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El-Nagar D, Salem SH, El-Zamik FI, El-Basit HMIA, Galal YGM, Soliman SM, Aziz HAA, Rizk MA, El-Sayed ESR. Bioprospecting endophytic fungi for bioactive metabolites with seed germination promoting potentials. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 38851702 PMCID: PMC11162052 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new bioactive molecules with unique mechanisms of action and chemistry to address the issue of incorrect use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which hurts both the environment and the health of humans. In light of this, research was done for this work to isolate, identify, and evaluate the germination-promoting potential of various plant species' fungal endophytes. Zea mays L. (maize) seed germination was examined using spore suspension of 75 different endophytic strains that were identified. Three promising strains were identified through screening to possess the ability mentioned above. These strains Alternaria alternate, Aspergilus flavus, and Aspergillus terreus were isolated from the stem of Tecoma stans, Delonix regia, and Ricinus communis, respectively. The ability of the three endophytic fungal strains to produce siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) was also examined. Compared to both Aspergillus flavus as well as Aspergillus terreus, Alternaria alternata recorded the greatest rates of IAA, according to the data that was gathered. On CAS agar versus blue media, all three strains failed to produce siderophores. Moreover, the antioxidant and antifungal potentials of extracts from these fungi were tested against different plant pathogens. The obtained results indicated the antioxidant and antifungal activities of the three fungal strains. GC-Mass studies were carried out to determine the principal components in extracts of all three strains of fungi. The three strains' fungus extracts included both well-known and previously unidentified bioactive compounds. These results may aid in the development of novel plant growth promoters by suggesting three different fungal strains as sources of compounds that may improve seed germination. According to the study that has been given, as unexplored sources of bioactive compounds, fungal endophytes have great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina El-Nagar
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S H Salem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fatma I El-Zamik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Y G M Galal
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S M Soliman
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H A Abdel Aziz
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Rizk
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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Peng Q, Jiang L, Shen Y, Xu Y, Shen X, Zou L, Zhu Y, Shen Y. LC-MS metabolomics analysis of serum metabolites during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03537-x. [PMID: 38831193 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the serum metabolite profiles during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics analysis. METHODS 60 serum samples were collected from 20 patients with LARC before, during, and after radiotherapy. LC-MS metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the metabolite variations. Functional annotation was applied to discover altered metabolic pathways. The key metabolites were screened and their ability to predict sensitivity to radiotherapy was calculated using random forests and ROC curves. RESULTS The results showed that NCRT led to significant changes in the serum metabolite profiles. The serum metabolic profiles showed an apparent separation between different time points and different sensitivity groups. Moreover, the functional annotation showed that the differential metabolites were associated with a series of important metabolic pathways. Pre-radiotherapy (3Z,6Z)-3,6-Nonadiena and pro-radiotherapy 1-Hydroxyibuprofen showed good predictive performance in discriminating the sensitive and non-sensitive group to NCRT, with an AUC of 0.812 and 0.75, respectively. Importantly, the combination of different metabolites significantly increased the predictive ability. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential of LC-MS metabolomics for revealing the serum metabolite profiles during NCRT in LARC. The identified metabolites may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of this disease. Furthermore, the understanding of the affected metabolic pathways may help design more personalized therapeutic strategies for LARC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Peng
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Haimen District People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinan Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Abbas SA, Khan A, Fatima M, Kalusalingam A, Kanakal MM, Inamdar SK, Kotra V, Ming LC, Dastapur AKM, Bachi T. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Scaphium Affine Seed Extract and Assessment of Its Anti-hemorrhoidal Efficacy. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2024; 23:118-128. [PMID: 38357954 DOI: 10.2174/0118715230285370240131111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seeds of plant Scaphium affine are traditionally used by the healers of "India" for the treatment of piles. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the study was to assess the anti-hemorrhoidal potential of the ethanolic seed extract of Scaphium affine. METHODS After the soxhlet extraction method, the seed extract from Scaphium affine was first submitted to phytochemical standardization and then GC-MS analysis. Rats were given Croton oil and Jatropha oil to develop hemorrhoids, and Scaphium affine seed extract (ESA) was administered orally for 5 days and 3 days, respectively, at doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg. The Rectoanal coefficient (RAC) was calculated as an inflammatory marker. The hemorrhoidal tissues were also subjected to cytokine profiling, biochemical estimation and histopathology. RESULTS ESA demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, and tannins. GCMS analysis elucidated the presence of hexadecanoic acid 2 hydroxy -1,3 propane diyl ester,9 Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Cyclohexane 1,4 di methyl cis, Farnesol isomer,1, E-11, Z-13 octa decatriene, Stigmasterol, N-(5 ethyl -1,3,4-thiadiazol-yl) benzamide, N, N Dinitro 1,3,5,7 tetraza bicyclo 93,3,1) as major phytoconstituents. The results depicted more potent anti-hemorrhoidal activity of ESA at 1000 mg/kg, p.o., which was evident through a decrease in RAC. A significant decline in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression was observed, along with the restoration of altered antioxidants and enzymes. Histopathological analysis confirmed the tissue recovery as it revealed minimal inflammation and decreased dilated blood vessels in treated animals. CONCLUSION Based on the results it can be concluded that seeds of Scaphium affine showed significant anti-hemorrhoid agents which may be attributed to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential due to the presence of certain phytoconstituents in it. The study also supports the traditional use of seeds of Scaphium affine for the first time in the treatment of hemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, 30250, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, 30250, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mehraj Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, HKES's Matoshree Tradevi Ram-pure, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kalaburgi, 585105, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mahibub M Kanakal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, 30250, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shiva K Inamdar
- Department of Pharmacy, HKES's Matoshree Tradevi Ram-pure, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kalaburgi, 585105, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kotra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, 30250, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Long C Ming
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Medicine, Sunway University, Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashok K M Dastapur
- Department of Pharmacy, HKES's Matoshree Tradevi Ram-pure, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kalaburgi, 585105, Karnataka, India
| | - Tazneem Bachi
- Department of Pharmacy, Deccan School of Pharmacy, Darussalam, 500001, Hyderabad, India
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Delmondes GDA, Pereira Lopes MJ, Borges ADS, Bezerra DS, Silva JPD, Souto BS, Costa JGDS, Campos PEDS, Santana TID, Coutinho HDM, Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar de Menezes IR, Bezerra Felipe CF, Kerntopf MR. Investigation of mechanisms of action involved in the antidepressant-like effect of Trans,trans-farnesol in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110791. [PMID: 37923004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate, through in vivo and biochemical methodologies, the effect of trans,trans-farnesol (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) acute administration, adopting different behavioral and neurochemical parameters associated with an acute induced-depression model in mice. The initial results showed that, the oral treatment with trans,trans-farnesol, at the dose of 100 mg/kg induced a possible antidepressant-like effect in animals subjected to forced swim test (FST) and reserpine-induced akinesia. In addition, it was observed that the compound in question has an effect size and properties similar to imipramine (prototype of tricyclic antidepressants), but devoid of proconvulsant adverse effect. In biochemical assays, the pretreatment with trans,trans-farnesol, at a dose of 100 mg/kg (p.o.), decreased the hippocampal concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and restored striatal levels of noradrenaline and serotonin in mice subjected to FST. Altogether, these results suggest that trans,trans-farnesol showed a significant antidepressant-like effect, which seems to be mediated by the antagonism of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reduction of oxidative stress and the modulation of noradrenaline and serotonin content in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyllyandeson de Araújo Delmondes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Alex de Sousa Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pessoa da Silva
- Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruna Silva Souto
- Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
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Gayatri Devi R, Ezhilarasan D. Concurrent administration of farnesol protects acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic necrosis in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23478. [PMID: 37458150 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is known to cause acute liver injury and acute liver failure in Western countries. This study investigates the protective role of farnesol (FAR) (C15 H26 O), a natural sesquiterpene alcohol in essential oils, against APAP-induced acute liver necrosis in mice. Mice were injected with a single dose of APAP (300 mg/kg) via an intraperitoneal route. Different groups of mice were concurrently treated with a single dose of FAR 25 mg/kg, FAR 50 mg/kg, and N-acetylcysteine. APAP administration caused a significant increase in transaminase activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and liver tissue, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in intracellular antioxidants, including reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver tissue. APAP intoxication upregulated proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and IκB kinase β in the liver tissue. FAR and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administrations concurrently with APAP prevented serum transaminase increase in serum and MDA levels in the liver tissue. A high dose of FAR and NAC treatments significantly inhibited GSH and other antioxidant depletion. FAR and NAC treatments also downregulated the expression of proinflammatory markers. FAR treatments protects against APAP-induced acute liver injury and offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway involved in the transcription of genes responsible for inflammatory cytokine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Gayatri Devi
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhan Y, Wang H, Wu Z, Zeng Z. Study on the Common Molecular Mechanism of Metabolic Acidosis and Myocardial Damage Complicated by Neonatal Pneumonia. Metabolites 2023; 13:1118. [PMID: 37999214 PMCID: PMC10673214 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common clinical disease in the neonatal period and poses a serious risk to infant health. Therefore, the understanding of molecular mechanisms is of great importance for the development of methods for the rapid and accurate identification, classification and staging, and even disease diagnosis and therapy of pneumonia. In this study, a nontargeted metabonomic method was developed and applied for the analysis of serum samples collected from 20 cases in the pneumonia control group (PN) and 20 and 10 cases of pneumonia patients with metabolic acidosis (MA) and myocardial damage (MD), respectively, with the help of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The results showed that compared with the pneumonia group, 23 and 21 differential metabolites were identified in pneumonia with two complications. They showed high sensitivity and specificity, with the area under the curve (ROC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) larger than 0.7 for each differential molecule. There were 14 metabolites and three metabolic pathways of sphingolipid metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism existing in both groups of PN and MA, and PN and MD, all involving significant changes in pathways closely related to amino acid metabolism disorders, abnormal cell apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. These findings of molecular mechanisms should help a lot to fully understand and even treat the complications of pneumonia in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhan
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Huaiyan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Changzhou Medical Center, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China;
| | - Zeying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Zhongda Zeng
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
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Li T, Liu ZH, Fan LY, Zhang Z, Bai HH, Wang FJ, Shang CG, Zong XN, Liu Y. The fungal quorum-sensing molecule, farnesol, regulates the immune response of vaginal epithelial cells against Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:251. [PMID: 37684571 PMCID: PMC10485994 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesol is a Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecule of great interest as a potential antifungal agent for serious and hardly curable infections-candidiasis, especially vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS The effect of farnesol on cellular morphology and viability and evaluated the production of Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), proinflammatory (IL-6), chemotactic (IL-8), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines in the culture supernatants of vaginal epithelial cell line (VK2) were evaluated. Moreover, we tested the inhibitory effect of farnesol on C. albicans adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to observe any VK2 cell ultrastructural changes. RESULTS Only low concentrations (≤ 50 µmol/L) of farnesol did not affect the morphology and viability of the VK2 cells (P > 0.05). Farnesol reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to the VK2 cells. When treated with farnesol, statistical elevated levels of both IL-4 and IL-17 secreted by the infected VK2 cells were present in the culture supernatants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Farnesol acts as a stimulator to up-regulate the Th17-type innate immune response, as well as Th2-type humoral immunity following C. albicans infection. Further research is required to select the optimal therapeutic dose to develop efficacious and safe mucosal immune adjuvant for treating VVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Yuan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hui Bai
- Department of Microecological Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Guang Shang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zong
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Gao L, Su Y, Mehmood T, Bao R, Peng L. Microplastics leachate may play a more important role than microplastics in inhibiting microalga Chlorella vulgaris growth at cellular and molecular levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121643. [PMID: 37062404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of microplastics (MPs) additives and their negative effects on aquatic organisms remain to be systematically elucidated. In this study, the toxicological effects of MPs leachate (micro-sized polyethylene (mPE) and micro-sized polyvinyl chloride (mPVC) acceleratedly leached by UVA for 15, 90, and 180 days in seawater) on microalga Chlorella vulgaris in terms of cell growth inhibition, oxidative stress, and transcriptomes were investigated. The leachate components of MPs aged for 90 days were further identified to elucidate the corresponding toxicity mechanisms of MPs on microalgal cells. The results revealed that both leachates of mPE and mPVC inhibited cell growth and increased oxidative stress in C. vulgaris, accompanied by a growth inhibition rate to microalgal cells of 4.0%-36.2% and 7.1%-48.2%, respectively. At the same mass concentration, the toxicological effects on C. vulgaris followed the order of mPVC leachate > mPE > mPE leachate > mPVC, whereas MPs leaching time indicated no change in MPs leaching toxicity. Furthermore, the gene functions of "translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis" were mostly affected by MPs leachate. Compared to mPE leachate and pure MPs, the stronger inhibitory effects of mPVC leachate on microalgal cells may be attributed to the fact that more substances were leached from the polymer of mPVC, including Zn, farnesol isomer a, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and acetyl castor oil methyl ester. In summary, this study provides a better understanding of the ecotoxicological influences of MPs and MPs leachate, and offers a warning on the ecological risk caused by plastic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Ruiqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Licheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China.
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Nikoomanesh F, Falahatinejad M, Černáková L, Dos Santos ALS, Mohammadi SR, Rafiee M, Rodrigues CF, Roudbary M. Combination of Farnesol with Common Antifungal Drugs: Inhibitory Effect against Candida Species Isolated from Women with RVVC. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040743. [PMID: 37109701 PMCID: PMC10143126 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a mucous membrane infection, with an increased rate of antifungal resistance of Candida species. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of farnesol alone or in combination with traditional antifungals was assessed against resistant Candida strains recovered from women with VVC. Materials and Methods: Eighty Candida isolates were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITZ), voriconazole (VOR), clotrimazole (CTZ), and farnesol was tested by the standard microdilution method. The combinations of farnesol with each antifungal were calculated based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Result: Candida glabrata was the predominant species (48.75%) isolated from vaginal discharges, followed by C. albicans (43.75%), C. parapsilosis (3.75%), a mixed infection of C. albicans and C. glabrata (2.5%) and C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (1%). C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates had lower susceptibility to FLU (31.4% and 23.0%, respectively) and CTZ (37.1% and 33.3%, respectively). Importantly, there was "synergism" between farnesol-FLU and farnesol-ITZ against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (FICI = 0.5 and 0.35, respectively), reverting the original azole-resistant profile. Conclusion: These findings indicate that farnesol can revert the resistance profile of azole by enhancing the activity of FLU and ITZ in resistant Candida isolates, which is a clinically promising result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nikoomanesh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran
| | - Mahsa Falahatinejad
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Shahla Roudbar Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran
| | - Mitra Rafiee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran
| | - Célia Fortuna Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário-CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Farnesol Protects against Cardiotoxicity Caused by Doxorubicin-Induced Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death: An In Vivo Study in Wistar Rats. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238589. [PMID: 36500681 PMCID: PMC9737179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an antineoplastic drug that is used extensively in managing multiple cancer types. However, DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity is a limiting factor for its widespread use and considerably affects patients' quality of life. Farnesol (FSN) is a sesquiterpene with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Thus, the current study explored the cardioprotective effect of FSN against DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity. In this study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7) and treated for 14 days. Group I (Control): normal saline, p.o. daily for 14 days; Group II (TOXIC): DOXO 2.4 mg/kg, i.p, thrice weekly for 14 days; Group III: FSN 100 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II; Group IV: FSN 200 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II; Group V (Standard): nifedipine 10 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 14 days + DOXO similar to Group II. At the end of the study, animals were weighed, blood was collected, and heart-weight was measured. The cardiac tissue was used to estimate biochemical markers and for histopathological studies. The observed results revealed that the FSN-treated group rats showed decrease in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio, reversed the oxidative stress, cardiac-specific injury markers, proinflammatory and proapoptotic markers and histopathological aberrations towards normal, and showed cardioprotection. In summary, the FSN reduces cardiac injuries caused by DOXO via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential. However, more detailed mechanism-based studies are needed to bring this drug into clinical use.
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Elderdery AY, Alzahrani B, Hamza SMA, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Mok PL, Subbiah SK. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2)-Chitosan-Farnesol Nanocomposites and Assessment of Their Anticancer Potential in Human Leukemic MOLT-4 Cell Line. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:5949086. [PMID: 36212987 PMCID: PMC9534707 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5949086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most prevalent cancer in children and one of the most common and deadly cancers that affect adults. Several metal oxide nanoparticles, biopolymers, and phytochemicals have been discovered to target cancer cells selectively while inflicting low to no damage to healthy cells. Among the existing nanoparticle synthesis methodologies, biologically synthesized nanoparticles using phytochemicals have emerged as a straightforward, economical, and environmentally sound strategy. The synergistic antitumor potential of ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol nanocomposites (NCs) against leukemia MOLT-4 cells was investigated in the current study. After synthesizing the NCs, characterization of the same was carried out using XRD, DLS, FESEM, TEM, PL, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopy. To analyze its anticancer activity, MOLT-4 cells were cultured and treated at diverse dosages of NCs. The cell viability upon treatment was examined by MTT assay. The morphological and nuclear modifications were observed by dual staining. ROS and MMP levels were observed by DCFH-DA staining and Rh-123 dye, respectively. Furthermore, the caspase 3, 8, and 9 levels were examined by performing ELISA. The XRD patterns exhibited a hexagonal structure of the NCs. In the DLS spectrum, the hydrodynamic diameter of the NCs was observed to be 126.2 nm. The electrostatic interface between the ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol NCs was confirmed by the FTIR spectra. A significant loss of cell viability in a dosage-dependent trend confirmed the cytotoxic effect of the NCs. An elevated ROS level and MMP depletion suggested apoptosis-associated cell death via the intrinsic pathway, which was confirmed by elevated expressions of caspase 3, 8, and 9 markers. Thus, the results showed that the synthesized NCs demonstrated a remarkable anticancer potential against leukemic cells and can be potentially valuable in cancer treatments. The findings from this study conclude that this is a new approach for modifying the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO-TiO2-chitosan-farnesol composites to increase their properties and synergistically exhibit anticancer properties in human leukemic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abozer Y. Elderdery
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siddiqa M. A. Hamza
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Umm Alqura University Algunfuda, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology & Therapeutic Department, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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12
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Li HY, Yang WQ, Zhou XZ, Shao F, Shen T, Guan HY, Zheng J, Zhang LM. Antibacterial and Antifungal Sesquiterpenoids: Chemistry, Resource, and Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1271. [PMID: 36139108 PMCID: PMC9496053 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi are threatening human health all over the world. It is an increasingly serious problem that the efficacies of some antibacterial and antifungal agents have been weakened by the drug resistance of some bacteria and fungi, which makes a great need for new antibiotics. Sesquiterpenoids, with abundant structural skeleton types and a wide range of bioactivities, are considered as good candidates to be antibacterial and antifungal agents. In the past decades, many sesquiterpenoids were isolated from plants and fungi that exhibited good antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this review, the names, source, structures, antibacterial and antifungal degrees, and mechanisms of sesquiterpenoids with antibacterial and antifungal activity from 2012 to 2022 are summarized, and the structure-activity relationship of these sesquiterpenoids against bacteria and fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xin-Zhu Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Fei Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tong Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hui-Ying Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Araújo Delmondes GD, Pereira Lopes MJ, Araújo IM, de Sousa Borges A, Batista PR, Melo Coutinho HD, Alencar de Menezes IR, Barbosa-Filho JM, Bezerra Felipe CF, Kerntopf MR. Possible mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of Trans,trans-farnesol on pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110059. [PMID: 35931201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate, through in vivo and in vitro methodologies, the effect of acute trans,trans-farnesol (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) administration on behavioral and neurochemical parameters associated with pilocarpine-induced epileptic seizure (300 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. The initial results showed that the compound in question presents no anxiolytic-like or myorelaxant effects, despite reducing locomotor activity in the animals at all doses tested. In addition, the lowest dose increased the latency to onset of the first epileptic seizure, and the time to death. In addition to decreasing the mortality percentage in mice submitted to the pilocarpine model. In this same model, pretreatment with the lowest dose of the compound decreased the hippocampal concentrations of thiobarbituric acid and nitrite, and partially restored striatal concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin. Taken together, the results suggest that trans,trans-farnesol presents a central depressant effect which contributes to its antiepileptic action which, in turn, seems to be mediated by the antagonism of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reduction of oxidative stress. and modulation of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyllyandeson de Araújo Delmondes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Alex de Sousa Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
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14
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Antimicrobial, modulatory, and antibiofilm activity of tt-farnesol on bacterial and fungal strains of importance to human health. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128192. [PMID: 34118413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and modulatory activities of trans-trans-farnesol (tt-farnesol). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this sesquiterpene was evaluated against 31 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and 4 species of the genus Candida. Furthermore, we examined its inhibitory action on biofilm production as well as antibiotic modulation. Only Gram-positive species presented susceptibility to tt-farnesol (MIC ranging from 8 µg/mL to 128 µg/mL). No synergistic or antagonistic effects were observed between tt-farnesol (1/4 and 1/8 of MIC) and first-choice antibiotics against multidrug resistant strains. However, the modulatory action of tt-farnesol (1/2 and 1/4 of the MIC) decreased 8 × MIC of non-inhibitory β-lactam antibiotic against a Methicillin-resistant strain. In the antibiofilm assay, tt-farnesol inhibited biofilm formation, especially in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, at concentrations ranging from 2 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL. Additionally, in the molecular docking study, the tt-farnesol molecule demonstrated a remarkable binding affinity with important proteins involved in the biofilm production, such as IcaA and Srt proteins. The antimicrobial action of tt-farnesol on Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae strains was evaluated for the first time, presenting an MIC of 16 µg/mL for both strains. Our findings reveal the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and modulatory potential of tt-farnesol to aid in the fight against infectious processes.
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Cho SY, Lim S, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Park J, Um JY. Farnesol induces mitochondrial/peroxisomal biogenesis and thermogenesis by enhancing the AMPK signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105312. [PMID: 33246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic activation of brown adipose tissue has been considered as an obesity treatment strategy that consumes energy. In this study, we investigated whether farnesol in vivoandin vitro models induces thermogenesis and affect the activation of the mitochondria and peroxisomes, which are key organelles in activated brown adipocytes. Farnesol induced the expression of thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and PR domain zinc-finger protein 16 (PRDM16) together with the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) in brown adipose tissue and primary cultured brown adipocytes. Farnesol promoted lipolytic enzymes: hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). We confirmed that these inductions of lipolysis by farnesol were the underlying causes of β-oxidation activation. Farnesol also increased the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the expansion of peroxisomes. Moreover, we proved that the thermogenic activity of farnesol was dependent on AMPKα activation using Compound C inhibitor or siRNA-AMPKα knockdown. These results suggest that farnesol may be a potential agent for the treatment of obesity by inducing energy consumption through heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeon Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Lim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Di Martile M, Garzoli S, Ragno R, Del Bufalo D. Essential Oils and Their Main Chemical Components: The Past 20 Years of Preclinical Studies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092650. [PMID: 32948083 PMCID: PMC7565555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the last years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy modified the landscape for metastatic melanoma treatment. These therapeutic approaches led to an impressive improvement in patients overall survival. Unfortunately, the emergence of drug resistance and side effects occurring during therapy strongly limit the long-term efficacy of such treatments. Several preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of essential oils as antitumoral agents, and clinical trials support their use to reduce side effects emerging during therapy. In this review we have summarized studies describing the molecular mechanism through which essential oils induce in vitro and in vivo cell death in melanoma models. We also pointed to clinical trials investigating the use of essential oils in reducing the side effects experienced by cancer patients or those undergoing anticancer therapy. From this review emerged that further studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness of essential oils for the management of melanoma. Abstract The last two decades have seen the development of effective therapies, which have saved the lives of a large number of melanoma patients. However, therapeutic options are still limited for patients without BRAF mutations or in relapse from current treatments, and severe side effects often occur during therapy. Thus, additional insights to improve treatment efficacy with the aim to decrease the likelihood of chemoresistance, as well as reducing side effects of current therapies, are required. Natural products offer great opportunities for the discovery of antineoplastic drugs, and still represent a useful source of novel molecules. Among them, essential oils, representing the volatile fraction of aromatic plants, are always being actively investigated by several research groups and show promising biological activities for their use as complementary or alternative medicine for several diseases, including cancer. In this review, we focused on studies reporting the mechanism through which essential oils exert antitumor action in preclinical wild type or mutant BRAF melanoma models. We also discussed the latest use of essential oils in improving cancer patients’ quality of life. As evidenced by the many studies listed in this review, through their effect on apoptosis and tumor progression-associated properties, essential oils can therefore be considered as potential natural pharmaceutical resources for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (D.D.B.); Tel.: +39-0652666891 (M.D.M.); +39-0652662575 (D.D.B.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.R.)
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (D.D.B.); Tel.: +39-0652666891 (M.D.M.); +39-0652662575 (D.D.B.)
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