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Karim MM, Usman HM, Tan Q, Hu JJ, Fan F, Hussain R, Luo CX. Fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum siamense causing peach anthracnose in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:106006. [PMID: 39084801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Peach is one of the popular and economically important fruit crops in China. Peach cultivation is hampered due to attacks of anthracnose disease, causing significant economic losses. Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum siamense belong to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex and are considered major pathogens of peach anthracnose. Application of different groups of fungicides is a routine approach for controlling this disease. However, fungicide resistance is a significant drawback in managing peach anthracnose nowadays. In this study, 39 isolates of C. fructicola and 41 isolates of C. siamense were collected from different locations in various provinces in China. The sensitivity of C. fructicola and C. siamense to some commonly used fungicides, i.e., carbendazim, iprodione, fluopyram, and propiconazole, was determined. All the isolates of C. fructicola collected from Guangdong province showed high resistance to carbendazim, whereas isolates collected from Guizhou province were sensitive. In C. siamense, isolates collected from Hebei province showed moderate resistance, while those from Shandong province were sensitive to carbendazim. On the other hand, all the isolates of C. fructicola and C. siamense showed high resistance to the dicarboximide (DCF) fungicide iprodione and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide fluopyram. However, they are all sensitive to the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide propiconazole. Positive cross-resistance was observed between carbendazim and benomyl as they are members of the same methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) group. While no correlation of sensitivity was observed between different groups of fungicides. No significant differences were found in each fitness parameter between carbendazim-resistant and sensitive isolates in both species. Molecular characterization of the β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) gene revealed that in C. fructicola, the E198A point mutation was the determinant for the high resistance to carbendazim, while the F200Y point mutation was linked with the moderate resistance to carbendazim in C. siamense. Based on the results of this study, DMI fungicides, e.g., propiconazole or prochloraz could be used to control peach anthracnose, especially at locations where the pathogens have already developed the resistance to carbendazim and other fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mazharul Karim
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Usman
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Fan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rafakat Hussain
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Vineeth VK, Babu S, Reshma TR, Philip S, Prem E. Exhaustive identification and characterization of Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola as causative agents of circular leaf spot disease of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in India. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1907-1916. [PMID: 39059846 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is one of the major domesticated crops planted commercially for the production of natural rubber (NR) worldwide. In recent years, rubber trees in the Southern states of India and other rubber-producing countries have experienced a severe leaf spot disease, characterized by the appearance of several brown circular spots in the initial stage, which later spread all over the lamina of fully matured leaves, leading to yellowing and defoliation. The causal organism of this Circular Leaf Spot (CLS) disease has not been conclusively identified in any previous studies. In this study, we collected infected leaf samples from various locations in the South Indian states. We aimed to identify the actual fungal pathogen that causes the CLS disease on rubber trees. Based on the morphological and molecular analysis of the most frequently isolated fungi from infected leaf samples were identified as Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola. Pathogenicity tests also confirmed the involvement of isolated Colletotrichum spp. in the development of CLS disease. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the CLS disease and its impact on rubber cultivation. To our knowledge, it is the first report of C. siamense and C. fructicola associated with CLS disease of rubber trees in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Vineeth
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Shilpa Babu
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - T R Reshma
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Shaji Philip
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
| | - Edwin Prem
- Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
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Thao LD, Choi H, Choi Y, Mageswari A, Lee D, Kim DH, Shin HD, Choi H, Ju HJ, Hong SB. Re-identification of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Species Complex Isolates in Korea and Their Host Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:16-29. [PMID: 38326955 PMCID: PMC10850535 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.09.2023.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex includes many phytopathogenic species, causing anthracnose disease on a wide range of host plants and appearing to be globally distributed. Seventy-one Colletotrichum isolates in the complex from different plants and geographic regions in Korea were preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC). Most of them had been identified based on hosts and morphological features, this could lead to inaccurate species names. Therefore, the KACC isolates were re-identified using DNA sequence analyses of six loci, comprising internal transcribed spacer, gapdh, chs-1, his3, act, and tub2 in this study. Based on the combined phylogenetic analysis, KACC strains were assigned to 12 known species and three new species candidates. The detected species are C. siamense (n = 20), C. fructicola (n = 19), C. gloeosporioides (n = 9), C. aenigma (n = 5), C. camelliae (n = 3), C. temperatum (n = 3), C. musae (n = 2), C. theobromicola (n = 2), C. viniferum (n = 2), C. alatae (n = 1), C. jiangxiense (n = 1), and C. yulongense (n = 1). Of these, C. jiangxiense, C. temperatum, C. theobromicola and C. yulongense are unrecorded species in Korea. Host plant comparisons showed that 27 fungus-host associations are newly reported in the country. However, plant-fungus interactions need to be investigated by pathogenicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Dinh Thao
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Plant Pathology and Phyto-immunology, Plant Protection Research Institute, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi 143315, Vietnam
| | - Hyorim Choi
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yunhee Choi
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Anbazhagan Mageswari
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Daseul Lee
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Dong Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyowon Choi
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Norphanphoun C, Hyde KD. First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola, C. rhizophorae sp. nov. and C. thailandica sp. nov. on Mangrove in Thailand. Pathogens 2023; 12:1436. [PMID: 38133319 PMCID: PMC10747506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum, a genus within the phylum Ascomycota (Fungi) and family Glomerellaceae are important plant pathogens globally. In this paper, we detail four Colletotrichum species found in mangrove ecosystems. Two new species, Colletotrichum rhizophorae and C. thailandica, and a new host record for Colletotrichum fructicola were identified in Thailand. Colletotrichum tropicale was collected from Taiwan's mangroves and is a new record for Rhizophora mucronata. These identifications were established through a combination of molecular analysis and morphological characteristics. This expanded dataset for Colletotrichum enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity within this genus and its associations with mangrove ecosystems. The findings outlined herein provide data on our exploration of mangrove pathogens in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Norphanphoun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Thao LD, Choi H, Choi Y, Mageswari A, Lee D, Hong SB. Re-identification of Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex in Korea and Their Host Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:384-396. [PMID: 37550984 PMCID: PMC10412970 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.05.2023.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum acutatum species complex is one of the most important groups in the genus Colletotrichum with a high species diversity and a wide range of host plants. C. acutatum and related species have been collected from different plants and locations in Korea and deposited into the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences since the 1990s. These fungal isolates were previously identified based mainly on morphological characteristics, and a limitation of molecular data was provided. To confirm the identification of species, 64 C. acutatum species complex isolates in KACC were used in this study for DNA sequence analyses of six loci: nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS), betatubulin 2 (TUB2), histone-3 (HIS3), glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), and actin (ACT). The molecular analysis revealed that they were identified in six different species of C. fioriniae (24 isolates), C. nymphaeae (21 isolates), C. scovillei (12 isolates), C. chrysanthemi (three isolates), C. lupini (two isolates), and C. godetiae (one isolate), and a novel species candidate. We compared the hosts of KACC isolates with "The List of Plant Diseases in Korea", previous reports in Korea and global reports and found that 23 combinations between hosts and pathogens could be newly reported in Korea after pathogenicity tests, and 12 of these have not been recorded in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Dinh Thao
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi,
Vietnam
| | - Hyorim Choi
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Yunhee Choi
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Anbazhagan Mageswari
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Daseul Lee
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
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Kang EC, Hassan O, Kim KM, Chang T. Molecular Characterization and Fungicide Sensitivity of Jujube Pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Sensu Stricto and Colletotrichum nymphaeae in South Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:861-869. [PMID: 35997668 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0942-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is cultivated across South Korea because of its medicinal and economic value. It is used as a sweetener in jam, tea, and snacks and a garnish in many cuisines. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. accounts for huge economic losses for jujube growers. In 2019 and 2020, severe anthracnose was observed in the jujube-growing areas of South Korea. The infected fruit displayed small, water-soaked, sunken, circular spots. Infected fruit were collected from different commercial orchards of Boeungun and Gyeongsan regions of South Korea, and putative causal agents were isolated on potato dextrose agar. Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, the fungal isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto and C. nymphaeae. The pathogenicity of these isolates was confirmed by inoculating a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia ml-1) on healthy fruit. The in vitro sensitivity of the fungal isolates to tebuconazole, carbendazim, and azoxystrobin was also tested. All isolates showed high sensitivity to azoxystrobin in terms of mycelial growth inhibition (half maximal effective concentration value of 0.01 to 0.6 µg/ml). To the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report of jujube anthracnose caused by C. nymphaeae in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Kang
- School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Oliul Hassan
- School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- School of Applied BioSciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Hassan O, Kim KM, Chang T. First report of Colletotrichum fioriniae causing anthracnose on the fruit of omija (schisandra) in South Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2991. [PMID: 35350894 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0471-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Omija or Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) is one of Korea's most unique fruits and have been used in herbal medicine. It is also used for making cold drinks during summer and hot tea during winter. Among the different diseases, anthracnose poses great threat for omija production as it reduces the yield and market quality of fruits. In September 2021, severe anthracnose symptoms were observed in some commercial farmer fields (36°36'14.9"N 127°59'31.3"E) in Mungyeong and disease incidence was approximately 30 to 35%. The symptoms on fruits were manifested as small sunken lesions. The presumed fungi were isolated from necrotic tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and purified using the single spore isolation technique (Cai et al. 2009; Hassan et al.2019). A total of 20 morphological similar isolates were obtained from 18 sampled fruits. The cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 5 to 7 days. The colonies were pink with white aerial mycelium on the upper side and pink with black zones on the reverse. All the colonies produced fusiform conidia measuring 12.7 to 17.5 × 4.7 to 7.4 μm (n=50). The appressoria were brown, globose to ellipsoid and measuring 6.3 to 12 × 5.9 to 9.7 μm (n=30). Morphological characteristics of present isolates were in concordance with that of Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato (Damm et al., 2012). For molecular identification, genomic DNA of five representative isolates was extracted for sequencing of target markers and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. For amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacers (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT) chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1), histone 3 (HIS3) and beta-tubulin (TUB2), the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, GDF1/GDR1, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CHS1-79F/CHS-1-354R, CYLH3F /CYLH3R and BT2a /BT2b were used respectively (Damm et al., 2012). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers LC680890 to LC680914 and LC687627 to LC687631. The maximum likelihood tree based on concatenated sequences of the five genes shows that present isolates were grouped in the C. fioriniae. Pathogenicity on red schisandra fruits was confirmed using the two isolates OR1 and O59. Fruit clusters (20-30 fruits/ cluster) were surface sterilized by dipping them in 1% NaOCl for 3 minutes, rinsing in sterile distilled water, and placing them in a sterile plastic box containing moist paper tissues. All the fruits in each cluster were inoculated with 10 μl of 106 conidia/ml suspensions of each isolate by following either the wounded or un- wounded method (Hassan et al.2019). Fruit clusters treated with sterile distilled water served as a control. Three fruit clusters were inoculated per isolate for each method. With the wounding method, all the inoculated fruits showed typical anthracnose symptoms after 4 days of incubation at 25 ± 1°C in the dark, while the control and un- wounded fruits remained symptomless. This test was repeated twice. The species C. fioriniae were reisolated from the infected fruit. The morphology and ITS sequences of the reisolated fungi were consistent with the original one, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The species C. fioriniae have been described as a causal agent of anthracnose of numerous hosts worldwide including South Korea (Damm et al., 2012; Hassan et al.2019; Oo et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fioriniae as causal agent of omija anthracnose in South Korea. As this disease results in deterioration of fruits quality, management practices should be tailored to address C. fioriniae management. Acknowledgments This research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 2021. References Cai, L., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:183. Damm, U., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:37. Hassan, O., et al. 2019. Sci. Rep. 9:12089. Lee, D., et al. 2020. Mycobiology. 48: 210. Oo, M.M., et al. 2016. Mycobiology. 44: 325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Kim
- Kyungpook National University, 34986, Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Sangju, Gyungsangbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Oliul Hassan
- Kyungpook National University, 34986, Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Sangju, Gyungsangbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Kyungpook National University, 34986, School of Applied BioSciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Daegu, Daegu, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Sangju, Gyungsangbuk-do, Korea (the Republic of);
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Tan Q, Schnabel G, Chaisiri C, Yin LF, Yin WX, Luo CX. Colletotrichum Species Associated with Peaches in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:313. [PMID: 35330315 PMCID: PMC8950351 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. It causes diseases in a wide range of economically important plants, including peaches. China is the largest producer of peaches in the world but little is known about the Colletotrichum spp. affecting the crop. In 2017 and 2018, a total of 286 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from symptomatic fruit and leaves in 11 peach production provinces of China. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, and HIS3) and morphological characterization, the isolates were identified to be C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, and C. godetiae of the C. acutatum species complex, C. fructicola and C. siamense of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, C. karsti of the C. boninense species complex, and one newly identified species, C. folicola sp. nov. This study is the first report of C. karsti and C. godetiae in peaches, and the first report of C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, and C. siamense in peaches in China. C. nymphaeae is the most prevalent species of Colletotrichum in peaches in China, which may be the result of fungicide selection. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species found in this study were pathogenic on both the leaves and fruit of peaches, except for C. folicola, which only infected the leaves. The present study substantially improves our understanding of the causal agents of anthracnose on peaches in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tan
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Chingchai Chaisiri
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.-F.Y.); (W.-X.Y.)
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.-F.Y.); (W.-X.Y.)
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.T.); (C.C.)
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.-F.Y.); (W.-X.Y.)
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Hassan O, Kim JS, Romain BBND, Chang T. An account of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose of Atractylodes ovata in South Korea based on morphology and molecular data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263084. [PMID: 35077506 PMCID: PMC8789177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovate-leaf atractylodes (OLA) (Atractylodes ovata) is a well-known medicinal plant in Korea; its dried rhizome and root extracts are used in herbal medicine. However, anthracnose is a great challenge to the OLA cultivation in South Korea. Colletotrichum spp. is a major group of plant pathogens responsible for anthracnose on a range of economically important hosts. Its occurrence on OLA remains unresolved. To investigate the diversity, morphology, phylogeny, and biology of Colletotrichum spp., 32 fungal isolates were obtained from 30 OLA-affected leaves collected from five different farms, in two regions in South Korea, Mungyeong and Sangju. The phylogenetic analysis with four or five gene loci (ITS, TUB2, ACT, GAPDH, and CHS-1) along with morphology of 26 representative isolates delineated six previously known Colletotrichum species including C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s), C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense and C. sojae, and one new species, described here as C. ovataense. Amongst these species, C. gloeosporioides s.s. and C. plurivorum were the most prevalent species. A pathogenicity test on the detached leaves revealed that different Colletotrichum species presented a distinct degree of virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. In this study, C. fructicola, C. cigarro, C. plurivorum, C. siamense, and C. sojae were reported from A. ovata for the first time, as the causal agent of ovate-leaf atractylodes anthracnose. Understanding the diversity and biology of the Colletotrichum species population will help in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Sung Kim
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bekale Be Ndong Dimitri Romain
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Campese C, Maiorano A, Streissl F, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicola. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06803. [PMID: 34434287 PMCID: PMC8372655 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicola Prihast., a well-defined polyphagous fungus of the C. gloeosporioides complex which has been reported from all the five continents to cause anthracnose, bitter rot and leaf spotting diseases on over 90 cultivated and non-cultivated woody or herbaceous plant species. The pathogen is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Because of the very wide host range, this pest categorisation focused on Camellia sinensis, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata, Fragaria × ananassa, Malus domestica, M. pumila, Persea americana, Prunus persica, Pyrus pyrifolia and P. bretschneideri for which there was robust evidence that C. fructicola was formally identified by morphology and multilocus gene sequencing analysis. Host plants for planting and fresh fruits are the main pathways for the entry of the pathogen into the EU. There are no reports of interceptions of C. fructicola in the EU. The pathogen has been reported from Italy and France. The host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in some parts of the EU are favourable for the establishment of the pathogen. Economic impact on the production of the main hosts is expected if establishment occurs. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the re-introduction of the pathogen into the EU. Although the pathogen is present in the EU, there is a high uncertainty on its actual distribution in the territory because of the re-evaluation of Colletotrichum taxonomy and the lack of systematic surveys. Therefore, the Panel cannot conclude with certainty on whether C. fructicola satisfies the criterium of being present but not widely distributed in the EU to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest unless systematic surveys for C. fructicola are conducted and Colletotrichum isolates from the EU in culture collections are re-evaluated.
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Cheng L. Konjac anthracnose is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Yunnan Province of China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:4165. [PMID: 34181436 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-0945-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Konjac (Amorphophallus konjac) is an economically important traditional crop in Fengqing County, Yunnan Province, China. Anthracnose symptoms were observed on this crop in June and July of 2020. The plants developed round, oval, or irregular leaf spots with brown edges and central taupe spots, and exhibited serious defoliation and tree weakness. Disease incidence in affected fields reached up to 35%. Anthracnose caused significant economic losses in konjac production and became a limiting factor of the konjac industry in Fengqing County. To date, no control measures of konjac anthracnose have been reported and tested in China. To determine the causal pathogen, symptomatic leaves were collected and cut into 5 mm2 pieces. The leaf peces were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 10 s, followed by treatment with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 3 min and three rinses in sterile distilled water. The tissue pieces were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C. After 4 days of incubation, hyphal tips from leaf pieces were transferred to new PDA to generate pure cultures. The hyphae were initially white, and then became dark green; red-orange conidial masses were observed on the mycelium plate surface at a growth rate of 13.14 mm/day. The conidia, observed under 400× magnification, were colorless, long-oval to fusiform, one-celled, and 15.4 to 18.2 × 3.3 to 5.9 μm in size. To identify the isolate, the genomic DNA of the pathogen was extracted using the CTAB method. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, and β-tubulin (TUB) gene were PCR amplified using the ITS1/ITS4, GDF/GDR, and Bt2a/Bt2b primer pairs, respectively (Lee et al. 2020). BLASTn search of the obtained 536 bp ITS fragment (GenBank accession no. MT785772), 229 bp GAPDH sequence (MW187543), and 717 bp TUB sequence (MW187544) revealed a 99.44% to 99.63% sequence homology (100% query cover) with ITS (JQ005152, 99.44%), GADPH (JQ005239, 99.63%), and TUB (JQ005587, 99.60%) sequences of the C. gloeosporioides type strain CBS 112999, respectively. The highest homology with other Colletotrichum species was only 98.16%, including C. siamense, the causal agent of anthracnose in A. paeoniifolius and A. konjac (Prasad et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2020). To complete Koch's postulates, leaves of 3-month-old konjac plants grown in the field were sprayed with a conidial suspension (106 spores/ml) of the isolate YNFQ-1 (sterile water was used as a negative control). Approximately 5 days after inoculation with YNFQ-1, symptoms similar to those in natural conditions appeared, whereas the negative control plants and fruits inoculated with the sterile water had no disease. The pathogen was re-isolated (strain YNFQ-1) from inoculated leaf tissues, and its identity was confirmed with both morphological and molecular (DNA sequences) tools, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The culture properties, morphological characteristics, and molecular identification confirmed the identity of the pathogen as C. gloeosporioides. There have been many reports about anthracnose of Amorphophallus; C. siamense causes anthracnose on A. paeoniifolius in India (Prasad et al. 2017) and A. konjac in Hubei, China (Wu et al. 2020), and C. gloeosporioides causes anthracnose of A. muelleri in Yunnan, China (Yang et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on A. konjac in Fengqing County, China. The results are expected to have important implications in the diagnosis, control, and future research of anthracnose on A. konjac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou ProvinceGuiyang, China, 550025;
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