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Cheng R, Dhorajia VV, Kim J, Kim Y. Mitochondrial iron metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotoxicology 2022; 88:88-101. [PMID: 34748789 PMCID: PMC8748425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a key element for mitochondrial function and homeostasis, which is also crucial for maintaining the neuronal system, but too much iron promotes oxidative stress. A large body of evidence has indicated that abnormal iron accumulation in the brain is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. However, it is still unclear how irregular iron status contributes to the development of neuronal disorders. Hence, the current review provides an update on the causal effects of iron overload in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and discusses important roles of mitochondrial iron homeostasis in these disease conditions. Furthermore, this review discusses potential therapeutic targets for the treatments of iron overload-linked neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Cheng
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
| | | | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
| | - Yuho Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA.
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Yanovsky-Dagan S, Mor-Shaked H, Eiges R. Modeling diseases of noncoding unstable repeat expansions using mutant pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:823-838. [PMID: 26131313 PMCID: PMC4478629 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations involving DNA repeat expansions are responsible for over 20 different neuronal and neuromuscular diseases. All result from expanded tracts of repetitive DNA sequences (mostly microsatellites) that become unstable beyond a critical length when transmitted across generations. Nearly all are inherited as autosomal dominant conditions and are typically associated with anticipation. Pathologic unstable repeat expansions can be classified according to their length, repeat sequence, gene location and underlying pathologic mechanisms. This review summarizes the current contribution of mutant pluripotent stem cells (diseased human embryonic stem cells and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells) to the research of unstable repeat pathologies by focusing on particularly large unstable noncoding expansions. Among this class of disorders are Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, myotonic dystrophy type 1 and myotonic dystrophy type 2, Friedreich ataxia and C9 related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and/or frontotemporal dementia, Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy and potentially more. Common features that are typical to this subclass of conditions are RNA toxic gain-of-function, epigenetic loss-of-function, toxic repeat-associated non-ATG translation and somatic instability. For each mechanism we summarize the currently available stem cell based models, highlight how they contributed to better understanding of the related mechanism, and discuss how they may be utilized in future investigations.
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Carletti B, Piermarini E, Tozzi G, Travaglini L, Torraco A, Pastore A, Sparaco M, Petrillo S, Carrozzo R, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Frataxin silencing inactivates mitochondrial Complex I in NSC34 motoneuronal cells and alters glutathione homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5789-806. [PMID: 24714088 PMCID: PMC4013596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease characterized by a reduced synthesis of the mitochondrial iron chaperon protein frataxin as a result of a large GAA triplet-repeat expansion within the first intron of the frataxin gene. Despite neurodegeneration being the prominent feature of this pathology involving both the central and the peripheral nervous system, information on the impact of frataxin deficiency in neurons is scant. Here, we describe a neuronal model displaying some major biochemical and morphological features of FRDA. By silencing the mouse NSC34 motor neurons for the frataxin gene with shRNA lentiviral vectors, we generated two cell lines with 40% and 70% residual amounts of frataxin, respectively. Frataxin-deficient cells showed a specific inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I (CI) activity already at 70% residual frataxin levels, whereas the glutathione imbalance progressively increased after silencing. These biochemical defects were associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and morphological changes at the axonal compartment, both depending on the frataxin amount. Interestingly, at 70% residual frataxin levels, the in vivo treatment with the reduced glutathione revealed a partial rescue of cell proliferation. Thus, NSC34 frataxin silenced cells could be a suitable model to study the effect of frataxin deficiency in neurons and highlight glutathione as a potential beneficial therapeutic target for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Piermarini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Tozzi
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Pastore
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Sparaco
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera, "G. Rummo", Via Pacevecchia 53, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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Simons MJ, Pellionisz AJ. Genomics, morphogenesis and biophysics: triangulation of Purkinje cell development. THE CEREBELLUM 2006; 5:27-35. [PMID: 16527761 DOI: 10.1080/14734220500378581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar Purkinje cells (P-cells) comprise an organelle that is suitable for combined analysis by morphology and genomics, using biophysical tools. In some unknown way, genomic information specifies the development of P-cells. One of us (AJP) has previously proposed that fractal processes associated with DNA are in a causal relation to the fractal properties of organelles such as P-cells (FractoGene, 2002, patent pending). This fractal postulate predicts that the dendritic arborization of P-cells will be less complex in lower order vertebrates. The prediction can be tested by systematic comparative neuroanatomy of the P-cell in species for which genome sequences permit inter-species comparison. The Fugu rubripes (Fugu), Danio rerio (Danio) and other species are lower order vertebrates for which genome sequences are available and tests could be conducted. Consistent with the fractal prediction, P-cell dendritic arbor is primitive in Fugu, being much less complex than in Mus musculus and in Homo sapiens. Genomic analysis readily identified PEP19/Pcp4, Calbindin-D28k, and GAD67 genes in Fugu and in Danio that are closely associated with P-cells in Canis familiaris, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. Gene L7/Pcp2 exhibits strongest association with P-cells in higher vertebrates. L7/Pcp2 shows strong protein residue homology with genes greater than 600 residues and including 2-3 GoLoco domains, designated as having G protein signaling modulator function (AGS3-like proteins). Fugu has a short gene with a single GoLoco domain, but it has greatest homology with the AGS3-like proteins. No similar short gene is present in Danio or in Xenopus. Classical L7/Pcp2 is only detected in higher vertebrates, suggesting that it may be a marker of more recent evolutionary development of cerebellar P-cells. We expect that a new generation of data mining tools will be required to support recursive fractal geometrical, combinatorial, and neural network models of the genomic basis of morphogenesis.
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Coppola G, Choi SH, Santos MM, Miranda CJ, Tentler D, Wexler EM, Pandolfo M, Geschwind DH. Gene expression profiling in frataxin deficient mice: microarray evidence for significant expression changes without detectable neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:302-11. [PMID: 16442805 PMCID: PMC2886035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by reduction of frataxin levels to 5-35%. To better understand the biochemical sequelae of frataxin reduction, in absence of the confounding effects of neurodegeneration, we studied the gene expression profile of a mouse model expressing 25-36% of the normal frataxin levels, and not showing a detectable phenotype or neurodegenerative features. Despite having no overt phenotype, a clear microarray gene expression phenotype was observed. This phenotype followed the known regional susceptibility in this disease, most changes occurring in the spinal cord. Additionally, gene ontology analysis identified a clear mitochondrial component, consistent with previous findings. We were able to confirm a subset of changes in fibroblast cell lines from patients. The identification of a core set of genes changing early in the FRDA pathogenesis can be a useful tool in both clarifying the disease process and in evaluating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Coppola
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Manuela M. Santos
- Centre de Recherche, CHUM-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Carlos J. Miranda
- Centre de Recherche, CHUM-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Dmitri Tentler
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric M. Wexler
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Service de Neurologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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