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Leon T, Weidemann G, Kneebone II, Bailey PE. Cognitive and Emotional Factors Influencing the Incorporation of Advice Into Decision Making Across the Adult Lifespan. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae080. [PMID: 38738919 PMCID: PMC11212316 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study sought to investigate the influence of advice on decision making in older age, as well as the potential influence of depressive symptoms and age-related differences in the cognitively demanding emotion regulation on advice-taking. METHOD A nonclinical sample (N = 156; 50% female; 47 young: M age = 29.87, standard deviation [SD] = 5.58; 54 middle-aged: M age = 50.91, SD = 7.13; 55 older: M age = 72.51, SD = 5.33) completed a judge-advisor task to measure degree of advice-taking, as well as measures of fluid intelligence, depressive symptoms, confidence, perceived advice accuracy, and emotion regulation. RESULTS Age did not influence degree of advice-taking. Greater depressive symptoms were associated with more reliance on advice, but only among individuals who identified as emotion regulators. Interestingly, older age was associated with perceiving advice to be less accurate. DISCUSSION The study contributes to the sparse literature on advice-taking in older age. Cognitive and emotional factors influence the degree to which advice is incorporated into decision making in consistent ways across the adult lifespan. A key difference is that older adults take as much advice as younger adults despite perceiving the advice to be less accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarren Leon
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Weidemann
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian I Kneebone
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phoebe E Bailey
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tharaud JB, Murphy J, Smith DL, Valdespino-Hayden ZE, Held P. Changes in emotion regulation difficulties and PTSD symptom severity in an intensive treatment program for PTSD. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:620-626. [PMID: 38844167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) and decreased use of adaptive ER strategies have been associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. To date, limited research has explored whether ER improves with PTSD treatment or whether such improvements are linked with improvements in PTSD symptoms. METHODS Veterans and service members with PTSD (N = 223) participated in a 2-week intensive treatment program (ITP) based in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). ER was measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Short Form (DERS-SF) at baseline and on days 4 and 9 of treatment. PTSD symptoms were reported on the PTSD Symptom Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) at baseline, on days 3, 5, 6, and 8 of treatment, and at post-treatment. RESULTS DERS-SF scores decreased during treatment (Mchange = 5.12, d = 0.38). Baseline DERS-SF did not predict overall PCL-5 scores across timepoints (p = .377). However, scores on the DERS-SF over time were significantly associated with PCL-5 improvement over the course of treatment (p < .001, R2b = 0.07). Finally, improvements in all subscales of the DERS-SF across time except clarity were significantly associated with improvement in PCL-5 over time. LIMITATIONS Additional treatment components in the ITP beyond CPT may have contributed to ER improvements. Conclusions are also limited by the use of self-report data. CONCLUSIONS An intensive CPT-based treatment program for veterans and service members can lead to improved ER in two weeks. ER improvements are associated with PTSD symptom severity during the ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Tharaud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Dale L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
| | | | - Philip Held
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, United States of America.
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3
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Mikkelsen MB, O'Toole MS, Elkjaer E, Mehlsen M. The effect of age on emotion regulation patterns in daily life: Findings from an experience sampling study. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:231-239. [PMID: 37750248 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The present experience sampling study investigated the effect of age on emotion regulation patterns (i.e., emotion regulation strategy effectiveness, variability, and differentiation) in daily life. The study further explored the implications of potential age differences in emotion regulation patterns for well-being. A sample of 406 adults (age range: 18-81, 62.8% female) were prompted five times a day for seven days to rate momentary emotions, emotion regulation strategy use, and emotion regulation strategy effectiveness. Based on these ratings, indicators of emotion regulation variability and differentiation were calculated. Well-being outcomes included daily positive and negative emotions, and symptoms of depression and anxiety assessed at baseline. The findings revealed reduced emotion regulation variability with age and a negative association between emotion regulation variability and well-being. There were no associations between age and emotion regulation effectiveness or differentiation. Emotion regulation effectiveness was associated with more positive and less negative daily emotions, and these associations were stronger for younger adults compared to older adults. Drawing on prominent lifespan theories, the findings may indicate that as people age, they select and apply a few strategies that they know will be effective given the context and their resources which leads to reduced emotion regulation variability but ultimately more well-being. Concerning emotion regulation effectiveness, the findings suggest that effectiveness is less important for emotional well-being in daily life in older adulthood possibly because well-being is determined by other factors (e.g., less frequent and more predictable stressors) with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Skytte O'Toole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma Elkjaer
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mimi Mehlsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Isaacowitz DM, English T. Beyond strategies: The when and why of emotion regulation in aging. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101763. [PMID: 38113668 PMCID: PMC10939930 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Most research to date on potential age differences in emotion regulation has focused on whether older adults differ from younger adults in how they manage their emotions. We argue for a broader consideration of the possible effects of aging on emotion regulation by moving beyond tests of age differences in strategy use to also consider when and why emotion regulation takes place. That is, we encourage deeper consideration of contextual factors that spark regulation as well as the goals and motives underlying individuals' attempts to regulate their emotions. There may be age-related variation in all, some, or none of these components of emotion regulation. Descriptive work across all dimensions of emotion regulation is necessary to test and refine theories of emotional aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, United States
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5
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Qiao Z, Poppelaars ES, Li X. In the anticipation of threat: Neural regulatory activity indicated by delta-beta correlation and its relation to anxiety. Biol Psychol 2024; 187:108769. [PMID: 38447860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The anticipation of oncoming threats is emotionally challenging and related to anxiety. The current study aimed to investigate the neural regulatory processes during the anticipatory preparations in stressful situations in relation to trait anxiety, especially in an uncertainty-related stressful situation. To this end, we measured within-subjects delta-beta amplitude-amplitude correlation (AAC) and phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) with electroencephalography using a well-defined stress-inducing paradigm in 28 high-trait-anxiety (HTA) and 29 low-trait-anxiety (LTA) college students. Specifically, a threat probability task was conducted, where participants anticipated the future stimuli under the uncertain (i.e., an average of 50% electric shocks), certain (i.e., 100% electric shocks) and no threat conditions, as well as a resting state task. Results showed a generally larger delta-beta AAC in the LTA group relative to the HTA group across conditions, supporting the hypothesis that delta-beta AAC reflects the efficiency of stress regulation and trait anxiety could compromise this adaptive regulatory activity. Furthermore, a larger delta-beta PAC was found under the uncertain threat condition relative to the no threat condition, indicating the sensitivity of delta-beta PAC in reflecting state anxiety. These findings indicate that while delta-beta AAC is more related to trait anxiety and could distinguish between high and low trait anxiety irrespective of conditions, delta-beta PAC is more related to state anxiety and is sensitive enough to detect the uncertainty-related anxious state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Xuebing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Whitmoyer P, Fisher ME, Duraney EJ, Manzler C, Isaacowitz DM, Andridge R, Prakash RS. Age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and flexibility in daily life. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:330-343. [PMID: 37735914 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2256245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related shifts in emotion regulation patterns are important for explaining preserved emotional well-being in late adulthood amidst declines in physical and cognitive health. Although several studies have examined age-related shifts in emotion regulation strategy use, age differences in how specific strategies are flexibly adapted to shifting contexts in daily life and the adaptiveness of such shifts remains poorly understood. METHODS 130 younger adults (ages 22-35) and 130 older adults (ages 65-85) completed a modified Day Reconstruction Method Assessment and self-report questionnaires to examine age differences in emotion regulation strategy use and one aspect of emotion regulation flexibility (responsiveness) in daily life, and the adaptive implications of these differences. RESULTS Older adults exhibited more frequent acceptance use, less frequent distraction use, and less flexibility in the responsiveness of strategies with varying negative affect. Across age groups, the use of expressive suppression and distraction was associated with less adaptive outcomes, whereas higher acceptance responsiveness, positive reappraisal responsiveness, and situation selection responsiveness were associated with more adaptive outcomes. Age-group moderated the associations between adaptiveness metrics with the use and flexibility of several emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSION The current findings provide early evidence of age-related decreases in emotion regulation flexibility as well as age-related shifts in the adaptiveness of emotion regulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Whitmoyer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan E Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Charles Manzler
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Andridge
- Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruchika Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Bacadini França A, Samra R, Magalhães Vitorino L, Waltz Schelini P. The Relationship Between Mental health, Metacognition, and Emotion Regulation in Older People. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:298-306. [PMID: 37393562 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2231456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unclear if using emotion regulation strategies can help manage the effects of anxiety and depression on metacognitive strategies in older people. This study aimed to verify the effect of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition. METHODS A mediation analysis was performed to assess the role of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition in older people. RESULTS Without mediator control, higher scores indicating mental disorder are associated with reduced metacognition scores. When mediators are added to the model, the mediation effect was significant. An indirect effect of anxiety and depression on metacognition was mediated by cognitive reappraisal to a greater extent than emotional suppression. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive reappraisal reduced the impact of anxiety and depression on metacognition in older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Including cognitive reappraisal techniques in anxiety and depression intervention plans can be beneficial for improving older people's metacognition functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bacadini França
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rajvinder Samra
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Patrícia Waltz Schelini
- Laboratory of Human Development and Cognition - LADHECO, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Haase CM. Emotion Regulation in Couples Across Adulthood. ANNUAL REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 5:399-421. [PMID: 38939362 PMCID: PMC11210602 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Intimate relationships are hotbeds of emotion. This article presents key findings and current directions in research on couples' emotion regulation across adulthood as a critical context in which older adults not only maintain functioning but may also outshine younger adults. First, I introduce key concepts, defining qualities (i.e., dynamic, coregulatory, bidirectional, bivalent), and measures (i.e., self-report versus performance-based) of couples' emotion regulation. Second, I highlight a socioemotional turn in our understanding of adult development with the advent of socioemotional selectivity theory. Third, I offer a life-span developmental perspective on emotion regulation in couples (i.e., across infancy, adolescence and young adulthood, midlife, and late life). Finally, I present the idea that emotion regulation may shift from "me to us" across adulthood and discuss how emotion regulation in couples may become more important, better, and increasingly consequential (e.g., for relationship outcomes, well-being, and health) with age. Ideas for future research are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Haase
- School of Education and Social Policy and (by courtesy) Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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9
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Lee K, Sayre B, James TA, Duarte A. Age-related reductions in arousal-enhanced memory are moderated by trait emotion regulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15469. [PMID: 37726345 PMCID: PMC10509193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional arousal is known to enhance episodic memory in young adults. However, compared to valence, little is known about how healthy aging impacts arousal-enhanced memory effects. Furthermore, while emotion regulation is believed to improve with age, it is unclear how individual differences in emotion regulation influence arousal-enhanced memory. In this large-scale online study, we investigated the impact of age and individual differences in emotion regulation on arousal-enhanced memory. During encoding, participants made arousal ratings about negative, neutral, and positive images, and we compared their subsequent memory of high and low-arousal images. We found the impact of emotional arousal on memory was reduced with age, especially for older adults who habitually suppress their emotions. Our findings show that arousal-related memory benefits are reduced with advancing age, and that individual differences in habitual usage of emotion regulation impact these age-related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungeun Lee
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.
- School of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
| | - Brialisse Sayre
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, USA
| | - Taylor A James
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
- School of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Growney C, Springstein T, English T. Age, Resources, and Emotion Regulation Need in Daily-Life Emotional Contexts. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1142-1151. [PMID: 36719066 PMCID: PMC10292833 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Strengths and Vulnerabilities Integration model (Charles, 2010) suggests older adults experience difficulty regulating emotions with high-arousal negative stimuli due to decreases in resources. We investigate relationships among age, physical and cognitive resources, emotional experience, and perceived emotion regulation (ER) needs. METHODS Participants aged 25-85 (N = 290) completed assessments of cognitive ability and physical health. In an experience sampling procedure (6x per day for 10 days), participants reported their momentary emotion experience and perceived need to regulate their emotions. RESULTS Regardless of arousal level, negative emotion was associated with higher ER need and positive emotion was associated with lower ER need. This pro-hedonic orientation was stronger among older adults and individuals with more cognitive resources. In contrast to predictions, older adults in poor physical health who experience high levels of high-arousal negative emotion on average reported lower ER need compared with younger adults in poor physical health. However, older adults with lower cognitive resources who experience high levels of high-arousal negative emotion on average reported higher ER need. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that younger age and lower levels of cognitive ability are linked to less perceived need to regulate negative emotional states. Physical vulnerabilities also may dampen the perceived need for regulating high-arousal negative emotions, but only among older adults. Age-related shifts in resources and emotional goals may influence the likelihood that individuals are motivated to engage in ER, as well as the effectiveness of those efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Growney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tabea Springstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Growney CM, English T. Age and Cognitive Ability Predict Emotion Regulation Strategy Use. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:987-997. [PMID: 36744761 PMCID: PMC10214650 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines how age and cognitive ability predict use of different emotion regulation strategies in a laboratory task eliciting emotions varying in valence and arousal. METHODS Participants (N = 287) aged 25-85 completed the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery and an emotion regulation task in a laboratory setting. They watched a series of emotional clips (disgust, sadness, amusement, and contentment) under instructions to increase positive emotions or decrease negative emotions. After each clip, they rated the extent to which they used emotion regulation strategies that involve different types of engagement with emotional stimuli and disengagement from emotional stimuli. RESULTS Older age was predictive of greater use of immersive-engagement strategies (e.g., perspective taking) and less use of disengagement strategies (e.g., distraction). Fluid cognitive ability was positively associated with immersive-engagement strategy use, particularly for high-arousal clips. For older adults, fluid cognitive ability was also associated with using positive-engagement strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal) to a greater extent to regulate negative emotions. DISCUSSION Patterns of emotion regulation strategy use varied by age, even when accounting for differences in reactivity. Findings suggest that older adults may not necessarily prefer strategies that are lower in cognitive demands or that focus on enhancing positivity. Results support the idea that strategy preferences are driven by a combination of characteristics of the regulator and the regulation context. The relevance of cognitive resources likely varies across situations, perhaps being most consequential for deeper processing of high-arousal stimuli and for older adults' engagement with positive aspects of an otherwise negative situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Growney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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King Johnson ML, Roche AI, Markon K, Denburg NL. Emotion regulation in older adulthood: roles of executive functioning and social relationships. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:336-353. [PMID: 35057711 PMCID: PMC9296691 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2027331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although emotion regulation (ER) is often maintained or even enhanced in older adulthood, resources used to promote ER in later life are not well understood. The current study examined how executive functioning (EF) and social relationships are related to ER in older adults (N=90; Age: M=74.98, SD=5.41). Results showed associations between higher shifting performance (a behavioral index of EF) and higher use of cognitive reappraisal, an ER strategy. This effect was moderated by social relationships, such that those with lower shifting performance reported higher levels of reappraisal in the presence of positive social relationships. Positive social relationships were also associated with lower use of expressive suppression, another ER strategy. Additional analyses did not reveal associations between ER and other cognitive domains. These findings contribute to current understandings of how cognitive and social resources contribute to ER in older adulthood and provide important potential future research and intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne I Roche
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristian Markon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Natalie L Denburg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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Preston T, Carr DC, Hajcak G, Sheffler J, Sachs-Ericsson N. Cognitive reappraisal, emotional suppression, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in later life: The moderating role of gender. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2390-2398. [PMID: 34842002 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1998350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although socioemotional selectivity (SST) suggests that people experience more positive affect as they age, symptoms of anxiety and depression persist and are often greater in older women than men. Coping strategies may influence the extent to which older adults experience these symptoms. The purpose of the current study is to examine possible gender differences in the use of an adaptive (cognitive reappraisal (CR) and a maladaptive (emotive suppression (ES) emotion regulation strategy in relation to depressive and anxiety symptoms. METHOD Our study uses cross-sectional data drawn from a community sample of older adults (60+; n = 906). We used OLS regression and moderation analyses to test our study hypotheses. RESULTS Gender moderated the association between CR in both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Women reported greater use of CR relative to men. Further, CR use was negatively related to symptoms of anxiety and depression in women, but not men. In contrast, men used ES more frequently than women, though older men and women's use of ES was unrelated to anxiety or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings provide initial evidence that greater CR use in older women is related to lower symptoms of both anxiety and depression relative to older men. Age-related increases in CR use (e.g. SST) among women may serve to decrease anxiety and depression symptoms. Findings suggest decreasing anxiety and depressive symptoms via CR may benefit older women more than older men. Future research is needed to identify the coping strategies that are most beneficial for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Preston
- Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dawn C Carr
- Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Julia Sheffler
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Fisher ME, Duraney E, Friess K, Whitmoyer P, Andridge R, Prakash RS. Trait mindfulness and emotion regulation responsiveness to negative affect in daily life. Mindfulness (N Y) 2022; 13:2796-2811. [PMID: 38500843 PMCID: PMC10948115 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Recent conceptualizations of adaptive emotion regulation is predicated on the ability to flexibly use emotion regulation strategies to meet changing contextual demands. Although trait mindfulness has been linked to enhanced emotional well-being and use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, there is a dearth of literature examining associations between trait mindfulness and emotion regulation flexibility. Further, despite a rich literature suggesting that emotion regulation processes change with age, no study to date has assessed whether the role of trait mindfulness on emotion regulation responsiveness to negative emotions-a component of emotion regulation flexibility-differs between young and older adults. Methods The current study recruited 130 young adults and 130 older adults to assess trait mindfulness, emotion regulation strategy use, and emotion regulation responsiveness of six distinct strategies in daily life. Results Across the full sample, trait mindfulness was related to reduced distraction (β = -0.11, t(238.09) = -3.02, p = .003) and expressive suppression (β = -0.15, t(237.70) = -4.62, p < .001) strategy use. Age moderation analyses revealed that trait mindfulness was associated with reduced expressive suppression responsiveness (β = 0.12, t(247) = 2.31, p = .022) in young adults and increased detached reappraisal responsiveness among older adults (β = 0.15, t(247) = -2.95, p = .003). Conclusions The current findings highlight the importance of understanding how trait mindfulness is associated with strategy use and responsiveness to negative affect changes in daily life as well as how these patterns may shift across the lifespan. Manuscript Pre-registration Open Science Framework, registration number: z5g8v.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruchika S. Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University
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Journault A, Beaumont E, Lupien SJ. Stress, anxiety, emotion regulation and social support in parent‐child dyads prior to and during the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Stress Health 2022; 39:285-298. [PMID: 35849114 PMCID: PMC9349815 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, and in order to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress and mental health in parent-child dyads using pre-pandemic measures, we recontacted participants from a 2019 study. A total of 136 dyads of Canadian parents (77% mothers, mean age = 44.48 years/old) and children (63% girls, 77% aged 10-12 years/old and 23% aged 15-17 years/old) completed self-report measures of perceived stress, anxiety (state/sensitivity) and emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal/expressive suppression). Children additionally completed measures of co-rumination and perceived social support from friends, parents, and teachers. Results revealed a significant increase in parents' stress and state anxiety during the pandemic compared to before, but not in their children. Dyads' anxiety sensitivity remained unchanged, as well as parents' use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Children showed similar use of cognitive reappraisal, but less expressive suppression and co-rumination during the pandemic compared to before. Children reported similar perceived social support from all sources over time. Finally, parental and children scores were not significantly correlated at either time. These results suggest that during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, parents and children responded differently in terms of stress, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey‐Ann Journault
- Centre for Studies on Human StressMontrealQuébecCanada,Research CenterInstitut universitaire en santé mentale de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Emy Beaumont
- Centre for Studies on Human StressMontrealQuébecCanada,Research CenterInstitut universitaire en santé mentale de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Sonia J. Lupien
- Centre for Studies on Human StressMontrealQuébecCanada,Research CenterInstitut universitaire en santé mentale de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada,Department of PsychologyUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada,Department of Psychiatry and AddictionUniversité de MontréalMontrealQuébecCanada
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16
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Sikka P, Stenberg J, Vorobyev V, Gross JJ. The neural bases of expressive suppression: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104708. [PMID: 35636561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expressive suppression refers to the inhibition of emotion-expressive behavior (e.g., facial expressions of emotion). Although it is a commonly used emotion regulation strategy with well-documented consequences for well-being, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. In this systematic review, we for the first time synthesize functional neuroimaging studies on the neural bases of expressive suppression in non-clinical populations. The 12 studies included in this review contrasted the use of expressive suppression to simply watching emotional stimuli. Results showed that expressive suppression consistently increased activation of frontoparietal regions, especially the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and inferior parietal cortex, but decreased activation in temporo-occipital areas. Results regarding the involvement of the insula and amygdala were inconsistent with studies showing increased, decreased, or no changes in activation. These mixed findings underscore the importance of distinguishing expressive suppression from other forms of suppression and highlight the need to pay more attention to experimental design and neuroimaging data analysis procedures. We discuss these conceptual and methodological issues and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 94305, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 541 28, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan Stenberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 541 28, Sweden
| | - Victor Vorobyev
- Turku University Hospital, 20521, Finland; Department of Radiology, University of Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 94305, USA
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17
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Abstract
Older adults report surprisingly positive affective experience. The idea that older adults are better at emotion regulation has emerged as an intuitively appealing explanation for why they report such high levels of affective well-being despite other age-related declines. In this article, I review key theories and current evidence on age differences in the use and effectiveness of emotion-regulation strategies from a range of studies, including laboratory-based and experience sampling. These studies do not yet provide consistent evidence for age differences in emotion regulation and thus do not clearly support the assertion that older adults are better at emotion regulation. However, current approaches may be limited in describing and testing possible age-related changes in emotion regulation. Future work will need to more directly investigate individual trajectories of stability and change in emotion-regulation strategy use and effectiveness over time and also consider the possible roles of context, physiological reactivity, neural changes, acceptance, and personality.
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18
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Gurera JW, Wolfe HE, Murry MWE, Isaacowitz DM. Interpersonal emotion regulation strategy choice in younger and older adults. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:643-659. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Gurera
- Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Carvajal BP, Molina-Martínez MÁ, Fernández-Fernández V, Paniagua-Granados T, Lasa-Aristu A, Luque-Reca O. Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in Spanish older adults. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:413-422. [PMID: 33463369 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1870207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) assesses nine cognitive strategies used to cope with negative events. The aim of this study was to generate validity evidences of this instrument in an older Spanish population. The Spanish version of the CERQ (CERQ-S) and self-report scales, measuring psychological well-being, depression and resilience, were administered to 305 older adults aged 65-90 (70.0 ± 4.7) residents in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. 150 participants completed the 6-month follow-up in April 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Confirmatory factor analyses supported 9-strategy structure, with an improved fit 27-item version (CERQ-S-27). Generally adequate composite reliability (CR between 0.63 and 0.84) and temporal stability (ICC between 0.38 and 0.71; p < 0.001) were found. Subscales correlated coherently with measures of depression, well-being and resilience, and T-tests indicated different use between older adults who did or did not have depressive symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that subscales predicted depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.17; p < 0.001) and psychological well-being after six months (R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001). Results provided evidences of concurrent, predictive and criterion validity, suggesting that the CERQ-S-27 could be useful for studying use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies among older adults and understanding their influence in ageing and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca P Carvajal
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Psychology of Personality, Evaluation and Psychology Treatment, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amaia Lasa-Aristu
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Wolfe HE, Isaacowitz DM. Acceptance as a cognitive emotion regulation strategy across the lifespan. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Perach R, Rusted J, Harris PR, Miles E. Emotion regulation and decision-making in persons with dementia: A scoping review. DEMENTIA 2021; 20:1832-1854. [PMID: 33226266 PMCID: PMC8216314 DOI: 10.1177/1471301220971630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Emotion is integral to decision-making, and emotion regulation is associated with improved well-being in older age. Persons with dementia are likely to experience impairments in emotion regulation processes that can potentially contribute to differential decision-making and well-being outcomes. To promote the development of theoretical models of well-being in dementia, we review the quantitative evidence concerning the associations between emotion regulation and decision-making in dementia. METHODS Scoping review. RESULTS Seven studies of persons with dementia met our criteria. In persons with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, emotion regulation processes that precede the emotional experience were associated with decision-making in a moral (but not uncertainty) context. Independent of type of dementia, evidence concerning the associations between emotion regulation processes that occur after emotion is experienced and decision-making was mixed and drew on different methodologies. No studies relating to the associations between decision-making in dementia and several emotion regulation processes and strategies were found. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we sought to clarify the concept of everyday decision-making in dementia and map the current state of evidence concerning its associations with emotion regulation. Our findings show that emotion regulation processes are associated with decision-making in dementia, depending on type of decision-making assessment and emotional experience. We outline the gaps in the literature to set a research agenda for promoting our understanding of how emotion regulation processes can shape the various decisions that are made by persons with dementia on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Perach
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Eleanor Miles
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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22
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English T, Growney CM. A relational perspective on emotion regulation across adulthood. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy English
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Claire M. Growney
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
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23
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Emotion regulation in adolescents: Influences of internal representations of relationships - An ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 160:1-9. [PMID: 33278467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) strategies can decrease the intensity or modify the experience of emotions. Deficits in emotion regulation are implicated in a wide range of psychopathologies. It is argued that interpersonal, socio-cognitive, and developmental variables play an important role in ER. This is the first study to explore the contribution of individual differences in internal representations of relationships (IRR) to neural correlates of ER in a sample of adolescents. Event related potentials of 53 adolescents (12 to 17 years old) were collected while performing an ER task. IRR was assessed with the social cognition and object relations scale (SCORS-G; Westen, 1995) coding of narratives from interviews. Results show that individual differences in IRR significantly predicted the modulation of emotional responses by expressive suppression in adolescents, accounting for 48% of the variance of changes in occipital late positive potentials (LPP). Thus, it appears that IRR are implicated in an individual's ability to regulate emotions. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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24
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Laloyaux J, Badcock JC. Effects of age on hallucinations in the general population: a commentary on recent data and challenges for future research. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113253. [PMID: 32593072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laloyaux
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Perth Voices Clinic, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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25
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Røsvik J, Rokstad AMM. What are the needs of people with dementia in acute hospital settings, and what interventions are made to meet these needs? A systematic integrative review of the literature. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:723. [PMID: 32767987 PMCID: PMC7412803 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research aiming to improve the hospital experience for patients with dementia and their informal carers is strongly recommended. The present review aimed to describe the research on interventions to meet the needs of people with dementia in acute hospital settings regarding physical environment, organization of care, and staff knowledge of dementia and competence in person-centred care. An integrative review design was applied. We searched for studies in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cinahl, Embase, Swemed+, and Cochrane databases using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for quality evaluation. Twenty-seven articles were included, describing the perspectives of people with dementia, informal carers, and professional carers. The MMAT score ranged from two to four. Twelve studies described needs and experiences, mostly using a qualitative design. Common themes and results were synthesized. The studies identified a need to enhance staff competence regarding dementia and person-centred care. Fifteen studies described interventions: two were qualitative; three used mixed method, and 10 were quantitative, of which two were randomized controlled trials and eight were observational studies. Five types of interventions were identified. Three types could positively impact staff knowledge about dementia and person-centred care. One type was experienced as positive regarding organisation of care for patients with dementia. None of the intervention studies found evidence for effects on the identified needs regarding physical environment. CONCLUSION The included studies suggest that staff need more knowledge regarding dementia and person-centred dementia care and that training interventions implemented to enhance staff competence had promising results. However, there is a need for research on the needs of patients with dementia in acute hospital settings regarding physical environment and effect of design elements. There is also a scarcity of intervention studies focusing on the effect of models of care that support the psychosocial needs of patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Røsvik
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Marie Mork Rokstad
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
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26
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Jarman RE, Windsor TD. "Calm Down," "Cheer Up": How Age Influences the Way We Manage Emotion in Social Partners. Res Aging 2020; 43:74-84. [PMID: 32720596 DOI: 10.1177/0164027520946680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines how individuals (regulators) manage emotion in their social partners (targets) and whether the age of the regulator or the age of the target influences extrinsic emotion regulation strategy preference. An online questionnaire was used to assess extrinsic emotion regulation among 580 participants aged 18-87 years (M = 50.04, SD = 18.13). Participants (regulators) indicated the extent to which they would be likely to use different strategies when interacting with a younger or older target who was upset. Results of multi-level modeling showed that older regulators endorsed less use of situation modification than younger regulators, but age differences in regulators' use of other strategies were not significant. After adjustment for relationship-specific covariates, regulators endorsed less use of attentional deployment and cognitive change, for older targets than younger targets. Results are discussed in the context of lifespan perspectives on social behavior and emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Jarman
- 1065Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tim D Windsor
- 1065Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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27
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Ray-Yol E, Ülbe S, Temel M, Altan-Atalay A. Interpersonal emotion regulation strategies: can they function differently under certain conditions? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Wojnarowska A, Kobylinska D, Lewczuk K. Acceptance as an Emotion Regulation Strategy in Experimental Psychological Research: What We Know and How We Can Improve That Knowledge. Front Psychol 2020; 11:242. [PMID: 32180748 PMCID: PMC7057396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Livingstone KM, Isaacowitz DM. Age and emotion regulation in daily life: Frequency, strategies, tactics, and effectiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 21:39-51. [PMID: 31478723 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Models of aging and emotion hypothesize age differences in emotion regulation-in frequency, use of strategies, and/or effectiveness-but research to date has been mixed. In the current experience sampling study, younger, middle-aged, and older adults (N = 149), were prompted 5 times a day for 10 days to report on both general strategies (e.g., situation selection, cognitive change) and specific tactics. For each of the 5 strategies proposed by Gross's process model, tactics included those that introduced/increased positive aspects, avoided/decreased negative, and engaged with negative. Consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults reported less contra-hedonic motivation than younger, but this did not necessarily translate into age differences in regulation frequency or strategy use. Across the sample, strong preferences emerged for strategies intervening early in the emotional process and for tactics that introduced/increased positive aspects; a pattern that was even stronger in older adults. Middle-aged people more often avoided and reduced negative situations, whereas younger adults more often (though rarely) sought out or exacerbated negative situations. Effectiveness varied across strategies and tactics, but age differences only emerged for situation selection and reducing negative aspects of the situation (both less effective for older than younger adults). This research highlights the importance of studying how emotion regulation strategies are implemented in real life situations and suggests that age differences in emotion regulation, when they do emerge, may be more a matter of degree than of type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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