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Leonidou N, Renz A, Mostolizadeh R, Dräger A. New workflow predicts drug targets against SARS-CoV-2 via metabolic changes in infected cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010903. [PMID: 36952396 PMCID: PMC10035753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the deadliest respiratory diseases, and its emergence caught the pharmaceutical industry off guard. While vaccines have been rapidly developed, treatment options for infected people remain scarce, and COVID-19 poses a substantial global threat. This study presents a novel workflow to predict robust druggable targets against emerging RNA viruses using metabolic networks and information of the viral structure and its genome sequence. For this purpose, we implemented pymCADRE and PREDICATE to create tissue-specific metabolic models, construct viral biomass functions and predict host-based antiviral targets from more than one genome. We observed that pymCADRE reduces the computational time of flux variability analysis for internal optimizations. We applied these tools to create a new metabolic network of primary bronchial epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 and identified enzymatic reactions with inhibitory effects. The most promising reported targets were from the purine metabolism, while targeting the pyrimidine and carbohydrate metabolisms seemed to be promising approaches to enhance viral inhibition. Finally, we computationally tested the robustness of our targets in all known variants of concern, verifying our targets' inhibitory effects. Since laboratory tests are time-consuming and involve complex readouts to track processes, our workflow focuses on metabolic fluxes within infected cells and is applicable for rapid hypothesis-driven identification of potentially exploitable antivirals concerning various viruses and host cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantia Leonidou
- Computational Systems Biology of Infections and Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alina Renz
- Computational Systems Biology of Infections and Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reihaneh Mostolizadeh
- Computational Systems Biology of Infections and Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Computational Systems Biology of Infections and Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics (IBMI), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections’, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
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Dantsu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Advances in Therapeutic L-Nucleosides and L-Nucleic Acids with Unusual Handedness. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:46. [PMID: 35052385 PMCID: PMC8774879 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic-acid-based small molecule and oligonucleotide therapies are attractive topics due to their potential for effective target of disease-related modules and specific control of disease gene expression. As the non-naturally occurring biomolecules, modified DNA/RNA nucleoside and oligonucleotide analogues composed of L-(deoxy)riboses, have been designed and applied as innovative therapeutics with superior plasma stability, weakened cytotoxicity, and inexistent immunogenicity. Although all the chiral centers in the backbone are mirror converted from the natural D-nucleic acids, L-nucleic acids are equipped with the same nucleobases (A, G, C and U or T), which are critical to maintain the programmability and form adaptable tertiary structures for target binding. The types of L-nucleic acid drugs are increasingly varied, from chemically modified nucleoside analogues that interact with pathogenic polymerases to nanoparticles containing hundreds of repeating L-nucleotides that circulate durably in vivo. This article mainly reviews three different aspects of L-nucleic acid therapies, including pharmacological L-nucleosides, Spiegelmers as specific target-binding aptamers, and L-nanostructures as effective drug-delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Dantsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Li Y, Zhang HX, Luo WD, Lam CWK, Wang CY, Bai LP, Wong VKW, Zhang W, Jiang ZH. Profiling Ribonucleotide and Deoxyribonucleotide Pools Perturbed by Remdesivir in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647280. [PMID: 33995062 PMCID: PMC8120990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) has generated much anticipation for its moderate effect in treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the unsatisfactory survival rates of hospitalized patients limit its application to the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, improvement of antiviral efficacy of RDV is urgently needed. As a typical nucleotide analog, the activation of RDV to bioactive triphosphate will affect the biosynthesis of endogenous ribonucleotides (RNs) and deoxyribonucleotides (dRNs), which are essential to RNA and DNA replication in host cells. The imbalance of RN pools will inhibit virus replication as well. In order to investigate the effects of RDV on cellular nucleotide pools and on RNA transcription and DNA replication, cellular RNs and dRNs concentrations were measured by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, and the synthesis of RNA and DNA was monitored using click chemistry. The results showed that the IC50 values for BEAS-2B cells at exposure durations of 48 and 72 h were 25.3 ± 2.6 and 9.6 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Ten (10) μM RDV caused BEAS-2B arrest at S-phase and significant suppression of RNA and DNA synthesis after treatment for 24 h. In addition, a general increase in the abundance of nucleotides and an increase of specific nucleotides more than 2 folds were observed. However, the variation of pyrimidine ribonucleotides was relatively slight or even absent, resulting in an obvious imbalance between purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Interestingly, the very marked disequilibrium between cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and cytidine monophosphate might result from the inhibition of CTP synthase. Due to nucleotides which are also precursors for the synthesis of viral nucleic acids, the perturbation of nucleotide pools would block viral RNA replication. Considering the metabolic vulnerability of endogenous nucleotides, exacerbating the imbalance of nucleotide pools imparts great promise to enhance the efficacy of RDV, which possibly has special implications for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hui-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wen-Di Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, China
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Zhao X, Ding Y, Du J, Fan Y. 2020 update on human coronaviruses: One health, one world. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2020; 8:100043. [PMID: 33521622 PMCID: PMC7836940 DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since human coronavirus (HCoVs) was first described in the 1960s, seven strains of respiratory human coronaviruses have emerged and caused human infections. After the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a pneumonia outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has represented a pandemic threat to global public health in the 21st century. Without effectively prophylactic and therapeutic strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs, these three coronaviruses have caused severe respiratory syndrome and high case-fatality rates around the world. In this review, we detail the emergence event, origin and reservoirs of all HCoVs, compare the differences with regard to structure and receptor usage, and summarize therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 that cause severe pneumonia and global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuecheng Ding
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Chinese Education Ministry, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis and Rehabilitation Technology of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
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Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Triazolo-Fused, Medium-Sized Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs Prepared by an IntramolecularHuisgen1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kumar A, Dwivedi M, Misra SP, Narang S, Tiwari BK, Pandey R. Clinical profile, genotype and management updates of hepatitis B virus. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 22:1-10. [PMID: 23637496 PMCID: PMC3550728 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a well known agent of acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Around 400 million people worldwide carrier of HBV of which more than 250 million reside in Asia, and 1-2 million people have died from it. It has a partially double-stranded DNA, having 3.2-kb genome size and replicate via reverse transcription of RNA intermediate. In the natural history or during the antiviral therapy of chronic HBV infection, seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBeAg is usually accompanied by a decrease in viral replication and remission of liver disease. Based on genomic sequence data HBV is classified into eight genotypes A-H and four major serotypes ayw, ayr, adw and adr on the basis of complete genome and S gene sequence analysis. Genotypes and serotypes are useful tools in understanding the epidemiology of HBV infection. HBV genotypes have distinct geographical distributions. The HBV variants appear during HBeAg seroconversion and they bring mutations in the precore region (PC) that prevent HBeAg synthesis. Another common HBeAg variant is the basal core promoter mutant (BCP) characterized by point mutation in the promoter of both HBeAg mRNA and core protein mRNA. The most frequent core promoter mutation is the double A1762T and G1764A nucleotide exchange, which results in a substantial decrease in HBeAg expression but enhanced viral genome replication. The approved antiviral drugs such as Interferon, lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and telbivudine for purpose of treating chronic HBV infection is to prevent or stop the progression of liver injury by suppressing viral replication or eliminating infection. Sustained losses of viral markers of active viral replication (HBeAg and HBV DNA) are the standard end point of the therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- />Centre for Biotechnology, Allahabad Central University, Allahabad, India
- />Department of Gastroenterology, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Manisha Dwivedi
- />Department of Gastroenterology, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - S. P. Misra
- />Department of Gastroenterology, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | - Sushil Narang
- />Department of Gastroenterology, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
| | | | - Renu Pandey
- />Centre for Biotechnology, Allahabad Central University, Allahabad, India
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Krecmerová M, Holý A, Andrei G, Pomeisl K, Tichý T, Brehová P, Masojídková M, Dracínský M, Pohl R, Laflamme G, Naesens L, Hui H, Cihlar T, Neyts J, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Snoeck R. Synthesis of ester prodrugs of 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (HPMPDAP) as anti-poxvirus agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6825-37. [PMID: 20809641 DOI: 10.1021/jm901828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
9-(S)-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (HPMPDAP) and its cyclic form were selected for further evaluation as potential drug candidates against poxvirus infections. To increase bioavailability of these compounds, synthesis of their structurally diverse ester prodrugs was carried out: alkoxyalkyl (hexadecyloxypropyl, octadecyloxyethyl, hexadecyloxyethyl), pivaloyloxymethyl (POM), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, butylsalicylyl, and prodrugs based on peptidomimetics. Most HPMPDAP prodrugs were synthesized in the form of monoesters as well as the corresponding cyclic phosphonate esters. The activity was evaluated not only against vaccinia virus but also against different herpes viruses. The most potent and active prodrugs against vaccinia virus were the alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of HPMPDAP, with 50% effective concentrations 400-600-fold lower than those of the parent compound. Prodrugs based on peptidomimetics, the 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, the POM, and the butylsalicylyl derivatives, were able to inhibit vaccinia virus replication at 50% effective concentrations that were equivalent or ∼10-fold lower than those observed for the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krecmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
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Taha ML, Lazrek HB, Barascut JL, Imbach JL. Synthesis of some 4-substituted 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19961050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Soltani Rad MN, Khalafi-Nezhad A, Behrouz S. Synthesis of some novel hydrazono acyclic nucleoside analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:49. [PMID: 20563270 PMCID: PMC2887276 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of novel hydrazono acyclic nucleosides similar to miconazole scaffolds are described. In this series of acyclic nucleosides, pyrimidine as well as purine and other azole derivatives replaced the imidazole function in miconazole and the ether group was replaced with a hydrazone moiety using phenylhydrazine. To interpret the dominant formation of (E)-hydrazone derivatives rather than (Z)-isomers, PM3 semiempirical quantum mechanic calculations were carried out which indicated that the (E)-isomers had the lower heats of formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad N Soltani Rad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71555-313, Iran.
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Seley-Radtke KL, Sunkara NK. Carbocyclic thymidine analogues for use as potential therapeutic agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:633-41. [PMID: 20183606 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of azidothymidine's (AZT) activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provided strong rationale for the design of additional thymidine analogues. One drawback of many nucleoside analogues is the toxicity that often arises due to phosphorylation by cellular kinases. In order to overcome this problem, a number of truncated nucleosides lacking the 4'-hydroxymethyl group have been synthesized. In that regard, the synthesis and preliminary biological results for two truncated carbocyclic thymidine analogues are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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This month in APR. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:179-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hiriyanna SG, Basavaiah K, Pati HN, Mishra BK. Separation, Isolation, and Characterization of Isoform Impurities of Gemcitabine Formed During the Anomerization of Protected α‐Gemcitabine to Gemcitabine. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701633780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Hiriyanna
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Mysore , Manasagangothri, Mysore, India
| | - K. Basavaiah
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Mysore , Manasagangothri, Mysore, India
| | - Hari N. Pati
- b Department of Chemistry , Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar, India
| | - Bijay K. Mishra
- b Department of Chemistry , Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar, India
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Corsaro A, Pistarà V, Chiacchio MA, Vittorino E, Romeo R. Synthesis of 4′-thionucleosides by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of the simplest thiocarbonyl ylide with alkenes bearing electron-withdrawing groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zintek LB, Jahnke TS, Nair V. Synthesis and Conformational Studies of New Purine Isodideoxynucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence B. Zintek
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
| | - Tamera S. Jahnke
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
| | - Vasu Nair
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa , 52242
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Lin C, Fu H, Tu G, Zhao Y. Synthesis and Resolution of Dinucleotide(TpAZT) Phosphoramidates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Lin
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhong Tu
- b Beijing Institute of Microchemistry , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- a The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry , Ministry of Education , Department of Chemistry , School of Life Sciences and Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing, P.R. China
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Mosley SL, Bakke BA, Sadler JM, Sunkara NK, Kathleen MD, Zhou ZS, Seley-Radtke KL. Carbocyclic pyrimidine nucleosides as inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7967-71. [PMID: 16904326 PMCID: PMC1702506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and unexpected inhibitory activity against S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SAHase, EC 3.3.1.1) for a series of truncated carbocyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues is presented. Of the four nucleosides obtained, 10 was found to be active with a Ki value of 5.0 microM against SAHase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester L. Mosley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Brian A. Bakke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Joshua M. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Naresh K. Sunkara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - M. Dorgan Kathleen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Katherine L. Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
- *Corresponding author: Tel. +1-410-455-8684; fax: +1-410-455-2608;
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Abstract
Lamivudine and adefovir have potent inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Although short-term therapy is feasible in a selected subgroup of patients, prolonged therapy is required for sustained suppression in the majority of patients. However, HBV species with mutations in the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) locus of the HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (rtM204 I/V) conferring resistance to lamivudine may emerge after 9-10 months therapy. The incidence increases with duration of therapy up to 70% after 5 years lamivudine therapy. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation and HBV DNA rebound ( I log) occur in >90% of the patients with rtM204 I/V during continued lamivudine therapy. Marked flare of serum ALT may occur, sometimes severe, and may be complicated with decompensation or even fatality. The initial clinical and histologic improvement may also reverse after emergence of rtM204 IN Studies do suggest that stopping seems better than continuing lamivudine therapy. Limited data show that interferon therapy seems ineffective. Add-on adefovir therapy is effective in suppressing rtM204 I/V in both compensated and decompensated patients. Switching to adefovir monotherapy is effective and safe even in cirrhotic patients with decompensation. The overall incidence of adefovirresistant rtN236T and A181V is low, being 0 after one year and 5.9% after 3 years' therapy. The impact of adefovir resistance is less clear but is responsive to lamivudine therapy. In conclusion, monitoring of viral breakthrough to start effective intervention is mandatory during direct antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fan Liaw
- Liner Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ludek OR, Balzarini J, Meier C. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Carbocyclic 3′-Azidothymidine (AZT) Analogues and TheircycloSal-Phosphate Triesters. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kim J, Park S, Tretyakova NY, Wagner CR. A method for quantitating the intracellular metabolism of AZT amino acid phosphoramidate pronucleotides by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2005; 2:233-41. [PMID: 15934784 DOI: 10.1021/mp0500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A methodology has been developed for the analysis of the intracellular metabolism of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) amino acid phosphoramidates utilizing reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced with negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI(-) -MS). The presented work demonstrates the potential of capillary LC/MS and LC/MS/MS to identify and quantitate the cellular uptake and metabolism of nucleoside phosphoramidate. Significant intracellular amounts of D- and L-phenylalanine methyl ester or D- and L-tryptophan methyl ester AZT phosphoramidates were observed for human T-lymphoblastoid leukemia (CEM) cells incubated for 2 and 4 h with the prodrugs. AZT-MP was the primary metabolite observed for human T-lymphoblastoid leukemia (CEM) cells. In this paper, the details of using LC/MS to analyze AZT amino acid phosphoramidates in biological samples are discussed. LC/MS is an efficient method for analyzing multiple samples containing several analytes in a short period of time. The method also provides high selectivity and sensitivity, and requires minimal sample preparation. This approach should be broadly applicable for the analysis of the intracellular metabolism of nucleoside prodrugs and pronucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and the Cancer Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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Lanver A, Schmalz HG. A Pauson-Khand Approach to New Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Lin C, Fu H, Zhao Y. Synthesis and electrospray ionization mass spectra of dinucleotide thiophosphoramidates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:292-296. [PMID: 15609356 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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24
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Wang G, Sakthivel K, Rajappan V, Bruice TW, Tucker K, Fagan P, Brooks JL, Hurd T, Leeds JM, Cook PD. Synthesis of azole nucleoside 5'-monophosphate mimics (P1Ms) and their inhibitory properties of IMP dehydrogenases. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:317-37. [PMID: 15043157 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120027838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IMPDH inhibitors have potential antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Nucleoside inhibitors of IMPDH exert their inhibitory effects via nucleoside 5'-MPs. Conversion of nucleoside analogs to NMPs by cellular nucleoside kinases is not assured, and usually is inefficient. In order to bypass cellular phosphorylation, a series of azole nucleoside 5'-MP mimics (P1Ms) based on ribavirin, EICAR and bredinin were synthesized and screened against human and C. albicans IMP dehydrogenises. P1Ms 8, 16, 25, 28 and 29 demonstrated substantial IMPDH inhibition with Ki values in low micromolar range.
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25
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Kim J, Drontle DP, Wagner CR. Monitoring the intracellular metabolism of nucleoside phosphoramidate pronucleotides by 31P NMR. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:483-93. [PMID: 15043168 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120028341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular metabolism of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-(L)-tryptophan methyl ester phosphoramidate (L-ATO) and AZT-(L)-phenylalanine methyl ester phosphoramidate (L-APO) by the human T-lymphoblastoid cell line CCRF-CEM (CEM-1.3) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell line (PBMC) was investigated with high field 31P NMR spectroscopy. The AZT amino acid phosphoramidates were shown to accumulate intracellularly and to be readily converted into AZT-MP by both tissues types. Thus, the efficient delivery of nucleoside monophosphates to cells can be facilitated by nucleoside phosphoramidate pronucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA
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26
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Li F, Brogan JB, Gage JL, Zhang D, Miller MJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Synthetic Application of Enantiopure Aminocyclopentenols: Total Synthesis of Carbocyclic (+)-Uracil Polyoxin C and Its α-Epimer. J Org Chem 2004; 69:4538-40. [PMID: 15202916 DOI: 10.1021/jo0496796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic uracil polyoxin C (+)-2 and its alpha-epimer (-)-3 were synthesized in an efficient fashion from cis-4-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-ol (+/-)-7. The synthesis incorporates a concise, inexpensive chemoenzymatic synthesis of enantiopure aminocyclopentenols, a Pd(0)-catalyzed substitution reaction, and a mild reduction of an alpha-nitro ester by TiCl(3)/sodium borohydride. Significantly, this process demonstrates the synthetic utility of the versatile enantiopure aminocyclopentenol building block (-)-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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27
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Seley KL, Quirk S, Salim S, Zhang L, Hagos A. Unexpected inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase by a guanosine nucleoside. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1985-8. [PMID: 12781179 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of shape-modified flexible nucleosides ('fleximers', 1, 2, and 3) was modeled, synthesized and subsequently assayed against S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHase). No inhibitory activity was observed for the adenosine fleximer, which served as a substrate, but moderate inhibitory activity was exhibited by the guanosine fleximers. This is the first known report of a guanosine nucleoside analogue possessing activity against SAHase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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28
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Al-Masoudi NA, Al-Soud YA, Khodair AI. Some 2′-Modified 4′-Thionucleosides via Sulfur Participation and Synthesis of Thio-Azt from 4′-Thiofuranoid 1,2-Glycal. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500307902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Magdalena J, Fernández S, Ferrero M, Gotor V. Difficulties in the deprotection of 1,2-ketals in nucleosides containing alkylidencarbazoyl groups. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 21:55-64. [PMID: 11991148 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120006530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unprotected alkylidencarbazoyl nucleoside derivatives 8a-8d is shown. A direct deprotection route from readily available 2',3'-isopropylidene protected nucleosides 5a-5d. prepared from a chemoenzymatic procedure, did not give the selective cleavage of the ketal function without affecting the C=N bond. The next option tried was to look at the previous compound in the retrosynthetic route: 2',3'-protected carbazoyl nucleoside 4. However, in all cases we obtained unsatisfactory results. Stepping further back, the hydrolysis of compound 3a led us to unprotected carbonate nucleoside 9 in quantitative yield. With this compound available, the synthesis towards derivatives 8 was accomplished through a known procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Magdalena
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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30
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Akdaǧ A, Carver CM, McKee ML, Schneller SW. Theoretical Study of 9-β- d-Erythrofuranosyladenine and Corresponding Carbocyclic Analogues. Evidence for a Base-Activated Conformational Lock. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021563v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akdaǧ
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Michael L. McKee
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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31
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Moon HR, Kim HO, Lee KM, Chun MW, Kim JH, Jeong LS. Stereoselective synthesis of a novel apio analogue of neplanocin A as potential S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Org Lett 2002; 4:3501-3. [PMID: 12323054 DOI: 10.1021/ol026624m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of apio-neplanocin A, which combines properties of apio nucleoside and neplanocin A and is a potential inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, was accomplished starting from D-ribose via stereoselective hydroxymethylation and RCM reaction. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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32
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Tomicic MT, Bey E, Wutzler P, Thust R, Kaina B. Comparative analysis of DNA breakage, chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis induced by the anti-herpes purine nucleoside analogues aciclovir, ganciclovir and penciclovir. Mutat Res 2002; 505:1-11. [PMID: 12175901 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been used in antiviral therapy and suicide cancer gene therapy. Therefore, it is of importance to compare their potential cytotoxic and genotoxic action. Using metabolically competent CHO cells expressing the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (CHO-HSVtk cells) as a model system, the induction of DNA breaks was compared with the induction of structural chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis/necrosis after exposure to the anti-herpes nucleoside analogues aciclovir (ACV), ganciclovir (GCV) and penciclovir (PCV). After continuous treatment of CHO-HSVtk cells with the drugs, LD(10) in a colony-forming assay was 50, 0.5 and 1 microM for ACV, GCV and PCV, respectively, with GCV to be the most potent agent as determined at a given dose level. There was a remarkable difference in the activity of the agents to kill HSVtk expressing and non-expressing cells: the difference in cellular sensitivity of HSVtk(+) versus HSVtk(-) cells at LD(10) level was 7-fold for ACV, 60-fold for GCV and 400-fold for PCV. The drugs were shown to be strong inducers of apoptosis that was analysed as to concentration- and time-dependence; they induced to only very low extent necrosis. The agents were also highly potent in the induction of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) (as measured by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)) and chromosomal aberrations. Although PCV induced DNA DSBs with a kinetics and frequency similar to that of GCV, it caused mostly condensation defects instead of "typical" structural chromosomal aberrations. For the drugs used, the frequency of apoptotic cells and the induction of abnormal mitoses appear to be related indicating genotoxic effects induced by the agents to be involved in cell killing due to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja T Tomicic
- Institute of Toxicology, Division of Applied Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, Germany
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33
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Renard A, Lhomme J, Kotera M. Dimethyl 3-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylcyclopentane-1,1-dicarboxylate: an Optically Pure Precursor of Spiro Carbocylic Deoxyribonucleosides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Colacino E, Converso A, Liguori A, Napoli A, Siciliano C, Sindona G. Simple and efficient routes for the preparation of isoxazolidinyl nucleosides containing cytosine and 5-methyl-cytosine as new potential anti-HIV drugs. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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An 8-aminoimidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline carbocyclic nucleoside: a ring-extended analog of 5′-noraristeromycin. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Jung ME, Toyota A. Preparation of 4'-substituted thymidines by substitution of the thymidine 5'-esters. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2624-35. [PMID: 11304180 DOI: 10.1021/jo001223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butyl thymidylate 3 was prepared from thymidine 1 in six steps and 67% overall yield. When the lithium trianion of 3 (prepared by treatment of 3 with excess LDA and then excess tert-butyllithum) is reacted with electrophiles, trapping occurs stereoselectively from either the alpha- or beta-face depending on the electrophile (Scheme 1). Deuterioacetic acid in deuteriomethanol affords mainly the alpha-deuterated product (4a/4b = 2.4:1) while all other electrophiles, e.g., phenylselenenyl chloride, allyl bromide, and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI), give predominately (or completely) the products of attack from the beta-face (5bcd/4bcd = 3.7:1 to 100:0). The structures of the products were determined by coupling constant analysis of both the initial compounds and the diols 6bcd prepared by ester reduction and by formation of the acetonides 7bc. The methyl ester of the 3'-epimer of thymidylic acid 9 was also prepared from thymidine 1 in nine steps and 74% overall yield. When the lithium trianion of 9 (prepared by treatment of 9 with excess LDA and then excess tert-butyllithum) is reacted with electrophiles, trapping also occurs stereoselectively with attack on either the alpha- or beta-face depending on the electrophile (Scheme 2). Again, deuterioacetic acid in deuteriomethanol affords mainly the beta-deuterated product (11a/10a = 1.6:1) while all other electrophiles, e.g., phenylselenenyl chloride, methyl iodide, allyl bromide, and NFSI, gave predominately (or completely) the product of attack from the alpha-face (8.7:1 to 100: 0). Again, the structures of the products were determined by coupling constant analysis of both the initial compounds, and the diols 12b-e were prepared by reduction of the ester and by formation of the acetonides 13bcd. A rationale has been developed using molecular mechanics calculations to explain the diastereoselectivity that involves staggered axial attack on the sp(2) carbon opposite to the pseudoaxial alkoxy group in the most stable half-chair conformation of the enolates, as shown in Schemes 3-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
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37
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De Clercq E. Vaccinia virus inhibitors as a paradigm for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:382-97. [PMID: 11292644 PMCID: PMC88980 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.2.382-397.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses continue to pose a major threat to human health. Monkeypox is endemic in central Africa, and the discontinuation of the vaccination (with vaccinia virus) has rendered most humans vulnerable to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, should this virus be used in biological warfare or terrorism. However, a large variety of compounds have been described that are potent inhibitors of vaccinia virus replication and could be expected to be active against other poxviruses as well. These compounds could be grouped in different classes: (i) IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g., EICAR); (ii) SAH hydrolase inhibitors (e.g., 5'-noraristeromycin, 3-deazaneplanocin A, and various neplanocin A derivatives); (iii) OMP decarboxylase inhibitors (e.g., pyrazofurin) and CTP synthetase inhibitors (e.g., cyclopentenyl cytosine); (iv) thymidylate synthase inhibitors (e.g., 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines); (v) nucleoside analogues that are targeted at viral DNA synthesis (e.g., Ara-A); (vi) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates [e.g., (S)-HPMPA and (S)-HPMPC (cidofovir)]; and (vii) polyanionic substances (e.g., polyacrylic acid). All these compounds could be considered potential candidate drugs for the therapy and prophylaxis of poxvirus infections at large. Some of these compounds, in particular polyacrylic acid and cidofovir, were found to generate, on single-dose administration, a long-lasting protective efficacy against vaccinia virus infection in vivo. Cidofovir, which has been approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, was also found to protect mice, again when given as a single dose, against a lethal aerosolized or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. In a biological warfare scenario, it would be advantageous to be able to use a single treatment for an individual exposed to an aerosolized poxvirus. Cidofovir thus holds great promise for treating human smallpox, monkeypox, and other poxvirus infections. Anecdotal experience points to the efficacy of cidofovir in the treatment of the poxvirus infections molluscum contagiosum and orf (ecthyma contagiosum) in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Division of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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38
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Chong Y, Gumina G, Chu CK. A divergent synthesis of d - and l -carbocyclic 4′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides as potential antiviral agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Its prevalence approaches 10% in hyperendemic areas, such as southeast Asia, China, and Africa. Although chronic HBV infection is seen less frequently in North America and Europe, an estimated 1.25 million persons in the United States are infected. In the past decade, revolutionary strides have been made toward the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Interferon-alpha was once the only available therapy but has recently been joined by the nucleoside analogues, the most extensively studied of which is lamivudine. Interferon therapy continues to have a role in the treatment of a carefully selected group of patients. Lamivudine therapy, which has less stringent selection criteria, suppresses HBV DNA in almost all treated patients: Seventeen percent to 33% experience loss of hepatitis B e antigen, and 53% to 56% have a histologic response. Extended lamivudine treatment leads to the development of a specific lamivudine-resistant virus with base-pair substitutions at the YMDD locus of the DNA polymerase. Newer nucleoside analogues and other immunomodulator therapies are being investigated. In the future, combination therapy with different classes of agents may yield improved response rates and delay the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Malik
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9151, USA
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40
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41
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Bussolari JC, Panzica RP. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of 2',3'-dideoxy imidazo- and nu-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2373-9. [PMID: 10632046 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the 2'-deoxy and 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides of 2,8-diaza-3-deazainosine and the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside of 2-aza-3-deazainosine were achieved and the pathways leading to these novel nucleosides are described. The preparation of the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside (1) of 2-aza-3-deazainosine involved deoxygenation of the 2'-deoxy-3'-imidazolide intermediate with n-Bu3SnH and AlBN. The latter nucleoside was synthesized from the known 2'-deoxy derivative of 2-aza-3-deazainosine. The three-step synthesis of 1 from the 2'-deoxy analogue was accomplished in 40% overall yield. Rather than synthesize the corresponding 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside (2) of 2,8-diaza-3-deazainosine in the same manner, i.e. deoxygenation of the 2'-deoxynucleoside, a more cost-effective route was chosen. This pathway involved reductive cleavage of the 5'-protected, 2',3'-thiocarbonate derivative to furnish a mixture of the 2'- and 3'-deoxy isomers. This mixture was not separated, but was deoxygenated by the aforementioned imidazolide method. Using this methodology, 2 was prepared in 23% overall yield from 2,8-diaza-3-deazainosine. Nucleosides 1 and 2 were evaluated for antiretroviral activity and were found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bussolari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881-0809, USA
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42
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Gonzalez-Alvarez CM, Quintero L, Santiesteban F, Fourrey JL. Diastereoselective Synthesis of a Precursor of Homocarbocyclic Nucleosides. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199911)1999:11<3085::aid-ejoc3085>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Fernández R, Castillón S. Synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′,3′-difluoro and 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,2′-difluoro-pyranosyl nucleosides analogues of gemcitabine. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Tsiang M, Rooney JF, Toole JJ, Gibbs CS. Biphasic clearance kinetics of hepatitis B virus from patients during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Hepatology 1999; 29:1863-9. [PMID: 10347131 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In a recent phase II clinical study, 13 chronic hepatitis B-infected patients treated daily with 30 mg adefovir dipivoxil for 12 weeks displayed a median 4.1-log10 decrease in plasma hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA levels. The decline of viral load during therapy displayed a biphasic kinetic profile that was modeled to determine the efficacy of inhibition of viral production, as well as kinetic constants for the clearance of free virus and the loss of infected cells. Viral production was suppressed with an efficacy of 0.993 +/- 0.008, indicating that only 0.7% of viral production persisted during therapy. The initial, faster phase of viral load decline reflects the clearance of HBV particles from plasma with a half-life of 1.1 +/- 0.3 days, translating to a 48% daily turnover of the free virus. The second, slower phase of viral load decline closely mirrors the rate-limiting process of infected cell loss, with a half-life of 18 +/- 7 days. The duration of therapy required to completely eliminate the virus from plasma or suppress it to levels sufficient to induce seroconversion is a function of the half-life of the free virus, the half-life of infected cells, and the efficacy of inhibition of virus production from infected cells. These quantitative analyses provide a more detailed picture of the dynamics of HBV infection and therapy, and can be used to compare the efficacy of various doses and inhibitors of HBV replication for the treatment of HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsiang
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA.
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45
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Ghosh A, Miller MJ, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a carbocyclic azanoraristeromycin siderophore conjugate. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:217-25. [PMID: 10067274 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908043069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a carbocyclic azanoraristeromycin siderophore conjugate 22 is reported. Coupling of previously prepared L-alanyl-4'-azanoraristeromycin 19 with protected tripeptide trihydroxamate 20, followed by hydrogenolytic removal of all protecting groups, provided the first carbocylic azanoraristeromycin siderophore conjugate (22, 8 with iron). Compounds 19 and 22 showed inhibitory activity against tumor cells, and conjugate 22, in particular, displayed significant activity against those viruses (i.e. reo, parainfluenza, vaccinia, cytomegalo) that are known to be inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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46
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection is the most important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Interferon-alpha has been shown to be effective in approximately one third of patients, and response seems to be sustained in long-term follow-up studies in Western countries. New treatments using lamivudine and other nucleoside analogues such as famciclovir, lobucavir, and adfovir showed promising results although sustained suppression of viral replication is unusual after discontinuation of therapy. The results of recent clinical studies using these nucleoside analogues are discussed in detail in this review. Other important issues such as drug resistance and the role of combination therapy are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yao
- California Pacific Medical Center, 2340 Clay Street, Suite 251, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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Xiong X, Flores C, Yang H, Toole JJ, Gibbs CS. Mutations in hepatitis B DNA polymerase associated with resistance to lamivudine do not confer resistance to adefovir in vitro. Hepatology 1998; 28:1669-73. [PMID: 9828233 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether adefovir is active against lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV), the inhibition constants of adefovir diphosphate and lamivudine triphosphate for wild-type and mutant human HBV DNA polymerases, which contain amino acid substitutions associated with lamivudine resistance, were compared. Recombinant wild-type and mutant human HBV DNA polymerases were expressed and substantially purified using a baculovirus expression system and immunoaffinity chromatography. HBV DNA polymerase mutants M552I, M552V, and L528M/M552V showed resistance to lamivudine triphosphate with inhibition constants (Ki) increased by 8.0-fold, 19.6-fold, and 25.2-fold compared with that of wild-type HBV DNA polymerase. However, these mutants remained sensitive to adefovir diphosphate with the inhibition constants increasing by 1.3-fold and 2.2-fold or decreasing by 0.79-fold. The L528M single mutation, identified in patients with increasing HBV DNA levels during therapy with famciclovir, also remained sensitive to adefovir diphosphate with the inhibition constant increased by only 2.3-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiong
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major virus pathogen of infants and young children, an important cause of disease in adults and is responsible for a significant amount of excess morbidity and mortality in the elderly. It also can be devastating in immunosuppressed populations. Vaccines are being developed, but none are currently licensed. Moreover, even if one or more are approved, they may not be suitable for some populations vulnerable to RSV (e.g. very young infants and the immunosuppressed). Ribavirin and immunoglobulin preparations with high titers of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies are currently approved for use to treat and prevent RSV infection. However, neither of these is cost-effective or simple to administer. New agents are needed to reduce the impact of RSV. This review is concerned with the means currently available for controlling RSV, the search for new agents effective against this virus, and future prospects for preventing and treating RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wyde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Saboulard D, Gaspar A, Roussel B, Villard J. New antiherpetic nucleoside from a Basidiomycete. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 1998; 321:585-91. [PMID: 9769856 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(98)80461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral activity was characterized from the culture broth of the Basidiomycete Macrocystidia cucumis (Pers. ex Fr.) Heim. When the stationary phase was reached (21 d), the culture broth was shown through an ELISA assay to contain antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as assessed in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21). Once the presence of the anti-HSV-1 activity in the culture broth was demonstrated, we proceeded with the purification and isolation of the active principle using a semi-preparative HPLC technique. The activity was associated with a purine nucleoside designated McA. This compound displayed no cytotoxicity at antivirally effective concentrations and proved to be a novel nucleoside analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saboulard
- Laboratoire de mycologie appliquée aux biotechnologies industrielles, Institut des sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques de Lyon, université Claude-Bernard-Lyon-I, France
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