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Karim HT, Lee S, Gerlach A, Stinley M, Berta R, Mahbubani R, Tudorascu DL, Butters MA, Gross JJ, Andreescu C. Hippocampal subfield volume in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: Effects of worry and cognitive reappraisal. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:55-65. [PMID: 38823204 PMCID: PMC11246796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed that anxiety, especially worry and rumination, are associated with increased risk for cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Hippocampal atrophy is a hallmark of ADRD. We investigated the association between hippocampus and its subfield volumes and late-life global anxiety, worry, and rumination, and emotion regulation strategies. We recruited 110 participants with varying worry severity who underwent magnetic resonance imaging and clinical interviews. We conducted cross-sectional regression analysis between each subfield and anxiety, worry, rumination, reappraisal, and suppression while adjusting for age, sex, race, education, cumulative illness burden, stress, neuroticism, and intracranial volume. We imputed missing data and corrected for multiple comparisons across regions. Greater worry was associated with smaller subiculum volume, whereas greater use of reappraisal was associated with larger subiculum and CA1 volume. Greater worry may be detrimental to the hippocampus and to subfields involved in early ADRD pathology. Use of reappraisal appears protective of hippocampal structure. Worry and reappraisal may be modifiable targets for ADRD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Gerlach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark Stinley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Mahbubani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meryl A Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Andreescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Zangri RM, Blanco I, Pascual T, Vázquez C. Unlocking the past: efficacy of guided self-compassion and benefit-focused online interventions for managing negative personal memories. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38635402 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2337132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Positive reappraisal strategies have been found to reduce negative affect following the recall of negative personal events. This study examined the restorative effect of two mood-repair instructions (self-compassion vs benefit-focused reappraisal) and a control condition with no instructions following a negative Mood Induction Procedure by using the guided recall of a negative autobiographical event. A total of 112 university students participated in the online study (81% women, Mage: 21.0 years). Immediately following the negative memory recall, participants were randomised to each condition [(self-compassion: n = 36, benefit-focused: n = 39) or a control condition (n = 37)]. Repeated measures ANOVAs 3 (Repair condition) × 3 (Time of mood assessment: pre-recall, post-recall, post-regulation) showed that, as expected, negative mood (sadness, shame, and guilt) worsened significantly after the guided recall in all groups (p < .001). After the mood-repair intervention, participants in the self-compassion and benefit-focused conditions showed a significant reduction in negative mood (p < .019), while such improvement was not observed in the control group. Self-compassion and benefit-focused reappraisal functioned similarly as mood repair strategies after experiencing negative affect induced by the recall of negative personal memories. Implications in the context of autobiographical memory biases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Maria Zangri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Pascual
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Vázquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Rådman G, Claréus B, Daukantaitė D. Adolescents' Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire-Extended: Further Development and Associations With Mental Health Problems in Adolescence. Assessment 2024; 31:482-501. [PMID: 37056041 PMCID: PMC10822064 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231164619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is implicated in a range of psychopathologies and behavioral problems that are prevalent or have their initial onset in adolescence. In this study, we aim to evaluate the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity) of the Adolescents' Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire-Extended (AERSQ-E), a modified and extended version of an ER instrument developed by Zhou et al. Across six sub-studies using data from different Swedish adolescent community samples (1,104 students in total), we generated and validated a 23-item version containing six subscales: rumination/negative thinking, positive reorientation, creative expression, aggressive outlet, social support, and distraction. Assessing test-retest reliability, internal consistency, measurement invariance as well as convergent and discriminant validity, we could establish, with some limitations, the general reliability and validity of the AERSQ-E as a valid measure of ER strategies for use in adolescence.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have found older adults report fewer anxiety symptoms than younger adults. As behavioral avoidance is theoretically associated with maintaining anxiety, this study sought to examine age-related differences in avoidance and anxiety in a cross-cultural sample of older (n = 60, 60-92 years) and younger adults (n = 70; 17-24 years). METHODS Community dwelling participants from Australia and the United States of America completed self-report measures of anxiety, worry, and depression. Participants also self-rated levels of avoidance to 133 common fearful situations using a card sort task. RESULTS Older adults reported significantly less avoidance of age-adjusted social and medical scenarios, more avoidance of aggressive scenarios, with no significant difference for animal or agoraphobic scenarios when compared to younger adults. Age-related effects were no longer significant in full models, in which the main effect of anxiety explained variance in avoidance for social, medical, animal, agoraphobic, but not aggression scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Age differences in avoidance behavior were accounted for by differences in anxiety symptoms, except for avoidance of aggressive scenarios, which was not associated with anxiety. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Age differences in levels of avoidance of common fearful situations were found, and may be associated with differences in anxiety symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana M Wuthrich
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan Mohlman
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, New Jersey, USA
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Marciniak MA, Shanahan L, Yuen KSL, Veer IM, Walter H, Tuescher O, Kobylińska D, Kalisch R, Hermans E, Binder H, Kleim B. Burst versus continuous delivery design in digital mental health interventions: Evidence from a randomized clinical trial. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241249267. [PMID: 38698832 PMCID: PMC11064753 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241249267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Digital mental health interventions delivered via smartphone-based apps effectively treat various conditions; however, optimizing their efficacy while minimizing participant burden remains a key challenge. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of a burst delivery design (i.e. interventions delivered only in pre-defined time intervals) in comparison to the continuous delivery of interventions. Methods We randomly assigned 93 participants to the continuous delivery (CD) or burst delivery (BD) group. The CD group engaged in ReApp, a mobile app that increases positive cognitive reappraisal with a consistent delivery schedule that provides five prompts per day throughout the 3-week-long study, while the BD group received five daily prompts only in the first and third weeks of the study. Results No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of adherence, mental health outcomes (specifically depressive and anxiety symptoms), level of perceived stress, and perceived helpfulness of intervention. The BD group showed a significantly decreased perceived difficulty of intervention over time. Conclusions The results suggest that the burst delivery may be as suitable for digital mental health interventions as the continuous delivery. The perceived difficulty of the intervention declined more steeply for the BD group, indicating that it improved the feasibility of the positive cognitive reappraisal intervention without hurting its efficacy. This outcome may inform the design of less burdensome interventions with improved outcomes in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Marciniak
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth S L Yuen
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilya Milos Veer
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Tuescher
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Raffael Kalisch
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erno Hermans
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Whitmoyer P, Fisher ME, Duraney EJ, Manzler C, Isaacowitz DM, Andridge R, Prakash RS. Age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:330-343. [PMID: 37735914 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2256245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related shifts in emotion regulation patterns are important for explaining preserved emotional well-being in late adulthood amidst declines in physical and cognitive health. Although several studies have examined age-related shifts in emotion regulation strategy use, age differences in how specific strategies are flexibly adapted to shifting contexts in daily life and the adaptiveness of such shifts remains poorly understood. METHODS 130 younger adults (ages 22-35) and 130 older adults (ages 65-85) completed a modified Day Reconstruction Method Assessment and self-report questionnaires to examine age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and one aspect of emotion regulation flexibility (responsiveness) in daily life, and the adaptive implications of these differences. RESULTS Older adults exhibited more frequent acceptance use, less frequent distraction use, and less flexibility in the responsiveness of strategies with varying negative affect. Across age groups, the use of expressive suppression and distraction was associated with less adaptive outcomes, whereas higher acceptance responsiveness, positive reappraisal responsiveness, and situation selection responsiveness were associated with more adaptive outcomes. Age-group moderated the associations between adaptiveness metrics with the use and flexibility of several emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSION The current findings provide early evidence of age-related decreases in emotion regulation flexibility as well as age-related shifts in the adaptiveness of emotion regulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Whitmoyer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan E Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Charles Manzler
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Andridge
- Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruchika Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Melendez JC, Delhom I, Satorres E, Bueno-Pacheco A. Psychological Dimensions That Explain Integrity in Older Adults: Examination of a Structural Model. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:307-315. [PMID: 37330915 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2226643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to confirm whether internal coping strengths, depressive symptomatology and gratitude disposition are significant predictors of integrity in older adults. METHODS Participated 394 Ecuadorian older adults with ages between 60 and 91 years old. Self-report were applied to assess the different variables under study. Specifically, integrity, coping, resilience, self-efficacy, mood and gratitude were assessed. RESULTS A confirmatory model was estimated to predict ego-integrity. A personal adjustment factor composed of problem-focused coping strategies, resilience and self-efficacy, and gratitude showed positive and significant relationships with ego-integrity, whereas negative mood negatively predicted integrity. CONCLUSIONS Integrity is a key variable to strengthen a coherent view of one's life history and highly relevant during ageing. Having personal strengths and dispositions that facilitate adaptation to ageing and maintaining a positive mood predicts the attainment of integrity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Integrity is an adjustment factor that facilitates adaptation to the stressors of ageing and to major life changes and loss of control indifferent areas of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Melendez
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia (Spain), Valencia, ES, Spain
| | - Iraida Delhom
- Psychology, Universidad Internacional de Valencia (Spain). Pintor Sorolla, Valencia, ES, Spain
| | - Encarnacion Satorres
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia (Spain), Valencia, ES, Spain
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Ahmadi A, Allahverdipour H, Valiee S, Pashazadeh F, Ghassab-Abdollahi N, Abdoli F, Matlabi H. COVID-19 stress and coping strategies among older adults: a systematic review of qualitative evidences. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:333. [PMID: 37828605 PMCID: PMC10571279 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about far more stressful conditions for people worldwide. As a vulnerable group, older adults have suffered various psychological problems, such as stress, because of this pandemic and have applied various strategies to cope with the dire consequences. This study aimed to synthesize qualitative evidence regarding coping strategies for stressful situations among older adults throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We searched electronic databases, including Scopus, Embase, PubMed, ProQuest, and the Cochrane Library, based on PRISMA standards. The protocol of this systematic review was registered on the PROSPERO (registration code: CRD42022364831). All relevant English-language articles published between 2019 and November 10, 2022, were searched. We reviewed the reference lists for all the included studies and key references. Two reviewers conducted screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal independently, with disagreements resolved by consensus with all team members. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist was used to assess the quality of studies. A thematic synthesis of the selected studies was conducted. RESULTS We included 13 studies in our review. Most studies were conducted in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was classified into six categories: health management challenges, stress caused by quarantine, economic challenges, media and bad news stress, virus threats, and challenges related to the use of communication technologies. The strategies used by older adults to cope with these challenges were categorized into five categories: protective strategies, avoidance strategies, maintaining social connections, meaning-based strategies, and fun strategies. This research showed that depending on the situation and conditions, older adults use various strategies to cope with COVID-19. CONCLUSION Older adults experience much stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. In most cases, older adults can cope with these challenges with simple strategies from previous experiences and learnings. Older people require educational interventions in some cases, such as those involving communication skills. A better understanding of older adults coping strategies may enable policymakers to develop more effective policies and manage the problems of older adults in post-COVID situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ahmadi
- Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Allahverdipour
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Valiee
- Clinical Care Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fariba Pashazadeh
- Research Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Ghassab-Abdollahi
- Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faranak Abdoli
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Matlabi
- Department of Geriatric Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Orlovsky I, Ready RE, Gutchess A, Heideman K, Martins-Klein B. The Role of Autobiographical Resilience Memories in Emotion Regulation: An Account of Age Differences in Mnemonic and Positive Reappraisal. Exp Aging Res 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37690029 PMCID: PMC10924802 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A lifetime of resilience through emotionally challenging experiences may benefit older adults, lending to emotion regulation mastery with time. Yet the influence of autobiographical experiences on momentary reappraisal, the reinterpretation of negative stimuli as more positive, has never been empirically tested. This online study examined the extent to which associating life memories of resilience with novel negative scenarios enhanced reappraisal efficacy and reduced difficulty to reappraise. Younger and older adults reappraised negative images by associating reappraisals to freely selected autobiographical resilience memories, cued autobiographical resilience memories, or by finding situational silver linings without mnemonic association (control). Changes in image emotional intensity ratings revealed no difference across reappraisal conditions for younger adults, while older adults most effectively down-regulated emotional intensity using the control reappraisal strategy. Older adults found autobiographical memories more helpful for mood regulation and less difficult to implement, and identified greater similarities between novel negative scenarios and their memories than younger adults. Surprisingly, greater similarity between resilience memories and negative images was associated with lower reappraisal efficacy for both age groups. Findings demonstrate the age-equivalent benefits of utilizing reappraisals associated with past narratives of resilience and suggest a sacrifice of immediate hedonic benefit for disproportionately greater subjective benefits with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Orlovsky
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ready
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin Heideman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Yale school of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bruna Martins-Klein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fisher ME, Teng J, Gbadeyan O, Prakash RS. Using connectome-based models of working memory to predict emotion regulation in older adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad036. [PMID: 37421161 PMCID: PMC10367441 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adulthood is characterized by enhanced emotional well-being potentially resulting from greater reliance on adaptive emotion regulation strategies. However, not all older adults demonstrate an increase in emotional well-being and instead rely on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. An important moderator of age-related shifts in strategy preferences is working memory (WM) and its underlying neural circuitry. As such, individual differences in the neural integrity underlying WM may predict older adults' emotion regulation strategy preferences. Our study used whole-brain WM networks-derived from young adults using connectome-based predictive modeling-to predict WM performance and acceptance strategy use in healthy older adults. Older adults (N = 110) completed baseline assessments as part of a randomized controlled trial examining the impact of mind-body interventions on healthy aging. Our results revealed that the WM networks predicted WM accuracy but not acceptance use or difficulties in emotion regulation in older adults. Individual differences in WM performance, but not WM networks, moderated relationships between image intensity and acceptance use. These findings highlight that robust neural markers of WM generalize to an independent sample of healthy older adults but may not generalize beyond cognitive domains to predict emotion-based behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James Teng
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Oyetunde Gbadeyan
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Peninsula Clinical School and Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ruchika S Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Lanfredi M, Dagani J, Geviti A, Di Cosimo F, Bussolati M, Rillosi L, Albini D, Pizzi M, Ghidoni R, Fazzi E, Vita A, Rossi R. Risk and protective factors associated with mental health status in an Italian sample of students during the fourth wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:78. [PMID: 37365640 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, especially for young people. However, most studies were conducted during the first waves of the pandemic. Few Italian studies specifically attempted to broadly assess young people's mental health status during the fourth wave of the pandemic. METHODS This study aimed at evaluating the mental health status among a group of Italian adolescents and young adults during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. 11,839 high school students and 15,000 university students (age range 14-25) were asked to complete a multidimensional online survey, of which 7,146 (26,6%) agreed to participate. The survey also included standardized measures for depression, anxiety, anger, somatic symptoms, resilience, loneliness and post-traumatic growth. Two separate clusters were identified through cluster analysis. Random forest, classification tree and logistic regressions analyses were applied to identify factors associated to a good or a poor level of mental health and, thus, to define students' mental health profiles. RESULTS Overall, the students in our sample showed high levels of psychopathology. The clustering methods performed identified two separate clusters reflecting groups of students with different psychological features, that we further defined as "poor mental health" and "good mental health". The random forest and the logistic regressions found that the most discriminating variables among those two groups were: UCLA Loneliness Scale score, self-harm behaviors, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 score, satisfaction with family relationships, Fear of COVID-19 Scale score, gender and binge eating behaviors. The classification tree analysis identified students' profiles, showing that, globally, poor mental health was defined by higher scores of loneliness and self-harm, followed by being of female gender, presenting binge eating behaviors and, finally, having unsatisfying family relationships. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirmed the major psychological distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in a large sample of Italian students, and provided further insights regarding those factors associated with a good or poor mental health status. Our findings suggest the importance of implementing programs targeting aspects that have been found to be associated to a good mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Lanfredi
- Unit of Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni 4, 25125, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Dagani
- SIPEC Foundation, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Clinical and Dynamic Psychology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Geviti
- Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Di Cosimo
- USR Lombardia, Ufficio IV Ambito Territoriale di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Unit of Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni 4, 25125, Brescia, Italy.
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Kaveh MH, Mehrazin F, Cousins R, Mokarami H. Effectiveness of a transactional model-based education programme for enhancing stress-coping skills in industrial workers: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5076. [PMID: 36977726 PMCID: PMC10050170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a stress management educational intervention programme based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC) among industrial workers. Participants were 106 employees of a power plant in Iran, randomly assigned into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised active and participatory methods to enhance employees coping skills and it was delivered in six face-to-face sessions. Data was collected using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale at baseline and three months after the intervention. We found mean scores of distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, escape-avoidance, planned problem-solving, positive reappraisal, total coping skills, perceived social support, and spiritual well-being significantly differed at follow-up compared to baseline in the intervention group, but not in the control group. There was also a significant difference in the mean score of perceived stress between the two groups. We conclude that the educational intervention based on the TMSC was effective in improving coping skills and reducing perceived stress. We suggest that interventions based on the TMSC model can be supportive in workplaces where job stress is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Kaveh
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Health Science, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Mehrazin
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rosanna Cousins
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hamidreza Mokarami
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71645-111, Shiraz, Iran.
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13
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Lau CYH, Tov W. Effects of positive reappraisal and self-distancing on the meaningfulness of everyday negative events. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1093412. [PMID: 36968696 PMCID: PMC10034987 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Current work on meaning-making has primarily focused on major negative life events such as trauma and loss, leaving common daily adversities unexplored. This study aimed to examine how utilizing meaning-making strategies such as positive reappraisal and self-distancing (in isolation or in combination) can facilitate an adaptive processing of these daily negative experiences. Overall meaning and facets of meaning (coherence, purpose, and significance/mattering) were assessed at both global and situational levels. Results suggested that positive reappraisal was generally effective for enhancing situational meaning but not under all conditions. Specifically, when negative experiences were high on emotional intensity, reflecting on the experience from a distanced (third-person) perspective enhanced coherence and existential mattering more than engaging in positive reappraisal. However, when negative experiences were low on intensity, distanced reflection led to less coherence and mattering than positive reappraisal. The findings of this study elucidated the importance of examining the multidimensional construct of meaning at the facet level and highlighted the importance of applying different coping strategies to effectively make meaning out of daily negative experiences.
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Wang Y, Farb NAS. Web-based training for post-secondary student well-being during the pandemic: a randomized trial. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:1-17. [PMID: 35615957 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2079637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a highly stressful period where post-secondary education moved to online formats. Coping skills like decentering and reappraisal appear to promote stress resilience, but limited research exists on cultivating these skills in online learning contexts.Methods: In a three-arm randomized trial design, we evaluated three-week, web-based interventions to gauge how to best cultivate mindfulness and stress-reappraisal skills and whether the proposed interventions led to improved mental health. Undergraduate participants (N = 183) were randomly assigned to stress mindset, mindfulness meditation, or mindfulness with choice conditions.Results: At the study level (baseline vs. post-intervention), decentering improved across all conditions. Mindfulness with choice significantly decreased negative affect and rumination compared to stress mindset, while stress mindset significantly enhanced stress mindset skills compared to both mindfulness groups. At the daily level (three sessions per week), stress mindset significantly increased positive affect compared to mindfulness meditation.Conclusions: Results suggest that student mental health can be remotely supported through brief web-based interventions. Mindfulness practices seem to be effective in improving students' negative mood and coping strategies, while stress mindset training can help students to adopt a stress-is-enhancing mindset. Additional work on refining and better matching students to appropriate interventions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, Canada
| | - Norman A S Farb
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Canada
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15
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Preston T, Carr DC, Hajcak G, Sheffler J, Sachs-Ericsson N. Cognitive reappraisal, emotional suppression, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in later life: The moderating role of gender. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2390-2398. [PMID: 34842002 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1998350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although socioemotional selectivity (SST) suggests that people experience more positive affect as they age, symptoms of anxiety and depression persist and are often greater in older women than men. Coping strategies may influence the extent to which older adults experience these symptoms. The purpose of the current study is to examine possible gender differences in the use of an adaptive (cognitive reappraisal (CR) and a maladaptive (emotive suppression (ES) emotion regulation strategy in relation to depressive and anxiety symptoms. METHOD Our study uses cross-sectional data drawn from a community sample of older adults (60+; n = 906). We used OLS regression and moderation analyses to test our study hypotheses. RESULTS Gender moderated the association between CR in both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Women reported greater use of CR relative to men. Further, CR use was negatively related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in women, but not men. In contrast, men used ES more frequently than women, though older men and women's use of ES was unrelated to anxiety or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings provide initial evidence that greater CR use in older women is related to lower symptoms of both anxiety and depression relative to older men. Age-related increases in CR use (e.g. SST) among women may serve to decrease anxiety and depression symptoms. Findings suggest decreasing anxiety and depressive symptoms via CR may benefit older women more than older men. Future research is needed to identify the coping strategies that are most beneficial for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Preston
- Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dawn C Carr
- Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Julia Sheffler
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Tsai MC, Wang SF, Gray NJ, Jourdan D. Occupational Health of Education Personnel-The Role of Job Crafting and Other Control Strategies on Healthy Ageing at Work. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15970. [PMID: 36498038 PMCID: PMC9740758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article looks at the strategies that influence healthy ageing at work from the motivational theory of life span development (MTD). It aims to better understand the influence of job crafting as a selective primary control, help-seeking as a compensatory primary control, positive reappraisal as a selective secondary control, and downward social comparison and downgrading expectation as a compensatory secondary control on healthy ageing at work (work engagement, health, and motivation to continue working after retirement). A total of 386 educational personnel participated in the study. This study used hierarchical regression analysis to test incremental validity, supplemented with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling as a solution to solve the potential error problems caused. The results show that job crafting is positively correlated with healthy ageing at work. Positive reappraisal and downward social comparison showed incremental validity in predicting healthy ageing at work beyond job crafting among the middle-aged group (45-65-years-old); in particular, positive reappraisal was the determinant of healthy ageing at work among the middle-aged group. However, both help-seeking and downgrading expectation did not show incremental validity. This study can contribute to the evolution of career development interventions and human resource management focused on supporting older people at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Feng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Nicola J. Gray
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Didier Jourdan
- ACTé EA 4281 Research Group, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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17
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"Pandemic Fatigue! It's Been Going On since March 2020": A Photovoice Study of the Experiences of BIPOC Older Adults and Frontline Healthcare Workers during the Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101967. [PMID: 36292413 PMCID: PMC9601847 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic intensified the stressful and already difficult circumstances of communities of color. Yet, there is no current photovoice research highlighting the lived experiences of these communities from two perspectives-the older adults (OAs) and the frontline healthcare workers (FLHWs). This qualitative study used photovoice to visually portray the struggles of Black, Indigenous, and persons of color (BIPOC) OAs (n = 7) and younger FLHWs (n = 5) who worked with older adults during the pandemic and how they coped and recovered from the challenges of the pandemic. The investigators conducted a three-day training of ten research assistants (RAs) who were paired with either an OA or an FLHW for the photovoice sessions conducted in four stages. Upon examination of the narratives, focus group transcriptions, and photo stories, it became clear that participants faced different challenges during the pandemic, such as the fear of COVID-19 exposure, struggles to adopt COVID-19 mitigation strategies, workplace challenges, and social isolation. Amid this crisis of suffering, isolation, and sadness, participants employed two major strategies to deal with the challenges of the pandemic: positive reappraisal and self-care practices. The findings have implications for clinical social workers, mental health counselors, faith communities, nurse managers and administrators, and policymakers.
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18
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Sardella A, Lenzo V, Basile G, Martino G, Quattropani MC. Emotion regulation strategies and difficulties in older adults: A systematic review. Clin Gerontol 2022; 46:280-301. [PMID: 36163629 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2128706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the types of emotion regulation (ER) strategies used and difficulties in emotion regulation experienced by older adults, within the theoretical frameworks proposed by Gross, and by Gratz and Roemer, respectively. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using principal electronic scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses guidelines. RESULTS The final number of articles included was 44. Older adults reported a higher use of adaptive ER strategies, as well as fewer difficulties in ER, compared with younger adults. Findings from this review also suggest that the use of maladaptive ER strategies can also expose older adults to psychological distress, and may affect their adaptation to negative disease-related outcomes more common in later life. CONCLUSIONS Older adults generally showed a greater emotional control compared with younger subjects. Adaptive control strategies, rather than maladaptive control strategies, were correlated with more positive outcomes for psychological distress and adaptation to chronic diseases. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Understanding the nature of ER processes in older adults may contribute to implement tailored interventions aimed at reinforcing adaptive ER processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sardella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners "Dante Alighieri" of Reggio Calabria, Reggio, Italy
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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19
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Fu M, Guo J, Zhang Q. The associations of pandemic-related difficulties with depressive symptoms and psychological growth among American older adults: Social support as moderators. J Health Psychol 2022; 28:417-433. [PMID: 36124750 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221124374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought social, health-related, and financial risks to older adults, yet their associations with depressive symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) were not systematically examined. With 3504 respondents aged 60 and over from Health and Retirement Survey, this study found pandemic-related healthcare delay and financial hardship associated with elevated depressive symptoms and decreased PTG, whereas social disruption predicted greater PTG. When confronted with multidimensional difficulties, a higher level of social support buffered depressive symptoms and enhanced PTG following healthcare delay, while those from immediate family members carried the weighing of moderation. Additionally, the moderation effect varied between support types, as exclusive instrumental support engendered more depressive symptoms and squeezed PTG by stimulating a sense of incompetence for older adults. Inversely, receiving both instrumental and emotional support helped individuals of older age against financial-related depressive symptoms. These findings shed light on older adults' mental health promotion in a pandemic context.
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Lu N, Sun Q, Jiang N, Lou VWQ. Does wisdom moderate the relationship between burden and depressive symptoms among family caregivers of disabled older adults in China? A multiple-group path analysis. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1572-1579. [PMID: 34096411 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1935454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the moderator role of multidimensional wisdom (i.e. individuals' positive personality traits) on the association between caregiver burden and depressive symptoms among family caregivers of disabled older adults in China. A quota sampling was used to recruit 789 pairs of disabled older adults and their primary family caregivers in Shanghai, China, in 2013. Multiple-group path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Cognitive, reflective, and affective wisdom were found to moderate the association between burden and depressive symptoms. The association was statistically significant among those with relatively low levels of cognitive, reflective, and affective wisdom. These associations, however, were found to be statistically nonsignificant among those with relatively high levels of cognitive, reflective, and affective wisdom. The findings highlight the important role of multidimensional wisdom in the underlying mechanisms of family caregiving from the perspective of the stress process model. Policy and intervention implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Social Security, School of Public Administration, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivian W Q Lou
- Department of Social Work & Social Administration, Sau Po Centre on Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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21
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Protective Factors and Coping Styles Associated with Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of Hospital or Care Institution and Private Practice Nurses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127112. [PMID: 35742361 PMCID: PMC9222516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In France, nurses work either in hospitals and care institutions or in private practice, following physicians' prescriptions and taking care of patients at their homes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these populations of nurses were exposed to numerous sources of stress. The main objective of the present study was to identify the protective factors they mobilized to face the crisis and how these factors contributed to sustaining their quality of life (QoL). A cross-sectional study was conducted to answer these questions. Overall, 9898 French nurses participated in the study, providing demographic information and filling out QoL (WHOQOL-BREF), perceived stress (PSS-14), resilience (CD-RISC), social support (MSPSS), and coping style (BRIEF-COPE) questionnaires. The results revealed very few differences between the two groups of nurses, which is surprising given the drastically different contexts in which they practice. Social support and two coping strategies (positive reframing and acceptance) were associated with a high QoL, whereas perceived stress and four coping strategies (denial, blaming self, substance use, and behavioral disengagement) were associated with poor QoL. In the light of these results, we recommended promoting social support and coping strategies to help nurses cope during the pandemic.
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22
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Care-giving burden and life satisfaction among family care-givers of disabled older adults in China: the moderator role of care-giver wisdom. AGEING & SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Care-giving to older adults with disabilities could lead to relatively high levels of care-giving burden and low levels of life satisfaction among their family care-givers. However, there is a lack of research examining the role of care-giver wisdom in the above stress process model. This study examined the moderator role of wisdom in the relationship between care-giver burden and life satisfaction among family care-givers of disabled older adults in urban China. A multi-stage quota sampling method was used to recruit 789 disabled older adult–family care-giver dyads in Shanghai in 2013. The average age of older adults and their family care-givers was 84 and 63 years old, respectively. Multiple-group path analysis was conducted to examine the proposed hypotheses. The results showed that care-giver wisdom played a moderator role in the association between care-giver burden and life satisfaction. Care-giver burden was found to only negatively affect life satisfaction among care-givers with relatively low wisdom levels. The findings highlight the influences of care-giver wisdom on the relationship between burden and life satisfaction in Chinese contexts. The concept of wisdom should be used in needs assessment among family care-givers of older adults with disabilities. Future social interventions should focus on promoting care-givers' capacities of reflective thinking, their understandings of reality and their feelings of compassion.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES African Americans experience relatively low rates of mental disorder despite being disproportionately exposed to psychosocial stressors. Coping is an understudied area that may help explain the mental health resilience among this population. METHODS Using data from the National Survey of American Life, I use negative binomial logistic regression to investigate the relationships between stress exposure/appraisal, ten coping responses, and mental health among older African American adults. RESULTS Seven of 10 coping responses were predictive of psychological distress. I also found evidence of moderation for six responses. Active coping, instrumental social support, looking for something good in what has happened, and two measures of acceptance were protective against psychological distress associated with high levels of stress. Substance use generally exacerbated the association between stress and psychological distress. DISCUSSION Problem-focused coping and acceptance responses were effective coping strategies for older African Americans under high levels of stress exposure/appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawne M Mouzon
- Department of Sociology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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24
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Rackoff GN, Newman MG. Distinct Psychological Characteristics Predict Resilience and Recovery Throughout Widowhood. Behav Ther 2022; 53:428-439. [PMID: 35473647 PMCID: PMC9046682 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dual-process model proposes that early and later bereavement involves different types of stressors and adaptation processes (Stroebe & Schut, 1999, 2010). It is thus possible that different factors facilitate adaptation during the early months versus subsequent years following widowhood. Elevated depressive symptoms, though prevalent after widowhood, may indicate problematic adaptation, as they are associated with poor long-term physical and mental health outcomes. We predicted that neutral death acceptance would be associated with less increase in depression during early widowhood (when confronted with loss-oriented stressors), whereas perceived control would predict depressive symptom decline during later widowhood (when adapting to controllable restoration-oriented stressors). Older adults (N = 265) reported on neutral death acceptance, perceived control, and depression before widowhood and on depression 0.5, 1.5, and 4.0 years after the death of their spouse. Bilinear spline growth modeling revealed that, on average, depressive symptoms increased from before to 0.5 years after spouse death and fell from 0.5 to 4.0 years after spouse death. Neutral death acceptance predicted a smaller increase in depression from before to 0.5 years after spouse death, as well as a smaller subsequent decrease in depression from 0.5 to 4.0 years after spouse death. Perceived control predicted a larger decrease in depression from 0.5 to 4.0 years after spouse death. Neutral death acceptance and perceived control had unique associations with resilience and recovery throughout early and later widowhood. These variables may be fruitful targets in interventions for depression throughout the full course of widowhood.
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A comparative study on mental health and adaptability between older and younger adults during the COVID-19 circuit breaker in Singapore. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:507. [PMID: 35291961 PMCID: PMC8922982 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While older age is associated with better emotional well-being, it is unclear whether such age advantages remain during a pandemic. This study examined differences in mental health, adaptive behaviours, social support, perceived stress, digital media usage, and perceived change in circumstances between younger and older adults during the circuit breaker period (partial lockdown) in Singapore. Methods A door-to-door survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 602 younger (n = 302) and older (n = 300) adults aged 21–89 years from Singapore from 17 October to 27 November 2020. All participants self-reported their depression, anxiety, stress, adaptive behaviours, social support, perceived stress, change in circumstances, and digital media usage during the partial lockdown period. Results Older adults were found to report significantly lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress as compared to younger adults. Although older adults were less able to perform essential activities during the lockdown, they were more adaptable psycho-socially. Logistic regression analyses revealed that for older age group, adaptability and health status significantly predicted better mental health. Older adults had higher odds of low depression scores [odds ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.07–3.08], anxiety scores (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.05–3.08), and stress scores (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.72–5.41). In addition, adaptability was found to moderate the relationship between age and mental health with detrimental effects of low adaptability stronger for younger adults than older adults. Conclusions During the lockdown period, older adults in Singapore had better mental health, perceived less stress-related concerns and were more adaptable psycho-socially as compared to younger adults. This study’s findings extend current evidence that age-related advantages in emotional well-being persisted in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Dimanova P, Borbás R, Schnider CB, Fehlbaum LV, Raschle NM. Prefrontal Cortical Thickness, Emotion Regulation Strategy use and Covid-19 Mental Health. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:877-889. [PMID: 35257168 PMCID: PMC8992300 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and associated restrictions have been linked to negative mental health outcomes across the globe. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies, neurally supported by prefrontal and limbic regions, constitute means to mitigate negative affects resulting from adverse life experiences. Variations in cognitive emotion regulation strategy use, anxiety, and depression were assessed in 43 adults (31♀/12♂, age = 35.14 ± 9.20 years) during the first months following COVID-19 onset and at the end of 2020 (seven assessments). Direct and indirect effects of emotion regulatory brain structures assessed prior to the pandemic and emotion regulation strategy use during the pandemic were assessed in relation to mental well-being. Varying levels of anxiety and depression were observed. While adaptive emotion regulation strategies were most frequently employed, maladaptive strategies explained the highest variation in anxiety and depression scores. The effectiveness of specific emotion regulation strategies varied. Momentary emotion regulation strategy use mediated the association between cortical thickness in right lateral prefrontal cortex assessed prior to the pandemic and mental health during the pandemic. Early mental health measures impacted later mental well-being. Maladaptive strategies have a negative effect on mental health during prolonged stress as induced by pandemics, providing possible targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamina Dimanova
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Réka Borbás
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.,University Psychiatric Clinic and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lynn Valérie Fehlbaum
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.,University Psychiatric Clinic and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora Maria Raschle
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.,University Psychiatric Clinic and University of Basel, Switzerland
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Kadri A, Gracey F, Leddy A. What Factors are Associated with Posttraumatic Growth in Older Adults? A Systematic Review. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35138231 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2034200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is of increased theoretical and clinical interest. However, less is known about PTG in older adults specifically. This systematic review aimed to identify domains where PTG is studied for older adults; investigate factors associated with PTG in older adults; consider how these might differ between historical and later life traumas. METHODS Online databases were searched for quantitative studies examining PTG outcomes in adults aged ≥ 60 years. RESULTS 15 studies were subject to a narrative synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Older adults can experience substantial levels of PTG, from traumas during later life or across the lifespan, and historical wartime traumas. Traumas can be diverse, some studies found equivalent levels of PTG from different traumas across the lifespan. Social processes may be a key variable for older adults. Additional psychosocial factors are found; however, diverse findings reflect no overall model, and this may be consistent with variations found in other PTG literature. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinical considerations are discussed. As diverse studies, findings may not be widely generalizable and directions for further research are highlighted. PROSPERO: CRD42020169318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kadri
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fergus Gracey
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Adrian Leddy
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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28
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Ferguson LA, Leal SL. Interactions of Emotion and Memory in the Aging Brain: Neural and Psychological Correlates. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Brinkhof LP, Huth KBS, Murre JMJ, de Wit S, Krugers HJ, Ridderinkhof KR. The Interplay Between Quality of Life and Resilience Factors in Later Life: A Network Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:752564. [PMID: 34867644 PMCID: PMC8634099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related challenges and transitions can have considerable social, psychological, and physical consequences that may lead to significant changes in quality of life (QoL). As such, maintaining high levels of QoL in later life may crucially depend on the ability to demonstrate resilience (i.e., successful adaptation to late-life challenges). The current study set out to explore the interplay between several resilience factors, and how these contribute to the realization and maintenance of (different facets of) QoL. Based on the previous work, we identified behavioral coping, positive appraisal, self-management ability, and physical activity as key resilience factors. Their interplay with (various facets of) QoL, as measured with the WHOQOL-OLD, was established through network analysis. In a sample of community-dwelling older adults (55+; N=1,392), we found that QoL was most strongly (and directly) related to positive appraisal style and self-management ability. Among those, taking care of multifunctional resources (i.e., yielding various benefits at the same time) seemed to be crucial. It connected directly to "satisfaction with past, present, and future activities," a key facet of QoL with strong interconnections to other QoL facets. Our analysis also identified resilience factor(s) with the potential to promote QoL when targeted by training, intervention, or other experimental manipulation. The appropriate set of resilience factors to manipulate may depend on the goal and/or facet of QoL that one aims to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte P. Brinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karoline B. S. Huth
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. Murre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K. Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Takashima N, Nakamura Y, Miyagawa N, Kadota A, Tanaka-Mizuno S, Matsui K, Miura K, Ueshima H, Kita Y. Association between Stress-Coping Strategy and Functional Disability in the General Older Adult Population: The Takashima Study. Gerontology 2021; 68:699-706. [PMID: 34592746 DOI: 10.1159/000519194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both physical and psychological factors have been associated with functional disability. However, the associations between stress-coping strategies and future functional disability remain unclear. METHODS We analyzed 2,924 participants who did not have incidence of functional disability or death within the first 3 years of the baseline survey and were aged 65 years or more at the end of follow-up. Stress-coping strategies were assessed via a self-administered questionnaire (emotional expression, emotional support seeking, positive thought, problem-solving, and disengagement) in a baseline survey from 2006 to 2014. Levels of coping strategies were classified as low, middle, and high based of frequency. Functional disability decline was followed up using the long-term-care insurance program until November 1, 2019. Functional disability decline was defined as a new long-term-care insurance program certification. Cox proportional hazards model with competing risk analysis for death was used to evaluate associations between coping strategy levels and functional disability. RESULTS During the follow-up period, we observed 341 cases of functional disability and 73 deaths without previous incidence of functional disability. A significant inverse association between "positive thought" and "problem-solving" and future functional disability was observed. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for functional disability were 0.68 (0.51-0.92) for high levels of "positive thought" and 0.73 (0.55-0.95) for high levels of "problem-solving," compared with low levels of the coping strategies. The inverse association was stronger in men. CONCLUSIONS Some subcomponents of stress-coping strategies might be associated with future incidence of functional disability among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Yamashina Racto Clinic and Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka-Mizuno
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Faculty of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Tsuruga, Japan
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31
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Post-Traumatic Growth among Older People after the Forced Lockdown for the COVID-19 Pandemic. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 24:e43. [PMID: 34505560 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2021.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We explored post-traumatic growth (PTG) in older adults immediately after the forced lockdown in Spain during March to April, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also tried to identify the variables that predict PTG, focusing on the experience of COVID, sociodemographic variables, and social resources. In total 1,009 people aged 55 years and older participated in the study and completed an online questionnaire comprising the following elements: The short form of the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-SF), sociodemographic and social resources questions, and their experiences of COVID-19 (if they had been infected themselves or if they had experienced the loss of someone close). Results showed that only a quarter of the participants experienced higher PTG after the forced lockdown, with only age and social resources being correlated with scores on the PTGI-SF. Looking at the strengths that older adults put into action to combat the pandemic and its social and health consequences could be an important consideration when planning future social policies for this and other pandemics.
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32
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Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dillard AJ, Meier BP. Trait mindfulness is negatively associated with distress related to COVID-19. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 179:110955. [PMID: 33907344 PMCID: PMC8062409 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that mindfulness is associated with psychological health including a healthier response to stressors. Objective This research tested associations between trait mindfulness and mental health factors related to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Methods Two studies (Study 1 N = 248 college students; Study 2 N = 300 U.S adults) assessed trait mindfulness, perceived stress and anxiety, worry about the coronavirus, and anticipated negative affect of a coronavirus diagnosis. Additionally, Study 2 assessed depressive symptoms and coping with the coronavirus. Results In both studies, findings indicated that individuals higher in trait mindfulness reported less stress and anxiety. Higher mindfulness in both studies was also associated with less worry about the virus and anticipating less negative affect if one gets the virus. In Study 2, trait mindfulness was negatively related to depression, and numerous associations between mindfulness and coping emerged, showing higher trait mindfulness was associated with healthier strategies in coping with coronavirus. Conclusions These data are consistent with research that has revealed that those who think and act more mindfully are less stressed and anxious. By revealing these associations with mindfulness in the context of a real-world, novel stressor, this research makes an important contribution to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Dillard
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, United States of America
| | - Brian P Meier
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, United States of America
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Functional specificity of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in positive reappraisal: A single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:793-804. [PMID: 33751480 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimage studies have yielded evidence for a correlation between the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and a specific type of cognitive reappraisal strategy, positive reappraisal. However, evidence is still lacking for a direct relation. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left VLPFC at different time points to investigate the functional specificity of the left VLPFC in the success of positive reappraisal and the timing at which the left VLPC was involved in positive reappraisal. Fifteen participants engaged in a baseline experiment and in TMS experiments. All participants successfully reduced their negative emotional ratings using positive reappraisal in the baseline experiment. In the TMS experiments, participants performed the same task as in the baseline experiment but single-pulse TMS was applied over the left VLPFC at 300 ms or/and 3,300 ms after stimulus onset, as well as over the vertex as a control stimulation. Valence ratings of negative stimuli increased (unpleasantness reduction) when participants reappraised negative stimuli with TMS stimulation over the left VLPFC, regardless of the timing of the stimulation at 300 ms or/and at 3,300 ms after the stimulus onset, relative to the vertex stimulation and the baseline experiment. Our study provided evidence of the functional specificity of the left VLPFC in regulation of negative emotions using positive reappraisal. The left VLPFC was believed to be involved in different stages of positive reappraisal. The prominent facilitation effect of TMS over the left VLPFC makes it possible to consider potential applications in clinical practice for mood disorders.
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35
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Nalis I, Kubicek B, Korunka C. From Shock to Shift-A Qualitative Analysis of Accounts in Mid-Career About Changes in the Career Path. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641248. [PMID: 33716910 PMCID: PMC7952510 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Career shocks are the norm, not the exception. Yet, much of research and counseling on career-development holds unrealistic assumptions of a makeable career. Little is understood about the role of shocks on the career path and how the interplay of individual reactions to shocks shapes careers. The purpose of this study is to provide understanding of responses to different attributes of career shocks and career shocks as antecedents to career and job change. A qualitative approach was chosen and data were obtained from 25 semi-structured interviews with a sample of mid-career individuals who had experienced shocks in their work lives. The analysis was 2-fold and aimed at unearthing of individual responses to shocks and the question of the role of shocks on changes in the career path. Firstly, the analysis of career shocks revealed a pattern of distinct agentic responses in relation to shocks of different attributes. Secondly, from the analysis of shock attributes and corresponding responses over time career changer profiles emerged which differ in regard to career change behavior and magnitude of changes in the career (e.g., major career changes into another field). A process model which depicts how post-shock careers are shaped distinctively in relation to different shock attributes and corresponding responses is presented. This study underlines the importance of understanding the unplannable in career development and shows a variety of options for individuals to develop their careers despite shocks. Limitation stems from the investigation of a sample limited to mid-career individuals. The findings provide a new conceptual lens to theorize and conduct research on career shocks and career changes and facilitate the development of coping strategies for career shocks. The originality lies in the investigation of the momentum of career shocks on career paths with detail to different attributes of career shocks and how they impact the career path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nalis
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Applied Psychology: Work, Economy, Society, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Kubicek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Korunka
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Applied Psychology: Work, Economy, Society, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Saadeh M, Welmer AK, Dekhtyar S, Fratiglioni L, Calderón-Larrañaga A. The Role of Psychological and Social Well-being on Physical Function Trajectories in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1579-1585. [PMID: 32384140 PMCID: PMC7357580 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological and social well-being are emerging as major determinants in preserving health in old age. We aimed to explore the association between these factors and the rate of decline in physical function over time in older adults. METHODS Data were gathered from the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). The study population consisted of 1,153 non-demented, community-dwelling men and women free from multimorbidity or impairments in basic or instrumental activities of daily living at baseline. They were followed over 12 years to capture the rate of decline in physical function, which was measured by combining data on walking speed, balance, and chair stands. The association between baseline psychological and social well-being and decline in physical function was estimated through linear mixed models, after multiple adjustments including personality and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Higher levels of psychological (β = .007; p = .037) and social (β = .008; p = .043) well-being were significantly associated with a decreased rate of decline in physical function over the follow-up. There was a significant three-way interaction between psychological well-being*time*sex (female vs male) (β = .015; p = .047), showing that a slower decline in physical function was observed only among women and not in men. The association was strongest for individuals with high levels of both psychological and social well-being (β = .012; p = .019). CONCLUSION High levels of psychological and social well-being may slow down the age-related decline in physical function, which confirms the complexity of older adults' health, but also points towards new preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerita Saadeh
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Welmer
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Sweden
| | - Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
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37
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Tan WH, Sheffield J, Khoo SK, Byrne G, Pachana NA. Influences on Psychological Well‐Being and Ill‐Being in Older Women. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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38
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Livingstone KM, Castro VL, Isaacowitz DM. Age Differences in Beliefs About Emotion Regulation Strategies. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:316-326. [PMID: 29474695 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age shifts in emotion regulation may be rooted in beliefs about different strategies. We test whether there are age differences in the beliefs people hold about specific emotion regulation strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation and whether profiles of emotion beliefs vary by age. METHOD An adult life-span sample (N = 557) sorted 13 emotion regulation strategies either by (a) how effective the strategies would be or (b) how likely they would be to use them, in 15 negative emotion-eliciting situations. RESULTS Younger adults ranked attentional and cognitive distraction more effective than older adults, and preferred avoidance, distraction, and rumination more (and attentional deployment less) than middle-aged and older adults. Latent profile analysis on preferences identified three distinct strategy profiles: Classically adaptive regulators preferred a variety of strategies; situation modifiers showed strong preferences for changing situations; a small percentage of people preferred avoidance and rumination. Middle-aged and older adults were more likely than younger adults to be classically adaptive regulators (as opposed to situation modifiers or avoiders/ruminators). DISCUSSION These findings provide insight into the reasons people of different ages may select and implement different emotion regulation strategies, which may influence their emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa L Castro
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derek M Isaacowitz
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bickel KE, Levy C, MacPhee ER, Brenner K, Temel JS, Arch JJ, Greer JA. An Integrative Framework of Appraisal and Adaptation in Serious Medical Illness. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60:657-677.e6. [PMID: 32446974 PMCID: PMC7483912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that palliative care improves the quality of life of individuals with serious medical illness. Research also suggests that in patients with advanced cancer, palliative care's focus on symptom management, coping with illness, goals of care, and treatment decisions may be associated with improved patient quality of life in part by increasing patients' use of active (vs. passive) and approach-oriented (vs. avoidant) coping strategies. However, without a framework outlining the process that individuals with serious medical illness and their loved ones undergo, it is challenging to discern exactly where, how, and why palliative care may affect the serious medical illness experience. To address this gap, we propose a clinically applicable framework, derived from existing theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This framework, called the Integrative Framework of Appraisal and Adaptation in Serious Medical Illness, describes how patients and their loved ones cognitively and emotionally process the various events that may occur as they navigate serious medical illness and the end of life. The framework also describes how individuals and their loved ones use that event processing to determine next steps, while considering the impact of their surrounding external environment, their individual social roles, and their connections on this decision making. The framework presented in this article is intended to improve our ability to understand and care for individuals with serious medical illness and their loved ones, while stimulating further discussion and research to test and refine these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Bickel
- VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Cari Levy
- Palliative Medicine Section Chief, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver-Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Research, Division of Health Care Policy and Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward R MacPhee
- Psychiatry Section Chief, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Keri Brenner
- Medicine-Section of Palliative Care, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cancer Outcomes Research & Education Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanna J Arch
- Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph A Greer
- Psychology, Harvard Medical School, Center for Psychiatric Oncology & Behavioral Science, Cancer Outcomes Research & Education Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Perchtold‐Stefan CM, Fink A, Rominger C, Weiss EM, Papousek I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health 2020; 36:274-286. [PMID: 31957957 PMCID: PMC7497133 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity may improve stress resilience and well-being. However, specific links to individuals' coping abilities with stressful events are sparse. This study tested whether individuals reporting more physical activity in daily life showed a higher capacity for cognitive reappraisal in dealing with potential stressors. Ninety-eight participants reported their regular physical activity in the Freiburger Questionnaire on Physical Activity and completed a maximum performance test of their inventiveness in generating reappraisals for situations depicting real-life stressors. The latter provides scores for overall cognitive reappraisal capacity (quantity of ideas) and preference for specific cognitive reappraisal strategies (quality of ideas; positive reinterpretation; problem-oriented, de-emphasizing reappraisals). Additionally, participants' anxious and depressive dispositions and general creative abilities were assessed. Results showed no association between time spent on physical activities per week and total quantity of generated reappraisal ideas. However, a higher degree of physical activity was specifically linked to a greater relative preference for the reappraisal strategy of positive reinterpretation. Opposite associations emerged for the strategy of de-emphasizing reappraisals. The findings support the notion of more adaptive cognitive reappraisal use in more physically active individuals and may advance research on interrelationships between physical activity and cognitive and affective functions implicated in stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Fink
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, König J, Chmitorz A, Wessa M, Binder H, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD013684. [PMID: 32691879 PMCID: PMC7388680 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as maintaining or regaining mental health during or after significant adversities such as a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition or physical illness. Healthcare students, such as medical, nursing, psychology and social work students, are exposed to various study- and work-related stressors, the latter particularly during later phases of health professional education. They are at increased risk of developing symptoms of burnout or mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students, that is, students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g. medical, nursing, midwifery or paramedic students), and those in training for allied health professions, as distinct from medical care (e.g. psychology, physical therapy or social work students). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, waiting list, usual care, and active or attention control, in adults (18 years and older), who are healthcare students. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception, and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 30 RCTs, of which 24 were set in high-income countries and six in (upper- to lower-) middle-income countries. Twenty-two studies focused solely on healthcare students (1315 participants; number randomised not specified for two studies), including both students in health professions delivering direct medical care and those in allied health professions, such as psychology and physical therapy. Half of the studies were conducted in a university or school setting, including nursing/midwifery students or medical students. Eight studies investigated mixed samples (1365 participants), with healthcare students and participants outside of a health professional study field. Participants mainly included women (63.3% to 67.3% in mixed samples) from young adulthood (mean age range, if reported: 19.5 to 26.83 years; 19.35 to 38.14 years in mixed samples). Seventeen of the studies investigated group interventions of high training intensity (11 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (17 studies). Of the included studies, eight compared a resilience training based on mindfulness versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. universities, foundations), or a combination of various sources (four studies). Seven studies did not specify a potential funder, and three studies received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear, with main flaws in performance, detection, attrition and reporting bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare students receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.78; 9 studies, 561 participants), lower levels of anxiety (SMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.06; 7 studies, 362 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.09; 7 studies, 420 participants). Effect sizes varied between small and moderate. There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on depression (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.11; 6 studies, 332 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.15, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.43; 4 studies, 251 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Adverse effects were measured in four studies, but data were only reported for three of them. None of the three studies reported any adverse events occurring during the study (very-low certainty of evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare students, there is very-low certainty evidence for the effect of resilience training on resilience, anxiety, and stress or stress perception at post-intervention. The heterogeneous interventions, the paucity of short-, medium- or long-term data, and the geographical distribution restricted to high-income countries limit the generalisability of results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. Since the findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare students with very-low certainty evidence, high-quality replications and improved study designs (e.g. a consensus on the definition of resilience, the assessment of individual stressor exposure, more attention controls, and longer follow-up periods) are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Vieillard S, Pinabiaux C, Bigand E. Positive and Detached Reappraisal of Threatening Music in Younger and Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:216. [PMID: 32670038 PMCID: PMC7330061 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Past empirical studies have suggested that older adults preferentially use gaze-based mood regulation to lessen their negative experiences while watching an emotional scene. This preference for a low cognitively demanding regulatory strategy leaves open the question of whether the effortful processing of a more cognitively demanding reappraisal task is really spared from the general age-related decline. Because it does not allow perceptual attention to be redirected away from the emotional source, music provides an ideal way to address this question. The goal of our study was to examine the affective, behavioral, physiological, and cognitive outcomes of positive and detached reappraisal in response to negative musical emotion in younger and older adults. Participants first simply listened to a series of threatening musical excerpts and were then instructed to either positively reappraise or to detach themselves from the emotion elicited by music. Findings showed that, when instructed to simply listen to threatening music, older adults reported a more positive feeling associated with a smaller SCL in comparison with their younger counterparts. When implementing positive and detached reappraisal, participants showed more positive and more aroused emotional experiences, whatever the age group. We also found that the instruction to intentionally reappraise negative emotions results in a lesser cognitive cost for older adults in comparison with younger adults. Taken together, these data suggest that, compared to younger adults, older adults engage in spontaneous downregulation of negative affect and successfully implement downregulation instructions. This extends previous findings and brings compelling evidence that, even when auditory attention cannot be redirected away from the emotional source, older adults are still more effective at regulating emotions. Taking into account the age-associated decline in executive functioning, our results suggest that the working memory task could have distracted older adults from the reminiscences of the threat-evoking music, thus resulting in an emotional downregulation. Hence, even if they were instructed to implement reappraisal strategies, older adults might prefer distraction over engagement in reappraisal. This is congruent with the idea that, although getting older, people are more likely to be distracted from a negative source of emotion to maintain their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vieillard
- Unité DysCo, Fonctionnement et Dysfonctionnement Cognitifs: Les âges de la vie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Charlotte Pinabiaux
- Unité DysCo, Fonctionnement et Dysfonctionnement Cognitifs: Les âges de la vie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Emmanuel Bigand
- Unité LEAD, Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissages et du Développement, UMR CNRS 5022, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, Chmitorz A, König J, Binder H, Wessa M, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD012527. [PMID: 32627860 PMCID: PMC8121081 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during or after periods of stressor exposure, which may result from a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition phase, or physical illness. Healthcare professionals, such as nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers, are exposed to various work-related stressors (e.g. patient care, time pressure, administration) and are at increased risk of developing mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals, that is, healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital personnel) and allied healthcare staff (e.g. social workers, psychologists). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults aged 18 years and older who are employed as healthcare professionals, comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, wait-list, usual care, active or attention control. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 44 RCTs (high-income countries: 36). Thirty-nine studies solely focused on healthcare professionals (6892 participants), including both healthcare staff delivering direct medical care and allied healthcare staff. Four studies investigated mixed samples (1000 participants) with healthcare professionals and participants working outside of the healthcare sector, and one study evaluated training for emergency personnel in general population volunteers (82 participants). The included studies were mainly conducted in a hospital setting and included physicians, nurses and different hospital personnel (37/44 studies). Participants mainly included women (68%) from young to middle adulthood (mean age range: 27 to 52.4 years). Most studies investigated group interventions (30 studies) of high training intensity (18 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (29 studies). Of the included studies, 19 compared a resilience training based on combined theoretical foundation (e.g. mindfulness and cognitive-behavioural therapy) versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. hospitals, universities), or a combination of different sources. Fifteen studies did not specify the source of their funding, and one study received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear for most studies in performance, detection, and attrition bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare professionals receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.65; 12 studies, 690 participants), lower levels of depression (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.09; 14 studies, 788 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.15; 17 studies, 997 participants). There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on anxiety (SMD -0.06, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.23; 5 studies, 231 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.14, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.30; 13 studies, 1494 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Effect sizes were small except for resilience and stress reduction (moderate). Data on adverse effects were available for three studies, with none reporting any adverse effects occurring during the study (very-low certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare professionals, there is very-low certainty evidence that, compared to control, resilience training may result in higher levels of resilience, lower levels of depression, stress or stress perception, and higher levels of certain resilience factors at post-intervention. The paucity of medium- or long-term data, heterogeneous interventions and restricted geographical distribution limit the generalisability of our results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. The findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare professionals, but the evidence is very uncertain. There is a clear need for high-quality replications and improved study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Schäfer A, Pels F, Kleinert J. Effects of Different Coping Strategies on the Psychological and Physiological Stress Reaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Research over the last few decades has shown that high demands can lead to stress. However, high demands do not lead to stress per se as it depends on how an individual copes with demands. There is a lack of experimental studies that test the effectiveness of different coping strategies on stress. Aims: Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different coping strategies (focus on positives, support coping, active coping, evasive coping) on the psychological (perceived stress intensity, emotional response) and physiological (heart rate variability) stress reaction with the use of an experimental design. Method: Participants ( N = 55) were randomized into four experimental groups and one control group. Prior to a stress induction, coping strategies were manipulated within the experimental groups. Results: The results of a 5 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that focus on positives and active coping led to a lower psychological stress reaction compared to evasive coping. There was no significant difference between the coping conditions with regard to the physiological stress reaction. Conclusion: It can be assumed that focus on positives and active coping lead to a less threatening appraisal of the situation and, thus, to a lower psychological stress reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schäfer
- Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Pels
- Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Kleinert
- Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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Straatmann VS, Dekhtyar S, Meinow B, Fratiglioni L, Calderón-Larrañaga A. Unplanned Hospital Care Use in Older Adults: The Role of Psychological and Social Well-Being. J Am Geriatr Soc 2020; 68:272-280. [PMID: 31956993 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association of psychological and social well-being with unplanned hospital utilization in an older Swedish population. DESIGN Data for this study were gathered from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Information on hospital care use was extracted from the Stockholm County Council Inpatient Register for up to 4 years after the baseline SNAC-K assessment (2001-2007). Participants with dementia or living in institutions were excluded from the study sample. SETTING Community-based study of randomly selected adults, aged 60 years or older, living in the Kungsholmen district of Stockholm. PARTICIPANTS A complete case analysis was performed on 2139 individuals. MEASUREMENTS We created standardized indexes of psychological well-being (integrating life satisfaction and positive and negative affect) and social well-being (integrating social connections, support, and participation). Negative binomial models were used to estimate the association of psychosocial well-being with unplanned admissions, hospital days, and 30-day readmissions, considering potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, personality, and clinical confounders. RESULTS Individuals with psychological well-being scores above the median had lower rates of unplanned hospital admissions (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55-0.82) and hospital days (IRR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.49-0.92) compared to those with scores below the median. High levels of social well-being were also protective for unplanned admissions and hospital days, but the statistical significance was lost in the fully adjusted models. Relative to individuals with low well-being on both indexes, the rate of unplanned admissions and hospital days was lowest in those with both high psychological and social well-being (IRR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.55-0.93; and IRR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.39-0.85, respectively). For 30-day readmissions, a statistically significant negative association was found with psychological well-being, but only when operationalized as a continuous variable. CONCLUSION Given their association with unplanned admissions and hospital days, targeting aspects of psychosocial well-being could be a viable strategy for reducing healthcare use and, eventually, costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:272-280, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S Straatmann
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bettina Meinow
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
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Niermeyer MA, Suchy Y. Walking, talking, and suppressing: Executive functioning mediates the relationship between higher expressive suppression and slower dual-task walking among older adults. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:775-796. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1704436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Suchy
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Garcia MV, Luckett T, Johnson M, Hutchinson A, Lal S, Phillips JL. The roles of dispositional coping style and social support in helping people with respiratory disease cope with a breathlessness crisis. J Adv Nurs 2019; 75:1953-1965. [PMID: 31012133 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of coping moderators in self-management of breathlessness crises by people with advanced respiratory disease. DESIGN A secondary analysis of semi-structured interview data. METHODS Interviews with patients who had advanced respiratory disease, chronic breathlessness and at least one experience where they considered presenting to Emergency but self-managed instead (a "near miss"). Participants were recruited from New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia or Tasmania. Eligible caregivers were those who contributed to Emergency-related decision-making. Interviews were coded inductively and then deductively against the coping moderators social support and dispositional coping style, defined by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. RESULTS Interviews were conducted between October 2015 - April 2016 with 20 patients and three caregivers. Social networks offered emotional and practical support but also had potential for conflict with patients' 'hardy' coping style. Patient hardiness (characterized by a sense of 'commitment' and 'challenge') promoted a proactive approach to self-management but made some patients less willing to accept support. Information-seeking tendencies varied between patients and were sometimes shared with caregivers. An optimistic coping style appeared to be less equivocally beneficial. CONCLUSION This study shows that social support and coping style may influence how people self-manage through their breathlessness crises and identified ways coping moderators can facilitate or hinder effective self-management. IMPACT This study confers insights into how social-support and coping style can be supported and optimized to facilitate breathlessness self-management. Acknowledging coping moderator interactions is beneficial for developing resources and strategies that recognise patient mastery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Villanueva Garcia
- IMPACCT, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Luckett
- IMPACCT, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam Johnson
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Ann Hutchinson
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Sara Lal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane L Phillips
- IMPACCT, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Maffei A, Angrilli A. Spontaneous blink rate as an index of attention and emotion during film clips viewing. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:256-263. [PMID: 30822434 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous blinking is a non-invasive indicator known to reflect dopaminergic influence over frontal cortex and attention allocation in perceptual tasks. 38 participants watched eighteen short film clips (2 min), designed to elicit specific affective states, and arranged in six different emotional categories, while their eye movements were recorded from the vertical electroculogram. The largest blink rate inhibition, reflecting greater attention allocation to the movie, was observed during the presentation of Erotic clips, excerpts on wilderness depicting beautiful landscapes (Scenery), as well as clips showing crying characters (Compassion). Instead, the minimum blink rate inhibition was found for Fear clips, which induced a defensive response with stimulus rejection. Blink rate across time evidenced how Compassion clips elicited early inhibition while Sadness clips induced a slower, later inhibition. Correlation analyses also revealed a negative correlation (r < -0.40) between total blink rate recorded during Erotic and Compassion clips and self-reported interest. Overall, the main variable explaining blink rate was emotional Valence. Results suggest that blink modulation is related with the motivational relevance and biological significance of the stimuli, tracking their differential recruitment of attentional resources. Furthermore, they provide a solid background for studying the emotion-attention patterns and their deficits also in clinical samples (e.g., neurological and psychiatric patients) using spontaneous blinking as a not-interfering psychophysiological measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maffei
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; IN CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Italy; PNC - Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy.
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Kroemeke A. Coping Flexibility and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults: The Compensatory Effect of Co-rumination. Front Psychol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30728797 PMCID: PMC6351461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coping flexibility, defined as a wide range of coping strategies, may be a promising construct in determining coping effectiveness, especially in conjunction with a person-centered approach. However, no studies have focused on these issues. The study aimed to identify the distinct, multidimensional patterns of strategies for coping with chronic health conditions and their association with changes in physical and psychological health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older adults over a one month period. Methods: Coping strategies (brooding, reflection, co-rumination, and positive reappraisal) and HRQoL psychological and physical domains were assessed twice (at the baseline and one month later) among 210 older adults (age 76.12 ± 9.09 years, 66% women). Findings: The parallel process analysis demonstrated the sample heterogeneity regarding coping. In multidimensional latent class growth analysis (MLCGA), four coping classes of overall strategies were identified: consistently low (46%), medium and decreasing (18%), medium and increasing (20%), and consistently high (16%). The last two can be considered the coping flexibility. Participants in the medium and increasing subgroup reported enhancement in HRQoL psychological domain, whereas members of the consistently high subgroup indicated its decrease. The favorable effects were related to an increase in co-rumination. Discussion: The findings shed light on the longitudinal patterns of coping in older adults, showing that coping flexibility is more adaptive when it relies on modifying coping efforts rather than coping complexity. Co-rumination played a key role, compensated by the effect of maladaptive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kroemeke
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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50
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Brady B, Kneebone II, Denson N, Bailey PE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of age-related differences in instructed emotion regulation success. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6051. [PMID: 30588398 PMCID: PMC6302795 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The process model of emotion regulation (ER) is based on stages in the emotion generative process at which regulation may occur. This meta-analysis examines age-related differences in the subjective, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of instructed ER strategies that may be initiated after an emotional event has occurred; attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Within-process strategy, stimulus type, and valence were also tested as potential moderators of the effect of age on ER. A systematic search of the literature identified 156 relevant comparisons from 11 studies. Few age-related differences were found. In our analysis of the subjective outcome of response modulation strategies, young adults used expressive enhancement successfully (g = 0.48), but not expressive suppression (g = 0.04). Response modulation strategies had a small positive effect among older adults, and enhancement vs suppression did not moderate this success (g = 0.31 and g = 0.10, respectively). Young adults effectively used response modulation to regulate subjective emotion in response to pictures (g = 0.41) but not films (g = 0.01). Older adults were able to regulate in response to both pictures (g = 0.26) and films (g = 0.11). Interestingly, both age groups effectively used detached reappraisal, but not positive reappraisal to regulate emotional behavior. We conclude that, in line with well-established theories of socioemotional aging, there is a lack of evidence for age differences in the effects of instructed ER strategies, with some moderators suggesting more consistent effectiveness for older compared to younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Brady
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian I Kneebone
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nida Denson
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Phoebe E Bailey
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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