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Zhu Q, Yang G, Chen B, Liu F, Li X, Liu L. Altered Expression of GJD2 Messenger RNA and the Coded Protein Connexin 36 in Negative Lens-induced Myopia of Guinea Pigs. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 97:1080-1088. [PMID: 33278187 PMCID: PMC7742206 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Decreased expression of the retinal GJD2 gene messenger RNA (mRNA) and connexin 36 (Cx36) protein in the guinea pig negative lens-induced myopia (LIM) model suggests their involvement in local retinal circuits regulating eye growth. PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that the GJD2 gene and Cx36 protein encoded by the GJD2 gene play important roles in retinal signaling pathways and eye development. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in GJD2 mRNA and Cx36 protein expression in the guinea pig lens-induced myopia model. METHODS Four-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the experimental group were fitted with monocular -10 D lenses; and animals in the control group, with monocular plano lenses. Biometric measurements, including the spherical equivalent refractive error and axial length, were monitored. Animals were killed after 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks of treatment, and their retinas were isolated. Retinal GJD2 mRNA and Cx36 protein expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Spherical equivalent refractive error values indicated that negative lens-treated eyes became significantly more myopic than plano lens-treated eyes (P = .001), consistent with their longer axial lengths compared with those of control eyes. Both GJD2 mRNA and Cx36 protein expression levels were decreased in the retinas of negative lens-treated eyes compared with levels in the retinas of plano lens-treated eyes, although there were differences in the timing; GJD2 mRNA, levels were significantly decreased after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment (P = .01 and P = .004, respectively), whereas Cx36 protein expression was significantly decreased after only 1 week (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS That both retinal GJD2 mRNA and Cx36 protein expression levels were decreased after induction of myopia with negative lenses points to retinal circuits involving Cx36 in myopia development in the guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyang Liu
- Department of Optometry, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lin Y, Ding Y, Jiang D, Li C, Huang X, Liu L, Xiao H, Vasudevan B, Chen Y. Genome-Wide Association of Genetic Variants With Refraction, Axial Length, and Corneal Curvature: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Schoolchildren. Front Genet 2020; 11:276. [PMID: 32269590 PMCID: PMC7109285 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is a common eye disorder that is approaching epidemic proportions worldwide. A genome-wide association study identified AREG (rs12511037), GABRR1 (rs13215566), and PDE10A (rs12206610) as being associated with refractive error in Asian populations. The present study investigated the associations between these three genetic variants and the occurrence and development of myopia, spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL), and corneal curvature (CC) in a cohort of southeastern Chinese schoolchildren. Methods We examined and followed 550 children in grade 1 enrolled in the Wenzhou Epidemiology of Refractive Error (WERE) project. During the 4-year follow-up, non-cycloplegic refraction was evaluated twice each year, and the AL and CC were measured once every year. Age, sex, and the amounts of time spent on near work and outdoors were documented with a questionnaire. Sanger DNA sequencing was used to genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPtest software was used to identify potential genetic variants associated with myopia, SER, AL, and CC. Ten thousand permutations were used to correct for multiple testing. Results In total, 469 children, including 249 (53.1%) boys and 220 (46.9%) girls, were included in analyses. The mean age of all the children was 6.33 ± 0.48 years. After adjusting for age, sex, time spent on near work and time spent outdoors, neither the genotypes nor the allele frequencies of the three SNPs were significantly associated with myopic shift, incident myopia or the change in SER. After adjusting for age, sex, near-work time and outdoor time with 10,000 permutations, the genotype AREG (rs12511037) was associated with an increase in AL (P′-values for the dominant, recessive, additive and general models were 0.0032, 0.0275, 0.0045, and 0.0099, respectively); the genotype PDE10A (rs12206610) was associated with a change in CC in the additive (P′ = 0.0096), dominant (P′ = 0.0096), and heterozygous models (P′ = 0.0096). Conclusion These findings preliminarily indicate that AREG SNP rs12511037 and PDE10A SNP rs12206610 are etiologically relevant for ocular traits, providing a basis for further exploration of the development of myopia and its molecular mechanism. However, elucidating the role of AREG and PDE10A in the pathogenesis of myopia requires further animal model and human genetic epidemiology studies. This trial is registered as ChiCTR1900020584 at www.Chictr.org.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Lin
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunchun Li
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Huang
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haishao Xiao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Yanyan Chen
- The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Enthoven CA, Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Tedja MS, Raat H, Iglesias AI, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. Interaction between lifestyle and genetic susceptibility in myopia: the Generation R study. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:777-784. [PMID: 30945054 PMCID: PMC6602996 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is a refractive error of the eye caused by a complex interplay between nature and nurture. The aim of this study was to investigate whether environmental risk factors can influence the genetic effect in children developing myopia. A total of 3422 children participating in the birth-cohort study Generation R underwent an extensive eye examination at 9 years with measurements of refractive error and axial length corneal radius ratio (AL/CR). Environmental risk factors were evaluated using a questionnaire, and environmental risk scores (ERS) were calculated using backward regression analyses.
Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated based on all currently known risk variants for myopia. Gene-environment interaction (G×E) was investigated using linear and logistic regression analyses. The predictive value of G×E and parental myopia was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Myopia prevalence was 12%. Both GRS (P < 0.01) and ERS (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with myopia and AL/CR, as was G×E interaction (P < 0.01 for myopia; P = 0.07 for AL/CR). The predictive value of parental myopia was 0.67 (95% CI 0.65–0.70), similar to the values of GRS (0.67; 95% CI 0.64–0.70; P = 0.98) and ERS (0.69; 95% CI 0.66–0.72; P = 0.98). Adding G×E interaction significantly improved the predictive value to 0.73 (95% CI 0.70–0.75; P < 0.01). This study provides evidence that nature and nurture are equally important for myopia and AL/CR; however, the combination has the strongest influence. Since myopia genes are common in the population, adjustment of lifestyle should be a major focus in the prevention of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair A Enthoven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Lodewijk Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Roelof Polling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthoptics & Optometry, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Room Na-2808, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Yu SJ, Liu GH, Liu Y, Huang J, Han ML, Zhao BJ, Gai ZT. The evolution of refractive status in Chinese infants during the first year of life and its affected factors. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1290-1294. [PMID: 28861357 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.08.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the evolution of the refractive status and examine the affected factors in infants during the first year of life in a large sample size in China. METHODS A total of 1258 babies (2516 eyes) aged 32wk gestational age to 1y participated in the study, including 766 premature and 492 full-term infants. First, each baby received an orthoptic examination, slit-lamp checking and fundus imaging. Patients with diseases which might affect refractive status were excluded from the cohort. The cycloplegia retinoscopy was performed. Their neonatal histories were reviewed. Each measurement contained the refractive status and calculation of the spherical equivalent (SE). RESULTS Refractive state showed an average hyperopia of +0.94±1.63 D at early ages, followed by a trend toward more hyperopia. The refractive state reached the top (+2.43±1.46 D) at the age of one to two months. Then gliding till one year old when the refractive state reached +0.59±1.41 D. The prevalence of astigmatism was 42.17% in the study, being 2.82% myopic astigmatism and 39.35% hyperopic astigmatism. The 94.1% of hyperopic astigmatism was with-the-rule astigmatism and 71.83% of myopic astigmatism was with-the-rule astigmatism. Refractive state between boys and girls was different. The mean SE of boys was +1.97±1.57 D, while that of girls was +1.79±1.46 D, and the difference was significant. CONCLUSION Before one year old, the change of refractive status is associated with checking age and sex. At the age of one to two months, the degree of hyperopia reaches the top. Boys have more hyperopic degree than girls, and with-the-rule astigmatism is predominant. Excluding premature infants with advanced retinopathy of prematurity, premature and full-term children have same refraction status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming-Lei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo-Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, China
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