1
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Zhang Q, Jin W, Wang H, Tang C, Zhao X, Wang Y, Sun L, Piao C. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and excessive autophagy by Jiedu Tongluo Tiaogan Formula via a CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway contributes to protect pancreatic β-cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118440. [PMID: 38885916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jiedu Tongluo Tiaogan Formula (JTTF), a traditional Chinese herbal decoction, exhibits the potential to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and excessive autophagy, which are the risk factors for the abnormal development and progression of β cells. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to assess the effect of JTTF on pancreatic glucotoxicity by inhibiting ERS and excessive autophagy, for which db/db mice and INS-1 insulinoma cells were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the JTTF was analyzed by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Diabetic (db/db) mice were treated with distilled water or JTTF (2.4 and 7.2 g/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Furthermore, INS-1 cells induced by high glucose (HG) levels were treated with or without JTTF (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 48 h to elucidate the protective mechanism of JTTF on glucose toxicity. The experimental methods included an oral glucose tolerance test, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and acridine orange staining. RESULT 28 chemical components of JTTF were identified. Additionally, treatment with JTTF significantly decreased the severity of glycemic symptoms in the db/db mice. Moreover, the treatment partially restored glucose homeostasis in the db/db mice and protected the pancreatic β-cell function. JTTF protected INS-1 cells from HG injury by upregulating GSIS and PDX1, MafA mRNA expression. Further, treatment with JTTF downregulated GRP78 and ATF6 expression, whereas it inhibited Beclin-1 and LC3 activation. The treatment protected the cells from HG-induced ERS and excessive autophagy by downregulating the CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS The present study findings show that JTTF may protects β-cells by inhibiting the CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway, which deepens our understanding of the effectiveness of JTTF as a treatment strategy against T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Hospital (Fu Tian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Han Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Shenzhen Hospital (Fu Tian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Chunli Piao
- Shenzhen Hospital (Fu Tian) of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Chen Q, Zhao X, Xu Z, Liu Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanisms and exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117122. [PMID: 38991302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease primarily characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and insufficient insulin secretion. The unfolded protein response (UPR) overactivation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) appears to play a key role in this process, although the exact pathogenesis of T2DM is not fully understood. Studies have demonstrated that appropriate exercise can regulate ERS in the heart, liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and other body tissues leading to an improvement in diabetes and its complications. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. By analyzing the relationship between ERS, T2DM pathology, and exercise intervention, this review concludes that exercise can increase insulin sensitivity, inhibit IR, promote insulin secretion and alleviate T2DM by regulating ERS. This paper specifically reviews the signaling pathways by which ERS induces diabetes, the mechanisms of exercise regulation of ERS in diabetes, and the varying effects of different types of exercise on diabetes improvement through ERS mechanisms. Physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for T2DM. Thus, further exploration of how exercise regulates ERS in diabetes could refine "precision exercise medicine" for diabetes and identify new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Zujie Xu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Yiyao Liu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
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3
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Zhao T, Tian Y, Zhao J, Sun D, Ma Y, Wang W, Yan W, Jiao P, Ma J. Loss of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphate-5 aggravates islet dysfunction in mice with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23437. [PMID: 38305849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301479r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Impaired functionality and loss of islet β-cells are the primary abnormalities underlying the pathogenesis of both type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM). However, specific therapeutic and preventive mechanisms underlying these conditions remain unclear. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-5 (MKP-5) has been implicated in carcinogenesis, lipid metabolism regulation, and immune cell activation. In a previous study, we demonstrated the involvement of exogenous MKP-5 in the regulation of obesity-induced T2DM. However, the role of endogenous MKP-5 in the T1DM and T2DM processes is unclear. Thus, mice with MKP-5 knockout (KO) were generated and used to establish mouse models of both T1DM and T2DM. Our results showed that MKP-5 KO exacerbated diabetes-related symptoms in mice with both T1DM and T2DM. Given that most phenotypic studies on islet dysfunction have focused on mice with T2DM rather than T1DM, we specifically aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy in T2DM KO islets. To accomplish this, we performed RNA sequence analysis to gain comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with ERS and autophagy in T2DM KO islets. The results showed that the islets from mice with MKP-5 KO triggered 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated autophagy inhibition and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP-78)-dominated ERS. Hence, we concluded that the autophagy impairment, resulting in islet dysfunction in mice with MKP-5 KO, is mediated through GRP-78 involvement. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of diabetes and highlight the significant role of MKP-5. Moreover, this knowledge holds promise for novel therapeutic strategies targeting MKP-5 for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yafei Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yongjun Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weiqun Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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4
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Li L, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Meng X, Pan G, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhang B. The Molecular Basis of the Anti-Inflammatory Property of Astragaloside IV for the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:771-790. [PMID: 36925998 PMCID: PMC10013573 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s399423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragali Radix is a significant traditional Chinese medication, and has a long history of clinical application in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. AS-IV is an active saponin isolated from it. Modern pharmacological study shows that AS-IV has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities. The popular inflammatory etiology of diabetes suggests that DM is a natural immune and low-grade inflammatory disease. Pharmacological intervention of the inflammatory response may provide promising and alternative approaches for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications. Therefore, this article focuses on the potential of AS-IV in the treatment of DM from the perspective of an anti-inflammatory molecular basis. AS-IV plays a role by regulating a variety of anti-inflammatory pathways in multiple organs, tissues and target cells throughout the body. The blockade of the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway may be the central link of AS-IV's anti-inflammatory effect, resulting in a reduction in the tissue structure and function damage stimulated by inflammatory factors. In addition, AS-IV can delay the onset of DM and its complications by inhibiting inflammation-related oxidative stress, fibrosis and apoptosis signals. In conclusion, AS-IV has therapeutic prospects from the perspective of reducing the inflammation of DM and its complications. An in-depth study on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of AS-IV is of great significance for the effective use of Chinese herbal medicine and the promotion of its status and influence on the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Luo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Meng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300250, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
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5
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Jin W, Fan M, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Jing C, Jiang R, Piao C, Sun L. Polydatin prevents lipotoxicity-induced dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and excessive autophagy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154410. [PMID: 36030747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronically elevated free fatty acid levels can adversely affect pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Polydatin (PD) from Polygonum cuspidatum has been shown to regulate blood lipid content and lower cholesterol levels. However, there have been no reports on the potential therapeutic effects and actions of PD on lipotoxicity in β-cells. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of PD on palmitate (PA)-treated INS-1 insulinoma cells and diabetic mice. METHODS Cells were incubated with PA and varying concentrations of PD for 24 h. Viability assays, morphological observations, flow cytometric analysis, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the effects of PD on PA-induced lipotoxicity. Western blotting was used to measure the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the levels of autophagy-related factors after incubation with inducers and inhibitors of ERS and autophagy. Diabetic mice were treated with intragastric PD for 6 weeks followed by the measurement of their physiological and blood lipid indices and assessment of the results of histological and immunofluorescence analyses. RESULTS Treatment with PD after PA exposure enhanced insulin secretion and the expression of diabetes-associated genes. PD promoted β-cell function by reducing the levels of proteins associated with ERS and autophagy while also attenuating ERS triggered by tunicamycin. PD also reduced tunicamycin-induced autophagy, indicating that it regulated ERS-mediated autophagy and reduced PA-induced cellular dysfunction. In addition, treatment of db/db mice with PD substantially reduced body weight gain, alleviated dyslipidemia, improved β-cell function, and reduced insulin resistance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PD protects β-cells from lipotoxicity-induced dysfunction and apoptosis by inhibiting ERS and preventing excessive autophagy. Our study provides a new basis for exploring the potential of PD against β-cell lipotoxicity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China; College of pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chenxu Jing
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Piao
- Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China; Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Cross-regional Cooperation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Product Research and Development, Changchun, China.
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang D, Wang H, Lin Q, Li M, Yuan J, Gao G, Dong J. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment improves pancreatic β‑cell function and hepatic gluconeogenesis in STZ‑induced type‑2 diabetes mellitus model mice. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:90. [PMID: 35039874 PMCID: PMC8809048 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type‑2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes several complications that affect the quality of life and life span of patients. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been used to successfully treat several diseases, including carbon monoxide poisoning, ischemia, infections and diabetic foot ulcer, and increases insulin sensitivity in T2DM. The present study aimed to determine the effect of HBOT on β‑cell function and hepatic gluconeogenesis in streptozotocin (STZ)‑induced type‑2 diabetic mice. To establish a T2DM model, 7‑week‑old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high‑fat diet (HFD) and injected once daily with low‑dose STZ for 3 days after 1‑week HFD feeding. At the 14th week, HFD+HBOT and T2DM+HBOT groups received 1‑h HBOT (2 ATA; 100% pure O2) daily from 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. for 7 days. The HFD and T2DM groups were maintained under normobaric oxygen conditions and used as controls. During HBOT, the 12‑h nocturnal food intake and body weight were measured daily. Moreover, blood glucose was measured by using a tail vein prick and a glucometer. After the final HBO treatment, all mice were sacrificed to conduct molecular biology experiments. Fasting insulin levels of blood samples of sacrificed mice were measured by an ultrasensitive ELISA kit. Pancreas and liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, while immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the effects of HBOT on insulin resistance. TUNEL was used to determine the effects of HBOT on β‑cell apoptosis, and immunoblotting was conducted to determine the β‑cell apoptosis pathway. HBOT notably reduced fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity in T2DM mice. After HBOT, β‑cell area and β‑cell mass in T2DM mice were significantly increased. HBOT significantly decreased the β‑cell apoptotic rate in T2DM mice via the pancreatic Bcl‑2/caspase‑3/poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP) apoptosis pathway. Moreover, HBOT improved the morphology of the liver tissue and increased hepatic glycogen storage in T2DM mice. These findings suggested that HBOT ameliorated the insulin sensitivity of T2DM mice by decreasing the β‑cell apoptotic rate via the pancreatic Bcl‑2/caspase‑3/PARP apoptosis pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fasting/blood
- Gluconeogenesis/physiology
- Glucose Tolerance Test/methods
- Humans
- Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong 253023, P.R. China
| | - Haidan Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Qian Lin
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Manwen Li
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guangkai Gao
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, No. 971 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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7
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QIAO Y, ZHANG L, HOU C, LI F. Platycodin D protects pancreatic β-cells from STZ-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.63521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan QIAO
- Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, China
| | - Lingling ZHANG
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | - Fangzhi LI
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
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8
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Song Z, Chen C, He J, Liu B, Ji W, Wu L, He L. ASK1-Interacting Protein 1 Acts as a Novel Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:896753. [PMID: 35712257 PMCID: PMC9196954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.896753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized with high secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but the regulatory pathway of TNF-α production in T2D has not been fully elucidated. ASK1-interacting protein 1 (AIP1) is a signaling scaffold protein that modulates several pathways associated with inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of AIP1 in T2D development. Our results revealed that AIP1 was downregulated in omental adipose tissue (OAT) of obese patients with T2D compared with that in obese patients. In addition, Pearson's correlation test showed that AIP1 was negatively correlated with the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, r = -0.4829) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.2614), which are major clinical indexes of T2D. As revealed by the proteomic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA, the OAT and the serum of obese patients with T2D presented high inflammatory status. And the increased inflammatory factors TNF-α and C-reactive protein C (CRP) in the serum of obese patients with T2D showed a positive correlation with HOMA-IR (TNF-α, r = 0.4728; CRP, r = 0.5522). Interestingly, AIP1 deficiency in adipocytes facilitated TNF-α secretion and retarded glucose uptake. Mechanistically, AIP1 deletion in human adipocytes activated JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of these signaling pathways using specific inhibitors could suppress these signal activation and insulin resistance caused by AIP1 deficiency. In addition, AIP1 and TNF-α expression in the OAT of patients with T2D recovered to normal levels after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. These findings indicate that AIP1 is negatively correlated with the clinical indexes of T2D. It modulates TNF-α expression in OAT via JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jipei He
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, Your Doctor Medical Group, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bixia Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li He, ; Liangping Wu, ; Weidong Ji,
| | - Liangping Wu
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, Your Doctor Medical Group, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Metabolic Surgery, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li He, ; Liangping Wu, ; Weidong Ji,
| | - Li He
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li He, ; Liangping Wu, ; Weidong Ji,
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9
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Li B, Cheng X, Aierken A, Du J, He W, Zhang M, Tan N, Kou Z, Peng S, Jia W, Tang H, Hua J. Melatonin Promotes the Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating TGF-β Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722365. [PMID: 34722505 PMCID: PMC8554153 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence proves the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the problems have not been solved that viability of ADMSCs were inconsistent and the cells quickly undergo senescence after in vitro cell culture. In addition, the therapeutic effect of ADMSCs is still not satisfactory. In this study, melatonin (MLT) was added to canine ADMSC culture medium, and the treated cells were used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our research reveals that adding MLT to ADMSC culture medium can promote the viability of ADMSCs. This effect depends on the binding of MLT and MLT receptors, which activates the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway and then changes the cell cycle of ADMSCs and improves the viability of ADMSCs. Since ADMSCs were found to be used to treat T2DM by anti-inflammatory and anti-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress capabilities, our data demonstrate that MLT augment several effects of ADMSCs in remission hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and liver glycogen metabolism in T2DM patients. This suggest that ADMSCs and MLT-ADMSCs is safe and vabulable for pet clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balun Li
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xuedi Cheng
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Aili Aierken
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Xianyang, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenlai He
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zheng Kou
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- Shanghai East Hospital, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Naomi R, Bahari H, Yazid MD, Othman F, Zakaria ZA, Hussain MK. Potential Effects of Sweet Potato ( Ipomoea batatas) in Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia-A Systematic Review in Diabetic Retinopathy Context. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10816. [PMID: 34639164 PMCID: PMC8509747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a condition with high glucose levels that may result in dyslipidemia. In severe cases, this alteration may lead to diabetic retinopathy. Numerous drugs have been approved by officials to treat these conditions, but usage of any synthetic drugs in the long term will result in unavoidable side effects such as kidney failure. Therefore, more emphasis is being placed on natural ingredients due to their bioavailability and absence of side effects. In regards to this claim, promising results have been witnessed in the usage of Ipomoea batatas (I. batatas) in treating the hyperglycemic and dyslipidemic condition. Thus, the aim of this paper is to conduct an overview of the reported effects of I. batatas focusing on in vitro and in vivo trials in reducing high glucose levels and regulating the dyslipidemic condition. A comprehensive literature search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Nature, and PubMed databases to identify the potential articles on particular topics. The search query was accomplished based on the Boolean operators involving keywords such as (1) Beneficial effect OR healing OR intervention AND (2) sweet potato OR Ipomoea batatas OR traditional herb AND (3) blood glucose OR LDL OR lipid OR cholesterol OR dyslipidemia. Only articles published from 2011 onwards were selected for further analysis. This review includes the (1) method of intervention and the outcome (2) signaling mechanism involved (3) underlying mechanism of action, and the possible side effects observed based on the phytoconstiuents isolated. The comprehensive literature search retrieved a total of 2491 articles using the appropriate keywords. However, on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 23 articles were chosen for further review. The results from these articles indicate that I. batatas has proven to be effective in treating the hyperglycemic condition and is able to regulate dyslipidemia. Therefore, this systematic review summarizes the signaling mechanism, mechanism of action, and phytoconstituents responsible for those activities of I. batatas in treating hyperglycemic based on the in vitro and in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Naomi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (R.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Fezah Othman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
- Halal Product Development Unit, Halal Product Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairi Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Wang W, Zhang C. Targeting β-cell dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation: opportunities and challenges. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R213-R228. [PMID: 34289444 PMCID: PMC8428079 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The most distinctive pathological characteristics of diabetes mellitus induced by various stressors or immune-mediated injuries are reductions of pancreatic islet β-cell populations and activity. Existing treatment strategies cannot slow disease progression; consequently, research to genetically engineer β-cell mimetics through bi-directional plasticity is ongoing. The current consensus implicates β-cell dedifferentiation as the primary etiology of reduced β-cell mass and activity. This review aims to summarize the etiology and proposed mechanisms of β-cell dedifferentiation and to explore the possibility that there might be a time interval from the onset of β-cell dysfunction caused by dedifferentiation to the development of diabetes, which may offer a therapeutic window to reduce β-cell injury and to stabilize functionality. In addition, to investigate β-cell plasticity, we review strategies for β-cell regeneration utilizing genetic programming, small molecules, cytokines, and bioengineering to transdifferentiate other cell types into β-cells; the development of biomimetic acellular constructs to generate fully functional β-cell-mimetics. However, the maturation of regenerated β-cells is currently limited. Further studies are needed to develop simple and efficient reprogramming methods for assembling perfectly functional β-cells. Future investigations are necessary to transform diabetes into a potentially curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to C Zhang:
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12
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Šrámek J, Němcová-Fürstová V, Kovář J. Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induction and Its Regulation by Fatty Acids in Pancreatic β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4285. [PMID: 33924206 PMCID: PMC8074590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell failure and death contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. One of the main factors responsible for β-cell dysfunction and subsequent cell death is chronic exposure to increased concentrations of FAs (fatty acids). The effect of FAs seems to depend particularly on the degree of their saturation. Saturated FAs induce apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells, whereas unsaturated FAs are well tolerated and are even capable of inhibiting the pro-apoptotic effect of saturated FAs. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induction by saturated FAs in β-cells are not completely elucidated. Saturated FAs induce ER stress, which in turn leads to activation of all ER stress pathways. When ER stress is severe or prolonged, apoptosis is induced. The main mediator seems to be the CHOP transcription factor. Via regulation of expression/activity of pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, and potentially also through the increase in ROS production, CHOP switches on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induction. ER stress signalling also possibly leads to autophagy signalling, which may activate caspase-8. Saturated FAs activate or inhibit various signalling pathways, i.e., p38 MAPK signalling, ERK signalling, ceramide signalling, Akt signalling and PKCδ signalling. This may lead to the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, as well. Particularly, the inhibition of the pro-survival Akt signalling seems to play an important role. This inhibition may be mediated by multiple pathways (e.g., ER stress signalling, PKCδ and ceramide) and could also consequence in autophagy signalling. Experimental evidence indicates the involvement of certain miRNAs in mechanisms of FA-induced β-cell apoptosis, as well. In the rather rare situations when unsaturated FAs are also shown to be pro-apoptotic, the mechanisms mediating this effect in β-cells seem to be the same as for saturated FAs. To conclude, FA-induced apoptosis rather appears to be preceded by complex cross talks of multiple signalling pathways. Some of these pathways may be regulated by decreased membrane fluidity due to saturated FA incorporation. Few data are available concerning molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effect of unsaturated FAs on the effect of saturated FAs. It seems that the main possible mechanism represents a rather inhibitory intervention into saturated FA-induced pro-apoptotic signalling than activation of some pro-survival signalling pathway(s) or metabolic interference in β-cells. This inhibitory intervention may be due to an increase of membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šrámek
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Vlasta Němcová-Fürstová
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology & Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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13
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Myricetin: A review of the most recent research. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111017. [PMID: 33338751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin(MYR) is a flavonoid compound widely found in many natural plants including bayberry. So far, MYR has been proven to have multiple biological functions and it is a natural compound with promising research and development prospects. This review comprehensively retrieved and collected the latest pharmacological abstracts on MYR, and discussed the potential molecular mechanisms of its effects. The results of our review indicated that MYR has a therapeutic effect on many diseases, including tumors of different types, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and pathogenic microbial infections. Furthermore, it regulates the expression of Hippo, MAPK, GSK-3β, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, STAT3, TLR, IκB/NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, ACE, eNOS / NO, AChE and BrdU/NeuN. MYR also enhances the immunomodulatory functions, suppresses cytokine storms, improves cardiac dysfunction, possesses an antiviral potential, can be used as an adjuvant treatment against cancer, cardiovascular injury and nervous system diseases, and it may be a potential drug against COVID-19 and other viral infections. Generally, this article provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of MYR and a reference for its further use.
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Kassouf T, Sumara G. Impact of Conventional and Atypical MAPKs on the Development of Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091256. [PMID: 32872540 PMCID: PMC7563211 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) consists of fourteen members and has been implicated in regulation of virtually all cellular processes. MAPKs are divided into two groups, conventional and atypical MAPKs. Conventional MAPKs are further classified into four sub-families: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1, 2 and 3), p38 (α, β, γ, δ), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). Four kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3, 4, and 7 (ERK3, 4 and 7) as well as Nemo-like kinase (NLK) build a group of atypical MAPKs, which are activated by different upstream mechanisms than conventional MAPKs. Early studies identified JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 as well as p38α as a central mediators of inflammation-evoked insulin resistance. These kinases have been also implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. Recently, other members of conventional MAPKs emerged as important mediators of liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreatic β-cell metabolism. Moreover, latest studies indicate that atypical members of MAPK family play a central role in the regulation of adipose tissue function. In this review, we summarize early studies on conventional MAPKs as well as recent findings implicating previously ignored members of the MAPK family. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting specific members of the MAPK family.
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Loss of Caveolin-1 Is Associated with a Decrease in Beta Cell Death in Mice on a High Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155225. [PMID: 32718046 PMCID: PMC7432291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) impair beta cell function and reduce beta cell mass as a consequence of the lipotoxicity that occurs in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously reported that the membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) sensitizes to palmitate-induced apoptosis in the beta pancreatic cell line MIN6. Thus, our hypothesis was that CAV1 knock-out (CAV1 KO) mice subjected to a high fat diet (HFD) should suffer less damage to beta cells than wild type (WT) mice. Here, we evaluated the in vivo response of beta cells in the pancreatic islets of 8-week-old C57Bl/6J CAV1 KO mice subjected to a control diet (CD, 14% kcal fat) or a HFD (60% kcal fat) for 12 weeks. We observed that CAV1 KO mice were resistant to weight gain when on HFD, although they had high serum cholesterol and FFA levels, impaired glucose tolerance and were insulin resistant. Some of these alterations were also observed in mice on CD. Interestingly, KO mice fed with HFD showed an adaptive response of the pancreatic beta cells and exhibited a significant decrease in beta cell apoptosis in their islets compared to WT mice. These in vivo results suggest that although the CAV1 KO mice are metabolically unhealthy, they adapt better to a HFD than WT mice. To shed light on the possible signaling pathway(s) involved, MIN6 murine beta cells expressing (MIN6 CAV) or not expressing (MIN6 Mock) CAV1 were incubated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Western blot analysis revealed that CAV1 enhanced palmitate-induced JNK, p38 and ERK phosphorylation in MIN6 CAV1 cells. Moreover, all the MAPK inhibitors partially restored MIN6 viability, but the effect was most notable with the ERK inhibitor. In conclusion, our results suggest that CAV1 KO mice adapted better to a HFD despite their altered metabolic state and that this may at least in part be due to reduced beta cell damage. Moreover, they indicate that the ability of CAV1 to increase sensitivity to FFAs may be mediated by MAPK and particularly ERK activation.
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Xu B, Fan D, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang X, Guan Z, Niu B. Three-Dimensional Culture Promotes the Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into Insulin-Producing Cells for Improving the Diabetes Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1576. [PMID: 32038250 PMCID: PMC6993085 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes is a metabolic disease with a high incidence and serious harm to human health. Islet β-cell function defects can occur in the late stage of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that stem cell is a promising new approach in bioengineering regenerative medicine. In the study of stem cell differentiation, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is more capable of mimicking the microenvironment of cell growth in vivo than two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. The natural contact between cells and cells, and cells and extracellular matrix can regulate the development process and promote the formation of the artificial regenerative organs and organization. Type IV, VI collagen and laminin are the most abundant extracellular matrix components in islets. Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix biomaterial rich in laminin and collagen IV. Materials and Methods We used Matrigel biomaterial to physically embed human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to provide vector and 3D culture conditions for cells, and we explored and compared the preparation methods and preliminary mechanisms of differentiation of hDPSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) under 2D or 3D culture conditions.We first designed and screened the strategy by mimicking the critical events of pancreatogenesis in vivo, and succeeded in establishing a new method for obtaining IPCs from hDPSCs. Activin A, Noggin, and small molecule compounds were used to synergistically induce hDPSCs to differentiate into definitive endoderm-like cells, pancreatic progenitor like cells and IPCs step by step under 2D culture conditions. Then, we used Matrigel to simulate the microenvironment in vivo, induced hDPSCs to differentiate into IPCs in Matrigel, evaluated and compared the efficiency between 2D and 3D culture conditions. Results The results showed that the synergistic combination of growth factors and small molecule compounds and 3D culture promoted the differentiation of hDPSCs into IPCs, significantly enhancing the release of insulin and C-peptide from IPCs. Discussion Significant support is provided for obtaining a large number of functional IPCs for disease modeling and final cell therapy in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Daoyang Fan
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunshan Zhao
- Institute of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwei Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Guan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Niu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Cui X, Qian DW, Jiang S, Shang EX, Zhu ZH, Duan JA. Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma Improve Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in T2DM Rats via Regulation of the Metabolic Profiling and MAPK/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3634. [PMID: 30453687 PMCID: PMC6274950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) have often been combined to cure type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the clinical practice for over thousands of years, but their compatibility mechanism is not clear. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has been suggested to play a critical role during the process of inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2DM. This study was designed to investigate their compatibility effects on T2DM rats and explore the underlying mechanisms by analyzing the metabolic profiling and MAPK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Methods The compatibility effects of SR and CR were evaluated with T2DM rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) along with a low dose of streptozocin (STZ). Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed to discover potential biomarkers. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; biochemical indexes in serum, and the activities of key enzymes related to glycometabolism in liver were assessed by ELISA kits. qPCR was applied to examine mRNA levels of key targets in MAPK and insulin signaling pathways. Protein expressions of p65; p-p65; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K); phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3K); protein kinase B (Akt); phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in liver were investigated by Western blot analysis. Results Remarkably, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance in T2DM were ameliorated after oral administration of SR and CR, particularly their combined extracts. The effects of SR, CR, low dose of combined extracts (LSC) and high dose of combined extracts (HSC) on pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription in T2DM rats showed that the MAPK pathway might account for the phenomenon with down-regulation of MAPK (P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)) mRNA, and protein reduction in p-P65. While mRNA levels of key targets such as insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), PI3K, Akt2, and Glut2 in the insulin signaling pathway were notably up-modulated, phosphorylations of PI3K, Akt, and expression of Glut2 were markedly enhanced. Moreover, the increased activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) were highly reduced and the decreased activities of glucokinase (GK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and glycogen synthase (GS) in liver were notably increased after treatment. Further investigation indicated that the metabolic profiles of plasma and urine were clearly improved in T2DM rats. Fourteen potential biomarkers (nine in plasma and five in urine) were identified. After intervention, these biomarkers returned to normal level to some extent. Conclusion The results showed that SR, CR, and combined extract groups were normalized. The effects of combined extracts were more remarkable than single herb treatment. Additionally, this study also showed that the metabonomics method is a promising tool to unravel how traditional Chinese medicines work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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