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Kramer M, Stetter M, Heinisch C, Baumgart P, Brüne M, Mavrogiorgou P, Juckel G. Emotional Context Effects on the Rating of Ambiguous Facial Expressions in Depression and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Psychiatry 2024; 87:36-50. [PMID: 38227544 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2023.2291942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of visual contextual information on emotion recognition of ambiguous facial expressions in depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Method: Ambiguous facial expressions and emotional contexts representing anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise were validated in a pre-test with healthy independent raters. Afterwards, 20 healthy participants (8 women, 12 men; mean age 24.35 ± 2.85 years), 20 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (9 women, 11 men; mean age 40.25 ± 11.68 years) and 19 participants with depression (11 women, 8 men; mean age 43.74 ± 12.65 years) rated the emotional content of nine different faces in seven different emotion-suggesting contexts. The proportions of context-congruent answers and differences between emotion ratings in each context were analysed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and explorative, paired Wilcoxon tests. Correlational analyses explored the influence of clinical symptoms assessed by clinician-administered scales. Results: The overall proportion of context-congruent answers did not differ between participants with depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders compared to healthy participants. Participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were more susceptible to anger-suggesting contexts and participants with depression were more susceptible to fear-suggesting contexts. Differences in emotion recognition were associated with the severity of depressive, but not psychotic, symptoms. Conclusion: Despite increased susceptibility to anger-suggesting cues in schizophrenia and to fear-suggesting cues in depression, visual contextual influence remains largely consistent with healthy participants. Preserved emotional responsiveness suggests an efficacy of emotion training but emphasizes the need for additional research focusing on other factors contributing to social interaction deficits.
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Romero-Ferreiro V, García-Gutiérrez A, Torio I, Marí-Beffa P, Rodríguez-Gómez P, Periáñez JA, Moreno EM, Romero C, Alvarez-Mon MÁ, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Cognitive versus emotional modulation within a Stroop paradigm in patients with schizophrenia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e19. [PMID: 36651079 PMCID: PMC9885332 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving deficits in both cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, a marked deficit in cognitive control has been found, which seems to increase when dealing with emotional information. AIMS With the aim of exploring the possible common links behind cognitive and emotional deficits, two versions of the emotional Stroop task were administered. METHOD In the cognitive-emotional task, participants had to name the ink colour (while ignoring the meaning) of emotional words. In contrast, the emotional-emotional task consisted of emotional words superimposed on emotional faces, and the participants had to indicate the emotional valence of the faces. Fifty-eight participants (29 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 29 controls) took part in the study. RESULTS Patients and controls showed similar response times in the cognitive-emotional task; however, patients were significantly slower than controls in the emotional-emotional task. This result supports the idea that patients show a more pronounced impairment in conflict modulation with emotional content. Besides, no significant correlations between the tasks and positive or negative symptoms were found. This would indicate that deficits are relatively independent of the clinical status of patients. However, a significant correlation between the emotional-emotional task and cognitive symptoms was found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a restricted capacity of patients with schizophrenia to deal with the attentional demands arising from emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Romero-Ferreiro
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; and Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain
| | - Ana García-Gutiérrez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Iosune Torio
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
| | - José A Periáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Moreno
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; and Department of Languages and Education, Universidad de Nebrija, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero
- Scientific Support Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERESP/ISCIII), Spain; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Spain
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; and Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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3
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Cultural evolution: The third component of mental illness heritability. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e154. [PMID: 36098432 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2100162x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Uchiyama et al. provide a theoretical framework to explain the gap between reported gene-environment interactions and real-life epidemiological statistics. Through cultural evolution, informed behavioral approaches mitigate the impact of environmental risk on disease onset. Similarly, here we propose that fostering certain behavioral traits, transmitted culturally or through access to scientific knowledge, could confer resilience to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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Rodríguez-Rajo P, García-Rudolph A, Sánchez-Carrión R, Aparicio-López C, Enseñat-Cantallops A, García-Molina A. Social and nonsocial cognition: Are they linked? A study on patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022; 29:1039-1048. [PMID: 33174449 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1845171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first aim was to study the relationship between Social Cognition (SC) and nonsocial Cognition (n-SC) measures in a group of patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to assess the dependence or independence of both types of cognition. The second aim was to explore the relationships between SC measures and generate a model based on the results of these relationships. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-three subacute patients with TBI were included in the study. They were administered a SC battery and n-SC battery. SC battery included the following measures: International Affective Picture System (IAPS); Facial Expressions of Emotion-Stimuli Test (FEEST); Moving Shapes Paradigm (MSP); Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test- Revised Version (RMET); Social Decision Making Task (SDMT). n-SC battery included Digit Span Forwards and Backwards; Trail Making Test (Part A); Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test; Letter-Number Sequencing; and verbal fluency test (PMR). RESULTS FEEST, MSP and RMET were related to n-SC measures. The exploratory factor analysis shows a two-factor SC structure: Factor 1: Emotional recognition and mentalization (FEEST, MSP and RMET) and Factor 2: Acquisition and contextualization (IAPS and SDMT). CONCLUSION The performance of subjects with moderate-to-severe TBI in the SC measures is related, at least partially, by the performance in the n-SC measures. Our SC model shows a two-factor structure characterized by a first factor that brings together SC measures that are highly related to n-SC domains and a second factor that brings together measures whose performance is not influenced by n-SC domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez-Rajo
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - A García-Rudolph
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - R Sánchez-Carrión
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - C Aparicio-López
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - A Enseñat-Cantallops
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - A García-Molina
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació affiliated to the UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Beeraka NM, Nikolenko VN, Khaidarovich ZF, Valikovna OM, Aliagayevna RN, Arturovna ZL, Alexandrovich KA, Mikhaleva LM, Sinelnikov MY. Recent Investigations on the Functional Role of Cerebellar Neural Networks in Motor Functions & Nonmotor Functions -Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1865-1878. [PMID: 35272590 PMCID: PMC9886798 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a well-established primary brain center in charge of controlling sensorimotor functions and non-motor functions. Recent reports depicted the significance of cerebellum in higher-order cognitive functions, including emotion-processing, language, reward-related behavior, working memory, and social behavior. As it can influence diverse behavioral patterns, any defects in cerebellar functions could invoke neuropsychiatric diseases as indicated by the incidence of alexithymia and induce alterations in emotional and behavioral patterns. Furthermore, its defects can trigger motor diseases, such as ataxia and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we have extensively discussed the role of cerebellum in motor and non-motor functions and how the cerebellum malfunctions in relation to the neural circuit wiring as it could impact brain function and behavioral outcomes in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. Relevant data regarding cerebellar non-motor functions have been vividly described, along with anatomy and physiology of these functions. In addition to the defects in basal ganglia, the lack of activity in motor related regions of the cerebellum could be associated with the severity of motor symptoms. All together, this review delineates the importance of cerebellar involvement in patients with PD and unravels a crucial link for various clinical aspects of PD with specific cerebellar sub-regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N. Nikolenko
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikhail Y. Sinelnikov
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Human Anatomy,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Human Anatomy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; E-mail:
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Zhang T, Yang Y, Xu L, Tang X, Hu Y, Xiong X, Wei Y, Cui H, Tang Y, Liu H, Chen T, Liu Z, Hui L, Li C, Guo X, Wang J. Inefficient integration during multiple facial processing in pre-morbid and early phases of psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:361-373. [PMID: 34842500 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2011402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We used eye-tracking to evaluate multiple facial context processing and event-related potential (ERP) to evaluate multiple facial recognition in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. METHODS In total, 173 subjects (83 CHRs and 90 healthy controls [HCs]) were included and their emotion perception performances were accessed. A total of 40 CHRs and 40 well-matched HCs completed an eye-tracking task where they viewed pictures depicting a person in the foreground, presented as context-free, context-compatible, and context-incompatible. During the two-year follow-up, 26 CHRs developed psychosis, including 17 individuals who developed first-episode schizophrenia (FES). Eighteen well-matched HCs were made to complete the face number detection ERP task with image stimuli of one, two, or three faces. RESULTS Compared to the HC group, the CHR group showed reduced visual attention to contextual processing when viewing multiple faces. With the increasing complexity of contextual faces, the differences in eye-tracking characteristics also increased. In the ERP task, the N170 amplitude decreased with a higher face number in FES patients, while it increased with a higher face number in HCs. CONCLUSIONS Individuals in the very early phase of psychosis showed facial processing deficits with supporting evidence of different scan paths during context processing and disruption of N170 during multiple facial recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- TianHong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - YingYu Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - LiHua Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoChen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - YeGang Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - YanYan Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - HuiRu Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - YingYing Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - HaiChun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Senior Research Fellow, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Niacin (Shanghai) Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Hui
- Institute of Mental Health, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - ChunBo Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoLi Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - JiJun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders(13dz2260500), Shanghai, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Kitoko GMB, Maurage P, Ma Miezi SM, Gillain B, Kiswanga AP, Constant E. Inter-individual variability of social perception and social knowledge impairments among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 290:112951. [PMID: 32505926 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in social perception and knowledge and their negative impact on social functioning, have been repeatedly reported among patients with schizophrenia. However, earlier studies have focused on an overall assessment of social perception and social knowledge, without exploring their sub-components nor the interindividual variation of the deficit. This study aims to refine the exploration of this deficit and to assess its interindividual variation. Twenty-nine patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls, matched for age and gender, completed a validated and integrated social perception and knowledge task (i.e. the PerSo test). Patients with schizophrenia had reduced performance in all PerSo subtests, namely contextual fluency, interpretation and social convention. However, these deficits were not correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms, and individual profiles analyses showed a marked heterogeneity among patients on their abilities. Our study confirms the existence of deficits in social perception and knowledge and underlines their considerable heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to test and rehabilitate individually social perception and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Manzekele Bin Kitoko
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint-Luc University Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kinshasa, Lemba, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 10 Place C. Mercier, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Benoit Gillain
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Pierre Clinic, B-1348 Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Alain Pierre Kiswanga
- Hôpital Nord AP-HM - Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire chemin des Bourrely, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Constant
- Clinique Notre-Dame des Anges, 4000 Liège, and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, 10 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Penner J, Osuch EA, Schaefer B, Théberge J, Neufeld RWJ, Menon RS, Rajakumar N, Williamson PC. Temporoparietal Junction Functional Connectivity in Early Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:2470547018815232. [PMID: 32440588 PMCID: PMC7219936 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018815232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) has been linked to lower-level attentional
and higher-level social processing, both of which are affected in
schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined resting
functional connectivity of bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ in SZ and
MDD to evaluate potential anomalies in each disorder and differences between
disorders. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from
24 patients with SZ, 24 patients with MDD, and 24 age-matched healthy
controls. We performed seed-based functional connectivity analyses with seed
regions in bilateral anterior and posterior TPJ, covarying for gender and
smoking. Results SZ had reduced connectivity versus controls between left anterior TPJ and
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC);
between left posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left dorsal PFC, and
right lateral PFC; between right anterior TPJ and bilateral PCC; and between
right posterior TPJ and middle cingulate cortex, left posterior insula, and
right insula. MDD had reduced connectivity versus controls between left
posterior TPJ and right dlPFC and between right posterior TPJ and PCC and
dlPFC. SZ had reduced connectivity versus MDD between right posterior TPJ
and left fusiform gyrus and right superior-posterior temporal cortex. Conclusion Functional connectivity to the TPJ was demonstrated to be disrupted in both
SZ and MDD. However, TPJ connectivity may differ in these disorders with
reduced connectivity in SZ versus MDD between TPJ and posterior brain
regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Penner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Osuch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Betsy Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard W J Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nagalingam Rajakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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9
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Influence of emotional contexts on facial emotion attribution in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:554-559. [PMID: 30343241 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent emotion recognition studies in schizophrenia have reported misattribution of emotional content to emotionally neutral faces. While in these studies faces are presented in the absence of any contextual reference, in daily life facial expressions are typically perceived within a specific situational context. However, there is no evidence on the possible modulatory role of contextual aids on emotion attribution to neutral faces. We address this issue in the present study. Thirty schizophrenia patients and thirty paired controls performed an emotion categorization task (by choosing one among six labels of emotions) with neutral target faces that were superimposed on affectively positive, negative or neutral scenes. In presence of positive contexts, patients categorized neutral faces as happy and fearful more frequently than controls. When negative contexts were present, patients also categorized neutral faces as fearful more frequently than controls. However, in the presence of neutral contexts patients and controls did not differ in their categorization pattern. These results suggest that explicit presence of a neutral context seems to compensate for the bias showed by patients. With the purpose of correcting emotion misattribution in schizophrenia, emotionally neutral contexts might be incorporated to treatments aimed at improving social cognition performance in this patient population.
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10
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Paranoia Symptoms Moderate the Impact of Emotional Context Processing on Community Functioning of Individuals with Schizophrenia. Community Ment Health J 2018; 54:1064-1070. [PMID: 29700666 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-018-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether better emotional context processing is associated with better community functioning among persons with schizophrenia, and whether the relationship between the two variables is moderated by level of paranoid symptoms. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded Version, Emotional Context Processing Scale, and Multnomah Community Ability Scale were administered to 39 community-dwelling participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Emotional context processing had a small-to-moderate association with community functioning. However, the association between emotional context processing and community functioning was moderated by level of paranoid symptoms. Emotional context processing in participants with mild paranoid symptoms was strongly associated with better community functioning, whereas emotional context processing in those with severe paranoid symptoms was not. Emotional context processing and the degree of paranoia should be considered in treatment plans designed to enhance the community functioning of individuals with schizophrenia to help them improve their understanding of social situations.
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11
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Ibáñez A, García AM, Esteves S, Yoris A, Muñoz E, Reynaldo L, Pietto ML, Adolfi F, Manes F. Social neuroscience: undoing the schism between neurology and psychiatry. Soc Neurosci 2018; 13:1-39. [PMID: 27707008 PMCID: PMC11177280 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1245214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple disorders once jointly conceived as "nervous diseases" became segregated by the distinct institutional traditions forged in neurology and psychiatry. As a result, each field specialized in the study and treatment of a subset of such conditions. Here we propose new avenues for interdisciplinary interaction through a triangulation of both fields with social neuroscience. To this end, we review evidence from five relevant domains (facial emotion recognition, empathy, theory of mind, moral cognition, and social context assessment), highlighting their common disturbances across neurological and psychiatric conditions and discussing their multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Our proposal is anchored in multidimensional evidence, including behavioral, neurocognitive, and genetic findings. From a clinical perspective, this work paves the way for dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches, new pharmacological treatments, and educational innovations rooted in a combined neuropsychiatric training. Research-wise, it fosters new models of the social brain and a novel platform to explore the interplay of cognitive and social functions. Finally, we identify new challenges for this synergistic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- c Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology , Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez , Santiago de Chile , Chile
- d Universidad Autónoma del Caribe , Barranquilla , Colombia
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
| | - Adolfo M García
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- f Faculty of Elementary and Special Education (FEEyE) , National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo) , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Sol Esteves
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Adrián Yoris
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Edinson Muñoz
- g Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lucila Reynaldo
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Federico Adolfi
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- a Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation , Favaloro University , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- b National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- e Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Australian Research Council (ACR) , Sydney , Australia
- i Department of Experimental Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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Leyh R, Heinisch C, Kungl MT, Spangler G. Attachment Representation Moderates the Influence of Emotional Context on Information Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:278. [PMID: 27375467 PMCID: PMC4896951 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of emotional states has repeatedly been shown to affect cognitive processing capacities. At a neurophysiological level, P3 amplitude responses that are associated with attention allocation have been found to be reduced to task-relevant stimuli during emotional conditions as compared to neutral conditions suggesting a draining impact of emotion on cognitive resources. Attachment theory claims that how individuals regulate their emotions is guided by an internal working model (IWM) of attachment that has formed early in life. While securely attached individuals are capable of freely evaluating their emotions insecurely attached ones tend to either suppress or heighten the emotional experience in a regulatory effort. To explore how attachment quality moderates the impact of emotional contexts on information processing event-related potentials (ERPs) in 41 individuals were assessed. Subjects were instructed to detect neutral target letters within an oddball paradigm. Various images taken from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) served as background pictures and represented negative, positive and neutral task-irrelevant contexts. Attachment representation was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and individuals were assigned to one of three categories (secure, insecure-dismissing, insecure-preoccupied). At a behavioral level, the study revealed that negative emotionally conditions were associated with the detection of less target stimuli in insecure-dismissing subjects. Accordingly, ERPs yielded reduced P3 amplitudes in insecure-dismissing subjects when given a negative emotional context. We interpret these findings in terms of less sufficient emotion regulation strategies in insecure-dismissing subjects at the cost of accurate behavioral performance. The study suggests that attachment representation differentially moderates the relationship between emotional contexts and information processing most evident in insecure-dismissing subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Leyh
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Heinisch
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie T Kungl
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Spangler
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
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Champagne-Lavau M, Charest A. Theory of Mind and Context Processing in Schizophrenia: The Role of Social Knowledge. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 26191008 PMCID: PMC4490214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether social knowledge such as speaker occupation stereotypes may impact theory of mind (ToM) ability in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Thirty individuals with SZ and 30 matched healthy control (HC) participants were tested individually on their ToM ability using a paradigm showing that stereotypes such as speaker occupation influences the extent to which speaker ironic intent is understood. ToM ability was assessed with open questions on the speaker ironic intent, irony rating, and mockery rating. Social perception was also assessed through politeness rating. The main results showed that SZ participants, like HC participants, were sensitive to the social stereotypes. They used these stereotypes adequately to attribute mental states such as speaker ironic intent to a protagonist while they found it difficult to explicitly judge and attribute negative attitude and emotion, as evidenced by mockery rating. No difference was found between the two groups regarding social perception ability. These performances were not associated with clinical symptoms. The integration of contextual information seems to be a good target for cognitive remediation aiming to increase social cognition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Champagne-Lavau
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL UMR7309, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anick Charest
- Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Pavillon Albert-Prévost, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Social cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:28-34. [PMID: 25749019 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is substantial evidence regarding a social cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, and it has been suggested to be a trait-marker of this disorder. However, a domain-by-domain analysis of social cognitive deficits in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis has not been performed. METHOD Electronic databases were searched for studies regarding social cognitive performance in individuals at CHR. The included social cognitive domains, which were classified based on the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), were as follows: theory of mind (ToM), social perception (SP), attributional bias (AB), and emotion processing (EP). RESULTS Twenty studies that included 1229 individuals at CHR and 825 healthy controls met the inclusion criteria. The overall effect size for social cognition was medium (g=-0.477). The largest effect size was identified for AB (g=-0.708). A medium effect size was identified for EP (g=-0.446) and ToM (g=-0.425), and small effects were identified for SP (g=-0.383). CONCLUSION This is the first quantitative domain-by-domain social cognitive meta-analysis regarding CHR individuals. The present study indicated that individuals at CHR exhibited significant impairments in all domains of social cognition compared with healthy controls, with the largest effect size identified for AB. The identification of social cognitive domains that reflect an increased risk for impending psychosis and of predictors of the conversion to psychosis via a longitudinal follow-up study is required.
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15
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Oker A, Prigent E, Courgeon M, Eyharabide V, Urbach M, Bazin N, Amorim MA, Passerieux C, Martin JC, Brunet-Gouet E. How and why affective and reactive virtual agents will bring new insights on social cognitive disorders in schizophrenia? An illustration with a virtual card game paradigm. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:133. [PMID: 25870549 PMCID: PMC4378306 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, many studies have shown that schizophrenia is associated with severe social cognitive impairments affecting key components, such as the recognition of emotions, theory of mind, attributional style, and metacognition. Most studies investigated each construct separately, precluding analysis of the interactive and immersive nature of real-life situation. Specialized batteries of tests are under investigation to assess social cognition, which is thought now as a link between neurocognitive disorders and impaired functioning. However, this link accounts for a limited part of the variance of real-life functioning. To fill this gap, advances in virtual reality and affective computing have made it possible to carry out experimental investigations of naturalistic social cognition, in controlled conditions, with good reproducibility. This approach is illustrated with the description of a new paradigm based on an original virtual card game in which subjects interpret emotional displays from a female virtual agent, and decipher her helping intentions. Independent variables concerning emotional expression in terms of valence and intensity were manipulated. We show how several useful dependant variables, ranging from classic experimental psychology data to metacognition or subjective experiences records, may be extracted from a single experiment. Methodological issues about the immersion into a simulated intersubjective situation are considered. The example of this new flexible experimental setting, with regards to the many constructs recognized in social neurosciences, constitutes a rationale for focusing on this potential intermediate link between standardized tests and real-life functioning, and also for using it as an innovative media for cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Oker
- HANDIReSP EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin , Versailles , France
| | - Elise Prigent
- CIAMS EA4532, UFR STAPS, Université Paris-Sud , Orsay , France
| | | | | | - Mathieu Urbach
- HANDIReSP EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin , Versailles , France ; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles , Versailles , France
| | - Nadine Bazin
- HANDIReSP EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin , Versailles , France ; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles , Versailles , France
| | | | - Christine Passerieux
- HANDIReSP EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin , Versailles , France ; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles , Versailles , France
| | | | - Eric Brunet-Gouet
- HANDIReSP EA4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin , Versailles , France ; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles , Versailles , France
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Bortolon C, Capdevielle D, Raffard S. Face recognition in schizophrenia disorder: A comprehensive review of behavioral, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:79-107. [PMID: 25800172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion processing has been extensively studied in schizophrenia patients while general face processing has received less attention. The already published reviews do not address the current scientific literature in a complete manner. Therefore, here we tried to answer some questions that remain to be clarified, particularly: are the non-emotional aspects of facial processing in fact impaired in schizophrenia patients? At the behavioral level, our key conclusions are that visual perception deficit in schizophrenia patients: are not specific to faces; are most often present when the cognitive (e.g. attention) and perceptual demands of the tasks are important; and seems to worsen with the illness chronification. Although, currently evidence suggests impaired second order configural processing, more studies are necessary to determine whether or not holistic processing is impaired in schizophrenia patients. Neural and neurophysiological evidence suggests impaired earlier levels of visual processing, which might involve the deficits in interaction of the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways impacting on further processing. These deficits seem to be present even before the disorder out-set. Although evidence suggests that this deficit may be not specific to faces, further evidence on this question is necessary, in particularly more ecological studies including context and body processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1061 Pathologies of the Nervous System: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombiere Hospital, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- Epsylon Laboratory, EA 4556 Montpellier, France; University Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Patrick RE, Rastogi A, Christensen BK. Effortful versus automatic emotional processing in schizophrenia: Insights from a face-vignette task. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:767-83. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.935297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Horan WP, Hajcak G, Wynn JK, Green MF. Impaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia: evidence from event-related potentials. Psychol Med 2013; 43:2377-2391. [PMID: 23360592 PMCID: PMC3963439 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several aspects of emotion seem to be intact in schizophrenia, there is emerging evidence that patients show an impaired ability to adaptively regulate their emotions. This event-related potential (ERP) study examined whether schizophrenia is associated with impaired neural responses to appraisal frames, that is when negative stimuli are presented in a less negative context. METHOD Thirty-one schizophrenia out-patients and 27 healthy controls completed a validated picture-viewing task with three conditions: (1) neutral pictures preceded by neutral descriptions ('Neutral'), (2) unpleasant pictures preceded by negative descriptions ('Preappraised negative'), and (3) unpleasant pictures preceded by more neutral descriptions ('Preappraised neutral'). Analyses focused on the late positive potential (LPP), an index of facilitated attention to emotional stimuli that is reduced following cognitive emotion regulation strategies, during four time windows from 300 to 2000 ms post-picture onset. RESULTS Replicating prior studies, controls showed smaller LPP in Preappraised neutral and Neutral versus Preappraised negative conditions throughout the 300-2000-ms time period. By contrast, patients showed (a) larger LPP in Preappraised neutral and Preappraised negative versus Neutral conditions in the initial period (300-600 ms) and (b) an atypical pattern of larger LPP to Preappraised neutral versus Preappraised negative and Neutral conditions in the 600-1500-ms epochs. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of neural responses by a cognitive emotion regulation strategy seems to be impaired in schizophrenia during the first 2 s after exposure to unpleasant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Horan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Niijima-Yaoita F, Tsuchiya M, Saito H, Nagasawa Y, Murai S, Arai Y, Nakagawasai O, Nemoto W, Tadano T, Tan-No K. Influence of a long-term powdered diet on the social interaction test and dopaminergic systems in mice. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:309-15. [PMID: 23871718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the characteristics of mastication are important for the maintenance of our physical well-being. In this study, to assess the importance of the effects of food hardness during mastication, we investigated whether a long-term powdered diet might cause changes in emotional behavior tests, including spontaneous locomotor activity and social interaction (SI) tests, and the dopaminergic system of the frontal cortex and hippocampus in mice. Mice fed a powdered diet for 17 weeks from weaning were compared with mice fed a standard diet (control). The dopamine turnover and expression of dopamine receptors mRNA in the frontal cortex were also evaluated. Spontaneous locomotor activity, SI time and dopamine turnover of the frontal cortex were increased in powdered diet-fed mice. On the other hand, the expression of dopamine-4 (D4) receptors mRNA in the frontal cortex was decreased in powdered diet-fed mice. Moreover, we examined the effect of PD168077, a selective D4 agonist, on the increased SI time in powdered diet-fed mice. Treatment with PD168077 decreased the SI time. These results suggest that the masticatory dysfunction induced by long-term powdered diet feeding may cause the increased SI time and the changes in the dopaminergic system, especially dopamine D4 receptor subtype in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukie Niijima-Yaoita
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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20
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Lee J, Kern RS, Harvey PO, Horan WP, Kee KS, Ochsner K, Penn DL, Green MF. An intact social cognitive process in schizophrenia: situational context effects on perception of facial affect. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:640-7. [PMID: 22532704 PMCID: PMC3627776 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired facial affect recognition is the most consistent social cognitive finding in schizophrenia. Although social situations provide powerful constraints on our perception, little is known about how situational context modulates facial affect recognition in schizophrenia. METHODS Study 1 was a single-site study with 34 schizophrenia patients and 22 healthy controls. Study 2 was a 2-site study with 68 schizophrenia patients and 28 controls. Both studies administered a Situational Context Facial Affect Recognition Task with 2 conditions: a situational context condition and a no-context condition. For the situational context condition, a briefly shown face was preceded by a sentence describing either a fear- or surprise-inducing event. In the no-context condition, a face was presented without a sentence. For both conditions, subjects rated how fearful or surprised the face appeared on a 9-point Likert scale. RESULTS For the situational context condition of study 1, both patients and controls rated faces as more afraid when they were paired with fear-inducing sentences and as more surprised when they were paired with surprise-inducing sentences. The degree of modulation was comparable across groups. For the no-context condition, patients rated faces comparably to controls. The findings of study 2 replicated those from study 1. CONCLUSIONS Despite previous abnormalities in other types of context paradigms, this study found intact situational context processing in schizophrenia, suggesting that patients benefit from situational context when interpreting ambiguous facial expression. This area of relative social cognitive strength in schizophrenia has implications for social cognitive training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, 300 Medical Plaza Room 2261, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA.
| | - Robert S. Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Philippe-Olivier Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Douglas Mental Heath University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William P. Horan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kimmy S. Kee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychology, California State University, Channel Islands, Camarillo CA
| | - Kevin Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - David L. Penn
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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Wojakiewicz A, Januel D, Braha S, Prkachin K, Danziger N, Bouhassira D. Alteration of pain recognition in schizophrenia. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1385-92. [PMID: 23529960 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients display impaired recognition of their own emotions and those of others and deficits in several domains of empathy. The first-person experience of pain and observing others in pain normally trigger strong emotional mechanisms. We therefore hypothesized that schizophrenia patients would display impaired recognition and categorization of both their own pain and the pain of others. METHODS We studied 29 patients (18 men/11 women; 36 ± 13 years old) with paranoid schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and 27 healthy volunteers (20 men/7 women; 31 ± 9 years old) matched for age, gender, IQ and socio-cultural level. We assessed symptom severity and theory of mind. The participants' ability to detect and categorize pain in others was assessed with the sensitivity to expressions of pain (STEP) test, which is based on facial expressions, and another dynamic test involving a series of video sequences showing various pain-inducing events. The ability of patients to evaluate their own pain was assessed with the situational pain questionnaire (SPQ), which includes a series of questions assessing how one would expect to feel in different imaginary situations. Empathic tendencies were assessed with the interpersonal reactivity index. RESULTS Patients and controls differed significantly in STEP, pain video and SPQ scores. By contrast with control subjects, the patients' pain judgements were not correlated with their affective or cognitive empathic capacities. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenic patients have a deficit of the identification and categorization of pain both in themselves and in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wojakiewicz
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Neuilly sur Marne, France
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22
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Rowland JE, Hamilton MK, Vella N, Lino BJ, Mitchell PB, Green MJ. Adaptive Associations between Social Cognition and Emotion Regulation are Absent in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychol 2013; 3:607. [PMID: 23423878 PMCID: PMC3573888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with impairments in facial emotion perception and Theory of Mind (ToM). These social cognitive skills deficits may be related to a reduced capacity to effectively regulate one’s own emotions according to the social context. We therefore set out to examine the relationship between social cognitive abilities and the use of cognitive strategies for regulating negative emotion in SZ and BD. Participants were 56 SZ, 33 BD, and 58 healthy controls (HC) who completed the Ekman 60-faces test of facial emotion recognition; a sub-set of these participants also completed The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). SZ participants demonstrated impairments in emotion perception on both the Ekman and the TASIT Emotion Evaluation tests relative to BD and HC. While both SZ and BD patients showed ToM deficits (i.e., perception of sarcasm and lie) compared to HC, SZ patients demonstrated significantly greater ToM impairment compared to BD. There were also distinct patterns of cognitive strategies used to regulate emotion in both patient groups: those with SZ were more likely to engage in catastrophizing and rumination, while BD subjects were more likely to blame themselves and were less likely to engage in positive reappraisal, relative to HC. In addition, those with SZ were more likely to blame others compared to BD. Associations between social cognition and affect regulation were revealed for HC only: TASIT performance was negatively associated with more frequent use of rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, such that more frequent use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was associated with poor social cognitive performance. These associations were not present in either patient group. However, both SZ and BD patients demonstrated poor ToM performance and aberrant use of emotion regulation strategies consistent with previous studies. SZ also showed basic emotion recognition deficits relative to BD and HC. That there were no associations between social cognition and the capacity to self-regulate negative emotion in SZ and BD (in the context of poor social cognition and maladaptive regulatory strategies) suggests that dysfunction in fronto-limbic brain networks may underpin both social cognitive deficits and the use of maladaptive cognitive strategies in these disorders, albeit by potentially different routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesseca E Rowland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Champagne-Lavau M, Charest A, Anselmo K, Rodriguez JP, Blouin G. Theory of mind and context processing in schizophrenia: the role of cognitive flexibility. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:184-92. [PMID: 22766013 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to identify whether cognitive flexibility and context processing may impact theory of mind (ToM) ability in schizophrenia. Thirty two patients with schizophrenia and 29 matched healthy participants were tested individually on their ToM ability using a task involving attribution and comprehension of a speaker's ironic intent. This task made it possible to determine whether the degree of incongruity between contextual information and a target sentence has an impact on the attribution of ironic intent to the protagonists of a story. Participants were also assessed on their cognitive flexibility and working memory. The main results revealed that participants with schizophrenia correctly perceived contextual information cueing attribution of ironic intent to the protagonist of the stimulus, but they showed difficulty to correctly integrate this information, performing significantly worse than healthy participants when they attributed mental states. However, some participants with schizophrenia performed like healthy control participants on the ToM task while others did not. A lack of flexibility seems to differentiate the two schizophrenia subgroups thereby obtained, suggesting that cognitive flexibility has an impact on ToM performances in schizophrenia. These difficulties were not associated with clinical symptoms. Such results will have an impact on cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Champagne-Lavau
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage, UMR 7309 CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 5 Av. Pasteur, B.P. 80975, 13604 Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Emotional context processing in severe mental illness: scale development and preliminary construct validity. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199:84-91. [PMID: 22572159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that emotional context may play an important role in emotion perception and severe mental illness (SMI). Limited instruments directly assess and adequately account for emotional context processing. To measure this construct in schizophrenia research, this study aimed to develop and validate the Emotional Context Processing Scale (ECOS) using cartoon portrayals originally developed by Masuda et al. (2008). In Study 1, we piloted the measure with 99 college students and selected 20 cartoon portrayals (4 simple emotions only+16 simple emotions with contextual emotions). In Study 2, we confirmed the emotion-specificity and factor structure of the measure by administering it to 73 individuals with SMI. Item response theory (IRT) modeling confirmed a 4-factor structure of the ECOS, providing evidence that emotional context processing is specific to particular emotions. Internal consistency of the ECOS subscales ranged from 0.61 to 0.83. In Study 3, we examined the convergent and divergent validity of the ECOS in a separate sample of 36 individuals with SMI. Even after controlling for facial affect perception, the ECOS is uniquely related to multi-modal emotion perception and executive functioning measures.
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Abstract
Research on emotion perception in schizophrenia has focused primarily on the perception of static faces displaying different emotion signals or expressions. However, perception of emotion in daily life relies on much more than just the face. In this article, we review the role of context in emotion perception among people with and without schizophrenia. We argue that not only is context central to the perception of emotion, it in fact helps to construct the perception. Implications for future research on emotion perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Kring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Abstract
The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) initiative has formed with the expressed intent of identifying constructs and paradigms that would identify biomarkers of psychosis. The manipulation of these biomarkers would serve as targets for treatment interventions. The second phase of CNTRICS consisted of critical discussions evaluating brain mapping (functional neuroimaging and brain electrical activity) paradigms as biomarkers to measure specific constructs. Among the constructs identified in, CNTRICS I was socio-emotional processing, specifically focused on affect recognition. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of the ability of candidate socio-emotional tasks to identify putative biomarkers and recommendations for future directions in this rapidly moving research domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 734-936-4955, fax: 734-936-7868, e-mail:
| | - Angus W. MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Abstract
Rich evidence indicates that monoamine oxidase (MAO) A, the major enzyme catalysing the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters, plays a key role in emotional regulation. Although MAOA deficiency is associated with reactive aggression in humans and mice, the involvement of this enzyme in defensive behaviour remains controversial and poorly understood. To address this issue, we tested MAOA knockout (KO) mice in a spectrum of paradigms and settings associated with variable degrees of threat. The presentation of novel inanimate objects induced a significant reduction in exploratory approaches and increase in defensive behaviours, such as tail-rattling, biting and digging. These neophobic responses were context-dependent and particularly marked in the home cage. In the elevated plus- and T-mazes, MAOA KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates displayed equivalent locomotor activity and time in closed and open arms; however, MAOA KO mice featured significant reductions in risk assessment, as well as unconditioned avoidance and escape. No differences between genotypes were observed in the defensive withdrawal and emergence test. Conversely, MAOA KO mice exhibited a dramatic reduction of defensive and fear-related behaviours in the presence of predator-related cues, such as predator urine or an anaesthetized rat, in comparison with those observed in their WT littermates. The behavioural abnormalities in MAOA KO mice were not paralleled by overt alterations in sensory and microvibrissal functions. Collectively, these results suggest that MAOA deficiency leads to a general inability to appropriately assess contextual risk and attune defensive and emotional responses to environmental cues.
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Martins MJ, Moura BL, Martins IP, Figueira ML, Prkachin KM. Sensitivity to expressions of pain in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2011; 189:180-4. [PMID: 21470693 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia tend to neglect their own pain and are known to have impairments in the processing of facial expressions. However, the sensitivity to dynamic expressions of pain has not been studied in these patients. Our goal was to test this ability in schizophrenia and to probe the underlying cognitive processes. We hypothesized that patients would have a reduced sensitivity to expressions of pain and that this impairment would correlate with deficits in attention, working memory, basic emotions recognition and with positive symptoms. We applied a battery of tests composed of the Comprehensive Affect Testing System (CATS), Sensitivity to Expressions of Pain (STEP), Toulouse-Pierón, Stroop and Digit Span tests to two groups of individuals, 27 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and 27 healthy volunteers, matched on age, education and gender. Symptoms were assessed using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The sensitivity to expressions of pain was found to be impaired in schizophrenia and a bias to attribute lower pain intensities may be present at some discrimination levels. STEP performance was correlated with working memory but not with Affect Naming or attention. These findings may contribute to the improvement of cognitive remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J Martins
- Neurological Unit of Clinical Research, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Chung YS, Mathews JR, Barch DM. The effect of context processing on different aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:1048-56. [PMID: 20185539 PMCID: PMC3160231 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that individuals with schizophrenia have impaired social cognition. The construct of social cognition involves several components, including perception, interpretation, and the ability to integrate context (Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231-239; Brothers L. The social brain: a project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts Neurosci. 1990;1:27-61). Importantly, a number of studies have suggested that deficits in context processing underlie cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia (Penn DL, Corrigan PW, Bentall RP, Racenstein JM, Newman L. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychol Bull. 1997;121(1):114-132; Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder? Schizophr Bull. 1999;25:309-319). Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between context processing and different aspects of social cognition in schizophrenia. METHOD Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 41) and the healthy controls (n = 32) participated in this study. The participants completed 2 sections of The Awareness of Social Inference Test: (1) social inference minimal (SI-M) and (2) social inference enriched (SI-E). They also completed face and voice emotion discrimination tasks. In addition, we used the AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) to measure context processing and the n-back task to measure working memory more generally. RESULTS AX-CPT performance in schizophrenia was positively correlated with both SI-M and SI-E performance but not with either the face or the voice discrimination. Furthermore, the correlation between AX-CPT performance and SI-M/SI-E performance was significantly stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that impairments in context processing are related to inferential components of social cognition in schizophrenia but not to the ability to recognition facial or vocal emotion. As such, deficits in context processing may contribute to deficits in both "hot" and "cold" aspects of cognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Chung
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Rosenfeld AJ, Lieberman JA, Jarskog LF. Oxytocin, dopamine, and the amygdala: a neurofunctional model of social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:1077-87. [PMID: 20308198 PMCID: PMC3160224 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia has been underappreciated and remains essentially untreated. Deficits in emotional processing, social perception and knowledge, theory of mind, and attributional bias may contribute to functional social cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. The amygdala has been implicated as a key component of social cognitive circuitry in both animal and human studies. In addition, structural and functional studies of schizophrenia reproducibly demonstrate abnormalities in the amygdala and dopaminergic signaling. Finally, the neurohormone oxytocin plays an important role in multiple social behaviors in several mammals, including humans. We propose a model of social cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and discuss its therapeutic implications. The model comprises abnormalities in oxytocinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the amygdala that result in impaired emotional salience processing with consequent social cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Rosenfeld
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 89, New York, NY 10032, USA; tel: 212-543-5303; fax: 212-543-5356, e-mail:
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Chung YS, Barch DM. The effect of emotional context on facial emotion ratings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 131:235-41. [PMID: 21719258 PMCID: PMC3872077 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia show deficits both in facial emotion recognition and context processing (Kohler, C.G., Walker, J.B., Martin, E.A., Healey, K.M., Moberg, P.J., 2010. Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr. Bull. 36, 1009-1019). Recent evidence suggests context information can affect facial emotion recognition (Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Hassin, R.R., Meschino, W.S., Kennedy, J., Grewal, S., Esmail, S., Cohen, S., Moscovitch, M., 2009. Not on the face alone: perception of contextualized face expressions in Huntington's disease. Brain 132, 1633-1644). Thus, individuals with schizophrenia may have deficits in facial emotion processing, at least in part, due to impairments in processing context information (Green, M.J., Waldron, J.H., Coltheart, M., 2007. Emotional context processing is impaired in schizophrenia. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 12, 259-280.). We used a novel experimental task, the Emotion Context Processing Task (ECPT) to examine the influences of emotional context (IAPS pictures) on the processing of subtle surprised faces in schizophrenia. One of the task conditions included a manipulation designed to determine whether enhancing attention to the context (by requiring a categorization judgment on the context pictures) would facilitate the influence of context on facial emotion processing in schizophrenia. In addition, we tested whether deficits on a non-social context processing would predict deficits in the influence of context on facial emotion processing in schizophrenia. We administered the Dot Probe Expectancy Task (a non-social context processing task) and the ECPT to individuals with schizophrenia (n=35) and healthy controls (n=32). Individuals with schizophrenia showed an intact influence of context information on facial emotion recognition. The manipulation designed to enhance attention to emotional context reduced the effect of context for both groups. In schizophrenia, better processing of non-social context was associated with a stronger influence of context on valence ratings of facial expressions in the negative context condition. These results suggest in schizophrenia, similar mechanisms may influence the processing of context for both social and non-social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Chung
- Washington University in St. Louis, Psychology, Campus Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Professor, Washington University, Editor-in-Chief, Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, Director, Conte Center for the Neuroscience of Mental Illness, Department of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, Phone: 314-935-8729 or 314-362-2608, Fax: 314-935-8790
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Hooker CI, Tully LM, Verosky SC, Fisher M, Holland C, Vinogradov S. Can I trust you? Negative affective priming influences social judgments in schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:98-107. [PMID: 20919787 DOI: 10.1037/a0020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful social interactions rely on the ability to make accurate judgments based on social cues as well as the ability to control the influence of internal or external affective information on those judgments. Prior research suggests that individuals with schizophrenia misinterpret social stimuli and this misinterpretation contributes to impaired social functioning. We tested the hypothesis that for people with schizophrenia, social judgments are abnormally influenced by affective information. Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia and 35 healthy control participants rated the trustworthiness of faces following the presentation of neutral, negative (threat-related), or positive affective primes. Results showed that all participants rated faces following negative affective primes as less trustworthy than faces following neutral or positive primes. Importantly, this effect was significantly more pronounced for participants with schizophrenia, suggesting that schizophrenia may be characterized by an exaggerated influence of negative affective information on social judgment. Furthermore, the extent that the negative affective prime influenced trustworthiness judgments was significantly associated with patients' severity of positive symptoms, particularly feelings of persecution. These findings suggest that for people with schizophrenia, negative affective information contributes to an interpretive bias, consistent with paranoid ideation, when judging the trustworthiness of others. This bias may contribute to social impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine I Hooker
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 820 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Calzavara MB, Levin R, Medrano WA, Almeida V, Sampaio APF, Barone LC, Frussa-Filho R, Abílio VC. Effects of antipsychotics and amphetamine on social behaviors in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:15-22. [PMID: 21741413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) exhibit a deficit in contextual fear conditioning that is specifically reversed by antipsychotic and potentiated by psychostimulants and other manipulations thought to produce schizophrenia-like states in rodents. Based on these findings, we suggested that this deficit in fear conditioning could be used as an experimental model of emotional processing impairments observed in schizophrenia. This strain has also been suggested as a model by which to study attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Considering that schizophrenia and ADHD are both characterized by poor social function, this study aimed to investigate possible behavioral deficits of SHRs in a social context. Furthermore, we sought to examine the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics (used for the treatment of schizophrenia) and a psychostimulant (used to treat ADHD) on these behaviors. Pairs of unfamiliar rats of the same or different (i.e., Wistar) strains were treated with one of the aforementioned drugs and placed in an open-field for 10min. During this time, social behaviors, locomotion and rearing frequencies were scored. Atypical antipsychotics increased social interaction in Wistar rats (WRs) and improved the deficit in social interaction exhibited by SHRs. In addition, the SHR group displayed hyperlocomotion that was attenuated by all antipsychotics (quetiapine and clozapine also decreased locomotion in WRs) and potentiated by amphetamine (which also increased locomotion in WRs). Our results reveal that the behavioral profile of the SHR group demonstrates that this strain can be a useful animal model to study several aspects of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bendlin Calzavara
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 5° andar, Ed. de Pesquisas II, CEP 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Porter MA, Shaw TA, Marsh PJ. An unusual attraction to the eyes in Williams-Beuren syndrome: a manipulation of facial affect while measuring face scanpaths. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2010; 15:505-30. [PMID: 20432078 DOI: 10.1080/13546801003644486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate face scanpaths and emotion recognition in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) and whether: (1) the eyes capture the attention of WBS individuals faster than typically developing mental age-matched controls; (2) WBS patients spend abnormally prolonged periods of time viewing the eye region; and (3) emotion recognition skills or eye gaze patterns change depending on the emotional valance of the face. METHODS Visual scanpaths were recorded while 16 WBS patients and 16 controls passively viewed happy, angry, fearful, and neutral faces. Emotion recognition was subsequently measured. RESULTS The eyes did not capture the attention of WBS patients faster than controls, but once WBS patients attended to the eyes, they spent significantly more time looking at this region. Unexpectedly, WBS patients showed an impaired ability to recognise angry faces, but face scanpaths were similar across the different facial expressions. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that face processing is atypical in WBS and that emotion recognition and eye gaze abnormalities in WBS are likely to be more complex than previously thought. Findings highlight the need to develop remediation programmes to teach WBS patients how to explore all facial features, enhancing their emotion recognition skills and "normalising" their social interactions.
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Sparks A, McDonald S, Lino B, O'Donnell M, Green MJ. Social cognition, empathy and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 122:172-8. [PMID: 20609567 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Social and occupational functioning difficulties are a characteristic feature of schizophrenia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that deficits in social cognition contribute significantly to these functional impairments. The present study sought to investigate whether the association between social cognition and social functioning in schizophrenia would be mediated by self-reported levels of empathy. Thirty outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and twenty-five healthy controls completed a well-validated facial affect processing task (Ekman 60-faces facial task from the Facial Expressions of Emotion - Stimuli and Tests; FEEST), The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT; to assess emotion perception and complex social cognitive skills such as the detection of sarcasm and deceit, from realistic social exchanges), and measures of self-reported empathy and social functioning. Participants with schizophrenia performed more poorly than controls in identifying emotional states from both FEEST and TASIT stimuli, and were impaired in their ability to comprehend counterfactual information in social exchanges, including sarcasm and lies, on the TASIT. Impairment in the comprehension of sarcasm was associated with higher empathic personal distress, and lower recreational functioning. Impairment in the identification of the emotions of others was found to be associated with lower satisfaction and lower empathic fantasy. However, empathy could not be explored as a mediator of associations between social cognition and functional outcome, due to lack of common associations with functional outcome measures. These findings have implications for the remediation of specific social cognitive deficits with respect to improving functional outcomes in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Sparks
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia
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McBain R, Norton D, Chen Y. A female advantage in basic face recognition is absent in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010; 177:12-7. [PMID: 20346519 PMCID: PMC2860063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Healthy females outperform males on face recognition tasks. Relative to healthy individuals, schizophrenia patients are impaired at face perception. Yet, it is unclear whether the female advantage found in healthy controls is preserved in females with schizophrenia. In the present study, we compared male and female patients and healthy controls on two basic face perception tasks - detection and identity discrimination. In the detection task, subjects located an upright or inverted line-drawn face (or tree) embedded within a larger line-drawing. In the identity discrimination task, subjects determined which of two side-by-side face images matched an earlier presented face image. Healthy females were significantly more accurate than healthy males on face detection, but not on identity discrimination. However, female patients were not more accurate than male patients on either task. On both upright face detection and face identity discrimination, healthy controls significantly outperformed patients. Patients' performance on face detection was closely associated with tree detection and IQ scores, as well as level of psychosis. This pattern of results suggests that a female advantage in basic face perception is no longer available in schizophrenia, and that this absence may be related to a generalized deficit factor which acts to level performance across sexes, and putative changes in sex-related neurobiological differences associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Chen
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School,Correspondence: Yue Chen, Ph.D., Room G06, Centre Bldg., 115 Mill Street., Belmont, MA 02478, Phone: 617-855-3615,
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Leitman DI, Wolf DH, Loughead J, Valdez JN, Kohler CG, Brensinger C, Elliott MA, Turetsky BI, Gur RE, Gur RC. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the effects of task demand context on facial affect appraisal in schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:66-73. [PMID: 20212004 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients display impaired performance and brain activity during facial affect recognition. These impairments may reflect stimulus-driven perceptual decrements and evaluative processing abnormalities. We differentiated these two processes by contrasting responses to identical stimuli presented under different contexts. Seventeen healthy controls and 16 schizophrenia patients performed an fMRI facial affect detection task. Subjects identified an affective target presented amongst foils of differing emotions. We hypothesized that targeting affiliative emotions (happiness, sadness) would create a task demand context distinct from that generated when targeting threat emotions (anger, fear). We compared affiliative foil stimuli within a congruent affiliative context with identical stimuli presented in an incongruent threat context. Threat foils were analysed in the same manner. Controls activated right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) more to affiliative foils in threat contexts than to identical stimuli within affiliative contexts. Patients displayed reduced OFC/VLPFC activation to all foils, and no activation modulation by context. This lack of context modulation coincided with a 2-fold decrement in foil detection efficiency. Task demands produce contextual effects during facial affective processing in regions activated during affect evaluation. In schizophrenia, reduced modulation of OFC/VLPFC by context coupled with reduced behavioural efficiency suggests impaired ventral prefrontal control mechanisms that optimize affective appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Leitman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pan YJ, Chen SH, Chen WJ, Liu SK. Affect recognition as an independent social function determinant in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:443-52. [PMID: 19683615 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial affect recognition deficits may represent specific deficits and contribute to social dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Whether their impacts on social dysfunction are independent to those caused by deficits in basic neurocognition and clinical symptoms needs to be further delineated. METHOD Association patterns between affect recognition and basic neurocognitive abilities in 40 acute and 33 stable patients with schizophrenia were compared to explore whether their interrelationships changed across clinical stages. The independent contribution of affect recognition deficits to social dysfunction was explored by multivariate models controlling for general intellectual ability, basic neurocognition, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS Affect recognition deficits were associated with social role performances, self-care, and contributed independently to global social functioning in stable patients but not in acute patients. Conversely, affect recognition deficits were associated with impaired basic neurocognitions in acute patients but not in stable patients. CONCLUSION In stabilized community patients with schizophrenia, affect recognition deficits were relatively independent to basic neurocognition and had significant social functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang J, Chan RCK, Lu X, Tong Z. Emotion categorization perception in schizophrenia in conversations with different social contexts. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43:438-45. [PMID: 19373705 DOI: 10.1080/00048670902817646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the boundaries between the happy and angry emotions of schizophrenia would be influenced by social context and the difference in emotion categorization boundaries between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. METHOD Eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy controls were given a forced-choice emotion identification task in which they were required to listen to a series of conversations with different social contexts. The stimuli were linear morphed facial expressions between 'happy' and 'angry' emotions. For each type of social context, the shift point was used as the parameter to estimate when the subjects began to perceive the morphed facial expression as angry. The response slope was used to estimate how abruptly this change in perception occurred. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the schizophrenia group in the shift point of emotion categorization perception for four categories of conversations occurring in different social contexts. Compared with the healthy controls, the schizophrenia group demonstrated a steeper response slope at the shift point regardless of the conversation type. CONCLUSION The patients with schizophrenia were less discriminative in their categorization of emotion perception in conversations with different social contexts. The schizophrenia patients, however, were more alert to angry facial expressions in the process of facial expressions morphing from happy to angry, independent of the social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Psychology and Faculty of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Holt DJ, Lebron-Milad K, Milad MR, Rauch SL, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Cassidy BS, Walsh JP, Goff DC. Extinction memory is impaired in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:455-63. [PMID: 18986648 PMCID: PMC3740529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in emotional processing and social cognition, which might result from disruption of the underlying neural mechanism(s) governing emotional learning and memory. To investigate this possibility, we measured the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear responses and delayed recall of extinction in schizophrenia and control subjects. METHODS Twenty-eight schizophrenia and 18 demographically matched control subjects underwent a 2-day fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall procedure, in which skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude was used as the index of conditioned responses. RESULTS During fear acquisition, 83% of the control subjects and 57% of the patients showed autonomic responsivity ("responders"), and the patients showed larger SCRs to the stimulus that was not paired with the unconditioned stimulus (CS-) than the control subjects. Within the responder group, there was no difference between the patients and control subjects in levels of extinction learning; however, the schizophrenia patients showed significant impairment, relative to the control subjects, in context-dependent recall of the extinction memory. In addition, delusion severity in the patients correlated with baseline skin conductance levels. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with prior evidence for a heightened neural response to innocuous stimuli in schizophrenia and elevated arousal levels in psychosis. The finding of deficient extinction recall in schizophrenia patients who showed intact extinction learning suggests that schizophrenia is associated with a disturbance in the neural processes supporting emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne J Holt
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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McClure MM, Barch DM, Flory JD, Harvey PD, Siever LJ. Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 117:342-54. [PMID: 18489210 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Working memory abnormalities, which are particularly pronounced on context processing tasks, appear relatively specific to schizophrenia spectrum illnesses compared with other psychotic disorders. However, the specificity of context processing deficits to schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), a prototype of schizophrenia, has not been studied. The authors administered 3 versions of the modified AX Continuous Performance Test and an N-back working memory test to 63 individuals with SPD and 25 with other personality disorders, as well as 42 healthy controls. For the AX Continuous Performance Test standard and degraded versions, there was a significant Trial Type x Delay x Group interaction, as SPDs made significantly more errors reflecting poor maintenance of context and fewer errors reflecting good maintenance of context. SPDs also demonstrated poor performance on the N-back, especially at the 2-back condition. Context processing errors and N-back accuracy scores were related to disorganization symptoms. These findings, which are quite similar to those previously reported in patients with schizophrenia, suggest that context processing deficits are specific to the schizophrenia spectrum and are not a reflection of overall psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McClure
- VA VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Bronx, New York 10468, USA.
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Gerber AJ, Posner J, Gorman D, Colibazzi T, Yu S, Wang Z, Kangarlu A, Zhu H, Russell J, Peterson BS. An affective circumplex model of neural systems subserving valence, arousal, and cognitive overlay during the appraisal of emotional faces. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2129-39. [PMID: 18440572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the existence of distinct neural systems that subserve two dimensions of affect--arousal and valence. Ten adult participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during which they were presented a range of standardized faces and then asked, during the scan, to rate the emotional expressions of the faces along the dimensions of arousal and valence. Lower ratings of arousal accompanied greater activity in the amygdala complex, cerebellum, dorsal pons, and right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). More negative ratings of valence accompanied greater activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and parietal cortices. Extreme ratings of valence (highly positive and highly negative ratings) accompanied greater activity in the temporal cortex and fusiform gyrus. Building on an empirical literature which suggests that the amygdala serves as a salience and ambiguity detector, we interpret our findings as showing that a face rated as having low arousal is more ambiguous and a face rated as having extreme valence is more personally salient. This explains how both low arousal and extreme valence lead to greater activation of an ambiguity/salience system subserved by the amygdala, cerebellum, and dorsal pons. In addition, the right medial prefrontal cortex appears to down-regulate individual ratings of arousal, whereas the fusiform and related temporal cortices seem to up-regulate individual assessments of extreme valence when individual ratings are studied relative to group reference ratings for each stimulus. The simultaneous assessment of the effects of arousal and valence proved essential for the identification of neural systems contributing to the processing of emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gerber
- Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Monkul ES, Green MJ, Barrett JA, Robinson JL, Velligan DI, Glahn DC. A social cognitive approach to emotional intensity judgment deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 94:245-52. [PMID: 17583482 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are impaired in both emotion perception and contextual processing, however these two processes have not been thoroughly assessed simultaneously in adults with schizophrenia. This study examined the impact of social contextual information upon the perception of emotional intensity in schizophrenia. 30 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 30 demographically matched healthy subjects assessed the intensity of a single emotion (anger, disgust, happiness, sadness or fear) from images of people presented under two conditions (context-free and context embedded). During the first assessment, a single person (face and body) was presented without any background (e.g., contextual) scenery. The second assessment included the same person but with the original background of the image. Differences between the first and second ratings provided an index of the extent to which contextual information was used to judge emotional intensity. Without contextual cues, patients with schizophrenia viewed scenes as having greater disgust and anger than healthy subjects. Furthermore, patients were less impacted by contextual cues as evidenced by the minute changes in their assessments. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia differ from healthy subjects in both their ability to rate emotional intensity and the influence of contextual adjustment upon such ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Serap Monkul
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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