A trace alkaloid, oleraisoindole A from Portulaca oleracea L. and its anticholinesterase effect

Lignanamides: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, biological activities, extraction methods and synthetic pathway

Lignanamides are a class of compounds containing amide functional groups in lignans. These compounds have excellent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective, which have shown great potential in terms of food additives, medicine and health supplement. We summarized the recent progress of lignanamides, including chemical constituents, extraction methods, biological activities, and synthetic pathways. The structures were classified according to an updated nomenclature system, can be classified into sixteen types and have certain roles in many respects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidative, which may be important source of materials for functional food. The potential and limitations of different extraction method, chromatographic packing, and synthetic pathway are analyzed. Notably, this review provides an overview of synthesis pathways and applications of lignanamides, further research is needed to improve extraction efficiency and synthesis method, especially in a greener way for better application.

Two novel carbon skeleton compounds from Portulaca oleracea L. and their effects on nitric oxide

Two new carbon skeleton compounds, identified as 2-(1-(3-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)-2-methylpropoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol named Olerapyran A (1), and (E)-3-(6-acetyl-2-methyl-5-((3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)cyclooctylidene)butan-2-one named Oleraoctyl (2), were first isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., then their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, including UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS, 1D and 2D NMR. In addition, the activities of Olerapyran A and Oleraoctyl inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) were studied.

Two new alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities

Two new alkaloids identified as 2-(((S,Z)-1-(1H-azirin-1-yl)-5-methylhex-1-en-3-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol and (S,Z)-1-(1H-azirin-1-yl)-5-methylhex-1-en-3-ol, named olerazirin A (1), olerazirin B (2), together with five known alkaloids, identified as cyclo (L-Val-L-Ala) (3), cyclo-(glycyl-L-leucine) (4), cyclo-(Gly-Phe) (5), cyclo (Ser-Phe) (6), (3S,6S)-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-6-(phenyl-methyl)-2,5-piperazinedione (7) were obtained from Portulaca oleracea L. using a range of chromatographic techniques, 1D and 2D NMR, and high-resolution electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopic methods, in which the compounds 3-7 were isolated from P. oleracea for the first time. In addition, the results showed that the compounds 1 and 2 have anti-inflammatory activities and compounds 1-3 and 5-7 exhibit the anticholinesterase activities.

Gastrodinol derivatives and prenylated flavones from the flower branch of Gastrodia elata

Based on the research progress and traditional usage with whole herbal of the TCM "Tianma", chemical studies herein on the flower branch of Gastrodia elata were carried out in-depth and got 13 compounds including the gastrodinols (1-4), the flavonoid morins (5-8, 11-12), together with the specialist mulberrofurans (9, 13) and gastrodiamide (10) for the first time from the species. The antibacterial and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were then evaluated and the results showed that compounds 5, 11, 12, 13 have good activity against anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and compounds 9, 13 had good acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. All these results provide new chemical composition for better understanding the traditional application of "Tianma" and for exploring new pharmacological ingredients.

Two novel alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their anti-inflammatory bioactivities

Two novel alkaloids were identified as (E)-N-(4-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide (1), named Oleracrylimide D, (E)-N-(4-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide (2), named Oleracrylimide E, isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. The structures were identified by spectroscopic methods, including 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS methods, also, the anti-inflammatory bioactivities of the compounds were studied by ELISA method.

A new alkaloid and two organic acids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their bioactivities

A new alkaloid, identified as 1-benzyl-2-nitroso-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol, named oleraisoquinoline (1), and five organic acids and two esters, identified as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (2), 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (3), (7E,10E)-octadeca-7,10-dienoic acid (4), (10E,13E)-octadeca-10,13-dienoic acid (5), (7E,10E)-hexadeca-7,10-dienoic acid (6), methyl tridecanoate (7) and methyl (9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (8), were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., among which compounds 2 and 4‒7 were isolated for the first time. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1‒3 were studied, especially, compound 1 presented good inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α.

A new alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. with its anti-inflammatory activity

A new isoindole alkaloid, 6-hydroxy-2-(4'''-hydroxy-3'''-methoxyphenethyl)-4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1H-benzo[f]isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, named oleraisoindole B was isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., its structure was elucidated using NMR and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS spectroscopic methods, and presented anti-inflammatory activity at 5 μM.

Two new ester alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their bioactivities

Two new ester alkaloids were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., identified as (5-aminofuran-2-yl) methyl acetate (1) named oleracone N and 4(S)-ethyl 3-acetamido-3-(dihydroxyamino) propanoate (2) named oleracone O. The structures were elucidated via spectroscopic methods, including 1 D and 2 D NMR, UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS and CD spectrometry technique. It was suggested that both oleracone N and oleracone O could significantly inhibit inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS.

One novel alkaloid from the stems of Tinospora crispa

The 6-methoxy-cannabisin I (1), a new alkaloid, together with five known compounds oleraisoindole A (2), cannabisin F (3), apigenin (4), syringin (5) and ethyl-syringin (6) were isolated from Tinospora crispa stems. Their structures were identified by the analysis of spectroscopic data. Compound 2 was isolated from T. crispa for the first time. Anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1 was detected against NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, no activity was observed.

Two new natural products from Portulaca oleracea L. and their bioactivities

Two new natural products, belonging to alkaloids, identified as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl acetate (1) and (5-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)methyl acetate (2), were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. The structures were identified by spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D NMR, and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS methods. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase bioactivities were found in these two compounds.

Protective Effect of Portulaca oleracea Extract Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation, Memory Decline, and Oxidative Stress in Mice: Potential Role of miR-146a and miR-let 7

Neuroinflammation is an adaptive immune response to the central nervous system (CNS) injury induced by infection or toxins. MicroRNAs (miRs) showed critical roles in neuroinflammation as either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecules. Interestingly, Portulaca oleracea (purslane) is an edible plant capable of ameliorating several diseases, including headache, burns, and diabetes; however, its effect on the neuroinflammation-associated miRs was not previously investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous purslane extract on the neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice and to identify its effect on animal cognition, oxidative stress, and expressions of miR-146a and miR-let 7. Adult mice were divided into the following groups: Normal group, LPS group, and Purslane+LPS group. Novel target recognition test, brain histopathology, and measurement of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were performed. The results showed that LPS group exhibited significant decline in the cognitive memory, brain histopathological injury and a decrease in the number of intact neurons compared to the normal group. Furthermore, the LPS group showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration, whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were decreased. The LPS group also showed an increase in the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor kappa B and downregulation of miR-146a and miR-let 7 expressions in the brain cells compared to the normal group, P value <.05. Interestingly, all these changes were reversed by administration of the aqueous purslane extract. In conclusion, the aqueous purslane extract protected from LPS-induced neuroinflammation and memory decline in mice through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect where upregulation of miR-146a and miR-1et 7 expressions was involved.

A review on bioactive phytochemicals and ethnopharmacological potential of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

The Portulaca oleracea L. commonly known as purslane is distributed all over the world and easily grows in diverse soil and climatic conditions. It has been traditionally used as a nutritious and ethnomedicinal food across the globe. Various studies have shown that the plant is a rich source of various important phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins such as A, C, E, and B, carotenoids and minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc. It is particularly very important because of the presence of a very high concentration of omega-3- fatty acids especially α-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, which are not generally synthesized in terrestrial plants. Various parts of purslane are known for ethnomedicinal and pharmacological uses because of its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, skeletal muscle relaxant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-insomnia, analgesic, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, wound healing and antiseptic activities. Due to multiple benefits of purslane, it has become an important wonder crop and various scientists across the globe have shown much interest in it as a healthy food for the future. In this review, we provide an update on the phytochemical and nutritional composition of purslane, its usage as nutritional and an ethnomedicinal plant across the world. We further provide a detailed account on ethnopharmacological studies that have proved the ethnomedicinal properties of purslane.

Two new organic acids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities

Two new organic acids, identified as (7E,9E,12E)-pentadecyl-7,9,12-trienoic acid, named Oleraceacid A (1), and 6,7-dihydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid, named Oleraceacid B (2), were isolated from Portulaca oleracea L.. The structures were verified by spectroscopic methods, including UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR. Both Oleraceacid A (1) and Oleraceacid B (2) at 20 μM inhibited the inflammatory factor, IL-1β in the RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS, moreover, Oleraceacid A (1) can inhibit cholinesterase activity.

Two amide glycosides from Portulaca oleracea L. and its bioactivities

Two novel amide glycosides, named oleraciamide E (1) and oleraciamide F (2), were isolated from the Portulaca oleracea L. Their structures were determined by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and UHPLC-ESI-TOF-MS methods. Oleraciamide E (1) exhibited anticholinesterase activity with IC₅₀ values of 52.43 ± 0.33 μM, and presented scavenging activity in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical quenching assay, with the IC₅₀ values of 24.64 ± 0.33 μM.