1
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Bielecki M, Tyburski E, Plichta P, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Podwalski P, Rek-Owodziń K, Waszczuk K, Sagan L, Michalczyk A, Rudkowski K, Karabanowicz E, Świątkowska K, Misiak B, Bąba-Kubiś A, Mak M. Impulsivity and inhibitory control in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:473. [PMID: 38937731 PMCID: PMC11209995 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence on impulsivity and its potential relationship with inhibitory control in schizophrenia. This study therefore aimed to identify differences in impulsivity and cognitive and motor inhibition between patients with deficit (DS) and non-deficit (NDS) schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). We also explored the relationships between impulsivity and different dimensions of inhibitory control in all studied groups. METHODS The sample comprised 28 DS patients, 45 NDS patients, and 39 age-matched HC. A neuropsychological battery was used. RESULTS DS patients scored lower in venturesomeness, while those with NDS scored higher in impulsiveness compared to HC. In addition, both groups of patients scored higher on measures of cognitive and motor inhibition, including those relatively independent of information processing speed (although the results were slightly different after adjusting for IQ and/or years of education). Correlations between impulsivity and cognitive inhibition emerged in DS patients, while links between impulsivity and motor inhibition were observed in HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the presence of deficits in experimentally assessed inhibitory control in schizophrenia patients, with predominant impulsivity in the NDS population. In addition, impulsivity may affect the cognitive control of inhibition in deficit schizophrenia. Nevertheless, due to the preliminary nature of these findings, they require further empirical verification in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland.
| | - Piotr Plichta
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Karabanowicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Świątkowska
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Bąba-Kubiś
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26 str, Szczecin, 71-457, Poland
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2
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Jansen JM, Franse ME. Executive functioning in antisocial behavior: A multi-level systematic meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102408. [PMID: 38430781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurobiological information - including executive functioning - is increasingly relevant for forensic clinical practice, as well as for the criminal justice system. Previous meta-analyses report that antisocial populations show impaired performance on executive functioning tasks, but these meta-analyses are outdated, have limitations in their methodological approach, and are therefore in need of an update. The current multi-level meta-analysis including 133 studies (2008-2023) confirms impaired performance in executive functioning (d=.42), but studies are heterogeneous. Several moderator analyses showed that neuropsychological test used, type of executive function component, and control group characteristics moderated the overall effect. Specifically, matching psychiatric problems in the non-antisocial control group eliminated any differences in executive functioning between groups. No moderation effects were found for assessment quality, hot or cold executive functions, and various population characteristics. These results could indicate that the assessment of executive functioning in antisocial populations may be less relevant for recidivism risk assessment than thought, although this should first be assessed in prospective longitudinal studies. Executive functioning could potentially be used to identify or screen for individuals with certain treatment needs or be used as a responsivity factor, especially in disorders which are often underdiagnosed in criminal justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Milan Jansen
- Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Inforsa, Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Melanie Elisabeth Franse
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Science and Education, Herman Gorterstraat 5, 3511EW Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, Netherlands
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3
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Wang W, Sun X, Wong ACN, So SHW. Selective processing in attention and memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the negative priming effect. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:112-122. [PMID: 36921499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia show impairments in a variety of selective attention tasks. Research on the negative priming (NP) effect in schizophrenia has yielded mixed evidence. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the NP effect exhibited by patients with schizophrenia and the impact of study methodology on findings. The methods and reporting of this meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guideline. Eligible studies were identified through primary literature search in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and Embase and secondary search based on included studies and important reviews. Three-level random effects-models were used to summarize between-group differences in the raw NP score, as well as the NP ratio and baseline reaction time (RT) as secondary outcomes. We identified 1383 studies published between 1966 and 2022 and reviewed 27 studies that consist of 627 patients with schizophrenia and 653 controls in total. Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia showed a mildly reduced raw NP score with marginal significance, Hedges' g = -0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.35 to 0.02, p = 0.084. However, analysis of a subsample of studies indicated a significant, moderate reduction in the NP ratio among patients, g = -0.52, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.14; p = 0.014. Moderator analyses revealed a longer illness duration as predictive of a more reduced NP effect. This meta-analysis lends tentative evidence to impaired attention or memory process as measured by the NP task in schizophrenia. More research is needed to substantiate our results and clarify the impact of study design and patient characteristics on findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China; Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Alan C-N Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Ho-Wai So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Šašinka Č, Lacko D, Čeněk J, Popelka S, Ugwitz P, Řádová H, Fabianová M, Šašinková A, Brančík J, Jankovská M. ImGo: A Novel Tool for Behavioral Impulsivity Assessment Based on Go/NoGo Tasks. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:434-476. [PMID: 34424085 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript aims to present a novel behavioral impulsivity test ImGo, which is suitable for impulsivity assessment in the general population. A series of three studies was conducted to validate its psychometric qualities. In Study 1 we describe the principles of ImGo and verify its test-retest and split-half reliability and its convergent validity with an impulsivity self-report scale and Stop Signal test. In Study 2 we re-analyze the convergent validity of ImGo with a Stop Signal test and examine the potential relationship between ImGo and oculomotor inhibition measured by an Anti-Saccades test. In Study 3 we present a robust research with a large sample size and investigate the discriminant validity of ImGo with tests of other related cognitive and executive processes. Backed by our findings from these studies we can safely claim ImGo is a powerful tool with a good level of reliability (both test-retest and split-half) and validity (convergent and discriminant). Its potential lies in its use in diagnostic and research practice of experts from various countries as the test has already been translated to 9 languages so far. The open-source Hypothesis platform, on which the ImGo test is running, provides the option of both individual and group testing in laboratory conditions as well as remotely through an internet browser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Č Šašinka
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - D Lacko
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; HUME Lab - Experimental Humanities Laboratory, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - J Čeněk
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - S Popelka
- Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - P Ugwitz
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - H Řádová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - M Fabianová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - A Šašinková
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - J Brančík
- Military Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - M Jankovská
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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5
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Predicting forensic inpatient violence with odor identification and neuropsychological measures of impulsivity: A preliminary study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 147:154-158. [PMID: 35033786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most persons with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder are not aggressive, a minority is at higher risks to commit violent acts, especially in forensic settings. The first goal of this study was to assess inpatients in a maximum-security hospital with a self-report questionnaire, neuropsychological tests of behavioral impulsivity/attentional capacities and olfactory functions to determine the strength of association between these measures. A secondary objective was to assess the predictive value of these measures for the commission of violent acts within the institution. Sixty-two male inpatients were evaluated with the neuropsychological battery. As expected, self-report assessment of trait impulsivity (questionnaire) did not significantly correlate with behavioral measures of state impulsivity. In addition, neuropsychological measures of impulsivity and attention were significantly associated with odor identification capacities. Finally, attentional deficits (but not impulsivity) and odor identification were both significant and independent predictors of institutional violence. Neuropsychological assessments and odor functions might help predicting (and explaining) institutional violence committed in forensic settings.
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6
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Impulsive and aggressive traits and increased peripheral inflammatory status as psychobiological substrates of homicide behavior in schizophrenia. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Lucon-Xiccato T, Bertolucci C. Inhibitory control in zebrafish, Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:416-423. [PMID: 32402095 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether zebrafish, Danio rerio, display inhibitory control using a simple and rapid behavioural test. Zebrafish were exposed to a prey stimulus placed inside a transparent tube, which initially elicited attack behaviour. However, zebrafish showed a rapid reduction in the number of attacks towards the prey, which indicated the ability to inhibit their foraging behaviour. Zebrafish also exhibited mnemonic retention of foraging inhibition, as indicated by a reduced number of attacks in a subsequent exposure to the unreachable prey. The ability to inhibit the foraging behaviour varied across three genetically separated wild-type strains and across different individuals within strains, suggesting that zebrafish show heritable within-species differences in inhibitory control. Our behavioural test might be suitable for screening large zebrafish populations in mutational studies and assessing the effects of pharmacologically active substances on inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Lucon-Xiccato T, Bisazza A, Bertolucci C. Guppies show sex and individual differences in the ability to inhibit behaviour. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:535-543. [PMID: 32034539 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, individual and sex differences have been long reported for several cognitive tasks and are at least in part due to variability in the function that inhibits behaviour (i.e. inhibitory control). Similar evidence of individual and sex differences in inhibitory abilities is also present in other vertebrates, but is scarce outside primates. Experiments on reversal learning, which requires inhibiting behaviours, suggest that this variability may exist in a teleost fish, the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We tested this hypothesis by observing guppies in an inhibitory task. Guppies were exposed to unreachable prey inside a transparent tube for six trials. Guppies showed a marked reduction in the number of attempts to catch the prey within the first trial and also over repeated trials. We found a striking sex difference in the capacity to inhibit foraging behaviour. Males attempted to attack the prey twice as often as females and showed negligible improvement over trials. Irrespective of sex, individuals remarkably differed in their performance, with some guppies being systematically more skilled than others across the repeated trials. These results confirm that individual and sex differences in the ability to inhibit behaviour are not restricted to humans and other primates, suggesting that they might be widespread among vertebrates. Variability in inhibitory ability provides an explanation for emerging records of variability in other cognitive tasks in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Puzzo I, Sedgwick O, Kelly R, Greer B, Kumari V, Guðjónsson G, Young S. Attention Problems Predict Risk of Violence and Rehabilitative Engagement in Mentally Disordered Offenders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 31133891 PMCID: PMC6514136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) endorse difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Assessing these difficulties among MDOs may confer practical benefits for the management and provision of care for this population, by informing strategies to improve rehabilitative engagement and risk assessments for violence. However, there is a dearth of literature exploring these cognitive problems in MDOs in relation to outcome factors. Forty-eight MDOs from a high-security hospital completed the QbTest, which measures the domains of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Comprehensive file review of clinical and occupational/vocational rehabilitative engagement and Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) were used as outcome measures of interest. Participants displayed greater cognitive deficits in attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity compared to the general population. The domain of inattention and omission errors was related to occupational/vocational therapy engagement as well as a higher risk of present and future violence as measured by the HCR-20. The findings suggest that QbTest is a helpful objective tool that could be incorporated into the assessment of MDOs. Specifically, inattention emerged as a strong predictor of patients' risk of violence as well as patient's vocational therapy engagement. Therefore, cognitive skills programs targeting attention problems should be introduced to improve outcomes for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Puzzo
- Department of Psychology, City University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ottilie Sedgwick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ben Greer
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veena Kumari
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Guðjónsson
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Susan Young
- University of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Psychology Services Limited, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Krakowski MI, Czobor P. Distinctive profiles of traits predisposing to violence in schizophrenia and in the general population. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:267-273. [PMID: 30021703 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We delineated important trait predispositions to violence, including psychopathic and impulsive traits and trait aggression, in patients with schizophrenia and in the general population. METHOD The study included 144 subjects: 40 violent (VS's) and 34 nonviolent (NV's) patients with schizophrenia, 35 healthy controls (HC's) and 35 non-psychotic violent subjects (NPV's). We used the Psychopathy Checklist, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Life History of Aggression, psychiatric symptoms, drug/alcohol abuse and history of conduct problems were also assessed. RESULTS The two violent groups presented with more severe psychopathy, trait aggressiveness and impulsivity than the non-violent subjects; some of these traits being more pronounced in NPV's than in VS's. We further divided the violent patients (VS's) into 2 subgroups, those with a history of conduct problems (VS-CD) and those without (VS-NCD). When we compared these 2 subgroups to each other and to NPV's, we obtained 3 distinct multivariate profiles of traits, consisting of psychopathic traits, anger, motor impulsiveness, and self-control problems. NPV's have the profile with the most severe impairments, followed by VS-CD's and then VS-NCD's. Psychiatric symptoms were more strongly associated with violence in VS-NCD's than in VS-CD's. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights on trait predispositions to violence. Trait aggressiveness, psychopathic and impulsive traits form a distinctive profile which underlies a core predisposition to violence across populations, including patients with schizophrenia, but particularly in those with a history of early conduct problems. In those without such problems, the symptoms of the illness play a more important role for the violent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem I Krakowski
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pal Czobor
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Engelstad KN, Vaskinn A, Torgalsbøen AK, Mohn C, Lau B, Rund BR. Impaired neuropsychological profile in homicide offenders with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 85:55-60. [PMID: 29981505 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our ability to predict and prevent homicides committed by individuals with schizophrenia is limited. Cognitive impairments are associated with poorer functional outcome in schizophrenia, possibly also homicide. The aim of the current study was to investigate global and specific cognition among homicide offenders with schizophrenia (HOS). METHODS Twenty-six HOS were compared to 28 individuals with schizophrenia and no history of violence (non-HOS), and a group of healthy controls (HC, n = 151). HOS and non-HOS participants were recruited from in- and outpatient units across Norway. An extensive neuropsychological test battery was administered. RESULTS HOS participants performed significantly weaker than HC in all cognitive domains. Further, statistically significant differences between HOS and non-HOS participants were found for IQ (d = 0.52) and verbal learning (d = 0.82), with larger impairments in the HOS compared to the non-HOS group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HOS participants show clinically significant impairments in global and specific cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Vaskinn
- NORMENT K. G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P. O. Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1039, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne-Kari Torgalsbøen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christine Mohn
- Research Department, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, P. O. Box 800, 3004 Drammen, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Lau
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, P. O. Box 4970, Nydalen, 0440 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Rishovd Rund
- Research Department, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, P. O. Box 800, 3004 Drammen, Norway; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Sedgwick O, Young S, Baumeister D, Greer B, Das M, Kumari V. Neuropsychology and emotion processing in violent individuals with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia: The same or different? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:1178-1197. [PMID: 28992741 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417731525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether there are shared or divergent (a) cognitive and (b) emotion processing characteristics among violent individuals with antisocial personality disorder and/or schizophrenia, diagnoses which are commonly encountered at the interface of mental disorder and violence. Cognition and emotion processing are incorporated into models of violence, and thus an understanding of these characteristics within and between disorder groups may help inform future models and therapeutic targets. METHODS Relevant databases (OVID, Embase, PsycINFO) were searched to identify suitable literature. Meta-analyses comparing cognitive function in violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder to healthy controls were conducted. Neuropsychological studies not comparing these groups to healthy controls, and emotion processing studies, were evaluated qualitatively. RESULTS Meta-analyses indicated lower IQ, memory and executive function in both violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder groups compared to healthy controls. The degree of deficit was consistently larger in violent schizophrenia. Both antisocial personality disorder and violent schizophrenia groups had difficulties in aspects of facial affect recognition, although theory of mind results were less conclusive. Psychopathic traits related positively to experiential emotion deficits across the two disorders. Very few studies explored comorbid violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder despite this being common in clinical practice. CONCLUSION There are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different, neuropsychological and emotion processing deficits in violent individuals with schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder which could be developed into transdiagnostic treatment targets for violent behaviour. Future research should aim to characterise specific subgroups of violent offenders, including those with comorbid diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottilie Sedgwick
- 1 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,2 Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, UK
| | - Susan Young
- 2 Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, UK.,3 Centre for Mental Health, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Baumeister
- 1 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Greer
- 2 Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, UK
| | - Mrigendra Das
- 2 Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- 4 Research and Development, Sovereign Health Group, San Clemente, CA, USA
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13
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Hori H, Yoshimura R, Katsuki A, Atake K, Igata R, Konishi Y, Nakamura J. Relationships between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, plasma catecholamine metabolites, cytokines, cognitive function and clinical symptoms in Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:401-408. [PMID: 27409727 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1212172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Catecholamines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between serum BDNF levels, plasma catecholamine metablolites, cytokines and the cognitive functions of patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy. METHODS One hundred and forty-six patients with schizophrenia and 51 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were examined for peripheral biological markers and neurocognitive test. RESULTS There were positive correlations between serum BDNF levels and scores for verbal memory and attention and processing speed as well as between serum BDNF levels and negative symptoms. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) level and motor function and a positive correlation between the plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) level and attention and processing speed. There were no significant correlations between interleukin-6 or tumour necrosis factor alpha and cognitive function. Moreover, there were no significant correlations between the plasma levels of HVA, MHPG, cytokines and clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Serum BDNF levels are positively related to the impairment of verbal memory and attention, plasma HVA levels are positively related to motor function, and plasma MHPG levels are positively related to attention in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Hori
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Atake
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Ryohei Igata
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yuki Konishi
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka , Japan
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Krakowski MI, Czobor P. Proneness to aggression and its inhibition in schizophrenia: Interconnections between personality traits, cognitive function and emotional processing. Schizophr Res 2017; 184:82-87. [PMID: 28007464 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on aggression in schizophrenia has focused on narrowly defined deficits, while ignoring interconnections among these impairments which provide better explanatory power. Our goal was to investigate interrelations among impairments in important domains related to aggression: personality traits, including psychopathy and impulsivity, cognition and processing of emotions. METHOD 34 healthy controls, 37 high aggression (HAG) and 31 low aggression (LAG) patients with schizophrenia participated. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Psychopathy Checklist, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Emotion Recognition Test were administered. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) was performed to determine how these measures distinguish among the groups and to identify underlying symptom profiles. RESULTS CDA revealed two statistically significant profiles of deficits which differentiated the groups. The first comprises impulsivity, psychopathy, and impairments in cognition and fear recognition. It indicates proneness to aggression. The second consists of WCST perseverative errors and facial affect processing impairment; it has an inverse relationship with aggression. These profiles are linked to different psychiatric symptoms in the schizophrenic patients: The first to excitement and poor impulse control; the second to blunted affect and motor retardation. HAG's manifested primarily the first; LAG's had a moderate score on the first and a high score on the second. CONCLUSION Proneness to aggression in schizophrenia is characterized by a multivariate confluence of impulsivity, psychopathy, cognitive difficulties and impairment in fear recognition. There exists, however, a second pattern of psychopathology that may suppress expression of aggression. These opposing patterns have important implications for integrated treatments of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menahem I Krakowski
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pal Czobor
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Bell RK, Polaschek DLL. Do High-risk Prisoners Entering Treatment Have Clinically Impaired Cognitive Impulse Control? PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2016; 24:576-593. [PMID: 31983975 PMCID: PMC6818252 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2016.1256016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Moffitt's (1993) developmental theory suggests that offenders on the life-course persistent (LCP) trajectory inherit or acquire neuropsychological deficits that compromise impulse control, and ultimately contribute to criminality. Empirical tests of this notion with adult LCP offenders are rare; the expected degree of impairment and which mechanisms are unclear. This research adopted a neurocognitive framework that proposes three cognitive mechanisms of impulse control: decision-making, perceptual control, and motor impulse control. Participants were 77 adult males, predominantly LCP prisoners completed five assessment tasks during pre-treatment assessment. Overall, proportions of impairment were unexpectedly low within and across cognitive impulse control domains. The highest proportions of impairment were observed on tasks requiring cognitive flexibility and sustained attention, and only cognitive flexibility uniquely predicted estimated pre-treatment violence risk. Results suggest the need to disaggregate cognitive from personality and behavioural variants of impulsivity and to further investigate how impaired cognitive flexibility affects progress during and following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Bell
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Strasser ES, Haffner P, Fiebig J, Quinlivan E, Adli M, Stamm TJ. Behavioral measures and self-report of impulsivity in bipolar disorder: no association between Stroop test and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 27530736 PMCID: PMC4987743 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-016-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity as a tendency to act quickly without considering future consequences has been proposed as a dimensional factor in bipolar disorder. It can be measured using behavioral tasks and self-report questionnaires. Previous findings revealed patients to show worse performance on at least one behavioral measure of impulsivity. Additionally, self-reported impulsivity seems to be higher among bipolar patients, both parameters being possibly associated with a more severe course of illness. In this study, our primary aim was to investigate the relationship between these two constructs of impulsivity among bipolar patients. METHODS A total of 40 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (21 female, 22 Bipolar I) and 30 healthy controls were recruited for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. To assess inhibition control as a behavioral measure of impulsivity, the Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop) was used. Additionally, both groups completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) as a self-report of impulsivity. To compare the groups' performance on the Stroop and ratings on the BIS, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used. Within the bipolar group, we additionally examined the possibility of an association between Stroop performance and BIS total scores using Pearson's Correlation r. RESULTS Patients and controls differed significantly on the Stroop and BIS, with patients performing worse on the Stroop and scoring higher on the BIS. However, there was no association between the Stroop and BIS within the bipolar group. As an exploratory analysis, a positive correlation between Stroop performance and number of episodes was found. Further, we detected a statistical trend in the direction of poorer Stroop performance among patients treated with polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS Both difficulties with behavioral inhibition and self-reported impulsivity were observed to be higher in bipolar patients than controls in the current study. However, within the patient group we did not observe an association between patients' behavioral performance and self-report. This indicates that the parameters likely constitute distinct, dimensional factors of bipolar disorder. In future research, studies with larger samples should investigate which of the two markers constitutes the better marker for the illness and is more suitable to differentiate the most severe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sophie Strasser
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Haffner
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Fiebig
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Quinlivan
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mazda Adli
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Josef Stamm
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Richard-Devantoy S, Orsat M, Dumais A, Turecki G, Jollant F. Neurocognitive vulnerability: suicidal and homicidal behaviours in patients with schizophrenia. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:18-25. [PMID: 24444320 PMCID: PMC4079223 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is associated with an increase in the risk of both homicide and suicide. The objectives of this study were to systematically review all published articles that examined the relation between neurocognitive deficits and suicidal or homicidal behaviours in schizophrenia, and to identify vulnerabilities in suicidal and homicidal behaviour that may share a common pathway in schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE to include all studies published up to August 31, 2012. RESULTS Among the 1760 studies, 7 neuropsychological and 12 brain imaging studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. The neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies were inconclusive. The structural imaging studies reported various alterations in patients with schizophrenia and a history of homicidal behaviour, including: reduced inferior frontal and temporal cortices, increased mediodorsal white matter, and increased amygdala volumes. Patients with a history of suicidal acts showed volumetric reductions in left orbitofrontal and superior temporal cortices, while right amygdala volume was increased, though, these findings have rarely been replicated. Finally, no study has directly compared neurocognitive markers of suicidal and homicidal risk. CONCLUSION These results suggest that brain alterations, in addition to those associated with schizophrenia, may predispose some patients to a higher risk of homicide or suicide in particular circumstances. Moreover, some of these alterations may be shared between homicidal and suicidal patients. However, owing to several limitations, including the small number of available studies, no firm conclusions can be drawn and further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Richard-Devantoy
- Psychiatrist, Postdoctoral Fellow in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Associate Member, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, UPRES EA 4638, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Manuel Orsat
- Psychiatrist, Secteur 16 de Psychiatrie Adultes, Centre Hospitalier Spécialisé de la Sarthe, Allonnes, France
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Psychiatrist, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Research Centre-Pinel Institut, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Professor, Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Vice-Chair, Research and Academic Affairs, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Director, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montreal, Quebec; Co-Director, Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank (suicide studies), Montreal, Quebec; Head, Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Quebec; Director, Réseau québécois de recherche sur le suicide, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Fabrice Jollant
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
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Enticott PG, Upton DJ, Bradshaw JL, Bellgrove MA, Ogloff JRP. Stop task after-effects in schizophrenia: behavioral control adjustments and repetition priming. Neurocase 2012; 18:405-14. [PMID: 22124369 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2011.627339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Stop task after-effects are behavioral consequences of response inhibition (i.e., slowed response time), and may index both behavioral control adjustments and repetition priming. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls completed a stop task, and responses to the go signal were analyzed according to characteristics of the immediately preceding trial. Schizophrenia was associated with reduced slowing following unsuccessful response inhibition, however there was no evidence of impairments in repetition priming. These results support neurocognitive models of schizophrenia that suggest an absence or reduction of behavioral adjustments (perhaps reflecting impaired error detection), but are inconsistent with current retrieval-based repetition priming accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Enticott
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Swann AC, Lijffijt M, Lane SD, Kjome KJ, Steinberg JL, Moeller FG. Criminal conviction, impulsivity, and course of illness in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:173-81. [PMID: 21443571 PMCID: PMC3151155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Criminal behavior in bipolar disorder may be related to substance use disorders, personality disorders, or other comorbidities potentially related to impulsivity. We investigated relationships among impulsivity, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) or borderline personality disorder symptoms, substance use disorder, course of illness, and history of criminal behavior in bipolar disorder. METHODS A total of 112 subjects with bipolar disorder were recruited from the community. Diagnosis was by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I and SCID-II); psychiatric symptom assessment by the Change version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS-C); severity of Axis II symptoms by ASPD and borderline personality disorder SCID-II symptoms; and impulsivity by questionnaire and response inhibition measures. RESULTS A total of 29 subjects self-reported histories of criminal conviction. Compared to other subjects, those with convictions had more ASPD symptoms, less education, more substance use disorder, more suicide attempt history, and a more recurrent course with propensity toward mania. They had increased impulsivity as reflected by impaired response inhibition, but did not differ in questionnaire-measured impulsivity. On logit analysis, impaired response inhibition and ASPD symptoms, but not substance use disorder, were significantly associated with criminal history. Subjects convicted for violent crimes were not more impulsive than those convicted for nonviolent crimes. CONCLUSIONS In this community sample, a self-reported history of criminal behavior is related to ASPD symptoms, a recurrent and predominately manic course of illness, and impaired response inhibition in bipolar disorder, independent of current clinical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Swann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Malloy-Diniz LF, Mattos P, Leite WB, Abreu N, Coutinho G, Paula JJD, Tavares H, Vasconcelos AG, Fuentes D. Tradução e adaptação cultural da Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) para aplicação em adultos brasileiros. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0047-20852010000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e verificar a equivalência literal, semântica e idiomática da Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), que avalia a presença de manifestações da impulsividade tendo como base o modelo teórico proposto por Ernst Barratt. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, a versão original em inglês da BIS-11 foi traduzida para o português por seis pesquisadores bilíngues. Em seguida, foi realizada uma tradução reversa para o inglês por uma tradutora de origem norte-americana. As versões original, traduzida e retraduzida foram avaliadas por um comitê de juízes especialistas, os quais emitiram pareceres com as observações pertinentes, o que culminou em uma versão final traduzida da BIS-11. As versões original e traduzida foram aplicadas em duas amostras da população geral com proficiência na língua inglesa, a fim de investigar a equivalência literal, semântica e idiomática da versão traduzida por meio de análises de correlação. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados das análises quantitativas indicaram que a versão final do instrumento é satisfatória.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Mattos
- Laboratórios Integrados de Neuropsicologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Neander Abreu
- Laboratórios Integrados de Neuropsicologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia
| | - Gabriel Coutinho
- Laboratórios Integrados de Neuropsicologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Fuentes
- Laboratórios Integrados de Neuropsicologia; Universidade de São Paulo
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21
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Ireland JL, Archer J. Impulsivity among adult prisoners: A confirmatory factor analysis study of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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