1
|
Xiao Y, Luan H, Lu S, Xing M, Guo C, Qian R, Xiao X. Toxic effects of atmospheric deposition in mining areas on wheat seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:69. [PMID: 38342840 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Storage and transportation of coal, as well as operation of coal-fired power plants, produce amounts of metallic exhaust that may lead to different atmospheric environment in the overlapped areas of farmland and coal resource (OAFCR) environment. To investigate the effects of different atmospheric environment in the OAFCR region (north of Xuzhou) on wheat seedlings (AK-58), a box experiment was conducted and compared to an area far from the OAFCR (south of Xuzhou). The study revealed that (1) compared to the southern suburb of Xuzhou, the fresh and dry weight, activities of photosynthetic enzymes and POD of wheat seedlings in the OAFCR reduced obviously. (2) Significantly higher levels of Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu were found in the shoots and roots of wheat seedlings in the OAFCR, with lower transfer factor for heavy metals (except Cd and As) in comparison to those in the southern suburb. And the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals (except As) in wheat seedlings in the OAFCR were significantly higher. (3) Nearly 90% of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Cr) absorbed by wheat were stored in cell walls and soluble fractions, with significantly higher contents of Cu and Cr in wheat seedlings' cell walls and higher contents of Pb, Zn, and Cd in soluble components found in the OAFCR. Our results showed that atmospheric deposition in the mining area has a certain toxic effect on wheat seedlings, and this study provides a theoretical basis for OAFCR crop toxicity management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Luan
- Geological Survey of Anhui Province (Anhui Institute of Geological Sciences), Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Shougan Lu
- Jiangsu Founder Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221132, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjie Xing
- Tianjin Huankeyuan Environmental Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chunying Guo
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoxi Qian
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, L5B 4P2, Canada
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
- Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ilyas MZ, Sa KJ, Ali MW, Lee JK. Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops. PLANTA 2023; 259:18. [PMID: 38085368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it's feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress. Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic-enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou J, Qi L, Song X, Yu Z, Wang S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Huang K. Miniaturized point discharge optical emission spectrometry coupling with solid phase extraction: A robust approach for sensitive quantification of total mercury in mung bean sprout growth. Food Chem 2023; 426:136638. [PMID: 37356244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a portable chemical vapor generation point discharge optical emission spectrometry (CVG-PD-OES) system was designed for trace Hg2+ monitoring in mung bean sprout samples. The system incorporated selective solid phase extraction (SPE) to enhance the detection sensitivity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared and utilized to extract trace amounts of Hg2+ by forming gold amalgam. Subsequently, the amalgam was desorbed using 5% HCl and introduced into a low-power PD-OES system analysis via CVG. A low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 ng mL-1 was obtained with a linear range of 0.5-6 ng mL-1. The well-designed system was successfully utilized for monitoring trace Hg2+ in the growth of mung beans. The results indicated that the Hg2+ in mung bean sprouts was continuously decreased during growth based on the metabolism. Furthermore, the risk assessment conducted implied a negligible hazard quotient, suggesting that the observed levels of exposure posed minimal risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Liping Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xuemei Song
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Ziyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China.
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Majhi S, Sikdar (née Bhakta) M. How heavy metal stress affects the growth and development of pulse crops: insights into germination and physiological processes. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:155. [PMID: 37138782 PMCID: PMC10149436 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work is an extensive review addressing the effects of heavy metals in major pulse crops such as Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Pea (Pisum sativum L.), Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Pulses are important contributors to the global food supply in the world, due to their vast beneficial properties in providing protein, nutritional value and health benefits to the human population. Several studies have reported that heavy metals are injurious to plants causing inhibition in plant germination, a decrease in the root and shoot length, reduction in respiration rate and photosynthesis. Properly disposing of heavy metal wastes has become an increasingly difficult task to solve in developed countries. Heavy metals pose one of the substantial constraints to pulse crops growth and productivity even at low concentrations. This article attempts to present the morphological, biochemical and various physiological changes induced on the pulse crops grown under various heavy metal stress such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Ni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Majhi
- Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
| | - Mausumi Sikdar (née Bhakta)
- Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gong Z, Duan Y, Liu D, Zong Y, Zhang D, Shi X, Hao X, Li P. Physiological and transcriptome analysis of response of soybean (Glycine max) to cadmium stress under elevated CO 2 concentration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130950. [PMID: 36860078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The continuous accumulation of Cd has long-lasting detrimental effects on plant growth and food safety. Although elevated CO2 concentration (EC) has been reported to reduce Cd accumulation and toxicity in plants, evidence on the functions of elevated CO2 concentration and its mechanisms in the possible alleviation of Cd toxicity in soybean are limited. Here, we used physiological and biochemical methods together with transcriptomic comparison to explore the effects of EC on Cd-stressed soybean. Under Cd stress, EC significantly increased the weight of roots and leaves, promoted the accumulations of proline, soluble sugars, and flavonoid. In addition, the enhancement of GSH activity and GST gene expressions promoted Cd detoxification. These defensive mechanisms reduced the contents of Cd2+, MDA, and H2O2 in soybean leaves. The up-regulation of genes encoding phytochelatin synthase, MTPs, NRAMP, and vacuoles protein storage might play vital roles in the transportation and compartmentalization process of Cd. The MAPK and some transcription factors such as bHLH, AP2/ERF, and WRKY showed changed expressions and might be engaged in mediation of stress response. These findings provide a boarder view on the regulatory mechanism of EC on Cd stress and provide numerous potential target genes for future engineering of Cd-tolerant cultivars in soybean breeding programs under climate changes scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Gong
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yuqian Duan
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 030036, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuzheng Zong
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China
| | - Xinrui Shi
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China
| | - Xingyu Hao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, China; State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synergistic application of calcium oxide nanoparticles and farmyard manure induces cadmium tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) by influencing physiological and biochemical parameters. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282531. [PMID: 36862701 PMCID: PMC9980738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown under heavy metals such as cadmium stress shows poor growth patterns and yield attributes which can be extenuated by the application of calcium and organic manure to the contaminated soil. The present study was designed to decipher the calcium oxide nanoparticles and farmyard manure-induced Cd stress tolerance through improvement in physiological and biochemical attributes of mung bean plants. A pot experiment was conducted by defining appropriate positive and negative controls under differential soil treatments with farmyard manure (1% and 2%) and calcium oxide nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L). Root treatment of 20 mg/L calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) and 2% farmyard manure (FM) reduced the cadmium acquisition from the soil and improved growth in terms of plant height by 27.4% compared to positive control under Cd stress. The same treatment improved shoot vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contents by 35% and functioning of antioxidant enzymes catalase and phenyl ammonia lyase by 16% and 51%, respectively and the levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased by 57% and 42%, respectively with the application of 20 mg/L CaONPs and 2% of FM. The gas exchange parameters such as stomata conductance and leaf net transpiration rate were improved due to FM mediated better availability of water. The FM improved soil nutrient contents and friendly biota culminating in good yields. Overall, 2% FM and 20 mg/L CaONPs proved as the best treatment to reduce cadmium toxicity. The growth, yield, and crop performance in terms of physiological and biochemical attributes can be improved by the application of CaONPs and FM under the heavy metal stress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Fan Y, Ma J, Gao X, Wang G, Wu S, Liu Y, Yang K, Xu E, Pu S, Luo A. Cerium improves the physiology and medicinal components of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. under copper stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153896. [PMID: 36525837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal stress affects the quality of medicinal plants, and rare earth elements can effectively alleviate heavy metal stress. In this paper, we investigated the effects of rare earth element cerium (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/L) on the physiological and medicinal components of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. under copper (200 mg/L) stress. The results revealed that cerium (Ce) had a good alleviating effect on copper (Cu) stress, low concentrations of Ce (10-20 mg/L) significantly improved the resistance and medicinal qualities of the plant such as polysaccharide, polyphenol and flavonoid, it also increased the content of photosynthetic pigment, proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein of D. nobile Lindl., effectively balance the osmotic pressure and the generation and removal of reactive oxygen species in the plant, thereby the toxic effect of copper on D. nobile Lindl. is alleviated. From the point of view of the treatment time when the optimal relieving concentration appeared, the optimal concentration for relieving antioxidant enzyme activity all appeared at the treatment time of 10 d, the optimum concentrations of other indicators all appeared at the treatment time of 15 d. Overall, this study suggests that the optimum level of Ce (10-20 mg/L) might be promising for alleviating the adverse impacts of copper stress and promoting the accumulation of medicinal components in D. nobile Lindl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Li
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Fan
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoya Gao
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kaigang Yang
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Erya Xu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shangrao Pu
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aoxue Luo
- Department of Landscape Plants, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan X, An J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhou X, Wei S. Ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation in Eichhornia crassipes induced by long-term exposure to triclosan. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 193:90-98. [PMID: 36343464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of triclosan (TCS) in Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) were investigated with 28 d exposure experiments. The results showed that chlorophyll content was increased after 7 d exposure to 0.05-0.1 mg L-1 TCS, while it was inhibited significantly by 0.5 mg L-1 TCS after 21 d exposure. The concentrations of soluble protein in the leaves increased during the initial stage (7 d and 14 d), whereas they decreased during 21 d and 28 d. The concentrations of soluble protein in the roots gradually reduced during the exposure time. The antioxidant enzyme activities in roots decreased continually with the exposure time. However, the antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activities in leaves decreased after exposure longer than 14 d. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the root of E. crassipes after a 28 d exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 TCS, with 11023 DEGs down-regulated and 3947 DEGs up-regulated. 5 SOD down-regulated genes and 3 CAT down-regulated genes were identified from transport and catabolism in cellular processes. After 28 d exposure, the TCS content in roots and leaves stressed by 0.5 mg L-1 TCS were up to 13.04 μg g-1 and 1.97 μg g-1, respectively. SOD in leaves was negatively correlated with TCS content in leaves, CAT in roots was negatively correlated with TCS content in roots. These results provide experimental data to assess the ecological risk of TCS with long exposure in aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Syntrichia caninervis adapt to mercury stress by altering submicrostructure and physiological properties in the Gurbantünggüt Desert. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11717. [PMID: 35810254 PMCID: PMC9271083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sewage and industrial waste discharges have been found to have a deleterious effect on plant growth and environmental safety through the accumulation of trace metal mercury (Hg) in soils. Although the effects of Hg on vascular plants have been reported in terms of enzyme activity, oxidative damage and physiology, few studies have been done on non-vascular plants. A simulation experiment including 7 Hg concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 µM) was conducted to investigate the influence of Hg stress on ultrastructure and physiological properties of biocrust moss Syntrichia. caninervis across 7 consecutive days. The results showed that the lowest lethal concentration of S. caninervis was 30 µM Hg. The mortality rate of the plants increased significantly with Hg concentrations. The ultrastructure did not change significantly at Hg concentration ≤ 20 µM, while exceeding which, cell walls began to separate, nuclei began to blur, and chloroplasts began to expand. The soluble sugars (SS), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased initially and then decreased with the increase of concentration in the time gradient, with the largest values at 20 µM. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) increased with the increase of Hg concentration, both reached peak value at 50 µM. However, chlorophyll (Chl) contents continued to decrease along both the concentration and time gradients. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis showed that two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 73.9% of the variance in plant adaptation to Hg stress. SOD, POD, Chl, SS, and Pro all responded well to Hg in S. caninervis. Our study showed that Hg stress caused changes in ultrastructure and physiological metabolism of S. caninervis. 20 µM was the maximum concentration of Hg that biocrust moss S. caninervis can tolerate. S. caninervis mainly adopted two adaptation strategies related to exclusion and accumulation to reduce Hg stress.
Collapse
|
10
|
Laila U, Nazir A, Bareen FE, Shafiq M. Role of composted tannery solid waste and its autochthonous microbes in enhancing phytoextraction of toxic metals and stress abatement in sunflower. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:229-239. [PMID: 35605107 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The excessive concentration of multiple heavy metals in the tannery solid waste (TSW) needs integrated process solutions for its decontamination. This study is aimed at deriving TSW compost and autochthonous microbe synergies for improving phytoextraction potential of sunflower. In-vessel composting of TSW was carried out by using fruit waste as an inoculum to achieve the optimized conditions. Autochthonous strains of Trichoderma viride and Bacilllus sp. isolated from TSW were utilized individually as well as in combination with TSWC amendments of 2.5, 5 and 10% (w/w) prepared in our pilot scale experiment. Analyses of TSW compost based on FTIR and SEM illustrated the wide range of functionality and porosity along the mesh of fungal hyphae and inorganic moieties present on the compost surface. Plant biomass and TMs uptake (Cr 540 mg kg-1 > Cd 330 mg kg-1 > Pb 285 mg kg-1) were significantly pronounced in shoots of sunflower under combined treatments at 10% TSWC amended soils. However, in seeds, TMs were found below detection limit (BDL) through atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Biochemical assays of sunflower including total chlorophyll content (18%), total soluble protein (45%), superoxide dismutase (80%) and catalase (75%) activities were also increased significantly at higher level of amendment in combination with microbes than in the control. Despite being high in TMs, high biomass in sunflower and associated elevation in biochemical products demonstrate the potential of TSW for valorization.Novelty statement: This study identifies the cost-effective management of multi metal contaminated tannery solid waste through deriving its compost along with autochthonous microbes as phytoextraction assistants by yielding higher plant biomass. This study suggests the use of composted TSW inoculated with selected autochthonous fungi and bacteria for enhancing sunflower's biomass and enhancing the bioavailable fractions of toxic metals for phytoextraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ume Laila
- Institute of Botany, Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (F4), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Nazir
- Institute of Botany, Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (F4), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Firdaus-E Bareen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Institute of Botany, Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (F4), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nizar M, Shaukat K, Zahra N, Hafeez MB, Raza A, Samad A, Ali Q, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM. Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide Ameliorate Cadmium Stress in Milk Thistle by Enhancing Morpho-Physiological Attributes Grown at Two Different Altitudes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:809183. [PMID: 35154205 PMCID: PMC8830505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd+2) is a potential and widespread toxic environmental pollutant, mainly derived from a rapid industrial process that has inhibitory effects on growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of various plant species, including medicinal plants such as Silybum marianum L. Gaertn commonly known as milk thistle. Plant signaling molecules, when applied exogenously, help to enhance/activate endogenous biosynthesis of potentially important signaling molecules and antioxidants that boost tolerance against various abiotic stresses, e.g., heavy metal stress. The present study documented the protective role of salicylic acid (SA;0.25 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 10 μM) priming, foliar spray, and combinational treatments in reducing Cd+2 toxicity (500 μM) in milk thistle grown at two diverse ecological zones of Balochistan Province of Pakistan i.e., Quetta (Qta) and Turbat (Tbt). The morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of milk thistle were significantly affected by Cd+2 toxicity; however, priming and foliar spray of SA and H2O2 significantly improved the growth attributes (root/shoot length, leaf area, and root/shoot fresh and dry weight), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b, and carotenoids) and secondary metabolites (Anthocyanin, Soluble phenolics, and Tannins) at both altitudes by suppressing the negative impact of Cd+2. However, the oxidative damage parameters, i.e., MDA and H2O2, decreased astonishingly under the treatment of signaling molecules, thereby protecting membrane integrity under Cd+2 stress. The morphological variations were profound at the low altitude (Tbt) as compared to the high altitude (Qta). Interestingly, the physiological and biochemical attributes at both altitudes improved under SA and H2O2 treatments, thus hampered the toxic effect of Cd+2. These signaling compounds enhanced tolerance of plants under heavy metal stress conditions with the consideration of altitudinal, and ambient temperature variations remain to be the key concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mereen Nizar
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kanval Shaukat
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Zahra
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen R, Cheng N, Ding G, Ren F, Lv J, Shi R. Predictive model for cadmium uptake by maize and rice grains on the basis of bioconcentration factor and the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117841. [PMID: 34325094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is possible for heavy metals in soils to be adsorbed by crop roots and then accumulated in crops, which eventually causes great health risk when the crops are ingested by humans. Thus, it is valuable to understand the enrichment model of heavy metals in crops. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique, as an in-situ passive sampling method, can be used to evaluate the bioavailable heavy metals contents in soils. In this study, data of the bioavailable cadmium (Cd) in soils determined by DGT and Cd contents uptake in rice and maize grains in Tianjin, Zhejiang and Guangxi provinces of China were collected from previous references in Web of Science. By comparing bioconcentration factors, it was found that the heavy metal concentrations accumulated in rice and maize followed a general order roots > stems or leaves > grains. An accurate and robust model for the prediction of Cd content in maize and rice grains was established based on bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the bioavailable Cd content determined by DGT method, with R2 0.986 and root mean square error (RMSE) 0.128. This result suggests that the DGT method can be good tool for predicting heavy metals uptake in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fumin Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jungang Lv
- Procuratoral Technology and Information Research Center, Supreme People's Procuratorate, China, Xiangshan South 109, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khan KY, Ali B, Zhang S, Stoffella PJ, Yuan S, Xia Q, Qu H, Shi Y, Cui X, Guo Y. Effects of antibiotics stress on growth variables, ultrastructure, and metabolite pattern of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146333. [PMID: 34030384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics frequently contaminate agricultural fields and through plant uptake enter into the food chain. This study aimed to explore the effects of antibiotics; tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and norfloxacin (NF) on the growth, cell ultrastructure, and metabolite pattern of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. Oxytetracycline accumulated more than other antibiotics followed by TC and NF. Plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant activities were negatively affected under all antibiotic treatments. Ultrastructural investigation of mesophyll of leaves performed by transmission electron microscopy indicated that antibiotic stress caused the changes in thylakoid orientation, number of plastoglobuli, and starch grains. Identification of functional groups through Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that carboxyl group, carbonate and ammonium ions are involved in the adsorption of antibiotics. The metabolic profiling of B. rapa leaves demonstrated that all of the antibiotics treatments distorted phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and TCA cycle. Metabolic alterations as a result of antibiotics stress provide insights of metabolites that affect the physiological changes attributed to antibiotic stress. These results will improve the understanding of antibiotic contamination effects on plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Yasmin Khan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Agricultural Research Centre, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Agricultural Research Centre, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter Joseph Stoffella
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States
| | - Shan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongjun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Dalian Chem Data Solution Information Technology Co. Ltd, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen R, Wang Q, Ren F, Ding G, Shi R, Cheng J, Cai X, Cheng N, Liu J, Li L. Determination of Labile Cadmium in Soils Using a New Sodium Alginate-Polyglutamic Acid-Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1559-1569. [PMID: 33651400 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate-polyglutamic acid was used to develop a new diffusive gradient in thin films (SA-PGA-DGT) device, which was proven to be suitable for the investigation of labile Cd in soil. The adsorption capacity of Cd was calculated to be approximately 16.8 μg/cm2 , which was hardly affected by factors including pH (5-9), ionic strength (0.1-100 mM), and the presence of other metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cr). The SA-PGA gel has dense and uneven pores with large specific surface area, which ensures the adsorption of Cd by functional groups of the gel. A kinetics study indicated that the adsorption rate of Cd by the binding gel can be described as a pseudo-second-order reaction. Deployment of the SA-PGA-DGT in the soils of Tang Gu (located in Binhai New District, Tianjin, China) showed a strong positive linear correlation between Cd measured by the device and exchangeable Cd measured by the Tessier method (R = 0.73, p < 0.01). Cadmium determined by the SA-PGA-DGT device was less affected by soil properties. This new SA-PGA-DGT has obvious advantages over other methods in respect of the labile Cd analysis in soil. The innovative novel device expands the variety of existing DGT technologies and can be utilized to monitor the level of labile Cd in soil effectively. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1559-1569. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Fumin Ren
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuying Cai
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lanxin Li
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yaashikaa PR, Kumar PS, Saravanan A. Modeling and Cr(VI) ion uptake kinetics of Sorghum bicolor plant assisted by plant growth-promoting Pannonibacter phragmetitus: an ecofriendly approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27307-27318. [PMID: 31278645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The research work focuses on the application of Cr(VI)-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria Pannonibacter phragmetitus for enhancing Cr(VI) uptake by Sorghum bicolor. Significant increase in plant shoot and root characters was found when assisted by P. phragmetitus. The obtained strain showed 700 mg/L of chromium reduction at 24-h incubation. Indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) production by the bacterial strain was found to be 86.45 μg/mL. Pannonibacter phragmetitus solubilized tricalcium phosphate showing maximum solubilizing activity of PSI = 3.31. The qmax of P. phragmetitus was high in the wavelength of 600 nm. Langmuir isotherm best described the Cr(VI) ion uptake by the plant. The RL values reliably reduced with expanding Cr(VI) ion concentration from 25 to 150 mg/L. The outcomes of kinetic studies showed that compared with pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order kinetics better describes the plant Cr(VI) uptake rate. Elovich model describes the increased rates for attaining equilibrium. The equilibrium parameter values for different Cr(VI) ion concentrations range between 0 and 1 which describes the favorable condition for plant metal uptake at different concentrations. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - Anbalagan Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li C, Ji X, Luo X. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution: A Bibliometric and Scientometric Analysis from 1989 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234755. [PMID: 31783655 PMCID: PMC6926625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate the knowledge landscape of the phytoremediation of heavy metals (HMs) by constructing a series of scientific maps and exploring the research hotspots and trends of this field. This study presents a review of 6873 documents published about phytoremediation of HMs in the international context from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) (1989–2018). Two different processing software applications were used, CiteSpace and Bibliometrix. This research field is characterized by high interdisciplinarity and a rapid increase in the subject categories of engineering applications. The basic supporting categories mainly included “Environmental Sciences & Ecology”, “Plant Sciences”, and “Agriculture”. In addition, there has been a trend in recent years to focus on categories such as “Engineering, Multidisciplinary”, “Engineering, Chemical”, and “Green & Sustainable Science & Technology”. “Soil”, “hyperaccumulator”, “enrichment mechanism/process”, and “enhance technology” were found to be the main research hotspots. “Wastewater”, “field crops”, “genetically engineered microbes/plants”, and “agromining” may be the main research trends. Bibliometric and scientometric analysis are useful methods to qualitatively and quantitatively measure research hotspots and trends in phytoremediation of HM, and can be widely used to help new researchers to review the available research in a certain research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (C.L.); (X.J.)
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (C.L.); (X.J.)
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nan G, Guo L, Gao Y, Meng X, Zhang L, Song N, Yang G. Speciation analysis and dynamic absorption characteristics of heavy metals and deleterious element during growing period of Chinese peony. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1407-1414. [PMID: 31272200 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1633261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals and deleterious element (Pd, Cd, Cu, As, and Hg) in Chinese peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) were determined by Tessier's sequence extraction method. Pb mainly existed in carbonate fraction. The main fraction of Cd in different tissues and different month is quite different. Cu mainly exists as exchangeable carbonate fractions. Five forms of Hg all exist in leaf, stem, and root. The total absorbable fraction of Pd, Cd, Cu, As, and Hg was different in different tissues. The total content of heavy metals can migrate from different tissues and the content of different speciation of heavy metal also can change during the growing period of plants. The results showed that different parts of plants and different elements resulted in different distribution and mobility. Base on this, it is more scientific and reasonable to clarify the migration and enrichment and to analyses the speciation of heavy metals during growing period of plant medicine. It is more scientific and reasonable to clarify the migration and enrichment, and to analyses the speciation of heavy metals during growing period of plant medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Liying Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuqiong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xianxin Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ning Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Guangde Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| |
Collapse
|