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Martin JR, Lockie RG, Fyock-Martin M, Clark NC. Physical fitness profile of a large urban fire department: Exploring age and rank dynamics. Work 2024:WOR240150. [PMID: 38968036 DOI: 10.3233/wor-240150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighter physical fitness (PF) plays a crucial role in mitigating health issues and supporting occupational performance. The influence of rank on firefighter PF remains understudied and previous research is often limited by small sample sizes of firefighters volunteering for research studies, potentially biasing results towards fitter firefighters not representative of entire departments. OBJECTIVE To examine the PF profile of firefighters in a large urban fire department and the influence of age and rank on PF. METHODS Data, including muscular fitness, estimated aerobic capacity (VO2max), and body fat percentage (BF%) measures from 1361 firefighters (90% male; age: 37.4±10.1yrs; 60 recruits, 973 firefighters, 290 lieutenants/captains, 38 chiefs) were analyzed. Correlation and ANCOVAs were conducted to examine the impact of rank on PF while controlling for age. Score distributions were scrutinized to profile the PF of the department. RESULTS Age was negatively associated with pull-ups (r = - 0.39), sit-ups (r = - 0.39), and push-ups (r = - 0.32), but positively associated with relative VO2max (r = 0.17) and BF% (r = 0.39). Rank had a statistically significant, but trivial effect size, on pull-ups (p = 0.028, η2 = 0.007) and sit-ups (p = 0.034, η2 = 0.005). Firefighters with lower PF levels were older, had higher BF%, lower fat-free mass, and were a greater proportion of females. CONCLUSIONS Firefighters exhibited diverse levels of PF. Age, not rank, appeared to influence firefighters' PF. The findings that firefighters who were older, female, with poorer body composition are more likely to have lower PF levels highlights the need for individualized PF training to enhance occupational performance and health across the fire department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Marcie Fyock-Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory, George Mason University, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas C Clark
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
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Martin J, Toczko M, Sax van der Weyden M, Lockie R. Effects of implementing a mandatory and consequential annual fitness assessment in a fire department over the initial 4-year period. Work 2024:WOR230378. [PMID: 38339952 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the physical nature of the occupation many firefighters have low levels of physical fitness which is associated with poor performance of occupational tasks and increased injury rates. For many fire departments an initial step in promoting health and wellness within the department is to conduct annual fitness testing. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of implementing a consequential fitness assessment within a fire department. METHODS A retrospective repeated measures design was used to analyze annual fitness assessment data of professional firefighters (n = 1415) from 2019 to 2022 within a large urban fire department located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The fitness tests included assessments of pull-ups, push-ups, sit-ups, aerobic capacity, and body composition. Repeated measure analyses of variances (ANOVAs) assessed the effect of year and a 2-way ANOVA was conducted to investigate the effects of sex and age on fitness measures on 2022 data. RESULTS All fitness measures were found to be maintained over the 4-year period. Significant main effects of age and sex across all fitness measures, but no significant interactions were found. Older firefighters (50 + years) exhibited lower performance (p < 0.001, d > 0.80) on muscular fitness assessments than young firefighters (20-29 years). A large effect of sex (males > females) was found for pull-ups (d = 1.04), push-ups (d = 1.23), and aerobic capacity (d = 1.38). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that implementing a consequential fitness assessment could help maintain firefighters' fitness levels over a multi-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martin
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory; George Mason University, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Toczko
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory; George Mason University, Virginia, USA
| | - Megan Sax van der Weyden
- Sports Medicine Assessment Research & Testing (SMART) Laboratory; George Mason University, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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3
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Lockie RG, Orr RM, Montes F, Dawes JJ. Physical fitness test performance in firefighter trainees: Differences between graduated and released trainees and predicting academy graduation. Work 2024; 77:1377-1389. [PMID: 38160386 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitness tests have been previously used to predict academy graduation and highlight specific capacities to be targeted in applicants/trainees to optimise their potential for academy success. OBJECTIVE To compare the fitness of graduated and released (did not complete academy requirements) firefighter trainees and explore using decision tree analysis to predict academy graduation via fitness tests. METHODS Retrospective analysis was conducted on 686 trainees who completed an occupational physical ability test (OPAT): Illinois agility test; push-ups; pull-ups; leg tucks; estimated maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max); backwards overhead 4.54-kg medicine ball throw; 10-repetition maximum deadlift; and 91.44-m farmer's carry. Data were recorded in raw and scaled scores (tests scored from 0-100; maximum OPAT score was 800). Trainees were split into 'graduated' (GRAD; n = 576) or 'released' (REL; n = 110) groups. Mann-Whitney U-tests compared between-group OPAT scores. A decision tree analysis using Chi-square automatic interaction detection was conducted, with raw and scaled scores entered into the analysis. A separate analysis was conducted with only the raw scores. RESULTS GRAD trainees outperformed REL trainees in all OPAT events (p < 0.001). OPAT total score was the best predictor of academy graduation (p < 0.001), followed by the deadlift score (p = 0.003). Estimated VO2max was the only significant raw score predictor (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS GRAD trainees were fitter than the REL trainees. Fitness could predict trainees who graduated from the academy. Overall fitness (OPAT total score), muscular strength (deadlift) and aerobic capacity were important graduation predictors. Training staff could develop these fitness qualities in their trainees to potentially improve fire academy graduation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | | | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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4
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Joseph D, Robert L, Robin O, Ben S, Elisa C. A profile of two different applicant test batteries with regards to sex and age in successful law enforcement applicants. Work 2024; 77:1359-1368. [PMID: 38457169 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement (LE) applicant assessments and initial academy training vary greatly across the United States of America (USA), with 820+ academies operating across 50 different states. Rising obesity and declining physical fitness underscore the need for benchmarks of applicant physical performance. OBJECTIVE Create a "point-in-time" descriptive profile of the performance of LE applicants and determine any differences between males, females, and age using two applicant test batteries (ATBs). METHODS Archival data from one large USA LE academy were analysed. Applicants completed one of two ATBs; ATB1 (n = 1674): 68.8-meter agility run (AR), 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, 60-s arm ergometer revolutions, and 2.4 km run; ATB2 (n = 355): AR, 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, and a multistage fitness test. Data were coded for sex and age. Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis compared age groups (18- 24, 25- 29, 30- 34, 35- 39, 40 + years). RESULTS Males outperformed females in all fitness assessments across both ATBs (p≤0.02). The 18- 24 age group demonstrated faster run times in the AR and 2.4 km for ATB1 compared to all groups. (p≤0.03). In ATB2, the 18- 24 age group was faster in the AR compared to all other groups except the 25- 29 age group (p≤0.026). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of ATB used, females and older applicants generally would benefit from specific fitness training to better prepare for academy. Older applicants may experience greater challenges in running tasks, especially those involving sprinting, which could also be impacted by qualities important for running/sprinting (i.e., maximal strength and power).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulla Joseph
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Lockie Robert
- sDepartment of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Orr Robin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Schram Ben
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Canetti Elisa
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
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Helén J, Kyröläinen H, Ojanen T, Pihlainen K, Santtila M, Heikkinen R, Vaara JP. High-Intensity Functional Training Induces Superior Training Adaptations Compared With Traditional Military Physical Training. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2477-2483. [PMID: 37387578 PMCID: PMC10671205 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Helén, J, Kyröläinen, H, Ojanen, T, Pihlainen, K, Santtila, M, Heikkinen, R, and Vaara, JP. High-intensity functional training induces superior training adaptations compared with traditional military physical training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2477-2483, 2023-This study examined the effectiveness of concurrent strength and endurance training with an emphasis on high-intensity functional training (HIFT) during military service. Voluntary male conscripts (aged 18-28 years) were placed in either an experimental (EXP: n = 50-66) or a control (CON: n = 50-67) group. The training for the EXP group included HIFT using body mass, sandbags, and kettlebells. The CON group trained according to the current practice. Physical performance and body composition were assessed at baseline (PRE), at week 10 (MID), and after (POST) the 19-week training period. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The total distance covered in a 12-minute running test increased in both groups, but the change in EXP was superior to the change in CON (11.6%, ES: 0.79 vs. 5.7%, ES: 0.33; p = 0.027). Maximal strength and power characteristics increased in EXP (3.1-5.0%), whereas no improvements were observed in CON. Conscripts with the highest initial fitness showed no improvements in physical performance in either group. Body mass and waist circumference decreased in EXP, whereas CON showed an increase in muscle mass. These findings suggest that HIFT is an effective and time-efficient approach to improve soldiers' aerobic fitness during military service. For the optimal development of strength, the training equipment used may not have provided sufficient and progressive loading to yield considerable strength adaptations. More focus should be placed on sufficient intensity and volume in both strength and endurance training, especially for the most fit soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Helén
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland;
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Human Performance Division, Finnish Defence Research Agency, Järvenpää, Finland;
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Training Division, Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Matti Santtila
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Risto Heikkinen
- Statistical Analysis Services, Analyysitoimisto Statisti Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jani P. Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland;
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Koumenidou M, Kotzamanidou MC, Panoutsakopoulos V, Siaperas P, Misailidou V, Tsalis GA. The Long-Term Adaptations of a Combined Swimming and Aquatic Therapy Intervention in an Adult Person with High-Functioning Autism (Asperger's Syndrome): A Case Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2986. [PMID: 37998478 PMCID: PMC10671614 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with High-Functioning Autism present impairments in communication, social interaction, and motor development. A low level of motor skills, namely difficulties in gross and fine mobility, and in motor control, discourage individuals with High-Functioning Autism from being involved in physical activities, resulting in fewer opportunities for social interaction. There is not much evidence available about the effects of regular swimming exercise and/or aquatic therapy on health promotion in adults with High-Functioning Autism. An adult male (22 yrs) diagnosed with High-Functioning Autism participated in a combined 6-month swimming and aquatic therapy program (two sessions/week, 60 min each). The pre- and post-intervention assessments consisted of physical fitness, balance, functional ability, and psychomotor tests. The post-intervention assessments showed improvements in the standing long jump (+100%), hand grip force (+71.7%), bend arm hang test (+123.1%), and the physiological parameters in the 6 min walk test (+10.2%). On the opposite, decrements in the sit-up (-12%) and sit-and-reach test (-6.3%) were observed. It was noted that the participant frequently lost interest and focus quickly, resulting in the abandonment of the exercise. Conclusively, there is a great need for further research on this topic examining a larger adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koumenidou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 546 24 Thessaloniki, Greece, (V.M.)
| | - Mariana C. Kotzamanidou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 546 24 Thessaloniki, Greece, (V.M.)
- Institute of Occupational Science & Rehabilitation, Metropolitan College, 151 25 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Siaperas
- Institute of Occupational Science & Rehabilitation, Metropolitan College, 151 25 Athens, Greece;
- Occupational Therapy Department, Metropolitan College, 151 25 Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Misailidou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 546 24 Thessaloniki, Greece, (V.M.)
| | - George A. Tsalis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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7
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Lockie RG, Orr RM, Montes F, Ruvalcaba TJ, Dawes JJ. Impact of Physical Fitness on Reasons for Academy Release in Firefighter Trainees. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1515-1522. [PMID: 37200586 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lockie, RG, Orr, RM, Montes, F, Ruvalcaba, TJ, and Dawes, JJ. Impact of physical fitness on reasons for academy release in firefighter trainees. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1515-1522, 2023-Firefighter trainees require a certain level of fitness to be admitted to and to complete a fire training academy. There is no research detailing whether there are fitness differences between trainees who graduate (GRAD) or those released due to either injury (RELI) or skills test performance failures (RELP). Archival data from 305 trainees (274 males and 31 females) were analyzed. Trainees completed the following fitness tests at the start of academy: Illinois agility test, metronome push-ups, pull-ups, leg tucks, multistage fitness test, backward overhead medicine ball throw (BOMBT) with a 4.54-kg ball, 10 repetition maximum deadlift, and a farmer's carry with 18-kg kettlebells over a 91.44-m course. Trainees were split into GRAD (245 males and 16 females), RELI (9 males and 1 female), and RELP (20 males and 14 females) groups. Kolmogorov-Smirnov data indicated most data were not normally distributed. Accordingly, Kruskal-Wallis H-tests, with Bonferroni post hoc, calculated between-group fitness test differences. Effect sizes were also derived. Except for the leg tuck and farmer's carry, the RELP group performed significantly poorer in all fitness tests compared with the GRAD group ( p ≤ 0.032). The largest effects were seen for the BOMBT ( d = 1.02), Illinois agility test, and 10 repetition maximum deadlift (both d = 0.78). There were no significant fitness test differences for the GRAD and RELI groups. Trainees with poorer fitness were more likely to be released from academy due to skills test failures. Multiple fitness components, but particularly muscular strength and power, should be developed in trainees to aid their ability to perform academy firefighting tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Fernando Montes
- Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Tomas J Ruvalcaba
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Biber DD. An Analysis of an Exercise is Medicine on Campus ® Program: A Case Report. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:479-484. [PMID: 37426727 PMCID: PMC10328199 DOI: 10.1177/15598276231165491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an Exercise is Medicine on Campus® program on university student biometrics and muscular endurance. It was hypothesized that participants in the 12-week program would experience significant improvements in body mass index, blood pressure, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and muscular endurance. METHODS To be eligible for the program, participants must have met two of the three criteria: (1) blood pressure over 140 and/or 90 (3 consecutive measurements over 2 weeks), (2) BMI over 30, and/or (3) diagnosed chronic condition or currently taking medication for chronic condition. Participants engaged in six bi-weekly exercise instructional meetings that lasted approximately 30 minutes in length. Participants completed measures of resting heart rate, waist-to-hip ratio, body composition percentage via bioelectrical impedance, and muscular endurance before and after the program. RESULTS Although not statistically significant, there was a decrease in BMI, blood pressure, body fat percentage, and waist circumference from pre- to post-program. Two-tailed t-tests revealed significant improvements in squats (P = .04), pushups (P = .05), and curl-ups (P = .03) from pre- to post-program. CONCLUSION The results are discussed in terms of current research and future university campus application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duke D. Biber
- Department of Health Promotion and Physical Education, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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Lockie R, Dawes JJ, Sakura T, Schram B, Orr RM. Relationships Between Physical Fitness Assessment Measures and a Workplace Task-Specific Physical Assessment Among Police Officers: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:678-683. [PMID: 35836316 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lockie, R, Dawes, JJ, Sakura, T, Schram, B, and Orr, RM. Relationships between physical fitness assessment measures and a workplace task-specific physical assessment among police officers: a retrospective cohort study. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 678-683, 2023-Police officers are required to perform physically demanding occupational tasks and, as such, require an adequate level of fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between a physical fitness assessment test (PAT) and a task-specific physical competency test (PCT). Retrospective data for 307 police trainees who completed the PAT and the PCT were provided. The PAT comprised a 2.4-km run, vertical jump, push-ups, and grip strength measures. The PCT, a single timed event, consisted of 10 occupational specific tasks (e.g., trailer push, wall climb, window climb through), which were completed within a 400-m obstacle course. Pearson's correlations were used to investigate relationships between the PAT and the PCT. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine whether PAT predicted PCT performance. All PAT measures significantly correlated with PCT performance with the strength of the correlations ranging from moderate (vertical jump; r = -0.420, p < 0.01) to strong (2.4 km run; r = 0.639, p < 0.01). The highest predictive relationship was observed with 2.4-km run ( r2 = 0.409), and the lowest predictive relationship was observed with the vertical jump ( r2 = 0.177). The results of this study highlight the importance of aerobic capacity (2.4 km run), muscular endurance (push-ups), strength (grip strength), and power (vertical jump) for successful performance during the PCT. These physical attributes should be developed in new police trainees before attending recruit training if viable and form part of any return-to-work reconditioning frameworks for both police trainees and officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Takato Sakura
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia ; and
| | - Benjamin Schram
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
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Ozen MS, Calik-Kutukcu E, Salci Y, Karanfil E, Tuncer A, Armutlu K. Is there a relationship between respiratory function and trunk control and functional mobility in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? Neurol Res 2023; 45:619-626. [PMID: 36780377 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2176628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes impairment of respiratory function, trunk control, and functional mobility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between functional mobility and respiratory function and trunk control in MS patients and to compare the findings with those in healthy individuals. METHODS Thirty MS patients and 30 healthy subjects were included in this case-control study. All participants were evaluated with a pulmonary function test, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP, MEP), core stability tests, a lumbopelvic stability test (LST), a 2-minute walk test (2MWT), and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). The disability level of the MS patients was assessed with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). RESULTS Respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, trunk control, and functional mobility were lower in the MS patients than in the controls (p < 0.05). TUG values had a significant negative correlation and the 2MWT values had a significant positive correlation with MEP, core stability tests, and the LST (p < 0.05). Of the variance in the 2MWT distance, 69% was explained by the LST, EDSS, and MEP; of the variance in TUG time, 40% was explained by the EDSS and MEP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS To preserve and develop functional mobility in MS patients, approaches to increase respiratory function and trunk control should be included in rehabilitation programs. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03826095.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Sumeyye Ozen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Bandirma, Turkey
| | - Ebru Calik-Kutukcu
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Salci
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ecem Karanfil
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Tuncer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Armutlu
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Laaksi A, Laaksi I, Pihlajamäki H, Vaara JP, Luukkaala T, Kyröläinen H. Associations of serum 25(OH)D levels with physical performance and anabolic hormones in young men. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1049503. [PMID: 36824467 PMCID: PMC9941541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1049503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examined the association of vitamin D measured by serum 25(OH)D with physical performance outcomes and serum levels of anabolic hormones in young men. Methods: 412 young men (age 19 ± 1 year) entering their compulsory military service volunteered to participate in the study. The study consisted of two groups from two different military bases: Group A was studied in January and group B in July. The groups were first compared with each other and due to statistically significant (p < 0.001 analyzed with independent samples t-test) differences in physical condition (sit-up, push-up, and standing long jump-tests and testosterone levels) between the groups, groups were analyzed separately. The serum levels of 25(OH)D, testosterone (TES), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Physical performance tests consisted of muscular fitness (sit-ups, push-ups, standing long jump) and aerobic fitness (12-minute-running) tests. The association of serum 25(OH)D with physical performance tests and anabolic hormones was analyzed using linear regression. Results: After controlling for the group, body mass index, and leisure-time physical activity, serum 25(OH)D level was positively associated with aerobic and muscular fitness (β = 0.15-0.20, all p < 0.05). Also, the participants with sufficient serum 25(OH)D levels (≥75 nmol/L) had better aerobic and muscular fitness and higher TES in group B, and better upper extremity muscular fitness in group A (all p < 0.05). In group A, there were 166 participants with serum levels of 25(OH) D < 75 nmol/L and 18 ≥ 75 nmol/L. In group B, the amounts were 92 (<75 nmol/L) and 136 (≥75 nmol/L), respectively. Conclusion: Serum 25(OH)D was positively associated with both aerobic and muscular fitness and those with sufficient vitamin D levels, had higher levels of TES. Thus, maintaining a sufficient serum 25(OH)D level may be beneficial for physical performance and anabolic state in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akseli Laaksi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,*Correspondence: Akseli Laaksi,
| | - Ilkka Laaksi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Harri Pihlajamäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Jani P. Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Luukkaala
- Research, Development and Innovation Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Rozenek R, Byrne JJ, Crussemeyer J, Garhammer J. Male-Female Differences in Push-up Test Performance at Various Cadences. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3324-3329. [PMID: 34265814 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rozenek, R, Byrne, JJ, Crussemeyer, J, and Garhammer, J. Male-Female Differences in Push-up Test Performance at Various Cadences. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3324-3329, 2022-Push-up (PU) testing is widely used to assess upper-extremity muscular endurance. However, little information exists regarding the influence of cadence on PU performance. Forty-four healthy men and women (age range = 21-36 years) completed 4 PU test sessions on separate days in a randomized order using standard PUs. Cadences of 30, 45, and 60 PU·min -1 were used for 3 tests, whereas a fourth test was performed at a self-selected (SS) cadence. The total number of PUs completed, vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs) acting on each hand and the feet, and the sum of the vGRFs were determined for each test. Results showed men performed more PU than women at any cadence ( p ≤ 0.05) and had a faster mean SS cadence (49.9 ± 11.4 PU·min -1 vs 42.8 ± 8.4 PU·min -1 ) ( p ≤ 0.05). The maximum number of PU were performed when using either the SS cadence or 60 PU·min -1 , with little difference observed between them ( p ≤ 0.05). The sum of vGRFs was greatest at 60 PU·min -1 and when scaled to body mass (BM) represented 1.58 ± 0.14x and 1.33 ± 0.08x BM for men and women, respectively. As cadence increased, men shifted more weight to the hand contact points compared with women ( p ≤ 0.05). Distinct differences in SS cadence and distribution of forces were observed between the sexes suggesting different strategies while performing the PU test. These differences should be considered when selecting a protocol for PU testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rozenek
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California
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Differences in Fitness between Firefighter Trainee Academy Classes and Normative Percentile Rankings. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fire academy training classes may have trainees with a range of different fitness capabilities. Documentation of trainee fitness could indicate the need for flexibility in physical training emphases. Therefore, data from six academy classes (males = 274; females = 31) were analyzed, including: Illinois agility test (IAT), push-ups, pull-ups, leg tucks, multistage fitness test, backwards overhead 4.54 kg medicine ball throw (BOMBT), 10-repetition maximum deadlift, and 18 kg kettlebell farmers carry. A one-way ANOVA, with the Bonferroni post hoc test, calculated between-class fitness differences. Normative fitness test data were produced via percentile ranks. Classes 5 and 6 had the most females (n = 15). Class 1 completed the IAT faster than all classes (p ≤ 0.009). Classes 1 and 4 had a further BOMBT distance than Classes 5 and 6, and Class 3 outperformed Class 6 (p ≤ 0.044). Class 4 completed more leg tucks than Class 5 (p = 0.047). Class 1 had a greater deadlift than Classes 3, 4, and 6, and Class 2 outperformed Classes 3–6 (p ≤ 0.036). Class 3 was slower in the farmers carry compared to all classes (p ≤ 0.002). Percentile rankings showed that most females (48–100%) were in the 0–29% rank. Staff should implement individualized programs where appropriate for trainees as cohort fitness differences exist. Female trainees may need targeted maximal strength and power development.
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Neuromuscular Fitness Is Associated with Success in Sport for Elite Female, but Not Male Tennis Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126512. [PMID: 34204221 PMCID: PMC8296339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the study was to examine whether neuromuscular fitness contributes significantly to the success of eAlite junior tennis players of differing ages and sexes. Methods: The 160 participants, who were elite Hungarian junior tennis players (aged 11–17), were separated into four groups within this study, and 10 different types of field tests were used. Results: A moderate significant correlation was found between the results of the 5 m run (r = −0.42; r = −0.45), standing long jump (r = 0.39; r = 0.56), overhand ball throw (r = 0.44; r = 0.53), serve (r = 0.39; r = 0.64), amount of push-ups in 30 seconds (r = 0.32; r = 0.48), 10 × 5 m run in a shuttle run (r = −0.34; r = −0.45), the spider run (r = −0.34; r = −0.52), and competitive tennis success among U14 and U18 girls. A significant correlation between the overhead medicine ball throw test value (r = 0.47) and the current competitive performance was found only among U18 elite female tennis players. In contrast, no correlation was found between the values of the U14 and U18 male tennis players and their current competitive performance. Conclusions: Additional studies are needed to identify interventions that can increase sport-specific neuromuscular fitness with the ultimate goal of achieving better performance.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the relationship between fitness performance, in terms of muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.Methods and Results:The study was performed on 51,500 eligible participants from the Republic of China Armed Forces. Participants were divided into 4 groups (obese or non-obese males and females). Correlations between the Framingham risk score of coronary artery disease (FRS-CAD) and physical fitness (evaluated using 2-min push-ups, 2-min sit-ups, and 3,000-m non-weight-bearing running tests) were calculated using univariate and multivariate linear regression, as well as an extended model that adjusted for covariates. In males, regardless of obesity status, there were significant negative correlations between quartiles of fitness performance and the FRS-CAD (P<0.001) in the unadjusted and adjusted models, except for the sit-up test in the model adjusted for age, serum uric acid, hemoglobin, creatinine, current drinking, betel nut chewing, and running test speed. FRS-CAD was lower for higher quartiles of physical fitness (P for trend <0.001) in male participants. However, no significant relationship between fitness performance and FRS-CAD was observed in females, regardless of obesity status. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlighted a substantial association between fitness performance and FRS-CAD, especially in adult males. Muscular endurance and CRF may be a convenient risk evaluation tool for future CVD risk in the general, healthy, young to middle-aged male population in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center
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Martinez GJ, Abel MG. Effect of a Law Enforcement Academy Training Program on Validated Fitness Outcomes of Cadets. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:955-962. [PMID: 33555831 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martinez, GJ and Abel, MG. Effect of a law enforcement academy training program on validated fitness outcomes of cadets. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 955-962, 2021-The purpose of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of a law enforcement training program on physical fitness outcomes in police cadets. A convenience sample of 138 male and 8 female police cadets participated in a 23-week law enforcement training academy with validated fitness assessments conducted at entrance, midpoint, and exit from the academy. Demographic, anthropometric, and fitness data (i.e., 1.5-mile run, 1 repetition maximum bench press, sit-up repetitions, push-up repetitions, and 300-m run) were retrospectively collected. Analysis of variance was used to identify the influence of training on fitness outcomes over time and between cadet subgroup stratifications. Statistical significance for this study was set at p ≤ 0.05. All cadet subgroups (specialty-stratified and sex-stratified cohorts) exceeded the validated fitness standards on academy entrance and exit (p ≤ 0.01). The entire cohort significantly improved all fitness outcomes throughout the training program. Furthermore, improvements in all fitness outcomes were significantly greater from entrance to midpoint (4.4-35.7%, p ≤ 0.001) vs. midpoint to exit (1.2-15.4%, p < 0.05). Specifically, there were greater relative improvements in push-ups and sit-ups (57.5 and 28.7%, respectively; p < 0.001) compared with bench press (13.8%, p < 0.001), 300-m run (5.8%, p < 0.001), and 1.5-mile run (12.1%, p < 0.001). Regarding female cadets, the average relative improvement in fitness outcomes from entrance to exit assessments was superior compared to male counterparts for all fitness tests except sit-ups. Moreover, the specialty cadets produced lower 1.5-mile run times than nonspecialty cadets throughout the academy. Overall, the academy improved occupationally relevant fitness outcomes, with greater improvements occurring earlier in the academy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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18
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Bravo-Sánchez A, Morán-García J, Abián P, Abián-Vicén J. Association of the Use of the Mobile Phone with Physical Fitness and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031042. [PMID: 33503943 PMCID: PMC7908476 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the association of the use of the mobile phone with physical fitness (PF) and academic performance in secondary school students and its gender-related differences. A total of 501 high school students participated in the study (236 girls and 265 boys; 12–18 years). Use of the mobile phone and sample distributions were done with the Mobile-Related Experience Questionnaire (CERM): low use of mobile phone (LMP = 10–15 points), medium use of mobile phone (MMP = 16–23 points) and high use of mobile phone (HMP = 24–40 points). PF via Eurofit test battery and academic performance were recorded, and gender was used as a differentiating factor. The HMP group registered lower values than the LMP group for academic performance (Spanish: 4.78 ± 2.26 vs. 3.90 ± 1.96 points; p = 0.007, Mathematics: 4.91 ± 2.23 vs. 4.00 ± 1.84 points; p = 0.007) and PF (Abdominals: 6.83 ± 2.40 vs. 5.41 ± 2.46 points; p < 0.001, Broad jump: 6.24 ± 3.02 vs. 4.94 ± 2.28 points; p = 0.013). The boy students showed greater values than girl students for PF in the LMP (medicine-ball-throw: 6.34 ± 2.24 vs. 5.28 ± 1.86 points, p = 0.007) and MMP (medicine-ball-throw: 6.49 ± 2.52 vs. 5.02 ± 1.68 points; p < 0.001) groups, but no gender-related differences were found in the HMP group. In conclusion, high use of the mobile phone was related to worse results in the PF tests and academic performance. Gender-related differences were found for academic performance regardless of the use of the mobile, but for physical fitness no gender differences were found in HMP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Javier Morán-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (J.M.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-268-800 (ext. 5522)
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Hernandez E. Physical Fitness, Sex Considerations, and Academy Graduation for Law Enforcement Recruits. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3356-3363. [PMID: 33009347 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, E. Physical fitness, sex considerations, and academy graduation for law enforcement recruits. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3356-3363, 2020-This study investigated the influence of fitness on academy graduation, and any between-sex differences, in law enforcement recruits. Data collected at the start of 4 training academies were retrospectively analyzed, including age, height, and body mass; waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; grip strength; vertical jump (VJ); 75-yard pursuit run; 2-kg medicine ball throw (MBT); push-ups, sit-ups, and arm ergometer revolutions in 60 seconds; and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) shuttles. Recruits were categorized into graduated (GRAD = 269) and separated (did not graduate; SEP = 42) groups. SEP recruits were not split according to separation reasons, just whether they did or not. This categorization also occurred for male subjects (GRAD = 228; SEP = 32) and female subjects (GRAD = 41; SEP = 10). Independent samples t-tests calculated between-group differences for all recruits combined, male subjects, and female subjects. Correlations and stepwise linear regression calculated relationships between the data and graduation. The t-test (p ≤ 0.016) and correlation (r = ±0.137-0.296; p < 0.05) data indicated that SEP recruits (both sexes combined) were older and performed poorer in every fitness test except grip strength and VJ. SEP male subjects were older and performed poorer in all tests except grip strength (p ≤ 0.009). SEP female subjects scored lower in the arm ergometer (p = 0.008). The regression equation for all recruits found that age, 20MSFT (aerobic fitness), MBT (upper-body power), and arm ergometer (upper-body endurance) were academy graduation predictors (r = 0.169; p < 0.001). For the male recruits, the predictors were age, MBT, and 20MSFT (r = 0.182; p ≤ 0.001), and for female recruits, arm ergometer and 20MSFT (r = 0.213; p ≤ 0.003). Recruits should improve multiple fitness aspects, including muscular endurance, power, and aerobic fitness, to enhance graduation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, California; and.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Erika Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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20
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Tadrous R, O'Rourke D, Murphy N, Slattery L, Quinn G, Broderick J. Study protocol: A profile of physical performance variables in an outpatient adult population with narcolepsy. HRB Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13086.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness and significantly impacts quality of life. People with narcolepsy demonstrate many potential barriers to being physically fit and active, such as sleepiness and social isolation. Very little is known about how physical performance variables may be affected in people with narcolepsy. This study aims to profile the physical fitness of adults with narcolepsy and to explore the relationship between physical fitness and quality of life, symptom severity and disease duration in this cohort. Methods and Analysis: In this cross-sectional observational study, participants will undergo a comprehensive physical performance test battery that will investigate cardiopulmonary fitness, objective measures of physical activity, muscle strength and endurance. Furthermore, quality of life, symptom severity and physical activity will be ascertained through self-report questionnaires. The study population will consist of adults with narcolepsy aged 18-65 years attending the National Narcolepsy Centre located in St. James’s Hospital as an outpatient. Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained from the St. James’s Hospital and Tallaght University Hospital Research Ethics Committee, and this study is presently underway. The results obtained from this study will be used to help tailor exercise and possible rehabilitation strategies for this population. Dissemination will be sought through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conferences, and through engagement with service user groups. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04419792; registered on 5 June 2020.
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21
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Effect of Pilates Method on muscular trunk endurance and hamstring extensibility in adolescents during twelve weeks training and detraining. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:11-17. [PMID: 32507135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracic hyperkyphosis and lumbar hyperlordosis have been associated with low values of flexibility in the hamstring muscle and endurance of the trunk musculature. These are areas that are worked using the Pilates Method (PM), however, there are only two studies that assess its effect on these variables in adolescence, and none that measure the retention time of the acquired improvements. The main objective of this research was to assess the effect of 10 min of adapted exercise program from PM in a Physical Education class (PE) for 12 weeks, on trunk muscle endurance and hamstring flexibility, and to evaluate the retention of resulting changes. METHODS The sample consisted of 441 adolescents (age = 13.9 ± 1.3 years). The experimental group (EG) performed two weekly 10-min sessions of PM for 12 weeks. The control group (CG) performed its usual sessions of PE. The endurance of the trunk flexor muscles and trunk extensor muscles, toe touch test (TT), bench trunk curl test (BTC) and the Biering-Sörensen test (SOR), were used to evaluate hamstring flexibility, before application of the program, at the end, 12 weeks later. RESULTS A significant improvement was found in the EG for all variables analyzed, with an average improvement of 9.37 repetitions in the BTC test, 19.4 s in the SOR test and 2.75 in the TT test. The CG did not show significant changes. The EG's improvements were retained 12 weeks later, except in the SOR test. CONCLUSION The inclusion of 10 min of adapted exercise program from PM in PE classes, for two weekly sessions over 12 weeks, produces improvements in trunk muscle endurance and hamstring flexibility, and these gains are retained in the flexor and hamstring muscles 12 weeks later.
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22
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Appelqvist-Schmidlechner K, Vaara JP, Vasankari T, Häkkinen A, Mäntysaari M, Kyröläinen H. Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with health-related quality of life among young adult men. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:842. [PMID: 32493259 PMCID: PMC7268218 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite numerous studies providing evidence for positive effects of physical activity and physical fitness, evidence for association between physical fitness and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young adults is limited. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the association of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness with HRQoL from the perspective of its physical and mental components among young adult Finnish males. Methods The sample consisted of 754 men, with the mean age of 26 years (SD 6.7 years), who participated in the military refresher training. HRQoL was measured using the Finnish RAND 36-item health survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a bicycle ergometer test, and muscular fitness by various tests measuring maximal strength and muscular endurance. Logistic regression modelling was used to compare low, moderate and high physical and mental component of HRQoL scores to the respective levels of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results The findings of the adjusted (age, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking, use of alcohol and BMI) analysis showed that cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are positively associated with both physical and mental components of HRQoL. In terms of the physical component of HRQoL, even a moderate fitness level was positively associated with better HRQoL. In terms of the mental component of HRQoL, the impact was seen only in the group with the highest fitness level. Conclusions The findings suggest a positive contribution of physical fitness to mental health and highlight the importance of both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in the promotion of HRQoL. Even lighter forms of physical activity that result in moderate physical fitness could contribute to the physical component of HRQoL. In terms of the mental component of HRQoL, higher levels of physical fitness may be needed to gain higher levels of HRQoL among young males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jani P Vaara
- The Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Arja Häkkinen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Health Sciences / Central Hospital of Central Finland, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- The Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Vaara JP, Vasankari T, Koski HJ, Kyröläinen H. Awareness and Knowledge of Physical Activity Recommendations in Young Adult Men. Front Public Health 2019; 7:310. [PMID: 31737590 PMCID: PMC6831523 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are only a few studies that have assessed awareness and knowledge regarding aerobic type of physical activity (PA) guidelines recommendations, while no previous studies have examined muscular type of activity recommendation guidelines. The aim was to assess knowledge and awareness and study the associations with demographic variables and physical activity and fitness. Methods: Participants were 776 young (age 26 ± 7 years) men. Awareness and knowledge of PA recommendation guidelines were assessed by prompted questionnaires together with demographic variables and physical activity. In addition, physical fitness was measured. Results: Forty percent of the participants reported being aware of the physical activity recommendation. Moreover, 7% correctly identified the recommendations for moderate aerobic physical activity and 25% for muscular type of activity. In addition, 4% correctly identified both aerobic and muscular activity recommendations. Being aware of the PA recommendations was associated with being married or partnered, having higher education level and being more physically active during leisure-time (p < 0.05). Individuals with no awareness of the recommendations had lower results in cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness compared to those being aware (p < 0.05). Being married or partnered was positively associated with the knowledge of the muscular activity recommendations (p < 0.05). Moreover, the individuals with correct knowledge of the PA recommendations had higher levels of muscular fitness (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A low number of individuals are aware or know the physical activity recommendations among young adult men. Therefore, more vigorous attempts to promote physical activity recommendations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defense University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Ojanen T, Häkkinen K, Vasankari T, Kyröläinen H. Changes in Physical Performance During 21 d of Military Field Training in Warfighters. Mil Med 2019; 183:e174-e181. [PMID: 29420780 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have reported the amount of physical activity (PA) and its associations to physical performance of warfighters during military field training (MFT). The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular performance and PA among male Finnish Army conscripts during a 21-d MFT and to evaluate their recovery during 4 d after MFT. Methods Body composition and physical performance were measured four times during the study (before MFT (PRE), after 12 d (MID), post training (POST) and after 4 d of recovery (RECO)). PA was measured throughout MFT in a group of healthy young male conscripts (n=49) by using a tri-axial accelerometer. The study was approved by the Finnish Defence Forces and was granted ethics approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Jyväskylä. Results Body mass declined significantly from 73.5 ± 8.7 to 71.6 ± 8.2 kg, but it recovered close to the PRE values (73.0 ± 8.3 kg). The same trend was also found in skeletal muscle mass and fat mass. The change in body mass and in skeletal muscle mass correlated negatively with the change in vigorous physical activity (r = -0.374, p = 0.016, and r = -0.337, p = 0.031, respectively). Muscular endurance decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in sit-ups from the PRE (46 ± 9 reps/min) values compared with MID (40 ± 8 reps/min), POST (42 ± 8 reps/min), and RECO (34 ± 11 reps/min) values. Also in push-ups, the declines in the POST (34 ± 10 reps/min) and RECO (34 ± 13 reps/min) values (p < 0.001) from the PRE (40 ± 13 reps/min) and MID (39 ± 12 reps/min) values were observed. There was a significant decrease in a standing long jump in all measurement points MID (220 ± 20 cm), POST (216 ± 20 cm), and RECO (213 ± 20 cm) as compared with the PRE values (229 ± 23 cm, p < 0.001). There was no change in 3.2 km loaded march time between the PRE (23:57 ± 4:12 min:s) and POST (23:44 ± 5:02 min:s) measurement time points. In PA, the total number of steps per day was significantly (p < 0.001) greater during ST (13,722 ± 2,379 steps) and MFT (13,937 ± 2,276 steps) than during garrison days (9,550 ± 2,569 steps). In POST, there was significantly (p < 0.001) more light (1.5-3.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:34:38 ± 0:22:53 h:min:s in ST and 3:03:27 ± 0:23:24 h:min:s in MFT) and moderate (3.0-6.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:12:15 ± 0:23:14 h:min:s in ST and 2:47:59 ± 0:27:23 h:min:s in MFT) PA than in the PRE measurements. Conclusion This study demonstrated slight decrements in warfighter physical performance during the 21-d MFT. The conscripts were overloaded during MFT, but 4 d of recovery seemed not to be enough to obtain the PRE measurement values in physical performance. This study also showed changes in the muscular endurance levels and PA during the 21-d MFT. It is important for warfighters to have a good physical fitness level PRE training or combat. As the prolonged MFT may have adverse effects in warfighters muscular endurance and PA levels, it is important to have sufficient recovery time after long MFT to regain combat readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 04401 Järvenpää, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, P.O. Box 30, 33501 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.,National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
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Duray M, Yagci N, Ok N. Determination of physical parameters associated with self-efficacy in patients with chronic mechanic low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018; 31:743-748. [PMID: 29614622 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-170993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-efficacy that is associated with various pain-related disabilities such as chronic low back pain (LBP), should be questioned besides physical assessments. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physical factors associated with self-efficacy in patients with chronic mechanic LBP. METHODS One hundred nine patients diagnosed as chronic mechanic LBP (65 females, 44 males) between 20-50 years old were included to this study. The intensity of LBP was assessed by using a 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale. For musculoskeletal fitness measurement; muscle strength, muscle endurance, and flexibility tests were applied. Functional Reach Test for balance evaluation, Self-Efficacy Scale for self-efficacy measurement, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for disability level evaluation were used. RESULTS We found a moderate negative correlation between self-efficacy and pain intensity (r=-0.506); a negative and strong correlation between self-efficacy and disability level (r=-0.654) (p< 0.05). Self efficacy had a significant association with right (r= 0.265) and left (r= 0.290) lateral side bending flexibility (p< 0.05). According to multiple regression analysis results, it was found that disability level had a significant effect on self-efficacy (β=-2.014; p< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Poor musculoskeletal fitness and pain intensity may cause decreasing self-efficacy but the major determinant of decreased self-efficacy was low-back related disability scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duray
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - N Yagci
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - N Ok
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Ojanen T, Jalanko P, Kyröläinen H. Physical fitness, hormonal, and immunological responses during prolonged military field training. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13850. [PMID: 30187684 PMCID: PMC6125608 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness is crucial to warfighters' performance in the battlefield. Previous studies have shown negative changes in their hormonal and neuromuscular responses induced by military field training (MFT). The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in hormonal and immunological values and body composition during a prolonged MFT and to find out how warfighters' physical condition influences these changes. Conscripts (n = 49, age 20 ± 1 years, height 179 ± 9 cm, body mass 73.8 ± 7.8 kg, fat 12.6 ± 3.7% and BMI 23 kg/m²) were measured before, during, after MFT, and after a 4-day recovery period. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations, creatine kinase (CK) activity and leptin concentration were analyzed as well as body composition throughout MFT. Neuromuscular performance was assessed via lower and upper body muscle endurance at the beginning of the study. During MFT, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body mass (2.3%), fat mass (7.7%) and in muscle mass (2.2%), but all of these values recovered to PRE-levels after the recovery period. Serum IGF-1 (22%) and leptin decreased (66%) while CK increased (88%) significantly (P < 0.05) during MFT but recovered at the end of MFT. Upper body dynamic and trunk isometric muscular endurance had a positive correlation (r = 0.37. P < 0.05) with the change in IGF-1 during MFT and a negative correlation with the changes in CK (-0.34, P < 0.05). The results show that there were negative changes in conscript's body composition and hormonal and immunological values during the prolonged MFT. These changes suggest that the physiological stress was high during MFT. High levels of upper body and trunk muscular strength were negatively correlated with warfighters' physiological effects and should therefore be developed prior to actual deployment to reduce the physical decline experienced during prolonged MFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research AgencyFinnish Defence ForcesJärvenpääFinland
| | - Petri Jalanko
- Biology of Physical ActivityUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Biology of Physical ActivityUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- National Defence UniversityHelsinkiFinland
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Grier TL, Canham-Chervak M, Bushman TT, Anderson MK, North WJ, Jones BH. Evaluating Injury Risk and Gender Performance on Health- and Skill-Related Fitness Assessments. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:971-980. [PMID: 28328715 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Grier, TL, Canham-Chervak, M, Bushman, TT, Anderson, MK, North, WJ, and Jones, BH. Evaluating injury risk and gender performance on health- and skill-related fitness assessments. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 971-980, 2017-The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the association of injury risk and gender performance on health- and skill-related fitness assessments. A survey was used to collect personal characteristics and Army Physical Fitness Test scores (2-mile run, push-ups, and sit-ups). Within the same day, 9 physical fitness assessments were performed. Percent body fat was estimated using height, weight, age, and sex. All fitness assessment data were categorized into tertiles of high, moderate and low performance. To investigate potential injury risk predicted by fitness assessment performance, injury risk ratios, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using medical record data. A total of 3,264 soldiers completed surveys and physical fitness assessments. Tertiles of fitness performance with men and women combined showed that on an average, 14% of women and 70% of men were in the moderate- and high-performance groups. Among men, higher injury risk was independently associated with low performance on a 2-mile run (ORslow/fast = 1.51, 95% CI 1.18-1.94) and low performance on a weighted 300-yard shuttle run (ORslow/fast = 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.74). For women, a higher risk of injury was associated with low performance on the 2-mile run (ORslow/fast = 2.38, 95% CI 1.04-5.74). Therefore, out of the 13 fitness assessments, the 2-mile run and weighted 300-yard shuttle run can also (in addition to measuring performance) be utilized to identify soldiers or athletes who are at a higher risk of experiencing an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson L Grier
- 1Injury Prevention Division, Clinical Public Health and Epidemiology Directorate, U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; and2Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Fort Carson, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Developing a Reliable Core Stability Assessment Battery for Patients with Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E844-E850. [PMID: 26679886 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Test-retest design. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the intrarater (test-retest) reliability of the core stability related tests and to develop a reliable core stability assessment battery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Studies suggest that core stability exercises may improve function and decrease pain in patients with nonspecific low back pain (LBP). Reliable clinical tests are required to implement adequate rehabilitation and to evaluate results of these interventions. METHODS The study had a test-retest design. Thirty-three different tests that might relate to core stability were identified with their mostly used protocols. Five different components of core stability including endurance, flexibility, strength, functional performance, and motor control were assessed in 38 patients with nonspecific LBP. The same testing procedure was performed again after 48 to 72 hours. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change were calculated to assess the intrarater reliability. RESULTS The intrarater reliability of the tests ranged from little to very high (ICC = 0.08-0.98). Partial curl-up (ICC = 0.90), lateral bridge (ICC = 0.95-0.96), trunk flexor endurance (ICC = 0.97), sit and reach (ICC = 0.98), single-legged hop (ICC = 0.98-0.97), lateral step-down (ICC = 0.93-0.92), eyes open right and left leg unilateral stance (ICC = 0.97 and 0.91) tests had the highest intrarater reliability for each core stability component. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the partial curl-up test (strength), side bridge and trunk flexor tests (endurance), sit-and-reach test (flexibility), single-legged hop, and lateral step-down (functional), unilateral stance test with eyes open (motor control) had very high intrarater reliability. A core stability assessment battery involving these tests can be used in patients with nonspecific LBP to assess all components of core stability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Vrachimis A, Hadjicharalambous M, Tyler C. The Effect of Circuit Training on Resting Heart Rate Variability, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Physical Fitness in Healthy Untrained Adults. Health (London) 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2016.82017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anderson BE, Neumann ML, Huxel Bliven KC. Functional movement screen differences between male and female secondary school athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1098-106. [PMID: 25330082 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The functional movement screen (FMS) is commonly used to assess movement capacity and determine injury risk. Evidence suggests that athletes who score 14 points or less on the FMS are at increased risk for injury, but differences between males and females have been minimally studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in FMS scores of secondary school athletes. Using a cross-sectional study design, 60 healthy secondary school athletes performed the FMS, which is composed of 7 functional movement tasks (deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability) and 3 clearance screens. Dependent variables were FMS total composite score and individual task scores; secondary analyses were performed using total research score and individual task research scores when indicated. Lower scores indicated functional movement deficits and increased injury risk. Healthy secondary school female athletes scored lower on the total composite (p = 0.004) than healthy secondary school male athletes. Females also scored lower on the following individual FMS tasks: inline lunge (p < 0.04) and trunk stability push-up (p = 0.001). Healthy secondary school female athletes scored 14 or less on the FMS total composite score and significantly lower in general compared with healthy secondary school male athletes, which suggests these female athletes may be at higher risk for injury. Factors that may contribute to increased injury risk include deficits in mobility, core stabilization, and coordinated movement patterns. Clinicians should be aware of possible sex differences when using the FMS and developing injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton E Anderson
- 1Athletic Training Program, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona; and 2Kinesiology Program, College of Graduate Health Studies, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona
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Vaara JP, Kyröläinen H, Niemi J, Ohrankämmen O, Häkkinen A, Kocay S, Häkkinen K. Associations of maximal strength and muscular endurance test scores with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2078-86. [PMID: 21997456 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823b06ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationships between maximal strength and muscular endurance test scores additionally to previously widely studied measures of body composition and maximal aerobic capacity. 846 young men (25.5 ± 5.0 yrs) participated in the study. Maximal strength was measured using isometric bench press, leg extension and grip strength. Muscular endurance tests consisted of push-ups, sit-ups and repeated squats. An indirect graded cycle ergometer test was used to estimate maximal aerobic capacity (V(O2)max). Body composition was determined with bioelectrical impedance. Moreover, waist circumference (WC) and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Maximal bench press was positively correlated with push-ups (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), grip strength (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and sit-ups (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) while maximal leg extension force revealed only a weak positive correlation with repeated squats (r = 0.23, p < 0.001). However, moderate correlation between repeated squats and V(O2)max was found (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) In addition, BM and body fat correlated negatively with muscular endurance (r = -0.25 - -0.47, p < 0.001), while FFM and maximal isometric strength correlated positively (r = 0.36-0.44, p < 0.001). In conclusion, muscular endurance test scores were related to maximal aerobic capacity and body fat content, while fat free mass was associated with maximal strength test scores and thus is a major determinant for maximal strength. A contributive role of maximal strength to muscular endurance tests could be identified for the upper, but not the lower extremities. These findings suggest that push-up test is not only indicative of body fat content and maximal aerobic capacity but also maximal strength of upper body, whereas repeated squat test is mainly indicative of body fat content and maximal aerobic capacity, but not maximal strength of lower extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kennedy MD, Fischer R, Fairbanks K, Lefaivre L, Vickery L, Molzan J, Parent E. Can pre-season fitness measures predict time to injury in varsity athletes?: a retrospective case control study. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2012; 4:26. [PMID: 22824555 PMCID: PMC3439385 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The ability to determine athletic performance in varsity athletes using preseason measures has been established. The ability of pre-season performance measures and athlete’s exposure to predict the incidence of injuries is unclear. Thus our purpose was to determine the ability of pre-season measures of athletic performance to predict time to injury in varsity athletes. Methods Male and female varsity athletes competing in basketball, volleyball and ice hockey participated in this study. The main outcome measures were injury prevalence, time to injury (based on calculated exposure) and pre-season fitness measures as predictors of time to injury. Fitness measures were Apley’s range of motion, push-up, curl-ups, vertical jump, modified Illinois agility, and sit-and-reach. Cox regression models were used to identify which baseline fitness measures were predictors of time to injury. Results Seventy-six percent of the athletes reported 1 or more injuries. Mean times to initial injury were significantly different for females and males (40.6% and 66.1% of the total season (p < 0.05), respectively). A significant univariate correlation was observed between push-up performance and time to injury (Pearson’s r = 0.332, p < 0.01). No preseason fitness measure impacted the hazard of injury. Regardless of sport, female athletes had significantly shorter time to injury than males (Hazard Ratio = 2.2, p < 0.01). Athletes playing volleyball had significantly shorter time to injury (Hazard Ratio = 4.2, p < 0.01) compared to those playing hockey or basketball. Conclusions When accounting for exposure, gender, sport and fitness measures, prediction of time to injury was influenced most heavily by gender and sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kennedy
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Robyn Fischer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kristine Fairbanks
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lauren Lefaivre
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lauren Vickery
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janelle Molzan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Parent
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Physical capacity in physically active and non-active adolescents. J Public Health (Oxf) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-010-0371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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