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Almeida-Pereira G, Vilhena-Franco T, Coletti R, Cognuck SQ, Silva HVP, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. 17β-Estradiol attenuates p38MAPK activity but not PKCα induced by angiotensin II in the brain. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:345-360. [PMID: 30508412 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) has been shown to modulate the renin-angiotensin system in hydromineral and blood pressure homeostasis mainly by attenuating angiotensin II (ANGII) actions. However, the cellular mechanisms of the interaction between E2 and angiotensin II (ANGII) and its physiological role are largely unknown. The present experiments were performed to better understand the interaction between ANGII and E2 in body fluid control in female ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The present results are the first to demonstrate that PKC/p38 MAPK signaling is involved in ANGII-induced water and sodium intake and oxytocin (OT) secretion in OVX rats. In addition, previous data from our group revealed that the ANGII-induced vasopressin (AVP) secretion requires ERK1/2 signaling. Therefore, taken together, the present observations support a novel concept that distinct intracellular ANGII signaling gives rise to distinct neurohypophyseal hormone release. Furthermore, the results show that E2 attenuates p38 MAPK phosphorylation in response to ANGII but not PKC activity in the hypothalamus and the lamina terminalis, suggesting that E2 modulates ANGII effects through the attenuation of the MAPK pathway. In conclusion, this work contributes to the further understanding of the interaction between E2 and ANGII signaling in hydromineral homeostasis, as well as it contributes to further elucidate the physiological relevance of PKC/p38 MAPK signaling on the fluid intake and neurohypophyseal release induced by ANGII.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - T Vilhena-Franco
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - R Coletti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - S Q Cognuck
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - H V P Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - L L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - J Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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2
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Devinney MJ, Mitchell GS. Spinal activation of protein kinase C elicits phrenic motor facilitation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 256:36-42. [PMID: 29081358 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C family regulates many cellular functions, including multiple forms of neuroplasticity. The novel PKCθ and atypical PKCζ isoforms have been implicated in distinct forms of spinal, respiratory motor plasticity, including phrenic motor facilitation (pMF) following acute intermittent hypoxia or inactivity, respectively. Although these PKC isoforms are critical in regulating spinal motor plasticity, other isoforms may be important for phrenic motor plasticity. We tested the impact of conventional/novel PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on pMF. Rats given cervical intrathecal injections of PMA exhibited pMF, which was abolished by pretreatment of broad-spectrum PKC inhibitors bisindolymalemide 1 (BIS) or NPC-15437 (NPC). Because PMA fails to activate atypical PKC isoforms, and NPC does not block PKCθ, this finding demonstrates that classical/novel PKC isoforms besides PKCθ are sufficient to elicit pMF. These results advance our understanding of mechanisms producing respiratory motor plasticity, and may inspire new treatments for disorders that compromise breathing, such as ALS, spinal injury and obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Devinney
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States.
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Withey SL, Hill R, Lyndon A, Dewey WL, Kelly E, Henderson G. Effect of Tamoxifen and Brain-Penetrant Protein Kinase C and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors on Tolerance to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:51-59. [PMID: 28130265 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression is the major cause of death in opioid overdose. We have previously shown that prolonged treatment of mice with morphine induces profound tolerance to the respiratory-depressant effects of the drug (Hill et al., 2016). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether tolerance to opioid-induced respiratory depression is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and/or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We found that although mice treated for up to 6 days with morphine developed tolerance, as measured by the reduced responsiveness to an acute challenge dose of morphine, administration of the brain-penetrant PKC inhibitors tamoxifen and calphostin C restored the ability of acute morphine to produce respiratory depression in morphine-treated mice. Importantly, reversal of opioid tolerance was dependent on the nature of the opioid ligand used to induce tolerance, as these PKC inhibitors did not reverse tolerance induced by prolonged treatment of mice with methadone nor did they reverse the protection to acute morphine-induced respiratory depression afforded by prolonged treatment with buprenorphine. We found no evidence for the involvement of JNK in morphine-induced tolerance to respiratory depression. These results indicate that PKC represents a major mechanism underlying morphine tolerance, that the mechanism of opioid tolerance to respiratory depression is ligand-dependent, and that coadministration of drugs with PKC-inhibitory activity and morphine (as well as heroin, largely metabolized to morphine in the body) may render individuals more susceptible to overdose death by reversing tolerance to the effects of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Withey
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Abigail Lyndon
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - William L Dewey
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (S.L.W., R.H., A.L., E.K., G.H.); and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (W.L.D.)
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Carpenter C, Sorenson RJ, Jin Y, Klossowski S, Cierpicki T, Gnegy M, Showalter HD. Design and synthesis of triarylacrylonitrile analogues of tamoxifen with improved binding selectivity to protein kinase C. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5495-5504. [PMID: 27647375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clinical selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is also a modest inhibitor of protein kinase C, a target implicated in several untreatable brain diseases such as amphetamine abuse. This inhibition and tamoxifen's ability to cross the blood brain barrier make it an attractive scaffold to conduct further SAR studies toward uncovering effective therapies for such diseases. Utilizing the known compound 6a as a starting template and guided by computational tools to derive physicochemical properties known to be important for CNS permeable drugs, the design and synthesis of a small series of novel triarylacrylonitrile analogues have been carried out providing compounds with enhanced potency and selectivity for PKC over the estrogen receptor relative to tamoxifen. Shortened synthetic routes compared to classical procedures have been developed for analogues incorporating a β-phenyl ring, which involve installing dialkylaminoalkoxy side chains first off the α and/or α' rings of a precursor benzophenone and then condensing the resultant ketones with phenylacetonitrile anion. A second novel, efficient and versatile route utilizing Suzuki chemistry has also been developed, which will allow for the introduction of a wide range of β-aryl or β-heteroaryl moieties and side-chain substituents onto the acrylonitrile core. For analogues possessing a single side chain off the α- or α'-ring, novel 2D NMR experiments have been carried out that allow for unambiguous assignment of E- and Z-stereochemistry. From the SAR analysis, one compound, 6c, shows markedly increased potency and selectivity for inhibiting PKC with an IC50 of 80nM for inhibition of PKC protein substrate and >10μM for binding to the estrogen receptor α (tamoxifen IC50=20μM and 222nM, respectively). The data on 6c provide support for further exploration of PKC as a druggable target for the treatment of amphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Roderick J Sorenson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yafei Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Szymon Klossowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Margaret Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Zhang Q, Tian Y, Duan J, Wu J, Yan S, Chen H, Meng X, Owusu-Ansah KG, Zheng S. Chelerythrine ameliorates acute cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Transpl Immunol 2016; 38:78-83. [PMID: 27450116 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The improvement in graft survival over the past decade has been mainly due to calcineurin inhibitors, which interfere with the calcium-mediated pathway. Recently, other pathways such as those mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) are coming into view. The purpose of this study was to assess the immunosuppressive properties of chelerythrine, a specific PKC inhibitor, in preventing acute rejection in murine heterotopic heart transplantation. Mice were randomly divided into control and chelerythrine treated group. The control group received PBS while the chelerythrine treated group was given intraperitoneal injection doses (1, 5, 10mg/kg) of chelerythrine from day 0 to day 14 after heart transplantation. Six days after transplantation, cardiac allografts were harvested for further tests. The mean survival time (MST) of the cardiac allograft in untreated animals was 8days while graft MSTs observed in chelerythrine treated group was 13 and 23days at 5 and 10mg/kg treatment doses, respectively (P<0.05). Histologic assessment of the allograft in chelerythrine group showed a significant decline in histologic rejection score, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration and ICAM-1+ endothelial cell activation. Down-regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression was observed in chelerythrine treatment group. Meanwhile, chelerythrine was also found to inhibit the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein 1 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jixuan Duan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjin Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Meng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kwabena Gyabaah Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces a form of spinal motor plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF); pLTF is a prolonged increase in phrenic motor output after AIH has ended. In anesthetized rats, we demonstrate that pLTF requires activity of the novel PKC isoform, PKCθ, and that the relevant PKCθ is within phrenic motor neurons. Whereas spinal PKCθ inhibitors block pLTF, inhibitors targeting other PKC isoforms do not. PKCθ is highly expressed in phrenic motor neurons, and PKCθ knockdown with intrapleural siRNAs abolishes pLTF. Intrapleural siRNAs targeting PKCζ, an atypical PKC isoform expressed in phrenic motor neurons that underlies a distinct form of phrenic motor plasticity, does not affect pLTF. Thus, PKCθ plays a critical role in spinal AIH-induced respiratory motor plasticity, and the relevant PKCθ is localized within phrenic motor neurons. Intrapleural siRNA delivery has considerable potential as a therapeutic tool to selectively manipulate plasticity in vital respiratory motor neurons.
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Coria AS, Masseroni ML, Díaz Añel AM. Regulation of PKD1-mediated Golgi to cell surface trafficking by Gαq subunits. Biol Cell 2013; 106:30-43. [PMID: 24175919 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins play a key role in cell trafficking regulation. Above all, specific Gβγ subunits have been shown to be a major component of a signal transduction pathway, which also involves phospholipases C (PLC), protein kinases C (PKC) and D (PKD), whose main function is to regulate transport between Golgi and plasma membrane. It was the involvement of PLC which led us to study the role of the other member of this G protein family, the α subunits, in the regulation of membrane fission at the Golgi apparatus. RESULTS Among constitutive active (QL) variants of different G protein α subunit sub-families, only GαqQL subunits were able to induce Golgi fragmentation, a phenotype that mainly reflects a membrane fission increase at this organelle. This phenotype was not observed with a GαqQL palmitoylation mutant, showing the need for a membrane-bounded subunit. Besides, GαqQL-dependent Golgi fission was blocked by specific PLC and PKC inhibitors, and in the presence of a PKD1-kinase dead variant. In addition, GαqQL was the only α subunit capable of inducing PKD1 phosphorylation. Finally, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus thermosensitive mutant glycoprotein (VSVG tsO45) transport assays have demonstrated that GαqQL acts directly on Golgi membranes to regulate trafficking between this organelle and plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS All these results indicate Gαq subunits for the first time as a regulator of PKD-mediated intracellular trafficking between Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane, opening new perspectives in the understanding of internal trafficking regulation by external signals through G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soledad Coria
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Friuli 2434, Barrio Parque Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba 5016, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina
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Bessa C, Pereira C, Leão M, Maciel C, Gomes S, Gonçalves J, Corte-Real M, Costa V, Saraiva L. Using yeast to uncover the regulation of protein kinase Cδ by ceramide. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:700-5. [PMID: 23937324 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by ceramide is still controversial. In this work, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model to elucidate the effect of ceramide on the activity of mammalian PKC isoforms. For that, isc1Δ cells, with a deletion in the pathway for ceramide production by hydrolysis of complex sphingolipids, individually expressing mammalian PKCα, δ and ζ were used. Contrary to PKCα and ζ, expression of PKCδ in isc1Δ cells exhibited a similar phenotype to that observed with wild-type yeast cells expressing PKCδ treated with a PKC activator, as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), specifically a growth inhibition associated with a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, in isc1Δ yeast cells expressing PKCδ this phenotype was completely abrogated in the presence of exogenous ceramide. Moreover, using a yeast-based assay previously developed for the screening of PKC inhibitors, it was also shown that, like the known PKC inhibitor NPC 15437, ceramide reduced the PMA-induced growth inhibition, supporting an inhibitory effect of ceramide on PKCδ. Altogether, these results may indicate that ceramide distinctly interfere with the activity of PKCα, δ and ζ. Most importantly, they showed that ceramide is an inhibitor of PKCδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Sobhia ME, Grewal BK, Ml SP, Patel J, Kaur A, Haokip T, Kokkula A. Protein kinase C inhibitors: a patent review (2008 - 2009). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1297-315. [PMID: 23795914 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.805205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of multifunctional isoenzymes involved in apoptosis, migration, adhesion, tumorgenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation. It also plays a vital role in the regulation of signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation through positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle. In this work, we reviewed the existing PKC inhibitors and several patents linked to PKC inhibitors. AREAS COVERED Thorough survey on the PKC inhibitors having clinical importance and patents filed for these inhibitors from 2008 - 2009 is reported. EXPERT OPINION PKCs are highly potential therapeutic targets for treating diabetic complications, oncological, inflammatory, immunological and dermatological disorders. The clinical trial candidates of PKCs mainly target the catalytic domain, which is highly conserved throughout the PKC family making it difficult to target a particular isoform selectively. Relatively less chemical space and fewer bisubstrate inhibitors targeting both ATP and regulatory domain are explored for PKCs, more research in these areas will be helpful in overcoming existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sobhia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmacoinformatics , Sector 67, SAS Nagar (Mohali), Punjab , India
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Pereira C, Coutinho I, Soares J, Bessa C, Leão M, Saraiva L. New insights into cancer-related proteins provided by the yeast model. FEBS J 2012; 279:697-712. [PMID: 22239976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease with a profound impact on society. In recent years, yeast has provided a valuable contribution with respect to uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, allowing the identification of new targets and novel therapeutic opportunities. Indeed, several attributes make yeast an ideal model system for the study of human diseases. It combines a high level of conservation between its cellular processes and those of mammalian cells, with advantages such as a short generation time, ease of genetic manipulation and a wealth of experimental tools for genome- and proteome-wide analyses. Additionally, the heterologous expression of disease-causing proteins in yeast has been successfully used to gain an understanding of the functions of these proteins and also to provide clues about the mechanisms of disease progression. Yeast research performed in recent years has demonstrated the tremendous potential of this model system, especially with the validation of findings obtained with yeast in more physiologically relevant models. The present review covers the major aspects of the most recent developments in the yeast research area with respect to cancer. It summarizes our current knowledge on yeast as a cellular model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of the major cancer-related proteins that, even without yeast orthologues, still recapitulate in yeast some of the key aspects of this cellular pathology. Moreover, the most recent contributions of yeast genetics and high-throughput screening technologies that aim to identify some of the potential causes underpinning this disorder, as well as discover new therapeutic agents, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pereira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Porto, Portugal
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A Role for the PKC Signaling System in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders: Involvement of a Functional Imbalance? Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:407-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Peraile I, Torres E, Mayado A, Izco M, Lopez-Jimenez A, Lopez-Moreno JA, Colado MI, O'Shea E. Dopamine transporter down-regulation following repeated cocaine: implications for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced acute effects and long-term neurotoxicity in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:201-11. [PMID: 20015297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cocaine are two widely abused psychostimulant drugs targeting the dopamine transporter (DAT). DAT availability regulates dopamine neurotransmission and uptake of MDMA-derived neurotoxic metabolites. We aimed to determine the effect of cocaine pre-exposure on the acute and long-term effects of MDMA in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice received a course of cocaine (20 mg*kg(-1), x2 for 3 days) followed by MDMA (20 mg*kg(-1), x2, 3 h apart). Locomotor activity, extracellular dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurotoxicity were determined. Furthermore, following the course of cocaine, DAT density in striatal plasma membrane and endosome fractions was measured. KEY RESULTS Four days after the course of cocaine, challenge with MDMA attenuated the MDMA-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Co-administration of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor NPC 15437 prevented cocaine protection. At the same time, after the course of cocaine, DAT density was reduced in the plasma membrane and increased in the endosome fraction, and this effect was prevented by NPC 15437. The course of cocaine potentiated the MDMA-induced increase in extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity, following challenge 4 days later, compared with those pretreated with saline. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Repeated cocaine treatment followed by withdrawal protected against MDMA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity by internalizing DAT via a mechanism which may involve PKC. Furthermore, repeated cocaine followed by withdrawal induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization to MDMA, measures which could be indicative of increased rewarding effects of MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Peraile
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Yang J, Lane PH, Pollock JS, Carmines PK. PKC-dependent superoxide production by the renal medullary thick ascending limb from diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1220-8. [PMID: 19741016 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00314.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a state of oxidative stress accompanied by PKC activation in many tissues. The primary site of O2*- production by the normal rat kidney is the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL). We hypothesized that T1D increases O2*- production by the mTAL through a PKC-dependent mechanism involving increased expression and translocation of one or more PKC isoforms. mTAL suspensions were prepared from rats with streptozotocin-induced T1D (STZ mTALs) and from normal or sham rats (normal/sham mTALs). O2*- production by STZ mTALs was fivefold higher than normal/sham mTALs (P < 0.05). PMA (30 min) mimicked the effect of T1D on O2*- production. Exposure to calphostin C or chelerythrine (PKC inhibitors), Gö6976 (PKCalpha/beta inhibitor), or rottlerin (PKCdelta inhibitor) decreased O2*- production to <20% of untreated baseline in both normal/sham and STZ mTALs. PKCbeta inhibitors had no effect. PKC activity was increased in STZ mTALs (P < 0.05 vs. normal/sham mTALs) and was unaltered by antioxidant exposure (tempol). PKCalpha protein levels were increased by 70% in STZ mTALs, with a approximately 30% increase in the fraction associated with the membrane (both P < 0.05 vs. sham). PKCbeta protein levels were elevated by 29% in STZ mTALs (P < 0.05 vs. sham) with no change in the membrane-bound fraction. Neither PKCdelta protein levels nor its membrane-bound fraction differed between groups. Thus STZ mTALs display PKC activation, upregulation of PKCalpha and PKCbeta protein levels, increased PKCalpha translocation to the membrane, and accelerated O2*- production that is eradicated by inhibition of PKCalpha or PKCdelta (but not PKCbeta). We conclude that increased PKCalpha expression and activity are primarily responsible for PKC-dependent O2*- production by the mTAL during T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
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Ivanov AI, Samarin SN, Bachar M, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Protein kinase C activation disrupts epithelial apical junctions via ROCK-II dependent stimulation of actomyosin contractility. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:36. [PMID: 19422706 PMCID: PMC2685374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of epithelial cell-cell adhesions represents an early and important stage in tumor metastasis. This process can be modeled in vitro by exposing cells to chemical tumor promoters, phorbol esters and octylindolactam-V (OI-V), known to activate protein kinase C (PKC). However, molecular events mediating PKC-dependent disruption of epithelial cell-cell contact remain poorly understood. In the present study we investigate mechanisms by which PKC activation induces disassembly of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) in a model pancreatic epithelium. RESULTS Exposure of HPAF-II human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell monolayers to either OI-V or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate caused rapid disruption and internalization of AJs and TJs. Activity of classical PKC isoenzymes was responsible for the loss of cell-cell contacts which was accompanied by cell rounding, phosphorylation and relocalization of the F-actin motor nonmuscle myosin (NM) II. The OI-V-induced disruption of AJs and TJs was prevented by either pharmacological inhibition of NM II with blebbistatin or by siRNA-mediated downregulation of NM IIA. Furthermore, AJ/TJ disassembly was attenuated by inhibition of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) II, but was insensitive to blockage of MLCK, calmodulin, ERK1/2, caspases and RhoA GTPase. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that stimulation of PKC disrupts epithelial apical junctions via ROCK-II dependent activation of NM II, which increases contractility of perijunctional actin filaments. This mechanism is likely to be important for cancer cell dissociation and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Felber M, Sonnemann J, Beck JF. Inhibition of novel protein kinase Cɛ augments TRAIL-induced cell death in A549 lung cancer cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2007; 13:295-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamatsugu K, Motoki R, Kanai M, Shibasaki M. Identification of potent, selective protein kinase C inhibitors based on a phorbol skeleton. Chem Asian J 2007; 1:314-21. [PMID: 17441066 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of specific functions of protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes in physiological processes is an important challenge for the future development of new drug targets. Subtype-selective PKC agonists and antagonists are useful biological tools for this purpose. Most of the currently used PKC modulators elicit their activities through binding to the ATP binding site of PKC, which shares many features with other kinases. PKC modulators that target the PKC regulatory domain are considered to be advantageous in terms of selectivity, because the structure of the regulatory domain is intrinsic to each PKC subtype. In this paper, we describe the identification of new potent and conventional PKC-selective inhibitors that target the regulatory domain. The inhibitors contain a phorbol skeleton, a naturally occurring potent and selective PKC regulatory domain binder, with a perfluorinated alkyl group and a polyether hydrophilic chain on a terephthaloyl aromatic ring at the C12 position. Both of these substituents are essential for the potent inhibitory activity. Specifically, the binding affinity between PKC and the phorbol ester analogues was improved by an electron-deficient aromatic ring at C12. This finding cannot be explained by the previously proposed binding model and suggests a new binding mode between phorbol esters and PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamatsugu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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17
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Apple KA, McLean JE, Squires CE, Schaeffer B, Sample JA, Murphy RL, Deschamps AM, Leonardi AH, Allen CM, Hendrick JW, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG. Differential effects of protein kinase C isoform activation in endothelin-mediated myocyte contractile dysfunction with cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:664-71. [PMID: 16863782 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased myocardial interstitial levels of endothelin (ET) occur during cardioplegic arrest (CA) and may contribute to contractile dysfunction. Endothelin receptor transduction involves the protein kinase-C (PKC) family comprised of multiple isoforms with diverse functions. Which PKC isoforms may be involved in ET-induced contractile dysfunction after CA remains unknown. METHODS Shortening velocity was measured in isolated left ventricular porcine myocytes and randomized (minimum of 30 per group): normothermia (cell culture media for 2 hours at 37 degrees C); CA (2 hours in CA solution [4 degrees C, 24 mEq K+] followed by reperfusion in cell media); ET/CA (100 pM ET incubated during CA and reperfusion). These studies were carried out in the presence and absence of PKC inhibitors (500 nM) and directed against members of the classical PKC subfamily (beta I, beta II, gamma) and the novel subfamily (epsilon, eta). RESULTS Cardiac arrest reduced shortening velocity by approximately 50%, which was further reduced in the presence of ET. Inhibition of either the beta II or gamma PKC isoform significantly increased shortening velocity from ET/CA as well as CA only values. In separate studies (n = 3), total beta II and phosphorylated beta II increased by over 150% with ET/CA (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that a predominant intracellular effector for the negative contractile effects mediated by ET in the context of CA is the PKC isoform beta II. CONCLUSIONS Targeted inhibition of specific PKC isoforms relieves the negative inotropic effects of ET after simulated CA. These findings provide important mechanistic support for the development of targeted inhibitory strategies with respect to ET signaling and myocyte contractile dysfunction in the context of CA and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Apple
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and The Ralph H. Johnson Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Saraiva L, Fresco P, Pinto E, Gonçalves J. Characterization of phorbol esters activity on individual mammalian protein kinase C isoforms, using the yeast phenotypic assay. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 491:101-10. [PMID: 15140626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative in vivo assay, based on growth inhibition of yeast expressing an individual mammalian protein kinase C (PKC) isoform (proportional to the degree of PKC activation), was used to characterize the activities of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and its analogues on classical (alpha and betaI), novel (delta and eta) and atypical (zeta) PKC isoforms. Effects of PMA, 4alpha-PMA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-4-O-methyl-ether (MPMA), phorbol-12-monomyristate (PMM), phorbol-12,13-diacetate (PDA), phorbol-13-monoacetate (PA), phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB), phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD) and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate-20-acetate (dPPA), on growth of yeast expressing individual PKC isoforms was determined. PMA-induced growth inhibition on all isoforms tested (except on PKC-zeta). PDD and PDB presented an efficacy similar to PMA; the other PMA-analogues presented lower efficacies. MPMA and 4alpha-PMA stimulated growth of yeast expressing classical PKCs and reduced the PMA-induced growth inhibition, effects similar to those exhibited by the PKC inhibitors chelerythrine and R-2,6-diamino-N-[[1-(1-oxotridecyl)-2-piperidinyl]methyl]-hexanamide dihydrochloride (NPC 15437). This study reveals that phorbol esters differ on their potency to activate a given PKC isoform, and presents their isoform-selectivity. Furthermore, MPMA and 4alpha-PMA caused effects similar to those expected from PKC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília Saraiva
- Serviço de Farmacologia, CEQOFFUP, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4050-047 Oporto, Portugal
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