmo, Sweden;
| | - Peter Molnar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.M.A.); (H.K.C.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Patrik Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Ageing Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, 11346 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.A.); (P.L.S.L.); (G.P.); (K.L.)
| | - Diego Yacamán-Méndez
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, 10431 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (B.F.); (J.N.S.)
| | - Leo Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.M.A.); (H.K.C.); (P.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Johan N. Sommar
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (B.F.); (J.N.S.)
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Guo M, Du C, Li B, Yao R, Tang Y, Jiang Y, Liu H, Su H, Zhou Y, Wang L, Yang X, Zhou M, Yu W. Reducing particulates in indoor air can improve the circulation and cardiorespiratory health of old people: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of air filtration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149248. [PMID: 34325134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air particulate pollution increases respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly. To assess a short-term, indoor air filtration's potential benefit on circulatory and cardiopulmonary health among healthy older people, a randomized, double-blind crossover trial was conducted with 24 healthy residents of an aged-care center in Chongqing, China in 2020. Each room received a high-efficiency particulate air filter air purifier and a placebo air purifier for two days. Fifteen circulatory system biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress; lung function; blood pressure (BP); heart rate (HR) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured end of each two days. Indoor air particulate pollution was monitored throughout the study period. Linear mixed-effect models were used to associate health outcome variables with indoor particles. This intervention study demonstrated that air filtration was associated with significantly decreased concentrations of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers, but not of biomarkers of oxidative stress and lung function. Just 48 h of air filtration can improve the cardiopulmonary health of the elderly. Air purifiers may be a public health measure that can be taken to improve circulatory and cardiopulmonary health among older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenqiu Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Runming Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjie Su
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Yixi Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lexiang Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Lab of Environmental Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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Zilli Vieira CL, Koutrakis P. The impact of solar activity on ambient ultrafine particle concentrations: An analysis based on 19-year measurements in Boston, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111532. [PMID: 34166658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation plays a major role in atmospheric photochemistry, contributing to the formation and growth of ultrafine particles (PN). PN affect global Earth's radiation balance, climate system, and human health. However, the impact of solar activity on ambient PN remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the associations between daily ambient PN concentrations [particle number (PN)/cm3] and solar radio flux [solar activity index (F10.7 in sfu)] as a solar activity parameter, shortwave solar radiation (SWR), daylight time (DL), cosmic ray-induced ionization (CRII), and air pollution [PM2.5, black carbon (BC) and SO2] over a 19-year period in Boston, MA. We used generalized additive models adjusted for local environmental conditions. We found that F10.7 was the strongest predictor for daily PN concentrations over all time lags (0-28 days of lags) and seasons. The effects were higher in winter and fall. In winter, an interquartile (IQR) of 60 sfu F10.7 corresponded to an increase of 5770 PN/cm3 in the day of PN collection. In fall, an IQR of 75.5 sfu F10.7 was associated with an increase of 5429 PN/cm3. The effects of F10.7 on PN concentrations were slightly greater when the models were adjusted for air pollution. In summer, ambient PN concentrations were statistically significantly associated with F10.7, SWR, and BC, with the strongest association found for PN and BC in the day of PN collection. Unlike the effects of F10.7, SWR and local pollutants on PN concentrations, DL and CRII were negatively associated with ambient PN in the analyses. These findings suggest that solar activity may have a significant impact on daily ambient PN concentrations that affect the Earth's climate system and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Zilli Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4 West (HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4 West (HSPH), Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Nassan FL, Wang C, Kelly RS, Lasky-Su JA, Vokonas PS, Koutrakis P, Schwartz JD. Ambient PM 2.5 species and ultrafine particle exposure and their differential metabolomic signatures. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 151:106447. [PMID: 33639346 PMCID: PMC7994935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolomic signatures of short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 have been reported and linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. However, little is known about the relative contribution of the specific PM2.5 species (hence sources) that drive these metabolomic signatures. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the relative contribution of the different species of PM2.5 exposure to the perturbed metabolic pathways related to changes in the plasma metabolome. METHODS We performed mass-spectrometry based metabolomic profiling of plasma samples among men from the Normative Aging Study to identify metabolic pathways associated with PM2.5 species. The exposure windows included short-term (one, seven-, and thirty-day moving average) and long-term (one year moving average). We used linear mixed-effect regression with subject-specific intercepts while simultaneously adjusting for PM2.5, NO2, O3, temperature, relative humidity, and covariates and correcting for multiple testing. We also used independent component analysis (ICA) to examine the relative contribution of patterns of PM2.5 species. RESULTS Between 2000 and 2016, 456 men provided 648 blood samples, in which 1158 metabolites were quantified. We chose 305 metabolites for the short-term and 288 metabolites for the long-term exposure in this analysis that were significantly associated (p-value < 0.01) with PM2.5 to include in our PM2.5 species analysis. On average, men were 75.0 years old and their body mass index was 27.7 kg/m2. Only 3% were current smokers. In the adjusted models, ultrafine particles (UFPs) were the most significant species of short-term PM2.5 exposure followed by nickel, vanadium, potassium, silicon, and aluminum. Black carbon, vanadium, zinc, nickel, iron, copper, and selenium were the significant species of long-term PM2.5 exposure. We identified several metabolic pathways perturbed with PM2.5 species including glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, and glutathione. These pathways are involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity, and nucleic acid damage and repair. Results were overlapped with the ICA. CONCLUSIONS We identified several significant perturbed plasma metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with exposure to PM2.5 species. These species are associated with traffic, fuel oil, and wood smoke. This is the largest study to report a metabolomic signature of PM2.5 species' exposure and the first to use ICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Pantel S Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Peng Q, Zhang N, Yu H, Shao Y, Ji Y, Jin Y, Zhong P, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Li C, Shi Y, Zheng Y, Xiong Y, Wang Z, Jiang F, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Zhou Y. Geographical Variation of COPD Mortality and Related Risk Factors in Jiading District, Shanghai. Front Public Health 2021; 9:627312. [PMID: 33614588 PMCID: PMC7888271 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.627312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in China. Although numerous studies have been conducted to determine the risk factors for COPD mortality such as ambient air pollution, the results are not fully consistent. Methods: This study included mortality analysis and a case-control design by using the data extracted from the Mortality Registration System in Jiading District, Shanghai. Traditional logistic regression, geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR), and spatial scan statistical analysis were performed to explore the geographic variation of COPD mortality and the possible influencing factors. Results: Traditional logistic regression showed that extreme lower temperature in the month prior to death, shorter distance to highway, lower GDP level were associated with increased COPD mortality. GWRL model further demonstrated obvious geographical discrepancies for the above associations. We additionally identified a significant cluster of low COPD mortality (OR = 0.36, P = 0.002) in the southwest region of Jiading District with a radius of 3.55 km by using the Bernoulli model. The geographical variation in age-standardized mortality rate for COPD in Jiading District was explained to a certain degree by these factors. Conclusion: The risk of COPD mortality in Jiading District showed obvious geographical variation, which were partially explained by the geographical variations in effects of the extreme low temperature in the month prior to death, residential proximity to highway, and GDP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqin Shao
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ji
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqing Jin
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Peisong Zhong
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Zheng
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzhong Wang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibiao Zhou
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, China
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Fiffer M, Kang CM, Requia WJ, Koutrakis P. Long-term impact of PM 2.5 mass and sulfur reductions on ultrafine particle trends in Boston, MA from 1999 to 2018. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:700-707. [PMID: 32394817 PMCID: PMC7334084 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1766597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ultrafine particles (UFPs) pose a human health risk as they can penetrate deep into the respiratory system. The Harvard supersite in Boston, MA provides one of the longest time series of UFP concentrations. This study examined the hypothesis that long-term reductions in PM2.5 mass and sulfur have influenced UFP trends by limiting the ability of UFPs to coagulate onto the accumulation mode via polydisperse coagulation with larger particles. The study used Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to assess whether changes in PM2.5 mass and sulfur concentrations resulted in smaller than expected (assuming no change in PM2.5 mass or sulfur) decreases in daily UFP trends over the 20-year period from 1999 to 2018. The impact of PM2.5 mass and sulfur changes were represented as UFP penalties. Bootstrapping was applied to calculate standard errors for the different trend and penalty estimates. Results showed that PM2.5 mass and sulfur concentrations declined significantly over the study period. The analysis found an estimated 7.3% (95% CI: 3.5, 11.1%) UFP penalty due to long-term PM2.5 mass trends, and a 9.9% (95% CI: 6.2, 13.7%) UFP penalty due to long-term sulfur trends. Findings from this study suggest that future UFP control efforts should account for the role of PM2.5 mass and sulfur changes. IMPLICATIONS Using one of the longest available time series of UFP concentrations (1999 to 2018), this study examined the hypothesis that long-term trends of PM2.5 mass and sulfur concentrations have an impact on UFP trends. We found that PM2.5 mass and sulfur reductions had a small but significant impact, i.e., penalty, on UFP trends. Improved understanding of the impact of PM2.5 mass and sulfur concentrations on UFP trends can inform future air quality control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Fiffer
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weeberb J Requia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA, USA
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas , Brasília Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA, USA
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