1
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Haveman LYF, Vugts DJ, Windhorst AD. State of the art procedures towards reactive [ 18F]fluoride in PET tracer synthesis. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 37824021 PMCID: PMC10570257 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful, non-invasive preclinical and clinical nuclear imaging technique used in disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. Fluorine-18 is the predominant radionuclide used for PET tracer synthesis. An impressive variety of new 'late-stage' radiolabeling methodologies for the preparation of 18F-labeled tracers has appeared in order to improve the efficiency of the labeling reaction. MAIN BODY Despite these developments, one outstanding challenge into the early key steps of the process remains: the preparation of reactive [18F]fluoride from oxygen-18 enriched water ([18O]H2O). In the last decade, significant changes into the trapping, elution and drying stages have been introduced. This review provides an overview of the strategies and recent developments in the production of reactive [18F]fluoride and its use for radiolabeling. CONCLUSION Improved, modified or even completely new fluorine-18 work-up procedures have been developed in the last decade with widespread use in base-sensitive nucleophilic 18F-fluorination reactions. The many promising developments may lead to a few standardized drying methodologies for the routine production of a broad scale of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Y F Haveman
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Nerella SG, Singh P, Thacker PS, Arifuddin M, Supuran CT. PET radiotracers and fluorescent probes for imaging human carbonic anhydrase IX and XII in hypoxic tumors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106399. [PMID: 36731297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescent imaging play a pivotal role in medical diagnosis, biomedical oncologic research, and drug development process, which include identification of target location, target engagement, but also prove on mechanism of action or pharmacokinetics of new drug candidates. PET estimates physiological changes at the molecular level using specific radiotracers containing a short-lived positron emitting radionuclide such as fluorine-18 or carbon-11, whereas fluorescent imaging techniques use fluorescent probes labeled with suitable drug candidates for detection at the molecular level. The human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms IX and XII are overexpressed in hypoxic cancer cells, promoting tumor growth by regulating extra/intracellular pH, ferroptosis, and metabolism, being recognized as promising targets for anticancer theranostic agents. In this review, we have focused on PET radiotracers as well as fluorescent probes for diagnosis and treatment of tumors expressing hCA IX and hCA XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India.
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Pavitra S Thacker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Mohammed Arifuddin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India; Department of Chemistry, Directorate of Distance Education, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Neurofarba Dept., Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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3
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Rotermund A, Brandt S, Staege MS, Luetzkendorf J, Mueller LP, Mueller T. Differential CMS-Related Expression of Cell Surface Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII in Colorectal Cancer Models-Implications for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065797. [PMID: 36982873 PMCID: PMC10056265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX (CAIX) and XII (CAXII) have long been in the spotlight as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapy. Recently, CAIX/CAXII specific inhibitor SLC-0111 has passed clinical phase I study and showed differential response among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC can be classified into four different consensus molecular subgroups (CMS) showing unique expression patterns and molecular traits. We questioned whether there is a CMS-related CAIX/CAXII expression pattern in CRC predicting response. As such, we analyzed transcriptomic data of tumor samples for CA9/CA12 expression using Cancertool. Protein expression pattern was examined in preclinical models comprising cell lines, spheroids and xenograft tumors representing the CMS groups. Impact of CAIX/CAXII knockdown and SLC-0111 treatment was investigated in 2D and 3D cell culture. The transcriptomic data revealed a characteristic CMS-related CA9/CA12 expression pattern with pronounced co-expression of both CAs as a typical feature of CMS3 tumors. Protein expression in spheroid- and xenograft tumor tissue clearly differed, ranging from close to none (CMS1) to strong CAIX/CAXII co-expression in CMS3 models (HT29, LS174T). Accordingly, response to SLC-0111 analyzed in the spheroid model ranged from no (CMS1) to clear (CMS3), with moderate in CMS2 and mixed in CMS4. Furthermore, SLC-0111 positively affected impact of single and combined chemotherapeutic treatment of CMS3 spheroids. In addition, combined CAIX/CAXII knockdown and more effective treatment with SLC-0111 reduced clonogenic survival of CMS3 modelling single cells. In conclusion, the preclinical data support the clinical approach of targeted CAIX/CAXII inhibition by showing linkage of expression with response and suggest that patients with CMS3-classified tumors would most benefit from such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Rotermund
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jana Luetzkendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lutz P Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
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4
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Zhong X, Yan J, Ding X, Su C, Xu Y, Yang M. Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry for Enhanced PET and SPECT Radiochemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:457-476. [PMID: 36811499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high reaction rate and reliable selectivity, bioorthogonal click reactions have been extensively investigated in numerous research fields, such as nanotechnology, drug delivery, molecular imaging, and targeted therapy. Previous reviews on bioorthogonal click chemistry for radiochemistry mainly focus on 18F-labeling protocols employed to produce radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals. In fact, besides fluorine-18, other radionuclides such as gallium-68, iodine-125, and technetium-99m are also used in the field of bioorthogonal click chemistry. Herein, to provide a more comprehensive perspective, we provide a summary of recent advances in radiotracers prepared using bioorthogonal click reactions, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids as well as nanoparticles based on these radionuclides. The combination of pretargeting with imaging modalities or nanoparticles, as well as the clinical translations study, are also discussed to illustrate the effects and potential of bioorthogonal click chemistry for radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Zhong
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Chen Su
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214002, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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5
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Gouel P, Decazes P, Vera P, Gardin I, Thureau S, Bohn P. Advances in PET and MRI imaging of tumor hypoxia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1055062. [PMID: 36844199 PMCID: PMC9947663 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1055062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a complex and evolving phenomenon both in time and space. Molecular imaging allows to approach these variations, but the tracers used have their own limitations. PET imaging has the disadvantage of low resolution and must take into account molecular biodistribution, but has the advantage of high targeting accuracy. The relationship between the signal in MRI imaging and oxygen is complex but hopefully it would lead to the detection of truly oxygen-depleted tissue. Different ways of imaging hypoxia are discussed in this review, with nuclear medicine tracers such as [18F]-FMISO, [18F]-FAZA, or [64Cu]-ATSM but also with MRI techniques such as perfusion imaging, diffusion MRI or oxygen-enhanced MRI. Hypoxia is a pejorative factor regarding aggressiveness, tumor dissemination and resistance to treatments. Therefore, having accurate tools is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Gouel
- Département d’Imagerie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Decazes
- Département d’Imagerie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Vera
- Département d’Imagerie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Gardin
- Département d’Imagerie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Sébastien Thureau
- QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France,Département de Radiothérapie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Bohn
- Département d’Imagerie, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France,QuantIF-LITIS, EA 4108, IRIB, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France,*Correspondence: Pierre Bohn,
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6
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Najm MAA, Mahmoud WR, Taher AT, Abbas SES, Awadallah FM, Allam HA, Vullo D, Supuran CT. Design and synthesis of some new benzoylthioureido phenyl derivatives targeting carbonic anhydrase enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2702-2709. [PMID: 36168122 PMCID: PMC9542353 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2126463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). The design of the target compounds was based on modifying the structure of the ureido-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitor SLC-0111. Six series of a substituted benzoylthioureido core were prepared featuring different zinc-binding groups; the conventional sulphamoyl group 4a-d and 12a-c, its bioisosteric carboxylic acid group 5a-d and 13a-c or the ethyl carboxylate group 6a-d and 14a-c as potential prodrugs. All compounds were assessed for their carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activity against a panel of four physiologically relevant human CA isoforms hCA I and hCA II, and hCA IX, and hCA XII. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5d, 12a, and 12c revealed significant inhibitory activity against hCA I that would highlight these compounds as promising drug candidates for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin A A Najm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Walaa R Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), Giza, Egypt
| | - Safinaz E-S Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadi M Awadallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Daniela Vullo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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7
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Chen KT, Seimbille Y. New Developments in Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Fluorescence and Nuclear Imaging Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116125. [PMID: 35682802 PMCID: PMC9181387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a tumor-specific and hypoxia-induced biomarker for the molecular imaging of solid malignancies. The nuclear- and optical-imaging of CAIX-expressing tumors have received great attention due to their potential for clinical applications. Nuclear imaging is a powerful tool for the non-invasive diagnosis of primary and metastatic CAIX-positive tumors and for the assessment of responses to antineoplastic treatment. Intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging provides improved visualization for surgeons to increase the discrimination of tumor lesions, allowing for safer surgical treatment. Over the past decades, many CAIX-targeted molecular imaging probes, based on monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, and small molecules, have been reported. In this review, we outline the recent development of CAIX-targeted probes for single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF), and we discuss issues yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8903603
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Guan SS, Wu CT, Liao TZ, Lin KL, Peng CL, Shih YH, Weng MF, Chen CT, Yeh CH, Wang YC, Liu SH. A novel 111indium-labeled dual carbonic anhydrase 9-targeted probe as a potential SPECT imaging radiotracer for detection of hypoxic colorectal cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:38-52. [PMID: 34450241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a common feature in colorectal cancer (CRC), and is associated with resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Thus, a specifically targeted probe for the detection of hypoxic CRC cells is urgently needed. Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is considered to be a specific marker for hypoxic CRC diagnosis. Here, a nuclear imaging Indium-111 (111In)-labeled dual CA9-targeted probe was synthesized and evaluated for CA9 detection in in vitro, in vivo, and in human samples. The CA9-targeted peptide (CA9tp) and CA9 inhibitor acetazolamide (AAZ) were combined to form a dual CA9-targeted probe (AAZ-CA9tp) using an automatic microwave peptide synthesizer, which then was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) for radioisotope (111In) labeling (111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp). The assays for cell binding, stability, and toxicity were conducted in hypoxic CRC HCT15 cells. The analyses for imaging and biodistribution were performed in an HCT15 xenograft mouse model. The binding and distribution of 111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp were detected in human CRC samples using microautoradiography. AAZ-CA9tp possessed good CA9-targeting ability in hypoxic HCT15 cells. The dual CA9-targeted radiotracer showed high serum stability, high surface binding, and high affinity in vitro. After exposure of 111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp to the HCT15-bearing xenograft mice, the levels of 111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp were markedly and specifically increased in the hypoxic tumor tissues compared to control mice. 111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp also targeted the areas of CA9 overexpression in human colorectal tumor tissue sections. The results of this study suggest that the novel 111In-DOTA-AAZ-CA9tp nuclear imaging agent may be a useful tool for the detection of hypoxic CRC cells in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Zung Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Liang Lin
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsia Shih
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Feng Weng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tang Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Zhu Y, Chen L, Hou W, Li Y. Recent Progress in Nucleophilic Fluoride Mediated Fluorine-18 Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Supuran CT. Experimental Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumors. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:603-617. [PMID: 33364855 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms IX and XII are overexpressed in many hypoxic tumors as a consequence of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation cascade, being present in limited amounts in normal tissues. These enzymes together with many others are involved in the pH regulation and metabolism of hypoxic cancer cells, and were validated as antitumor targets recently. A multitude of targeting strategies against these enzymes have been proposed and are reviewed in this article. The small molecule inhibitors, small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADACs) or cytokine-drug conjugates but not the monoclonal antibodies against CA IX/XII will be discussed. Relevant synthetic chemistry efforts, coupled with a multitude of preclinical studies, demonstrated that CA IX/XII inhibition leads to the inhibition of growth of primary tumors and metastases and depletes cancer stem cell populations, all factors highly relevant in clinical settings. One small molecule inhibitor, sulfonamide SLC-0111, is the most advanced candidate, having completed Phase I and being now in Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of advanced hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy
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11
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Iikuni S, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Nakamoto Y, Ono M. PET imaging and pharmacological therapy targeting carbonic anhydrase-IX high-expressing tumors using US2 platform based on bivalent ureidosulfonamide. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243327. [PMID: 33296398 PMCID: PMC7725290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX) is attracting much attention as a target molecule for cancer treatment since high expression of CA-IX can lead to a poor prognosis of patients. We previously reported low-molecular-weight 111In/90Y complexes with a bivalent ureidosulfonamide scaffold ([111In/90Y]In/Y-US2) as cancer radiotheranostic agents for single photon emission computed tomography and radionuclide-based therapy targeting CA-IX. Here, we applied the US2 platform to positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and pharmacological therapy targeting CA-IX high-expressing tumors by introducing 68Ga and natIn, respectively. In an in vitro cell binding assay, [67Ga]Ga-US2, an alternative complex of [68Ga]Ga-US2 with a longer half-life, markedly bound to CA-IX high-expressing (HT-29) cells compared with low-expressing (MDA-MB-231) cells. In a biodistribution study with HT-29 and MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice, [67Ga]Ga-US2 showed accumulation in the HT-29 tumor (3.81% injected dose/g at 60 min postinjection) and clearance from the blood pool with time. PET with [68Ga]Ga-US2 clearly visualized the HT-29 tumor in model mice at 60 min postinjection. In addition, the administration of [natIn]In-US2 to HT-29 tumor-bearing mice led to tumor growth delay and prolonged mouse survival, while no critical toxicity was observed. These results indicate that [68Ga]Ga-US2 and [natIn]In-US2 may be useful imaging and therapeutic agents targeting CA-IX, respectively, and that US2 may serve as an effective cancer theranostic platform utilizing CA-IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (MO)
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (MO)
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12
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Alissa SA, Alghulikah HA, Alothman ZA, Osman SM, Del Prete S, Capasso C, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Phosphonamidates are the first phosphorus-based zinc binding motif to show inhibition of β-class carbonic anhydrases from bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:59-64. [PMID: 31663383 PMCID: PMC6830296 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1681987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance is the identification of novel therapeutic targets and anti-infectives with alternative mechanisms of action. The inhibition of the metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) was shown to produce an impairment of the microorganism growth and virulence. As phosphonamidates have been recently validated as human α-CA inhibitors (CAIs) and no phosphorus-based zinc-binding group have been assessed to date against β-class CAs, herein we report an inhibition study with this class of compounds against β-CAs from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Our data suggest that phosphonamidates are among the CAIs with the best selectivity for β-class over human isozymes, making them interesting leads for the development of new anti-infectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham A. Alissa
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alghulikah
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A. Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Burianova V, Kalinin S, Supuran CT, Krasavin M. Radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) targeting tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113046. [PMID: 33303236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumour-associated, cell membrane-bound isoforms IX and XII of human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are overexpressed in cancer cells contributing to the hypoxic tumour pH/metabolism regulating machinery and as thus, can serve as markers of malignant neoplastic tissue. Inhibitors of CAs can be employed both for the treatment of hypoxic tumours and in the design of radiotracers for positron emission tomography and imaging of such cancers. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress achieved to-date in the field of developing PET-tracers based on monoclonal antibodies, biomolecules, and small-molecule ligands of CA IX and XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Burianova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kalinin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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14
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Wright JS, Kaur T, Preshlock S, Tanzey SS, Winton WP, Sharninghausen LS, Wiesner N, Brooks AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Copper-Mediated Late-stage Radiofluorination: Five Years of Impact on Pre-clinical and Clinical PET Imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2020; 8:167-206. [PMID: 33748018 PMCID: PMC7968072 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-020-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) is emerging as the method of choice for the formation of aromatic C-18F bonds. This minireview examines proof-of-concept, pre-clinical, and in-human imaging studies of new and established imaging agents containing aromatic C-18F bonds synthesized with CMRF. An exhaustive discussion of CMRF methods is not provided, although key developments that have enabled or improved upon the syntheses of fluorine-18 imaging agents are discussed. METHODS A comprehensive literature search from April 2014 onwards of the Web of Science and PubMed library databases was performed to find reports that utilize CMRF for the synthesis of fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals, and these represent the primary body of research discussed in this minireview. Select conference proceedings, previous reports describing alternative methods for the synthesis of imaging agents, and preceding fluorine-19 methodologies have also been included for discussion. CONCLUSIONS CMRF has significantly expanded the chemical space that is accessible to fluorine-18 radiolabeling with production methods that can meet the regulatory requirements for use in Nuclear Medicine. Furthermore, it has enabled novel and improved syntheses of radiopharmaceuticals and facilitated subsequent PET imaging studies. The rapid adoption of CMRF will undoubtedly continue to simplify the production of imaging agents and inspire the development of new radiofluorination methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wade P Winton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Wiesner
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Iikuni S, Okada Y, Shimizu Y, Watanabe H, Ono M. Synthesis and evaluation of indium-111-labeled imidazothiadiazole sulfonamide derivative for single photon emission computed tomography imaging targeting carbonic anhydrase-IX. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127255. [PMID: 32527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX) is a zinc enzyme overexpressed in the hypoxic regions of many types of solid tumors; therefore, in vivo imaging of CA-IX may contribute to cancer diagnosis. In this study, we newly designed and synthesized an 111In-labeled CA-IX imaging agent based on an imidazothiadiazole sulfonamide (IS) scaffold conjugated with a chelating moiety, DO3A ([111In]DO3A-IS1), and evaluated its utility for imaging of CA-IX high-expressing tumors. [111In]DO3A-IS1 was successfully synthesized at a 76% radiochemical yield by reacting its precursor with 111InCl3 in acetate buffer. In in vitro assays, [111In]DO3A-IS1 showed marked stability in murine plasma and greater binding to CA-IX high-expressing (HT-29) cells (118 ± 21% initial dose/mg protein) than CA-IX low-expressing (MDA-MB-231) cells (1.4 ± 0.3% initial dose/mg protein). Moreover, in an in vivo biodistribution assay, [111In]DO3A-IS1 showed marked accumulation in the HT-29 tumor (8.71 ± 1.41% injected dose/g at 24 h postinjection). In addition, in a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) study, [111In]DO3A-IS1 clearly and selectively visualized the HT-29 tumor as compared with the MDA-MB-231 tumor. These results indicate that [111In]DO3A-IS1 may serve as a useful SPECT imaging agent with the novel scaffold targeting CA-IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Okada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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16
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Mossine AV, Tanzey SS, Brooks AF, Makaravage KJ, Ichiishi N, Miller JM, Henderson BD, Erhard T, Bruetting C, Skaddan MB, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Synthesis of high-molar-activity [ 18F]6-fluoro-L-DOPA suitable for human use via Cu-mediated fluorination of a BPin precursor. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1742-1759. [PMID: 32269382 PMCID: PMC7333241 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[18F]6-fluoro-L-DOPA ([18F]FDOPA) is a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging that is used to image Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, and focal hyperinsulinism of infancy. Despite these important applications, [18F]FDOPA PET remains underutilized because of synthetic challenges associated with accessing the radiotracer for clinical use; these stem from the need to radiofluorinate a highly electron-rich catechol ring in the presence of an amino acid. To address this longstanding challenge in the PET radiochemistry community, we have developed a one-pot, two-step synthesis of high-molar-activity [18F]FDOPA by Cu-mediated fluorination of a pinacol boronate (BPin) precursor. The method is fully automated, has been validated to work well at two separate sites (an academic facility with a cyclotron on site and an industry lab purchasing [18F]fluoride from an outside vendor), and provides [18F]FDOPA in reasonable radiochemical yield (2.44 ± 0.70 GBq, 66 ± 19 mCi, 5 ± 1%), excellent radiochemical purity (>98%) and high molar activity (76 ± 30 TBq/mmol, 2,050 ± 804 Ci/mmol), n = 26. Herein we report a detailed protocol for the synthesis of [18F]FDOPA that has been successfully implemented at two sites and validated for production of the radiotracer for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Curium Pharma, Nuclear Medicine Manufacturing, Noblesville, IN, USA
| | - Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naoko Ichiishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Process Chemistry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Environmental Analysis Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas Erhard
- AbbVie Deustschland GmbH & Co. KG Ludwigschafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Guibbal F, Isenegger PG, Wilson TC, Pacelli A, Mahaut D, Sap JBI, Taylor NJ, Verhoog S, Preshlock S, Hueting R, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Manual and automated Cu-mediated radiosynthesis of the PARP inhibitor [ 18F]olaparib. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1525-1541. [PMID: 32111986 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a diagnostic nuclear imaging modality that relies on automated protocols to prepare agents labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide (e.g., 18F). In recent years, new reactions have appeared for the 18F-labeling of agents that are difficult to access by applying traditional radiochemistry, for example those requiring 18F incorporation into unactivated (hetero)arenes. However, automation of these new methods for translation to the clinic has progressed slowly because extensive modification of manual protocols is typically required when implementing novel 18F-labeling methodologies within automated modules. Here, we describe the workflow that led to the automated radiosynthesis of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor [18F]olaparib. First, we established a robust manual protocol to prepare [18F]olaparib from the protected N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl (SEM) arylboronate ester precursor in a 17% ± 5% (n = 15; synthesis time, 135 min) non-decay-corrected (NDC) activity yield, with molar activity (Am) up to 34.6 GBq/µmol. Automation of the process, consisting of copper-mediated 18F-fluorodeboronation followed by deprotection, was achieved on an Eckert & Ziegler Modular-Lab radiosynthesis platform, affording [18F]olaparib in a 6% ± 5% (n = 3; synthesis time, 120 min) NDC activity yield with Am up to 319 GBq/µmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guibbal
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | | | - Thomas C Wilson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stefan Verhoog
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebekka Hueting
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, UK.
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18
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Goud NS, Joshi RK, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Fluorine-18: A radionuclide with diverse range of radiochemistry and synthesis strategies for target based PET diagnosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Garousi J, Huizing FJ, Vorobyeva A, Mitran B, Andersson KG, Leitao CD, Frejd FY, Löfblom J, Bussink J, Orlova A, Heskamp S, Tolmachev V. Comparative evaluation of affibody- and antibody fragments-based CAIX imaging probes in mice bearing renal cell carcinoma xenografts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14907. [PMID: 31624303 PMCID: PMC6797765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cancer-associated molecular target for several classes of therapeutics. CAIX is overexpressed in a large fraction of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Radionuclide molecular imaging of CAIX-expression might offer a non-invasive methodology for stratification of patients with disseminated RCC for CAIX-targeting therapeutics. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are actively investigated for imaging of CAIX expression. Promising alternatives are small non-immunoglobulin scaffold proteins, such as affibody molecules. A CAIX-targeting affibody ZCAIX:2 was re-designed with the aim to decrease off-target interactions and increase imaging contrast. The new tracer, DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2, was labeled with 111In and characterized in vitro. Tumor-targeting properties of [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 were compared head-to-head with properties of the parental variant, [99mTc]Tc(CO)3-HE3-ZCAIX:2, and the most promising antibody fragment-based tracer, [111In]In-DTPA-G250(Fab’)2, in the same batch of nude mice bearing CAIX-expressing RCC xenografts. Compared to the 99mTc-labeled parental variant, [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 provides significantly higher tumor-to-lung, tumor-to-bone and tumor-to-liver ratios, which is essential for imaging of CAIX expression in the major metastatic sites of RCC. [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 offers significantly higher tumor-to-organ ratios compared with [111In]In-G250(Fab’)2. In conclusion, [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 can be considered as a highly promising tracer for imaging of CAIX expression in RCC metastases based on our results and literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Garousi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fokko J Huizing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anzhelika Vorobyeva
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Dahlsson Leitao
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Advances in the structural annotation of human carbonic anhydrases and impact on future drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1175-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1651289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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21
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Iikuni S, Tanimura K, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Saji H, Ono M. Development of the 99mTc-Hydroxamamide Complex as a Probe Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1489-1497. [PMID: 30892905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is regarded as a favorable target for in vivo imaging because of its specific expression in hypoxic regions of tumors. Hypoxia assists tumor propagation and growth and is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here, we designed and synthesized [99mTc]hydroxamamide ([99mTc]Ham) and [99mTc]methyl-substituted-hydroxamamide ([99mTc]MHam) complexes including a bivalent CA-IX ligand, sulfonamide (SA), and ureidosulfonamide (UR). In a cell binding assay, [99mTc]Ham complexes with bivalent SA ([99mTc]SAB2A and [99mTc]SAB2B) and UR ([99mTc]URB2A and [99mTc]URB2B) showed significantly greater uptake into CA-IX high-expressing (HT-29) cells than that into CA-IX low-expressing cells. Since the binding affinity of [99mTc]URB2A and [99mTc]URB2B for CA-IX was significantly higher than that of [99mTc]SAB2A and [99mTc]SAB2B, we additionally synthesized [99mTc]MURB2 (a [99mTc]MHam complex with bivalent UR) and evaluated the CA-IX-specific binding affinity of [99mTc]URB2A, [99mTc]URB2B, and [99mTc]MURB2. Their uptake into HT-29 cells was reduced by the addition of a CA inhibitor, acetazolamide, suggesting their CA-IX-specific binding affinity. A biodistribution study in HT-29 tumor-bearing mice was carried out using [99mTc]URB2A and [99mTc]MURB2 with the highest specificity for HT-29 cells. [99mTc]URB2A showed moderate tumor uptake and reduction by coinjection with acetazolamide; however, the tumor/blood ratio was insufficient for in vivo imaging. These results provided key information for the design of novel Ham-based imaging probes targeting CA-IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Keiichi Tanimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
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22
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Fluorine-18 click radiosynthesis and microPET/CT evaluation of a small peptide-a potential PET probe for carbonic anhydrase IX. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:785-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Chen KT, Nguyen K, Ieritano C, Gao F, Seimbille Y. A Flexible Synthesis of 68Ga-Labeled Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX)-Targeted Molecules via CBT/1,2-Aminothiol Click Reaction. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010023. [PMID: 30577607 PMCID: PMC6337199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe a flexible synthesis of a small library of 68Ga-labeled CAIX-targeted molecules via an orthogonal 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT)/1,2-aminothiol click reaction. Three novel CBT-functionalized chelators (1–3) were successfully synthesized and labeled with the positron emitter gallium-68. Cross-ligation between the pre-labeled bifunctional chelators (BFCs) and the 1,2-aminothiol-acetazolamide derivatives (8 and 9) yielded six new 68Ga-labeled CAIX ligands with high radiochemical yields. The click reaction conditions were optimized to improve the reaction rate for applications with short half-life radionuclides. Overall, our methodology allows for a simple and efficient radiosynthetic route to produce a variety of 68Ga-labeled imaging agents for tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Christian Ieritano
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Feng Gao
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
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24
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Espinoza JA, Riquelme I, Sagredo EA, Rosa L, García P, Bizama C, Apud-Bell M, Leal P, Weber H, Benavente F, Vargas S, Romero D, Kalergis AM, Roa JC. Mucin 5B, carbonic anhydrase 9 and claudin 18 are potential theranostic markers of gallbladder carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 74:597-607. [PMID: 30565710 DOI: 10.1111/his.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive tumour that is usually diagnosed at advanced stages and is characterised by a poor prognosis. Using public data of normal human tissues, we found that mRNA and protein levels of mucin 5B (MUC5B) and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) were highly increased in gallbladder tissues. In addition, previous evidence has shown that claudin 18 (CLDN18) protein expression is higher in GBC. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of these cell surface proteins during the histological progression of GBC in order to identify their theranostic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS MUC5B expression, CA9 expression and CLDN18 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry in a series of 179 chronic cholecystitis (including 16 metaplastic tissues), 15 dysplasia and 217 GBC samples by the use of tissue microarray analysis. A composite staining score was calculated from staining intensity and percentage of positive cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed high expression of MUC5B and CA9 among normal epithelium, metaplastic tissues, and dysplastic tissues. However, expression of both proteins was observed in roughly 50% of GBC samples. In contrast, CLDN18 was absent in normal epithelium, but its expression was higher in metaplastic cells. Among GBC cases, approximately half showed high CLDN18 expression. No associations were found between MUC5B, CA9 and CLDN18 expression and any clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS CLDN18 is a new metaplasia marker in gallbladder tissues, and is conserved in approximately half of GBC cases. MUC5B and CA9 are highly conserved during GBC histological progression. The three markers are potential theranostic markers, in particular CA9 and CLDN18, for which there are already targeted therapies available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espinoza
- SciLifeLab, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Sagredo
- Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Rosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Apud-Bell
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Benavente
- Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Romero
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Santiago, Chile
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Awadallah FM, Bua S, Mahmoud WR, Nada HH, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Inhibition studies on a panel of human carbonic anhydrases with N1-substituted secondary sulfonamides incorporating thiazolinone or imidazolone-indole tails. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:629-638. [PMID: 29536779 PMCID: PMC6009853 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1446432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the primary sulfonamide among the most efficient zinc binding group (ZBG) to design inhibitors for the metallo-enzymes carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), herein, we propose an investigation on four physiologically important human (h) CAs (hCA I, II, IV, and IX) with N1-substituted secondary sulfonamides incorporating thiazolinone or imidazolone-indole tails. The effect of the functionalisation of the sulfonamide group with five different substitution patterns, namely acetyl, pyridine, thiazole, pyrimidine, and carbamimidoyl, was evaluated in relation to the inhibition profile of the corresponding primary sulfonamide analogues. With most of these latter being nanomolar inhibitors of all four considered isoforms, a totally counterproductive effect on the inhibition potency can be ascribed to N1-functionalisations of the ZBG primary sulfonamide structure with pyridine, thiazole, and pyrimidine moieties. On the other hand, incorporation of less hindered groups, such as sulfonylacetamides and sulfonylguanidines, maintained a certain degree of activity dependent on the tailing moiety, with KIs spanning in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi M. Awadallah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Walaa R. Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam H. Nada
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA – Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as emerging agents for the treatment and imaging of hypoxic tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:963-970. [PMID: 30426805 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1548608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxic tumors overexpress two carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), CA IX and XII, involved in complex processes connected to tumorigenesis (pH regulation, metabolism, invasion, and dissemination of the tumor). The biochemical rationale behind these processes is orchestrated by the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). AREAS COVERED CA IX and XII have been validated as antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets and may be used for imaging hypoxic tumors. Many CA inhibitors (CAIs) belonging to the sulfonamide, coumarin and sulfocoumarin classes selectively inhibit these two isoforms. CA IX/XII inhibitors inhibit the growth of primary tumors and the formation of metastases and deplete the cancer stem cell population, alone or in combination with other agents. These are three beneficial antitumor mechanisms that make them unique among anticancer drugs available. EXPERT OPINION Indisulam entered clinical trials as an antitumor sulfonamide; it progressed to Phase II trials but was terminated in 2016. However, SLC-0111, a sulfonamide CA IX/XII inhibitor 1, recently completed a successful Phase I clinical trial for the treatment of advanced, metastatic solid tumors. This compound is now in Phase Ib/II clinical trials and is being assessed as a monotherapy or in combination with other agents such as gemcitabine. CA IX/XII inhibitors are synergistic with other anticancer agents (cisplatin, proton pump inhibitors, doxorubicin, temozolamide) and are a versatile, emerging class of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- a NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) , Italy
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Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as antitumor/antimetastatic agents: a patent review (2008-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:729-740. [PMID: 30074415 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1508453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) IX and XII are tumor-associated proteins, being part of the molecular machinery that tumor cells build as adaptive responses to hypoxia and acidic conditions characteristic of the 'glycolytic shift' of many tumors. A wealth of research depicts CA IX and CA XII as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancer types. AREAS COVERED The review presents an overview of the role of CA IX and CA XII in hypoxic tumors physio-pathology as well as the principal molecular, structural, and catalytic features of both isozymes. The review then covers the patent literature of medically relevant inhibitors of the tumor-associated CAs produced during the period 2008-2018. EXPERT OPINION A variety of approaches and design strategies were reported which afford CA IX/XII-specific inhibitors and avoid the compromising effects of isoforms-promiscuous compounds. Access to the crystal structures of human CAs isoforms have improved structure-based drug design campaigns related to zinc-binder chemotypes. Nevertheless, great potential still resides in non-classical CAIs that exhibit alternative binding mechanisms able to further distinguish the various active sites architecture. CA IX inhibitors hybrids/conjugates are increasingly emerging in the field as promising therapeutic tools to combine CA inhibition to the anticancer effects of other moieties or antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- a Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences , University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- a Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences , University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) , Italy
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Ibrahim HS, Allam HA, Mahmoud WR, Bonardi A, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Ibrahim ES, Abdel-Aziz HA, Supuran CT. Dual-tail arylsulfone-based benzenesulfonamides differently match the hydrophobic and hydrophilic halves of human carbonic anhydrases active sites: Selective inhibitors for the tumor-associated hCA IX isoform. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:1-9. [PMID: 29684705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two new sets of arylsulfonehydrazone benzenesulfonamides (4a-4i with phenyl tail and 4j-4q with tolyl tail) are reported. The compounds were designed according to a dual-tails approach to modulate the interactions of the ligands portions at the outer rim of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic active site halves of human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The synthesized sulfonamides were evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory activity against the following human (h) isoforms, hCA I, II, IV and IX. With the latter being a validated anticancer drug target and a marker of tumor hypoxia, attractive results arose from the Compounds' inhibitory screening in terms of potency and selectivity. Indeed, whereas the first subset of compounds 4a-4i exhibited great efficacy in inhibiting both the ubiquitous, off-target hCA II (KIs 9.5-172.0 nM) and hCA IX (KIs 7.5-131.5 nM), the second subset of tolyl-bearing derivatives 4j-4q were shown to possess a selective hCA IX inhibitory action over isoforms I, II and IV. The most selective compounds 4l and 4n were further screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines under hypoxic conditions. The selective IX/II inhibitory trend of 4j-4q compared to those of compounds 4a-4i was unveiled by docking studies. Further exploration of these molecules could be useful for the development of novel antitumor agents with a selective CA inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt.
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Walaa R Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Eslam S Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Supuran CT, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D' Ambrosio K, Carta F, Monti SM, De Simone G. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1799-1836. [PMID: 29635752 DOI: 10.1002/med.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a tumor-associated protein, since it is scarcely present in normal tissues, but highly overexpressed in a large number of solid tumors, where it actively contributes to survival and metastatic spread of tumor cells. Due to these features, the characterization of its biochemical, structural, and functional features for drug design purposes has been extensively carried out, with consequent development of several highly selective small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to be used for different purposes. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art of studies performed on this enzyme, regarding structural, functional, and biomedical aspects, as well as the development of molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. A brief description of additional pharmacologic applications for CA IX inhibition in other diseases, such as arthritis and ischemia, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Mahmood SU, Saeed A, Bua S, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Supuran CT. Synthesis, biological evaluation and computational studies of novel iminothiazolidinone benzenesulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase II and IX inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:381-386. [PMID: 29421714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of iminothiazolidinone-sulfonamide hybrids (2a-k) was synthesized by heterocyclization of sulfanilamide thioureas with methyl bromoacetate and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, mass and elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives were screened against four relevant human (h) isoforms of carbonic anydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) I, II, IV and IX. These enzymes are involved in a variety of diseases, including glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, epilepsy, arthritis, and tumors. Derivatives 2a-2k exhibited the best inhibitory activity against the cytosolyc hCA II (KIs are reaching the sub-nanomolar range, 0.41-37.8 nM) and against the tumor-associated isoform hCA IX (KIs are spanning between 24.3 and 368.3 nM). The binding mode of the reported iminothiazolidinone benzenesulfonamides within hCA II and IX catalytic clefts was investigated by docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams-Ul Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sivia Bua
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Nocentini A, Moi D, Balboni G, Onnis V, Supuran CT. Discovery of thiazolin-4-one-based aromatic sulfamates as a new class of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IV, and IX inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:293-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nocentini A, Bua S, Del Prete S, Heravi YE, Saboury AA, Karioti A, Bilia AR, Capasso C, Gratteri P, Supuran CT. Natural Polyphenols Selectively Inhibit β-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Dandruff-Producing Fungus Malassezia globosa: Activity and Modeling Studies. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:816-823. [PMID: 29575699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Around 50 % of the worldwide population is affected by dandruff, which is triggered by a variety of factors. The yeast Malassezia globosa has been labeled as the most probable causative agent for the onset of dandruff. The β-carbonic anhydrase (CA) of MgCA was recently validated as an anti-dandruff target, with its inhibition being responsible for in vivo growth defects in the fungus. As classical CA inhibitors of the sulfonamide type give rise to permeability problems through biological membranes, finding non-sulfonamide alternatives for MgCA inhibition is of considerable interest in the cosmetic field. We recently screened a large library of human (h) CA inhibitors for MgCA inhibition, including different chemotypes, such as monothiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates, phenols, and benzoxaboroles. Herein, we expanded the research toward new MgCA inhibitors by considering a set of natural polyphenols (including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, isoflavones, and depsides) that exhibited MgCA inhibitory activity in the micromolar range, as well as selectivity for the fungal isozyme over off-target human isoforms. The binding mode of representative derivatives within the MgCA catalytic cleft was investigated by docking studies using a homology-built model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse (IBBR)-CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Ali A Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia Karioti
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse (IBBR)-CNR, via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA-Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Mossine AV, Brooks AF, Bernard-Gauthier V, Bailey JJ, Ichiishi N, Schirrmacher R, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Automated synthesis of PET radiotracers by copper-mediated 18 F-fluorination of organoborons: Importance of the order of addition and competing protodeborylation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:228-236. [PMID: 29143408 PMCID: PMC5896751 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the use of Cu-mediated [18 F]fluorodeboronation for the automated production of positron emission tomography radiotracers suitable for clinical use. Two recurrent issues with the method, low radiochemical conversion on automation and protoarene byproduct purification issues, have been successfully addressed. The new method was utilized to produce sterile injectable doses of [18 F]-(±)-IPMICF17, a positron emission tomography radiotracer for tropomyosin receptor kinase B/C, using an automated synthesis module. The product was isolated in 1.9 ± 0.1% isolated radiochemical yield, excellent radiochemical purity (>99%), and high specific activity (5294 ± 1227 Ci/mmol). Quality control testing confirmed that doses were suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Justin J. Bailey
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Naoko Ichiishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Nocentini A, Moi D, Balboni G, Salvadori S, Onnis V, Supuran CT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazoline-based aromatic sulfamates with potent carbonic anhydrase isoforms II, IV and IX inhibitory efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:633-639. [PMID: 29502024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of a new series of aromatic sulfamates designed considering the sulfonamide COX-2 selective inhibitors celecoxib and valdecoxib as lead compounds. These latter were shown to possess important human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory properties, with the inhibition of the tumor-associated isoform hCA IX likely being co-responsible of the celecoxib anti-tumor effects. Bioisosteric substitution of the pyrazole or isoxazole rings from these drugs with the pyrazoline one was considered owing to the multiple biological activities ascribed to this latter heterocycle and paired with the replacement of the sulfonamide of celecoxib and valdecoxib with its equally potent bioisoster sulfamate. The synthesized derivatives were screened for the inhibition of four human carbonic anhydrase isoforms, namely hCA I, II, IV, and IX. All screened sulfamates exhibited great potency enhancement in inhibiting isoform II and IV, widely involved in glaucoma (KIs in the range of 0.4-12.4 nM and 17.7 and 43.3 nM, respectively), compared to the lead compounds, whereas they affected the tumor-associated hCA IX as potently as celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Davide Moi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Nunes PSG, Zhang Z, Kuo HT, Zhang C, Rousseau J, Rousseau E, Lau J, Kwon D, Carvalho I, Bénard F, Lin KS. Synthesis and evaluation of an 18
F-labeled trifluoroborate derivative of 2-nitroimidazole for imaging tumor hypoxia with positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:370-379. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Gonçalves Nunes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Julie Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Etienne Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Daniel Kwon
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Functional Imaging; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Radiology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Functional Imaging; BC Cancer Agency; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Radiology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Lau J, Lin KS, Bénard F. Past, Present, and Future: Development of Theranostic Agents Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4322-4339. [PMID: 29158829 PMCID: PMC5695016 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics is the integration of diagnostic information with pharmaceuticals to increase effectiveness and safety of cancer treatments. Nuclear medicine provides a non-invasive means to visualize drug target expression across primary and metastatic sites, and assess pharmacokinetics and efficacy of companion therapeutic agents. This is significant given the increasing recognition of the importance of clonal heterogeneity in treatment response and resistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) has been advocated as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for targeting hypoxia in solid malignancies. CA-IX confers cancer cell survival under low oxygen tension, and is associated with increased propensity for metastasis. As such, CA-IX is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancers. Different classes of antigen recognition molecules targeting CA-IX including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody mimetics have been radiolabeled for imaging and therapeutic applications. cG250, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been labeled with an assortment of radionuclides (124I, 111In, 89Zr, 131I, 90Y, and 177Lu) and is the most extensively investigated CA-IX radiopharmaceutical. In recent years, there have been tremendous advancements made by the research community in developing alternatives to cG250. Although still in preclinical settings, several small molecule inhibitors and antibody mimetics hold great promise in improving the management of aggressive and resistant cancers.
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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition and the Management of Hypoxic Tumors. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7030048. [PMID: 28926956 PMCID: PMC5618333 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and acidosis are salient features of many tumors, leading to a completely different metabolism compared to normal cells. Two of the simplest metabolic products, protons and bicarbonate, are generated by the catalytic activity of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), with at least two of its isoforms, CA IX and XII, mainly present in hypoxic tumors. Inhibition of tumor-associated CAs leads to an impaired growth of the primary tumors, metastases and reduces the population of cancer stem cells, leading thus to a complex and beneficial anticancer action for this class of enzyme inhibitors. In this review, I will present the state of the art on the development of CA inhibitors (CAIs) targeting the tumor-associated CA isoforms, which may have applications for the treatment and imaging of cancers expressing them. Small molecule inhibitors, one of which (SLC-0111) completed Phase I clinical trials, and antibodies (girentuximab, discontinued in Phase III clinical trials) will be discussed, together with the various approaches used to design anticancer agents with a new mechanism of action based on interference with these crucial metabolites, protons and bicarbonate.
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Eldehna WM, Abo-Ashour MF, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Eissa IH, Fares M, Ismael OE, Ghabbour HA, Elaasser MM, Abdel-Aziz HA, Supuran CT. Novel 4/3-((4-oxo-5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)thiazolidin-2-ylidene)amino) benzenesulfonamides: Synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, anticancer activity and molecular modelling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:250-262. [PMID: 28802125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of two series of novel 4/3-((4-oxo-5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)thiazolidin-2-ylidene)amino)benzenesulfonamides (4a-m and 7a-g). All the newly prepared sulfonamides were in vitro investigated as inhibitors of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms hCA I, II, IV and IX, using a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. In particular, hCA isoforms II and IX (tumor-associated) were more susceptible to inhibition by the synthesized derivatives, with KIs in the range of 2.6-598.2 nM for hCA II, and of 16.1-321 nM for hCA IX. All compounds (4a-m and 7a-g) were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer MCF-7 and colorectal cancer Caco-2 cell lines. Compound 4c was found to be the most potent derivative against MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.96 ± 0.21 μM), while 4j was the most active member against Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 5.87 ± 0.37 μM). Compound 4c induced the intrinsic apoptotic mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 cells; evidenced by the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and the up-regulated active caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, P.O. Box 11829, Egypt
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ibrahim H Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, P.O. Box 11829, Egypt; School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omnia E Ismael
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem A Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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