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de Arriba M, Borel N, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Water-filtered infrared A irradiation exerts antifungal effects on the skin fungus Malassezia. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 255:112909. [PMID: 38669741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Many common skin diseases are associated with changes in the microbiota. This applies for the commensal yeast Malassezia, which is linked to a wide range of skin disorders ranging from mild dandruff to severe seborrheic and atopic dermatitis, all of which have a detrimental impact on the individuals' quality of life. While antifungal medications offer relief in many cases, the challenges of disease recurrence and the emergence of resistance to the limited range of available antifungal drugs poses a pressing need for innovative therapeutic options. Here we examined the activity of water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) irradiation against Malassezia. wIRA's antimicrobial and wound healing properties make it an attractive option for localized, non-invasive, and contact-free treatment of superficial skin infections. Irradiation of Malassezia furfur with wIRA (570-1400 nm) resulted in a reduction of the yeast's metabolic activity. When put in contact with immune cells, wIRA-irradiated M. furfur was recovered at lower counts than non-irradiated M. furfur. Likewise, wIRA irradiation of M. furfur put in contact with keratinocytes, the primary host interface of the fungus in the skin, reduced the fungal counts, while the keratinocytes were not affected by the irradiation. The combination of wIRA with the photosensitizer methyl aminolevulinate exerted an additional antifungal effect on M. furfur, irrespective of the presence or absence of keratinocytes, suggesting an enhancement of the treatment effect when used in combination. These findings suggest that wIRA holds promise as a potential therapy for skin disorders associated with Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena de Arriba
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Chua W, Marsh CO, Poh SE, Koh WL, Lee MLY, Koh LF, Tang XZE, See P, Ser Z, Wang SM, Sobota RM, Dawson TL, Yew YW, Thng S, O'Donoghue AJ, Oon HH, Common JE, Li H. A Malassezia pseudoprotease dominates the secreted hydrolase landscape and is a potential allergen on skin. Biochimie 2024; 216:181-193. [PMID: 37748748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Malassezia globosa is abundant and prevalent on sebaceous areas of the human skin. Genome annotation reveals that M. globosa possesses a repertoire of secreted hydrolytic enzymes relevant for lipid and protein metabolism. However, the functional significance of these enzymes is uncertain and presence of these genes in the genome does not always translate to expression at the cutaneous surface. In this study we utilized targeted RNA sequencing from samples isolated directly from the skin to quantify gene expression of M. globosa secreted proteases, lipases, phospholipases and sphingomyelinases. Our findings indicate that the expression of these enzymes is dynamically regulated by the environment in which the fungus resides, as different growth phases of the planktonic culture of M. globosa show distinct expression levels. Furthermore, we observed significant differences in the expression of these enzymes in culture compared to healthy sebaceous skin sites. By examining the in situ gene expression of M. globosa's secreted hydrolases, we identified a predicted aspartyl protease, MGL_3331, which is highly expressed on both healthy and disease-affected dermatological sites. However, molecular modeling and biochemical studies revealed that this protein has a non-canonical active site motif and lacks measurable proteolytic activity. This pseudoprotease MGL_3331 elicits a heightened IgE-reactivity in blood plasma isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis compared to healthy individuals and invokes a pro-inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, our study highlights the importance of studying fungal proteins expressed in physiologically relevant environments and underscores the notion that secreted inactive enzymes may have important functions in influencing host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisely Chua
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Carl O Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Si En Poh
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Winston Lc Koh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, 138671, Singapore
| | - Melody Li Ying Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Fang Koh
- A∗STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Xin-Zi Emily Tang
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Peter See
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Zheng Ser
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Shi Mei Wang
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- A∗STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; College of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, 1 Mandalay Rd, 308205, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 17-01 LKC CSB, 11 Mandalay Rd, 308232, Singapore
| | - Steven Thng
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, 1 Mandalay Rd, 308205, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 17-01 LKC CSB, 11 Mandalay Rd, 308232, Singapore
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Hazel H Oon
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, 1 Mandalay Rd, 308205, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 17-01 LKC CSB, 11 Mandalay Rd, 308232, Singapore
| | - John E Common
- A∗STAR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, 138648, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 17-01 LKC CSB, 11 Mandalay Rd, 308232, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.
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Fusco A, Perfetto B, Savio V, Chiaromonte A, Torelli G, Donnarumma G, Baroni A. Regulatory Ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Human Skin Health by Counteracting In Vitro Malassezia furfur Effects. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1153. [PMID: 38132754 PMCID: PMC10744525 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin serves as the first barrier against pathogen attacks, thanks to its multifunctional microbial community. Malassezia furfur is a commensal organism of normal cutaneous microflora but is also a cause of skin diseases. It acts on different cell pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, AhR, NLRP3 inflammasome) leading to cellular damage, barrier impairment, and inflammatory cytokines production. Lactobacillus spp. Is an endogenous inhabitant of healthy skin, and studies have proven its beneficial role in wound healing, skin inflammation, and protection against pathogen infections. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the ability of live Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to interfere with the harmful effects of the yeast on human keratinocytes (HaCat) in vitro. To enable this, the cells were treated with M. furfur, either alone or in the presence of L. plantarum. To study the inflammasome activation, cells require a stimulus triggering inflammation (LPS) before M. furfur infection, with or without L. plantarum. L. plantarum effectively counteracts all the harmful strategies of yeast, reducing the phospholipase activity, accelerating wound repair, restoring barrier integrity, reducing AhR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and, consequently, releasing inflammatory cytokines. Although lactobacilli have a long history of use in fermented foods, it can be speculated that they can also have health-promoting activities when topically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Adriana Chiaromonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanna Torelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (B.P.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Adone Baroni
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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Hanson MB, Adams M. Follow the Wax: The Natural Protection of the Ear Canal and Its Biome. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2023; 56:863-867. [PMID: 37517877 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The external canal is a unique environment that has an elaborate mechanism for self-cleaning and protection. The fundamental basis of this is the epithelial migration of the desquamating layers of the keratinizing epithelium that lines the entire canal and ear drum. This migratory movement results in a "conveyor belt" effect where the dead skin is moved out of the bony ear canal to the cartilaginous portion, where it is lifted off with the help of glandular skin secretions and the hairs of the canal to form what we call "ear wax." The ear wax has numerous protective properties and is essential to the health of the external ear. The protective properties are due to chemical properties of the wax, in addition to intrinsic chemical secretions by the sebaceous and cerumen apocrine glands. The protection also comes from a diverse population of organisms that exist in the external ear that are usually saprophytic, commensal, and symbiotic, but in some cases, they can become parasitic and pathologic. Detection and quantification of the members of this biome has been difficult, and their overall role in the normal biome of the ear and their transition into pathogens remain an area of active research and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Hanson
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, PO Box 126, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Matthew Adams
- Resident Physician, Departmentof Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 126, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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McCarty Walsh E, Hanson MB. Fungal Infections of the External Auditory Canal and Emerging Pathogens. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2023; 56:909-918. [PMID: 37553272 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections of the external auditory canal can range from common (otomycosis) to life threatening (necrotizing otitis externa). Proper identification of fungal pathogens is necessary to guide appropriate therapy, and a high index of suspicion for fungal causes of ear canal disease is critical. Fungal pathogens may be an especially important cause of ear canal disease in certain populations, including patients with diabetes, patients recently treated with antibiotics, and immunosuppressed patients. Opportunistic fungal infections of the ear canal are an emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika McCarty Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Matthew B Hanson
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Ugochukwu ICI, Rhimi W, Chebil W, Rizzo A, Tempesta M, Giusiano G, Tábora RFM, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Part 1: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: Malassezia yeasts as commensal or pathogenic organisms of human and animal skin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1327-1338. [PMID: 37883074 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2276367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia spp. are a group of lipid-dependent basidiomycetes yeasts acting as commensal organisms of the human and animal skin. However, under some not well-defined circumstances, these yeasts may switch to opportunistic pathogens triggering a number of skin disorders with different clinical presentations. The genus comprises of 18 lipid-dependent species with a variable distribution in the hosts and pathologies thus suggesting a host- and microbe-specific interactions. AREA COVERED This review highlighted and discussed the most recent literature regarding the genus Malassezia as a commensal or pathogenic organisms highlighting Malassezia-associated skin disorders in humans and animals and their antifungal susceptibility profile. A literature search of Malassezia associated skin disorders was performed via PubMed and Google scholar (up to May 2023), using the different keywords mainly associated with Malassezia skin disorders and Malassezia antifungal resistance. EXPERT OPINION Malassezia yeasts are part of the skin mycobiota and their life cycle is strictly associated with the environment in which they live. The biochemical, physiological, or immunological condition of the host skin selects Malassezia spp. or genotypes able to survive in a specific environment by changing their metabolisms, thus producing virulence factors or metabolites which can cause skin disorders with different clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Ugochukwu ICI, Rhimi W, Chebil W, Rizzo A, Tempesta M, Giusiano G, Tábora RFM, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Part 2: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: pathogenesis of Malassezia associated skin infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1245-1257. [PMID: 37883035 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2274500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia is a major component of the skin microbiome, a lipophilic symbiotic organism of the mammalian skin, which can switch to opportunistic pathogens triggering multiple dermatological disorders in humans and animals. This phenomenon is favored by endogenous and exogenous host predisposing factors, which may switch Malassezia from a commensal to a pathogenic phenotype. AREA COVERED This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on the pathogenesis of Malassezia yeasts, which ultimately results in skin disorders with different clinical presentation. A literature search of Malassezia pathogenesis was performed via PubMed and Google scholar (up to May 2023), using the following keywords: Pathogenesis and Malassezia;host risk factors and Malassezia, Malassezia and skin disorders; Malassezia and virulence factors: Malassezia and metabolite production; Immunology and Malassezia. EXPERT OPINION Malassezia yeasts can maintain skin homeostasis being part of the cutaneous mycobiota; however, when the environmental or host conditions change, these yeasts are endowed with a remarkable plasticity and adaptation by modifying their metabolism and thus contributing to the appearance or aggravation of human and animal skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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Effects of Ultra-Weak Fractal Electromagnetic Signals on Malassezia furfur. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044099. [PMID: 36835509 PMCID: PMC9964618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are dimorphic, lipophilic fungi that are part of the normal human cutaneous commensal microbiome. However, under adverse conditions, these fungi can be involved in various cutaneous diseases. In this study, we analysed the effect of ultra-weak fractal electromagnetic (uwf-EMF) field exposure (12.6 nT covering 0.5 to 20 kHz) on the growth dynamics and invasiveness of M. furfur. The ability to modulate inflammation and innate immunity in normal human keratinocytes was also investigated. Using a microbiological assay, it was possible to demonstrate that, under the influence of uwf-EMF, the invasiveness of M. furfur was drastically reduced (d = 2.456, p < 0.001), while at the same time, its growth dynamic after 72 h having been in contact with HaCaT cells both without (d = 0.211, p = 0.390) and with (d = 0.118, p = 0.438) uwf-EM exposure, were hardly affected. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that a uwf-EMF exposure is able to modulate human-β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) in treated keratinocytes and at the same time reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes. The findings suggest that the underlying principle of action is hormetic in nature and that this method might be an adjunctive therapeutic tool to modulate the inflammatory properties of Malassezia in related cutaneous diseases. The underlying principle of action becomes understandable by means of quantum electrodynamics (QED). Given that living systems consist mainly of water and within the framework of QED, this water, as a biphasic system, provides the basis for electromagnetic coupling. The oscillatory properties of water dipoles modulated by weak electromagnetic stimuli not only affect biochemical processes, but also pave the way for a more general understanding of the observed nonthermal effects in biota.
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Hadrich I, Khemekhem N, Neji S, Trablesi H, Ilahi A, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Production and Quantification of Virulence Factors in Malassezia Species. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:529-538. [PMID: 36473111 PMCID: PMC9944974 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-seven strains of Malassezia were included in this study. Biofilm and hydrolytic enzyme production were studied by using specific solid media. The Real-Time reverse transcriptase qPCR method was applied to determine the overexpression of genes encoding the extracellular enzymes. All included Malassezia species produced biofilms. No statistically significant difference was observed between Malassezia species in biofilm formation (p = 0.567). All Malassezia species produced lipase, and 95% of Malassezia globosa showed a strong enzymatic activity (Pz = 0.55 ± 0.02). A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean keratinase indices of Malassezia slooffiae and the other Malassezia species (p = 0.005). The overexpression of one or more genes was observed in 100% of strains isolated from patients with folliculitis, 87.5% - with pityriasis versicolor, and 57.14% of the control group isolates. A statistically significant difference in the lipase gene expression (p = 0.042) was between the strains from patients with folliculitis and the control group. This investigation provides more information about the frequency of the production of the major enzymes considered virulence factors of Malassezia species. Interestingly, the overexpression of one or more genes was observed in strains isolated from patients with Malassezia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Hadrich
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia,Faculty of Science, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia, Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia; Faculty of Science, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Nahed Khemekhem
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sourour Neji
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Houaida Trablesi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amin Ilahi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Sellami
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fattouma Makni
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Ayadi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Laboratory of Parasitology – Mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
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Ehemann K, Mantilla MJ, Mora-Restrepo F, Rios-Navarro A, Torres M, Celis Ramírez AM. Many ways, one microorganism: Several approaches to study Malassezia in interactions with model hosts. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010784. [PMID: 36074792 PMCID: PMC9455852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia, a lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeast, is a microorganism of current interest to mycobiologists because of its role as a commensal or pathogen in health conditions such as dermatological diseases, fungemia, and, as discovered recently, cancer and certain neurological disorders. Various novel approaches in the study of Malassezia have led to increased knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this yeast. However, additional efforts are needed for more comprehensive understanding of the behavior of Malassezia in interactions with the host. This article reviews advances useful in the experimental field for Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ehemann
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Juliana Mantilla
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora-Restrepo
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Rios-Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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Rojas F, de Los Ángeles Sosa M, Latorre W, Mussin J, Alegre L, Giusiano G. Malassezia species: the need to establish Epidemiological Cutoff Values. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6623669. [PMID: 35772016 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia are common yeasts in human skin microbiome. Under certain conditions these yeasts may cause disease from skin disorders to systemic infections. In the absence of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) are useful to differentiate isolates with acquired or mutational resistance. The aim of this work was to propose tentative ECVs of Malassezia furfur, M. sympodialis, M. globosa for fluconazole (FCZ), itraconazole (ITZ), voriconazole (VCZ), ketoconazole (KTZ) and amphotericin B (AMB). A total of 160 isolates (80 M. furfur, 50 M. sympodialis and 30 M. globosa) were tested. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by modified broth microdilution method (CLSI). ECVs were estimated by ECOFFinder software and two-fold dilutions beyond the mode. ITZ, KTZ and VCZ showed the lowest MICs. The highest MIC and widest ranges were for FCZ and AMB. For ITZ, KTZ and VCZ both ECVs were similar. For FCZ, AMB especially M. furfur, modal ECVs were lower than values obtained by statistical method. When MIC distribution is the only data available, ECV could provide information to help guide therapy decisions. In that drug/species combination in which different peaks in the MIC distribution were observed, difference between both ECV was greater. This is the first study that provides ECV data of 160 Malassezia yeasts. Although ECVs cannot be used as predictors of clinical response, identification of non wild-type isolates suggests that it may be less likely to respond to a given antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rojas
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET. Resistencia, Argentina
| | - María de Los Ángeles Sosa
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Wenceslao Latorre
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET. Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Javier Mussin
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET. Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Liliana Alegre
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET. Resistencia, Argentina
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Kurniadi I, Hendra Wijaya W, Timotius KH. Malassezia virulence factors and their role in dermatological disorders. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2022. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Mohamed N, Litlekalsøy J, Ahmed IA, Martinsen EMH, Furriol J, Javier-Lopez R, Elsheikh M, Gaafar NM, Morgado L, Mundra S, Johannessen AC, Osman TAH, Nginamau ES, Suleiman A, Costea DE. Analysis of Salivary Mycobiome in a Cohort of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients From Sudan Identifies Higher Salivary Carriage of Malassezia as an Independent and Favorable Predictor of Overall Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:673465. [PMID: 34712619 PMCID: PMC8547610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.673465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial dysbiosis and microbiome-induced inflammation have emerged as important factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumorigenesis during the last two decades. However, the “rare biosphere” of the oral microbiome, including fungi, has been sparsely investigated. This study aimed to characterize the salivary mycobiome in a prospective Sudanese cohort of OSCC patients and to explore patterns of diversities associated with overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods Unstimulated saliva samples (n = 72) were collected from patients diagnosed with OSCC (n = 59) and from non-OSCC control volunteers (n = 13). DNA was extracted using a combined enzymatic–mechanical extraction protocol. The salivary mycobiome was assessed using a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based methodology by amplifying the ITS2 region. The impact of the abundance of different fungal genera on the survival of OSCC patients was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression survival analyses (SPPS). Results Sixteen genera were identified exclusively in the saliva of OSCC patients. Candida, Malassezia, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, and Cyberlindnera were the most relatively abundant fungal genera in both groups and showed higher abundance in OSCC patients. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed higher salivary carriage of the Candida genus significantly associated with poor OS of OSCC patients (Breslow test: p = 0.043). In contrast, the higher salivary carriage of Malassezia showed a significant association with favorable OS in OSCC patients (Breslow test: p = 0.039). The Cox proportional hazards multiple regression model was applied to adjust the salivary carriage of both Candida and Malassezia according to age (p = 0.029) and identified the genus Malassezia as an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio = 0.383, 95% CI = 0.16–0.93, p = 0.03). Conclusion The fungal compositional patterns in saliva from OSCC patients were different from those of individuals without OSCC. The fungal genus Malassezia was identified as a putative prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Mohamed
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Department of Basic Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jorunn Litlekalsøy
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Israa Abdulrahman Ahmed
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Omdurman, Sudan
| | | | - Jessica Furriol
- Department of Nephrology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ruben Javier-Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariam Elsheikh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Department of Basic Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nuha Mohamed Gaafar
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Department of Basic Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Luis Morgado
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EvoGene), Department of Biosciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunil Mundra
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (EvoGene), Department of Biosciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anne Christine Johannessen
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tarig Al-Hadi Osman
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Sivy Nginamau
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ahmed Suleiman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Department of Basic Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Daniela Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Laboratory Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Ramzan M, Kaur G, Trehan S, Agrewala JN, Michniak-Kohn BB, Hussain A, Mahdi WA, Gulati JS, Kaur IP. Mechanistic evaluations of ketoconazole lipidic nanoparticles for improved efficacy, enhanced topical penetration, cellular uptake (L929 and J774A.1), and safety assessment: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Koga H, Munechika Y, Matsumoto H, Nanjoh Y, Harada K, Makimura K, Tsuboi R. Guinea pig seborrheic dermatitis model of Malassezia restricta and the utility of luliconazole. Med Mycol 2021; 58:820-826. [PMID: 31873751 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a multifactorial disease in which Malassezia restricta has been proposed as the predominant pathogenic factor. However, experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. A guinea pig SD model using a clinical isolate of M. restricta was used to elucidate the pathogenicity of M. restricta. Also, the efficacy of 1% luliconazole (LLCZ) cream, a topical imidazole derivative, against M. restricta was compared with that of a 2% ketoconazole (KCZ) cream in the same guinea pig model. Dorsal skin hairs of guinea pig were clipped and treated with M. restricta by single or repeated inoculations without occlusion. Skin manifestations were examined macroscopically and histologically. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was also performed for mycological evaluation. An inflammatory response mimicking SD occurred after repeated as well as single inoculation but not in abraded skin. The inflammation score attained its maximum on day 11 and persisted until day 52. The yeast form of the fungal elements was distributed on the surface of stratum corneum and around the follicular orifices, and an epidermal and dermal histological reaction was observed. Application of 1% LLCZ or 2% KCZ cream significantly improved the skin manifestations and decreased the quantity of M. restricta rDNA in the skin lesions. The efficacy of topical antifungal drugs suggested that M. restricta is a pathogenic factor contributing to SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Koga
- Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd., 345 Oyamada-cho, Kawachi-Nagano, Osaka 586-0094, Japan
| | - Yukimi Munechika
- Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd., 345 Oyamada-cho, Kawachi-Nagano, Osaka 586-0094, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsumoto
- Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd., 345 Oyamada-cho, Kawachi-Nagano, Osaka 586-0094, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nanjoh
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Harada
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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17
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Rare Invasive Yeast Infections in Greek Neonates and Children, a Retrospective 12-Year Study. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040194. [PMID: 32998455 PMCID: PMC7711555 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Candida species remain the leading cause of invasive fungal infections (IFI), the list of other isolated fungal pathogens is increasing. The aim of the study was to report cases of IFI caused by rare yeasts in the largest tertiary Greek pediatric hospital. A retrospective study was performed from 6/2008–6/2020 regarding IFI caused by rare species. Identification of isolates was attained by conventional, molecular, and MALDI TOF MS methods, and susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) methodology. During a 12-year period, 14 different rare fungal species in 33 neonates and children with IFI hospitalized in intensive care and oncology units were isolated from blood, central catheters, peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial fluid specimens. It is the first time for IFI caused by Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida pelliculosa), Pichia fermentans (Candida lambica), Yarrowia (Candida) lipolytica, Pichia (Hansenula) kluyveri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Wickerhamiella (Candida) pararugosa and Cyberlindnera (Candida) fabianii in Greek neonates and children to be reported. For most of these rare fungal species isolated in the present study, no official antifungal breakpoints have been defined, and there are no guidelines for their treatment. Clinical laboratories should be aware of uncommon and emerging yeast pathogens and be able to detect them with molecular and proteomic methods.
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18
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Torres M, de Cock H, Celis Ramírez AM. In Vitro or In Vivo Models, the Next Frontier for Unraveling Interactions between Malassezia spp. and Hosts. How Much Do We Know? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030155. [PMID: 32872112 PMCID: PMC7558575 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is a lipid-dependent genus of yeasts known for being an important part of the skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with the development of skin disorders and cataloged as a causal agent of systemic infections under specific conditions, making them opportunistic pathogens. Little is known about the host-microbe interactions of Malassezia spp., and unraveling this implies the implementation of infection models. In this mini review, we present different models that have been implemented in fungal infections studies with greater attention to Malassezia spp. infections. These models range from in vitro (cell cultures and ex vivo tissue), to in vivo (murine models, rabbits, guinea pigs, insects, nematodes, and amoebas). We additionally highlight the alternative models that reduce the use of mammals as model organisms, which have been gaining importance in the study of fungal host-microbe interactions. This is due to the fact that these systems have been shown to have reliable results, which correlate with those obtained from mammalian models. Examples of alternative models are Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Tenebrio molitor, and Galleria mellonella. These are invertebrates that have been implemented in the study of Malassezia spp. infections in order to identify differences in virulence between Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 N° 18A—12, Bogotá, Bogotá D.C. 11711, Colombia;
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 N° 18A—12, Bogotá, Bogotá D.C. 11711, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Gholami M, Mokhtari F, Mohammadi R. Identification of Malassezia species using direct PCR- sequencing on clinical samples from patients with pityriasis versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis. Curr Med Mycol 2020; 6:21-26. [PMID: 33834139 PMCID: PMC8018819 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.3.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose : Malassezia yeasts are lipophilic normal flora of the skin in humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates. This genus includes 18 species and is responsible for dermatological disorders, such as pityriasis versicolor, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, and dandruff. The aim of the present study was to identify the etiologic agents of Malassezia infections among the patients referring to the Referral Dermatology Clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, clinical specimens, including skin scrapings and dandruff, were collected and subjected to direct microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing. Direct PCR was performed on the clinical samples to amplify the D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA, using specific primers; subsequently, the amplicons were sent for sequencing. Results: This study was conducted on 120 patients with suspected pityriasis versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis,
who referred to the Referral Dermatology Clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during 2018-2019.
Out of this population, 50 (41.7%), 26 (52%), and 24 (48%) cases had Malassezia infection,
pityriasis versicolor, and seborrheic dermatitis, respectively. Malassezia globosa was
found to be the most prevalent species (n=29, 58%), followed by M. restricta (n=20, 40%), and M. arunalokei (n=1, 2%). Conclusion: The epidemiologic study was indicative of the frequency of some Malassezia species, such
as M. globosa and M. restricta, in Isfahan, Iran. It can be concluded that direct PCR on clinical samples could
be used as a simple, precise, effective, fast, and affordable method for research and even routine medical mycology laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Gholami
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mokhtari
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Spatz M, Richard ML. Overview of the Potential Role of Malassezia in Gut Health and Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:201. [PMID: 32528901 PMCID: PMC7265801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is the most prevalent fungus identified in the human skin microbiota; originally described at the end of the nineteenth century, this genus is composed of at least 14 species. The role of Malassezia on the skin remains controversial because this genus has been associated with both healthy skin and pathologies (dermatitis, eczema, etc.). However, with the recent development of next-generation sequencing methods, allowing the description of the fungal diversity of various microbiota, Malassezia has also been identified as a resident fungus of diverse niches such as the gut or breast milk. A potential role for Malassezia in gut inflammation and cancer has also been suggested by recent studies. The aim of this review is to describe the findings on Malassezia in these unusual niches, to investigate what is known of the adaptation of Malassezia to the gut environment and to speculate on the role of this yeast in the host physiology specifically related to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Systemic Infection Caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in Infants: Case Series and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:444-448. [PMID: 32118859 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia pachydermatis is a rare cause of systemic infection in infants. METHODS A total of 4 cases of M. pachydermatis fungemia that occurred in our neonatal intensive care unit over a 21-month period were reviewed, as well as 27 cases reported in the literature since 1988. RESULTS The patients were preterm with multiple complications and had birth weights ranging from 490 to 810 g and gestational age between 23 and 26 weeks. All patients had received prophylactic fluconazole, broad-spectrum antibiotics and parenteral lipid supplements before fungemia onset, which occurred between the age of 7 and 28 days. Symptoms were nonspecific and thrombocytopenia was the primary laboratory finding. All patients received intravenous antifungal treatment and recovered from their infection. The 27 cases from review of the literature also indicated that the infected infants were extremely low birth weight (77.8%), with multiple underlying diseases (94.7%), receiving lipid-supplementation (100%) from a central vascular catheter. Most infants received antifungal treatment (73.1%) and catheter removal (73.1%) as the management. CONCLUSIONS M. pachydermatis is a pathogenic agent that causes late onset sepsis in critically ill low birth weight infants with generally good outcomes. Targeted antifungal treatment as well as catheter removal appear to be key factors for infection management.
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Aghaei Gharehbolagh S, Salehi Z, Mahmoudi S, Noorbakhsh F, Rezaie S. Effect of various ultraviolet radiation on antifungal susceptibility pattern and related genes expression in Malassezia sympodialis. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tee CB, Sei Y, Kajiwara S. Secreted Hydrolytic and Haemolytic Activities of Malassezia Clinical Strains. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:227-238. [PMID: 30919309 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are opportunistic pathogens associated with a number of skin diseases in animals and humans. The free fatty acids released through these organisms' lipase and phospholipase activities trigger inflammation in the host; thus, these lipase and phospholipase activities are widely recognised as some of the most important factors in Malassezia pathogenesis. In this study, we sought to investigate and examine the relationship between these secreted hydrolytic activities and haemolytic activity in newly isolated Malassezia clinical strains. This characterisation was expected to elucidate pathogenicity of this fungus. We isolated 35 clinical strains of Malassezia spp.; the most frequently isolated species were M. sympodialis and M. furfur. Next, we analysed the hydrolytic activities of all of these clinical isolates; all of these strains (except for one M. dermatis isolate) showed detectable lipase and phospholipase activities against 4-nitrophenyl palmitate and L-α-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl, respectively. Most of the M. globosa isolates showed higher lipase activities than isolates of other Malassezia species. In terms of phospholipase activity, no significant difference was observed among species of Malassezia, although one isolate of M. globosa showed considerably higher phospholipase activity than the others. All tested strains also exhibited haemolytic activity, both as determined using 5% (v/v) sheep blood agar (halo assay) and by quantitative assay. Although all tested strains showed detectable haemolytic activity, we did not observe an apparent correlation between the secreted lipase and phospholipase activities and haemolytic activity. We infer that the haemolytic activities of Malassezia spp. are mediated by non-enzymatic factor(s) that are present in the secreted samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Boon Tee
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J3-7, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sei
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J3-7, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
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Lin JH, Wu ZY, Gong L, Wong CH, Chao WC, Yen CM, Wang CP, Wei CL, Huang YT, Liu PY. Complex Microbiome in Brain Abscess Revealed by Whole-Genome Culture-Independent and Culture-Based Sequencing. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030351. [PMID: 30871085 PMCID: PMC6462986 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain abscess is a severe infectious disease with high mortality and mobility. Although culture-based techniques have been widely used for the investigation of microbial composition of brain abscess, these approaches are inherent biased. Recent studies using 16S ribosomal sequencing approaches revealed high complexity of the bacterial community involved in brain abscess but fail to detect fungal and viral composition. In the study, both culture-independent nanopore metagenomic sequencing and culture-based whole-genome sequencing using both the Illumina and the Nanopore platforms were conducted to investigate the microbial composition and genomic characterization in brain abscess. Culture-independent metagenomic sequencing revealed not only a larger taxonomic diversity of bacteria but also the presence of fungi and virus communities. The culture-based whole-genome sequencing identified a novel species in Prevotella and reconstructs a Streptococcus constellatus with a high GC-skew genome. Antibiotic-resistance genes CfxA and ErmF associated with resistance to penicillin and clindamycin were also identified in culture-based and culture-free sequencing. This study implies current understanding of brain abscess need to consider the broader diversity of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Hong Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-Yen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Liang Gong
- Genome Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Chee-Hong Wong
- Genome Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Wen-Cheng Chao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ming Yen
- Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- Genome Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Yao-Ting Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
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Yeast Smell Like What They Eat: Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds of Malassezia furfur in Growth Media Supplemented with Different Lipids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030419. [PMID: 30678374 PMCID: PMC6384859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia furfur is part of the human skin microbiota. Its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) possibly contribute to the characteristic odour in humans, as well as to microbiota interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate how the lipid composition of the liquid medium influences the production of VOCs. Growth was performed in four media: (1) mDixon, (2) oleic acid (OA), (3) oleic acid + palmitic acid (OA+PA), and (4) palmitic acid (PA). The profiles of the VOCs were characterized by HS-SPME/GC-MS in the exponential and stationary phases. A total number of 61 VOCs was found in M. furfur, among which alkanes, alcohols, ketones, and furanic compounds were the most abundant. Some compounds previously reported for Malassezia (γ-dodecalactone, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and hexan-1-ol) were also found. Through our experiments, using univariate and multivariate unsupervised (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) and supervised (Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA)) statistical techniques, we have proven that each tested growth medium stimulates the production of a different volatiles profile in M. furfur. Carbon dioxide, hexan-1-ol, pentyl acetate, isomer5 of methyldecane, dimethyl sulphide, undec-5-ene, isomer2 of methylundecane, isomer1 of methyldecane, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran were established as differentiating compounds among treatments by all the techniques. The significance of our findings deserves future research to investigate if certain volatile profiles could be related to the beneficial or pathogenic role of this yeast.
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Abstract
Abstract
Yeasts from the genus Malassezia belongs to normal commensal skin flora of warm-blooded vertebrates. These yeasts may act as opportunistic pathogens and cause skin diseases in humans and animals under certain conditions. The identification of Malassezia species is based on the phenotypic or genotypic diagnostics. The methods used for the phenotypic identification is determined by: the growth on Sabouraud agar, growth on selective media (Leeming-Notman agar, Dixon agar, Chrom Malassezia agar), the ability to utilise different concentrations of Tween, monitoring of the growth on CEL agar (soil enriched with castor oil) and TE agar (Tween-esculine agar), and the catalase test. The genotypic identification uses molecular methods like: the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment lenght polymorphism (AFLP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the DNA sequence analysis.
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The effect of tinea versicolor on thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:299-303. [PMID: 30008649 PMCID: PMC6041702 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.76227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tinea versicolor is a superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia spp. Malassezia spp. is a member of the normal human skin flora. It becomes a pathogen by transforming from the yeast form to the mycelium form. The oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis may be responsible for this. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis is a new marker indicating oxidative stress. This homeostasis is affected in many illnesses. Aim To investigate the thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with tinea versicolor. Material and methods Forty-two patients with tinea versicolor (median age: 36 years, min.–max.: 19–58) and 36 healthy controls (median age: 32 years, min.–max.: 18–60) were included in the trial. The levels of native thiol, disulphide, and total thiol were measured by an automated method in the patient and control groups. Disulphide/total thiol, disulphide/native thiol and native thiol/total thiol rates were calculated as percentage. Results For the patient group and the control group, the native thiol levels were found to be 464.32 ±51.48 mmol/l and 465.18 ±51.32 mmol/l, disulphide levels – 19.80 ±7.08 mmol/l and 21.27 ±8.90 mmol/l, total thiol levels – 503.92 ±53.65 mmol/l and 508.07 ±56.59 mmol/l, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the two groups. Conclusions Thiol/disulphide homeostasis was not affected in tinea versicolor. According to our findings, oxidative stress seems to have no role in the pathogenesis of tinea versicolor.
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Far FE, Al-Obaidi MMJ, Desa MNM. Efficacy of modified Leeming-Notman media in a resazurin microtiter assay in the evaluation of in-vitro activity of fluconazole against Malassezia furfur ATCC 14521. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:486-491. [PMID: 29753721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia furfur is lipodependent yeast like fungus that causes superficial mycoses such as pityriasis versicolor and dandruff. Nevertheless, there are no standard reference methods to perform susceptibility test of Malassezia species yet. AIMS Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the optimized culture medium for growth of this lipophilic yeast using modified leeming-Notman agar and colorimetric resazurin microtiter assay to assess antimycotic activity of fluconazole against M. furfur. RESULTS The result showed that these assays were more adjustable for M. furfur with reliable and reproducible MIC end-point, by confirming antimycotic activity of fluconazole with MIC of 2μg/ml. CONCLUSION We conclude that this method is considered as the rapid and effective susceptibility testing of M. furfur with fluconazole antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Far
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M M J Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M N M Desa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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State-of-the-Art Adult Chronic Rhinosinusitis Microbiome: Perspective for Future Studies in Pediatrics. SINUSITIS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sinusitis3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Iatta R, Battista M, Miragliotta G, Boekhout T, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Blood culture procedures and diagnosis of Malassezia furfur bloodstream infections: Strength and weakness. Med Mycol 2017; 56:828-833. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Miragliotta
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
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Byrne DD, Reboli AC. Rare Yeast Infections: Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Special Considerations. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Elshabrawy WO, Saudy N, Sallam M. Molecular and Phenotypic Identification and Speciation of Malassezia Yeasts Isolated from Egyptian Patients with Pityriasis Versicolor. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC12-DC17. [PMID: 28969121 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27747.10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pityriasis Versicolor (PV) is a common health problem caused by genus Malassezia, a lipophilic fungi found as a part of the normal flora of skin. Although PV is common in Egypt, there is little information regarding the Malassezia species distribution in PV patients to date. AIM To spot a light on the distribution and clinico-epidemiological features of the Malassezia species in PV patients and healthy individuals that were established by conventional phenotypic and molecular techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study including 167 individuals; 137 clinically suspected PV patients attending Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt and 30 healthy control individuals, was carried out. Characterization of Malassezia species was performed phenotypically by conventional, culture-based methods and biochemical tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from isolated colonies for PCR amplification of the highly conserved 26S rDNA region with further species level identification by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) using Hha1 and BstC1 enzymes. The association of Malassezia species with epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics was studied. RESULTS A 94.2% of PV samples and 13.3% of control samples were positive by Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) while 71.5% of PV samples and 16.7% of control samples yielded growth in culture with high statistically significant differences (p=0.0001, for both methods). By phenotypic methods, only 75.5% of isolates from patients were identified as: M. furfur (51.4%), M. globosa, (29.7%), M. restricta (13.5%) and M. pachydermatis (5.4%) while by RFLP technique, six species were revealed: M. furfur (44.9%), M. globosa (24.5%), M. sympodialis (12.2 %), M. restricta (10.2%), M. obtusa (4.1%) and M. pachydermatis (4.1%). Most species were isolated from hypopigmented lesions of PV patients aged between 20-29 years. Neck and back were the most common affected sites. Only M. furfur (10%) and M. globosa (6.7%) were identified in healthy controls. CONCLUSION M. furfur and M. globosa are the commonly encountered species in both healthy and diseased human skin although other species were identified in PV patients. PCR-RFLP method represents a considerably accurate technique in identification of different Malassezia species for better understanding of their effect on the clinico-epidemiological characterization of PV patients in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Othman Elshabrawy
- Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, El-Dakhelia, Egypt
| | - Niveen Saudy
- Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, El-Dakhelia, Egypt
| | - Manar Sallam
- Lecturer, Department of Dermatology, Andrology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, El-Dakhelia, Egypt
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Yeasts. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726781 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0030-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are unicellular organisms that reproduce mostly by budding and less often by fission. Most medically important yeasts originate from Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Here, we review taxonomy, epidemiology, disease spectrum, antifungal drug susceptibility patterns of medically important yeast, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategies.
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Sivasankar C, Gayathri S, Bhaskar JP, Krishnan V, Pandian SK. Evaluation of selected Indian medicinal plants for antagonistic potential against Malassezia spp. and the synergistic effect of embelin in combination with ketoconazole. Microb Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28645774 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Malassezia comprises of extremely lipophilic yeasts secreting lipases as a vital factor for survival. They are emerging as opportunistic pathogens in medical microbiology and dermatology by causing recurring and recalcitrant infection. Combinatorial therapy is a constructive way to combat infectious diseases. In that prospect, totally 16 Indian medicinal plants were screened, among which a maximum degree of antimicrobial activity was ascertained in Embelia ribes. Subsequently embelin was identified as the bioactive principle with antagonistic potential by comparative antimicrobial assay and FTIR analysis. The MIC of embelin was determined as 400 μg/ml exhibiting ∼75% of growth inhibition. Further, a fungistatic activity based on anti-lipase potential (65-89%) of embelin has been clearly substantiated by XTT and lipase assay. In addition, embelin exhibited a synergistic effect with the antifungal drug ketoconazole (KTZ) against four different Malassezia spp. with FIC index of 0.5. Therefore, the combinations of embelin and KTZ may represent a promising therapeutic regimen to treat Malassezia infections with subjugated clinical and environmental toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report delineating the anti-lipase activity of embelin and in vitro synergistic interaction between embelin and KTZ against Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Sivasankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | | | | | - Venkat Krishnan
- ITC Life Sciences & Technology Centre, Peenya, Bengaluru 560058, India
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Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia spp. with an Optimized Colorimetric Broth Microdilution Method. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1883-1893. [PMID: 28381607 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00338-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is a genus of lipid-dependent yeasts. It is associated with common skin diseases such as pityriasis versicolor and atopic dermatitis and can cause systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Owing to the slow growth and lipid requirements of these fastidious yeasts, convenient and reliable antifungal drug susceptibility testing assays for Malassezia spp. are not widely available. Therefore, we optimized a broth microdilution assay for the testing of Malassezia that is based on the CLSI and EUCAST assays for Candida and other yeasts. The addition of ingredients such as lipids and esculin provided a broth medium formulation that enabled the growth of all Malassezia spp. and could be read, with the colorimetric indicator resazurin, by visual and fluorescence readings. We tested the susceptibility of 52 strains of 13 Malassezia species to 11 commonly used antifungals. MIC values determined by visual readings were in good agreement with MIC values determined by fluorescence readings. The lowest MICs were found for the azoles itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole, with MIC90 values of 0.03 to 1.0 μg/ml, 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml, and 0.03 to 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. All Malassezia spp. were resistant to echinocandins and griseofulvin. Some Malassezia spp. also showed high MIC values for ketoconazole, which is the most widely recommended topical antifungal to treat Malassezia skin infections. In summary, our assay enables the fast and reliable susceptibility testing of Malassezia spp. with a large panel of different antifungals.
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Ilahi A, Hadrich I, Neji S, Trabelsi H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Real-Time PCR Identification of Six Malassezia Species. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:671-677. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gopinath H, Nayak K, Kumar P, Chakraborti S. Spared white islands in a drug rash: revisiting sparing phenomenon in Hansen's disease. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:e102-e104. [PMID: 28194775 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hima Gopinath
- Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Pramod Kumar
- Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India
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Galvis-Marín JC, Rodríguez-Bocanegra MX, Pulido-Villamarín ADP, Castañeda-Salazar R, Celis-Ramírez AM, Linares-Linares MY. [In vitro antifungal activity of azoles and amphotericin B against Malassezia furfur by the CLSI M27-A3 microdilution and Etest ® methods]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:89-93. [PMID: 28214276 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malassezia furfur is a human skin commensal yeast that can cause skin and opportunistic systemic infections. Given its lipid dependant status, the reference methods established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to evaluate antifungal susceptibility in yeasts are not applicable. AIMS To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of M. furfur isolates from infections in humans to antifungals of clinical use. METHODS The susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole of 20 isolates of M. furfur, using the broth microdilution method (CLSI M27-A3) and Etest®, was evaluated. RESULTS Itraconazole and voriconazole had the highest antifungal activity against the isolates tested. The essential agreement between the two methods for azoles antifungal activity was in the region of 60-85% and the categorical agreement was around 70-80%, while the essential and categorical agreement for amphotericin B was 10%. CONCLUSIONS The azoles were the compounds that showed the highest antifungal activity against M. furfur, as determined by the two techniques used; however more studies need to be performed to support that Etest® is a reliable method before its implementation as a routine clinical laboratory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Galvis-Marín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Ximena Rodríguez-Bocanegra
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología (LAMFU), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Melva Yomary Linares-Linares
- Unidad de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (UNIDIA), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Iatta R, Puttilli MR, Immediato D, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. The role of drug efflux pumps inMalassezia pachydermatisandMalassezia furfurdefence against azoles. Mycoses 2016; 60:178-182. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Maria Rita Puttilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Davide Immediato
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”; Bari Italy
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Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malasseziaspecies in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:494-504. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asja Prohic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tamara Jovovic Sadikovic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mersiha Krupalija-Fazlic
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Clinical Center of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Fukutomi Y, Taniguchi M. Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues. Allergol Int 2015; 64:321-31. [PMID: 26433528 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic diseases. Although numerous species of fungi have been associated with allergic diseases in the literature, the significance of fungi from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Malassezia has been well documented. However, it should be emphasized that the contribution of different fungal allergens to allergic diseases is not identical, but species-specific. Alternaria and Cladosporium species are considered to be important outdoor allergens, and sensitization and exposure to species of these genera is related to the development of asthma and rhinitis, as well as epidemics of asthma exacerbation, including life-threatening asthma exacerbation. In contrast, xerophilic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, excluding Aspergillus fumigatus, are implicated in allergic diseases as indoor allergens. A. fumigatus has a high capacity to colonize the bronchial tract of asthmatic patients, causing severe persistent asthma and low lung function, and sometimes leading to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Malassezia are common commensals of healthy skin, although they are also associated with atopic dermatitis, especially on the head and neck, but not with respiratory allergies. Despite its importance in the management of allergic diseases, precise recognition of species-specific IgE sensitization to fungal allergens is often challenging because the majority of fungal extracts exhibit broad cross-reactivity with taxonomically unrelated fungi. Recent progress in gene technology has contributed to the identification of specific and cross-reactive allergen components from different fungal sources. However, data demonstrating the clinical relevance of IgE reactivity to these allergen components are still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Fukutomi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masami Taniguchi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of “yeast like fungi,” 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalakshmi Veeraraghavan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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44
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Kistowska M, Fenini G, Jankovic D, Feldmeyer L, Kerl K, Bosshard P, Contassot E, French LE. Malassezia yeasts activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells via Syk-kinase signalling. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:884-9. [PMID: 25267545 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although being a normal part of the skin flora, yeasts of the genus Malassezia are associated with several common dermatologic conditions including pityriasis versicolour, seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), folliculitis, atopic eczema/dermatitis (AE/AD) and dandruff. While Malassezia spp. are aetiological agents of pityriasis versicolour, a causal role of Malassezia spp. in AE/AD and SD remains to be established. Previous reports have shown that fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus are able to efficiently activate the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to robust secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. To date, innate immune responses to Malassezia spp. are not well characterized. Here, we show that different Malassezia species could induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β secretion in human antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, keratinocytes were not able to secrete IL-1β when exposed to Malassezia spp. Moreover, we demonstrate that IL-1β secretion in antigen-presenting cells was dependent on Syk-kinase signalling. Our results identify Malassezia spp. as potential strong inducers of pro-inflammatory responses when taken up by antigen-presenting cells and identify C-type lectin receptors and the NLRP3 inflammasome as crucial actors in this process.
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45
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Immediato D, Puttilli MR, Otranto D. Azole susceptibility ofMalassezia pachydermatisandMalassezia furfurand tentative epidemiological cut-off values. Med Mycol 2015; 53:743-8. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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46
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Soares RC, Zani MB, Arruda ACBB, de Arruda LHF, Paulino LC. Malassezia intra-specific diversity and potentially new species in the skin microbiota from Brazilian healthy subjects and seborrheic dermatitis patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117921. [PMID: 25695430 PMCID: PMC4335070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are part of the resident cutaneous microbiota, and are also associated with skin diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis (SD). The role these fungi play in skin diseases and why they are pathogenic for only some individuals remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize Malassezia microbiota from different body sites in healthy and SD subjects from Brazil. Scalp and forehead samples from healthy, mild SD and severe SD subjects were collected. Non-scalp lesions from severe SD patients were also sampled. 5.8S rDNA/ITS2 amplicons from Malassezia sp. were analyzed by RFLP and sequencing. Results indicate that Malassezia microbiota did not group according to health condition or body area. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three groups of sequences did not cluster together with any formally described species, suggesting that they might belong to potential new species. One of them was found in high proportions in scalp samples. A large variety of Malassezia subtypes were detected, indicating intra-specific diversity. Higher M. globosa proportions were found in non-scalp lesions from severe SD subjects compared with other areas, suggesting closer association of this species with SD lesions from areas other than scalp. Our results show the first panorama of Malassezia microbiota in Brazilian subjects using molecular techniques and provide new perspectives for further studies to elucidate the association between Malassezia microbiota and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Cardoso Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bergamin Zani
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Campos Paulino
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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47
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Iatta R, Immediato D, Montagna MT, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. In vitro
activity of two amphotericin B formulations against
Malassezia furfur
strains recovered from patients with bloodstream infections. Med Mycol 2015; 53:269-74. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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de St Maurice A, Frangoul H, Coogan A, Williams JV. Prolonged fever and splenic lesions caused by Malassezia restricta in an immunocompromised patient. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:E283-6. [PMID: 25187171 PMCID: PMC4644127 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia species are commonly found on human skin as commensals but can cause invasive infections in premature infants and immunocompromised hosts. Due to their fastidious growth, diagnosis of Malassezia infections can prove challenging. Molecular techniques can aid in diagnosis and treatment of invasive infections. We describe the case of a pediatric oncology patient with splenic lesions secondary to Malassezia restricta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haydar Frangoul
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Alice Coogan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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49
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Iatta R, Figueredo LA, Montagna MT, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia furfur from bloodstream infections. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1467-1473. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.078709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungaemia caused by Malassezia spp. in hospitalized patients requires prompt and appropriate therapy, but standard methods for the definition of the in vitro antifungal susceptibility have not been established yet. In this study, the in vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur from bloodstream infections (BSIs) to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), posaconazole (POS) and voriconazole (VRC) was assessed using the broth microdilution (BMD) method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) with different media such as modified Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB), RPMI and Christensen’s urea broth (CUB). Optimal broth media that allow sufficient growth of M. furfur, and produce reliable and reproducible MICs using the CLSI BMD protocol were assessed. Thirty-six M. furfur isolates collected from BSIs of patients before and during AMB therapy, and receiving FLC prophylaxis, were tested. A good growth of M. furfur was observed in RPMI, CUB and SDB at 32 °C for 48 and 72 h. No statistically significant differences were detected between the MIC values registered after 48 and 72 h incubation. ITC, POS and VRC displayed lower MICs than FLC and AMB. These last two antifungal drugs showed higher and lower MICs, respectively, when the isolates were tested in SDB. SDB is the only medium in which it is possible to detect isolates with high FLC MICs in patients receiving FLC prophylaxis. A large number of isolates showed high AMB MIC values regardless of the media used. In conclusion, SDB might be suitable to determine triazole susceptibility. However, the media, the drug formulation or the breakpoints herein applied might not be useful for assessing the AMB susceptibility of M. furfur from BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciana A. Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, FIOCRUZ, Recife-PE, Brazil
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Amend
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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