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Cedeño Laurent JG, Parhizkar H, Calderon L, Lizonova D, Tsiodra I, Mihalopoulos N, Kavouras I, Alam M, Baalousha M, Bazina L, Kelesidis GA, Demokritou P. Physicochemical Characterization of the Particulate Matter in New Jersey/New York City Area, Resulting from the Canadian Quebec Wildfires in June 2023. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38984996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The global increase in wildfires, primarily driven by climate change, significantly affects air quality and health. Wildfire-emitted particulate matter (WFPM) is linked to adverse health effects, yet the toxicological mechanisms are not fully understood given its physicochemical complexity and the lack of spatiotemporal exposure data. This study focuses on the physicochemical characterization of WFPM from a Canadian wildfire in June 2023, which affected over 100 million people in the US Northeast, particularly around New Jersey/New York. Aerosol systems were deployed to characterize WFPM during the 3 day event, revealing unprecedented mass concentrations mainly in the WFPM0.1 and WFPM0.1-2.5 size fractions. Peak WFPM2.5 concentrations reached 317 μg/m3, nearly 10 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24 h average limit. Chemical analysis showed a high organic-to-total carbon ratio (96%), consistent with brown carbon wildfires nanoparticles. Large concentrations of high-molecular-weight PAHs were found predominantly bound to WFPM0.1, with retene, a molecular marker of biomass burning and a known teratogen, being the most abundant (>70%). Computational modeling estimated a total lung deposition of 9.15 mg over 72 h, highlighting the health risks of WFPM, particularly due to its long-distance travel capability and impact on densely populated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guillermo Cedeño Laurent
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Hooman Parhizkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Leonardo Calderon
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Denisa Lizonova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, Palea Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, Palea Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ilias Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, New York 10018, United States
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Lila Bazina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Georgios A Kelesidis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Li S, Zhang Q, Gao M, Li H, Yang Z, Wang Y, Sun H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives in soil from Yellow River Delta: Distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116308. [PMID: 38574503 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) in surface soils from the petroleum industrial area of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) in China were investigated. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 19.6 to 1560 ng/g, while 22 HPAHs ranged from 2.44 to 14.9 ng/g. Moreover, a high degree of spatial distribution heterogeneity was observed for both PAHs and HPAHs, which is likely attributed to the distinct industrial activities in studied area. The combustion of biomass and petroleum were identified as primary sources of soil PAHs and HPAHs in the YRD. Furthermore, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene exhibited high ecological risks (with risk quotients of 1.47, 1.44, and 1.02, respectively) in specific sites within the YRD. Considering the high toxicity of HPAHs and their potential joint environmental effects with PAHs, continuous attention should be directed towards the environmental risks associated with both PAHs and HPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Zhongkang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Nilén G, Larsson M, Hyötyläinen T, Keiter SH. A complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds causes embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio), and in vitro bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167307. [PMID: 37804991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are prevalent in the environment, typically found in complex mixtures and high concentrations. Our understanding of the effects of PACs, excluding the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs), remains limited. Zebrafish embryos and in vitro bioassays were utilized to investigate the embryotoxic, behavioral, and molecular effects of a soil sample from a former gasworks site in Sweden. Additionally, targeted chemical analysis was conducted to analyze 87 PACs in the soil, fish, water, and plate material. CALUX® assays were used to assess the activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors, as well as the inhibition of the androgen receptor. Larval behavior was measured by analyzing activity during light and darkness and in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, qPCR analyses were performed on a subset of 36 genes associated with specific adverse outcomes, and the total lipid content in the larvae was measured. Exposure to the sample resulted in embryotoxic effects (LC50 = 0.480 mg dry matter soil/mL water). The mixture also induced hyperactivity in darkness and hypoactivity in light and in response to the mechanical stimulus. qPCR analysis revealed differential regulation of 15 genes, including downregulation of opn1sw1 (eye pigmentation) and upregulation of fpgs (heart failure). The sample caused significant responses in three bioassays (ERα-, DR-, and PAH-CALUX), and the exposed larvae exhibited elevated lipid levels. Chemical analysis identified benzo[a]pyrene as the predominant compound in the soil and approximately half of the total PAC concentration was attributed to the 16 PAHs. This study highlights the value of combining in vitro and in vivo methods with chemical analysis to assess toxic mechanisms at specific targets and to elucidate the possible interactions between various pathways in an organism. It also enhances our understanding of the risks associated with environmental mixtures of PACs and their distribution during toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nilén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Peng B, Dong Q, Li F, Wang T, Qiu X, Zhu T. A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15314-15335. [PMID: 37703436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives constitute a significant class of emerging contaminants that have been ubiquitously detected in diverse environmental matrixes, with some even exhibiting higher toxicities than their corresponding parent PAHs. To date, compared with parent PAHs, fewer systematic summaries and reanalyses are available for PAH derivatives with great environmental concerns. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the chemical species, levels, biotransformation patterns, chemical analytical methods, internal exposure routes with representative biomarkers, and toxicity of PAH derivatives, primarily focusing on nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), halogenated PAHs (XPAHs), and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). A collection of 188 compounds from four categories, 44 NPAHs, 36 OPAHs, 56 APAHs, and 52 XPAHs, has been compiled from 114 studies that documented the environmental presence of PAH derivatives. These compounds exhibited weighted average air concentrations that varied from a lower limit of 0.019 pg/m3 to a higher threshold of 4060 pg/m3. Different analytical methods utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QQQ-MS), and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), that adopted untargeted strategies for the identification of PAH derivatives are also reviewed here. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of biotransformation patterns for each category is provided, including the likelihood of specific biotransformation reaction types. For the toxicity, we primarily summarized key metabolic activation pathways, which could result in the formation of reactive metabolites capable of covalently bonding with DNA and tissue proteins, and potential health outcomes such as carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity that might be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Finally, we pinpoint research challenges and emphasize the need for further studies on identifying PAH derivatives, tracking external exposure levels, evaluating internal exposure levels and associated toxicity, clarifying exposure routes, and considering mixture exposure effects. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of PAH derivatives' identification, environmental occurrence, human exposure, biotransformation, and toxicity, offering a valuable reference for guiding future research in this underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianli Dong
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Gentile I, Vezzoli V, Martone S, Totaro MG, Bonomi M, Persani L, Marelli F. Short-Term Exposure to Benzo(a)Pyrene Causes Disruption of GnRH Network in Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086913. [PMID: 37108076 PMCID: PMC10138490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is considered a common endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) with mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In this work, we evaluated the effects of BaP on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) of zebrafish embryos. The embryos were treated with 5 and 50 nM BaP from 2.5 to 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf) and obtained data were compared with those from controls. We followed the entire development of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH3) neurons that start to proliferate from the olfactory region at 36 hpf, migrate at 48 hpf and then reach the pre-optic area and the hypothalamus at 72 hpf. Interestingly, we observed a compromised neuronal architecture of the GnRH3 network after the administration of 5 and 50 nM BaP. Given the toxicity of this compound, we evaluated the expression of genes involved in antioxidant activity, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis and we found an upregulation of these pathways. Consequently, we performed a TUNEL assay and we confirmed an increment of cell death in brain of embryos treated with BaP. In conclusion our data reveal that short-term exposure of zebrafish embryos to BaP affects GnRH3 development likely through a neurotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gentile
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vezzoli
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Martone
- IFOM-FIRC, Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy
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Lyu Y, Yang J, Cheng L, Li Z, Zheng J. Benzo(a)pyrene-induced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis disturbance in human neuroblastoma cells. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:87-97. [PMID: 36725024 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells generate ATP through mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Mitochondria not only play a key role in cell energy metabolism but also in cell cycle regulation. As a neurotoxic pollutant, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) can trigger neuronal oxidative damage and apoptosis. However, the features of BaP-induced energy metabolism disturbance in SH-SY5Y cells has rarely been addressed. This study aimed to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) as indications of respiratory activities and glycolytic. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with BaP to establish a cytotoxicity model, and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) was used to alleviate the damages induced by BaP. Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux analyzer (XFp), we found that BaP significantly reduced basal respiration, ATP-linked OCR in SH-SY5Y cells with dose- and time-dependent. BHA supplementation recovered the mitochondrial respiration, synchronously attenuated intracellular ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, and simultaneously reversed the abnormal changes in antioxidant biomarkers, then rescued BaP-induced cell apoptosis. But long-term exposure to BaP or exposure to a high dosage of BaP could decrease OCR associated with maximal respiratory, spare capacity, and glycolysis metabolism. At the same time, the damage to cells is also more severe with the rate of apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss rising sharply, which were not entirely reversed by BHA. This study provides energy metabolism-related, indicative biomarkers of cytotoxicity induced by BaP, which might provide information for early prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lyu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - LiXia Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - ZhaoFei Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - JinPing Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Aging Mechanism Research and Transformation, Center for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, China
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Guarnieri G, Becatti M, Squecco R, Comeglio P, Garella R, Tamburrino L, Marchiani S, Vignozzi L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Morelli A. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene on the reproductive axis: Impairment of kisspeptin signaling in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone primary neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120766. [PMID: 36460192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine control of reproduction is strictly coordinated at the central level by the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamic GnRH neurons. Alterations of the GnRH-network, especially during development, lead to long-term reproductive and systemic consequences, also causing infertility. Recent evidence shows that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a diffuse pollutant that can play a role as an endocrine disruptor, affects gonadal function and gamete maturation, whereas data demonstrating its impact at hypothalamic level are very scarce. This study investigated the effects of BaP (10 μM) in a primary cell culture isolated from the human fetal hypothalamus (hfHypo) and exhibiting a clear GnRH neuron phenotype. BaP significantly decreased gene and protein expression of both GnRH and kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), the master regulator of GnRH neuron function. Moreover, BaP exposure increased phospho-ERK1/2 signaling, a well-known mechanism associated with KISS1R activation. Interestingly, BaP altered the electrophysiological membrane properties leading to a significant depolarizing effect and it also significantly increased GnRH release, with both effects being not affected by kisspeptin addition. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that BaP may alter GnRH neuron phenotype and function, mainly interfering with KISS1R signaling and GnRH secretion and therefore with crucial mechanisms implicated in the central neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Tamburrino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Marchiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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8
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Tsamou M, Roggen EL. Building a Network of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) Incorporating the Tau-Driven AOP Toward Memory Loss (AOP429). J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:271-296. [PMID: 35891639 PMCID: PMC9277675 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept was first proposed as a tool for chemical hazard assessment facilitating the regulatory decision-making in toxicology and was more recently recommended during the BioMed21 workshops as a tool for the characterization of crucial endpoints in the human disease development. This AOP framework represents mechanistically based approaches using existing data, more realistic and relevant to human biological systems. In principle, AOPs are described by molecular initiating events (MIEs) which induce key events (KEs) leading to adverse outcomes (AOs). In addition to the individual AOPs, the network of AOPs has been also suggested to beneficially support the understanding and prediction of adverse effects in risk assessment. The AOP-based networks can capture the complexity of biological systems described by different AOPs, in which multiple AOs diverge from a single MIE or multiple MIEs trigger a cascade of KEs that converge to a single AO. Here, an AOP network incorporating a recently proposed tau-driven AOP toward memory loss (AOP429) related to sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer’s disease is constructed. This proposed AOP network is an attempt to extract useful information for better comprehending the interactions among existing mechanistic data linked to memory loss as an early phase of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsamou
- ToxGenSolutions (TGS), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Assessing the neurotoxicity of airborne nano-scale particulate matter in human iPSC-derived neurons using a transcriptomics benchmark dose model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Perono GA, Petrik JJ, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC. The effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on mammalian ovarian function. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100070. [PMID: 35492299 PMCID: PMC9043394 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is limited to a subset of PACs. Exposure to these compounds impact major processes necessary for ovarian function. PAC exposure causes follicle loss and aberrant steroid production and angiogenesis. PAC exposure may increase the risk for impaired fertility and ovarian pathologies. The study of PACs as ovarian toxicants should include additional compounds.
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are a broad class of contaminants ubiquitously present in the environment due to natural and anthropogenic activities. With increasing industrialization and reliance on petroleum worldwide, PACs are increasingly being detected in different environmental compartments. Previous studies have shown that PACs possess endocrine disruptive properties as these compounds often interfere with hormone signaling and function. In females, the ovary is largely responsible for regulating reproductive and endocrine function and thus, serves as a primary target for PAC-mediated toxicity. Perturbations in the signaling pathways that mediate ovarian folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis and angiogenesis can lead to adverse reproductive outcomes including polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and infertility. To date, the impact of PACs on ovarian function has focused predominantly on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. However, investigation into the impact of substituted PACs including halogenated, heterocyclic, and alkylated PACs on mammalian reproduction has been largely overlooked despite the fact that these compounds are found in higher abundance in free-ranging wildlife. This review aims to discuss current literature on the effects of PACs on the ovary in mammals, with a particular focus on folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis and angiogenesis, which are key processes necessary for proper ovarian functions.
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11
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Moradi M, Hung H, Li J, Park R, Shin C, Alexandrou N, Iqbal MA, Takhar M, Chan A, Brook JR. Assessment of Alkylated and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Toronto, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2959-2967. [PMID: 35148085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
22 alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alk-PAHs) were characterized in ambient air individually for the first time in urban and semi-urban locations in Toronto, Canada. Five unsubstituted PAHs were included for comparison. Results from the measurements were used to estimate benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq) of individual compounds in order to investigate the significance of a single compound in contributing to the overall toxic equivalency (TEQ) of air mixtures. To determine which compounds merit further investigation, BaPeq values of individual compounds were compared to the measured BaP toxicity. Our results showed that both unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs were more abundant in the urban area (38 and 30%, respectively). Benzo[a]pyrene levels at the urban location exceeded Ontario's 24 h guideline (40% of the events), and on average, it was 5 times higher than that at the semi-urban area. Gas-phase two- and three-ring compounds contributed up to 39% (urban) and 76% (semi-urban) of the TEQ of all compounds analyzed. Some alk-PAHs such as 7,12-dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene had a huge impact on the toxicity of urban air, and its BaPeq was on average 8 times higher than that of BaP. We emphasize that the toxic impact of alkylated and gaseous PAHs, which is not routinely included in many air monitoring programs, is significant and should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - James Li
- Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Mohammed Asif Iqbal
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Manpreet Takhar
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur Chan
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
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12
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Olasehinde TA, Olaniran AO. Neurotoxicity of anthracene and benz[a]anthracene involves oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage, cholinergic dysfunction and disruption of monoaminergic and purinergic enzymes. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:365-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Halappanavar S, Wu D, Boyadzhiev A, Solorio-Rodriguez A, Williams A, Jariyasopit N, Saini A, Harner T. Toxicity screening of air extracts representing different source sectors in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton areas: In vitro oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, and toxicogenomic analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 872:503415. [PMID: 34798935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the suitability and sensitivity of different in vitro toxicity endpoints were determined to evaluate and distinguish the specific contributions of polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) mixtures from various sites in Toronto (Canada), to pulmonary toxicity. Air samples were collected for two-month periods from April 2014 to March 2015 from one location, and from August 2016 to August 2017 from multiple locations reflecting different geographical areas in Toronto, and the Greater Toronto Area, with varying source emissions including background, traffic, urban, industrial and residential sites. Relative concentrations of PACs and their derivatives in these air samples were characterised. In vitro cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress assays were employed to assess the acute pulmonary effects of urban-air-derived air pollutants. In addition, global transcriptional profiling was utilized to understand how these chemical mixtures exert their harmful effects. Lastly, the transcriptomic data and the chemical profiles for each site and season were used to relate the biological response back to individual constituents. Site-specific responses could not be derived; however, the Spring season was identified as the most responsive through benchmark concentration analysis. A combination of correlational analysis and principal component analysis revealed that nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) drive the response at lower concentrations while specific PAHs drive the response at the highest concentration tested. Unsubstituted PAHs are the current targets for analysis as priority pollutants. The present study highlights the importance of by-products of PAH degradation in the assessment of risk. The study also demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro toxicity assays to derive meaningful data in support of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada.
| | - D Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Boyadzhiev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Solorio-Rodriguez
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 0M1, Canada
| | - N Jariyasopit
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - A Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - T Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
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14
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Tsamou M, Pistollato F, Roggen EL. A Tau-Driven Adverse Outcome Pathway Blueprint Toward Memory Loss in Sporadic (Late-Onset) Alzheimer's Disease with Plausible Molecular Initiating Event Plug-Ins for Environmental Neurotoxicants. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:459-485. [PMID: 33843671 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is dramatically increasing. Aging and genetics are important risk factors, but systemic and environmental factors contribute to this risk in a still poorly understood way. Within the frame of BioMed21, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept for toxicology was recommended as a tool for enhancing human disease research and accelerating translation of data into human applications. Its potential to capture biological knowledge and to increase mechanistic understanding about human diseases has been substantiated since. In pursuit of the tau-cascade hypothesis, a tau-driven AOP blueprint toward the adverse outcome of memory loss is proposed. Sequences of key events and plausible key event relationships, triggered by the bidirectional relationship between brain cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism, and contributing to memory loss are captured. To portray how environmental factors may contribute to sAD progression, information on chemicals and drugs, that experimentally or epidemiologically associate with the risk of AD and mechanistically link to sAD progression, are mapped on this AOP. The evidence suggests that chemicals may accelerate disease progression by plugging into sAD relevant processes. The proposed AOP is a simplified framework of key events and plausible key event relationships representing one specific aspect of sAD pathology, and an attempt to portray chemical interference. Other sAD-related AOPs (e.g., Aβ-driven AOP) and a better understanding of the impact of aging and genetic polymorphism are needed to further expand our mechanistic understanding of early AD pathology and the potential impact of environmental and systemic risk factors.
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15
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Guarnieri G, Becatti M, Comeglio P, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Vannelli GB, Morelli A. Benzo[a]pyrene impairs the migratory pattern of human gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-secreting neuroblasts. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34459573 PMCID: PMC8419627 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a widespread pollutant that can act as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) and interferes with reproductive function. The central regulatory network of the reproductive system is mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which originate in the olfactory placode and, during ontogenesis, migrate into the hypothalamus. Given the importance of the migratory process for GnRH neuron maturation, we investigated the effect of BaP (10 μM for 24 h) on GnRH neuroblasts isolated from the human fetal olfactory epithelium (FNCB4). BaP exposure significantly reduced the mRNA level of genes implicated in FNCB4 cell migration and affected their migratory ability. Our findings demonstrate that BaP may interfere with the central neuronal network controlling human reproduction affecting GnRH neuron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | | | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
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16
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Seralini GE, Jungers G. Endocrine disruptors also function as nervous disruptors and can be renamed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1538-1557. [PMID: 34430217 PMCID: PMC8365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) emerged as scientific concepts in 1995, after numerous chemical pollutants were found to be responsible for reproductive dysfunction. The World Health Organization established in the United Nations Environment Programme a list of materials, plasticizers, pesticides, and various pollutants synthesized from petrochemistry that impact not only reproduction, but also hormonal functions, directly or indirectly. Cells communicate via either chemical or electrical signals transmitted within the endocrine or nervous systems. To investigate whether hormone disruptors may also interfere directly or indirectly with the development or functioning of the nervous system through either a neuroendocrine or a more general mechanism, we examined the scientific literature to ascertain the effects of EDs on the nervous system, specifically in the categories of neurotoxicity, cognition, and behaviour. To date, we demonstrated that all of the 177 EDs identified internationally by WHO are known to have an impact on the nervous system. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms underlying this neurodisruption have also been established. It was previously believed that EDs primarily function via the thyroid. However, this study presents substantial evidence that approximately 80 % of EDs operate via other mechanisms. It thus outlines a novel concept: EDs are also neurodisruptors (NDs) and can be collectively termed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Most of ENDs are derived from petroleum residues, and their various mechanisms of action are similar to those of "spam" in electronic communications technologies. Therefore, ENDs can be considered as an instance of spam in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles-Eric Seralini
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Gerald Jungers
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
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17
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Guzzolino E, Milella MS, Forini F, Borsò M, Rutigliano G, Gorini F, Zucchi R, Saba A, Bianchi F, Iervasi G, Pitto L. Thyroid disrupting effects of low-dose dibenzothiophene and cadmium in single or concurrent exposure: New evidence from a translational zebrafish model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144703. [PMID: 33486188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are major regulators of biological processes essential for correct development and energy homeostasis. Although thyroid disruptors can deeply affect human health, the impact of exogenous chemicals and in particular mixture of chemicals on different aspects of thyroid development and metabolism is not yet fully understood. In this study we have used the highly versatile zebrafish model to assess the thyroid axis disrupting effects of cadmium (Cd) and dibenzothiophene (DBT), two environmental endocrine disruptors found to be significantly correlated in epidemiological co-exposure studies. Zebrafish embryos (5hpf) were exposed to low concentrations of Cd (from 0.05 to 2 μM) and DBT (from 0.05 to 1 μM) and to mixtures of them. A multilevel assessment of the pollutant effects has been obtained by combining in vivo morphological analyses allowed by the use of transgenic fluorescent lines with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry determination of TH levels and quantification of the expression levels of key genes involved in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis (HPTA) and TH metabolism. Our results underscore for the first time an important synergistic toxic effect of these pollutants on embryonic development and thyroid morphology highlighting differences in the mechanisms through which they can adversely impact on multiple physiological processes of the HPTA and TH disposal influencing also heart geometry and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guzzolino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - M S Milella
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Forini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Borsò
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Rutigliano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Gorini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Saba
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bianchi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Pitto
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Mullen KR, Rivera BN, Tidwell LG, Ivanek R, Anderson KA, Ainsworth DM. Environmental surveillance and adverse neonatal health outcomes in foals born near unconventional natural gas development activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138497. [PMID: 32434096 PMCID: PMC7430053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of neonatal health risks of unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) have not included comprehensive assessments of environmental chemical exposures. We investigated a clustering of dysphagic cases in neonatal foals born between 2014 and 2016 in an area of active UNGD in Pennsylvania (PA),USA. We evaluated equine biological data and environmental exposures on the affected PA farm and an unaffected New York (NY) farm owned by the same proprietor. Dams either spent their entire gestation on one farm or moved to the other farm in late gestation. Over the 21-month study period, physical examinations and blood/tissue samples were obtained from mares and foals on each farm. Grab samples of water, pasture soil and feed were collected; continuous passive sampling of air and water for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Dysphagia was evaluated as a binary variable; logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Sixty-five foals were born, 17 (all from PA farm) were dysphagic. Odds of dysphagia increased with the dam residing on the PA farm for each additional month of gestation (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2, 1.7, p = 6.0E-04). Males were more likely to be born dysphagic (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.2, 24.5, p = 0.03) than females. Prior to installation of a water filtration/treatment system, PA water concentrations of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (p = 6.0E-03), fluoranthene (p = 0.03), pyrene (p = 0.02) and triphenylene (p = 0.01) exceeded those in NY water. Compared to NY farm water, no concentrations of PAHs were higher in PA following installation of the water filtration/treatment system. We provide evidence of an uncommon adverse health outcome (dysphagia) in foals born near UNGD that was eliminated in subsequent years (2017-2019) following environmental management changes. Notably, this study demonstrates that domestic large animals such as horses can serve as important sentinels for human health risks associated with UNGD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Mullen
- Littleton Equine Medical Center, 8025 S. Santa Fe Dr., Littleton, CO 80120, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Brianna N Rivera
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lane G Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Agricultural Life Sciences, Room 1007, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Dorothy M Ainsworth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tower Rd., College of Veterinary Medicine-Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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19
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Yuan S, Zhu K, Ma M, Zhu X, Rao K, Wang Z. In vitro oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and G1 phase cell cycle arrest induced by alkyl-phosphorus-containing flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126026. [PMID: 32006839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants (PFRs) have been frequently detected in various environmental samples at relatively high concentrations and are considered emerging environmental pollutants. However, their biological effects and the underlying mechanism remain unclear, especially alkyl-PFRs. In this study, a battery of in vitro bioassays was conducted to analyze the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage and the involved molecular mechanisms of several selected alkyl-PFRs. Results showed that alkyl-PFRs induced structural related toxicity, where alkyl-PFRs with higher logKow values induced higher cytotoxicity. Long-chain alkyl-PFRs caused mitochondrial and DNA damage, resulting from intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide overproduction; while short-chain alkyl-PFRs displayed adverse outcomes by significantly impairing mitochondria without obvious ROS generation. In addition, alkyl-PFRs caused DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, as determined by flow cytometry, and transcriptionally upregulated key transcription factors in p53/p21-mediated cell cycle pathways. Moreover, compared to the control condition, triisobutyl phosphate and trimethyl phosphate exposure increased the sub-G1 apoptotic peak and upregulated the p53/bax apoptosis pathway, indicating potential cell apoptosis at the cellular and molecular levels. These results provide insight into PFR toxicity and the involved mode of action and indicate the mitochondria is an important target for some alkyl-PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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20
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Chen S, Li D, Wu X, Chen L, Zhang B, Tan Y, Yu D, Niu Y, Duan H, Li Q, Chen R, Aschner M, Zheng Y, Chen W. Application of cell-based biological bioassays for health risk assessment of PM2.5 exposure in three megacities, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105703. [PMID: 32259755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The determination of PM2.5-induced biological response is essential for understanding the adverse health risk associated with PM2.5 exposure. In this study, we conducted cell-based bioassays to measure the toxic effects of PM2.5 exposure, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity and inflammatory response. The concentration-response relationship was analyzed by benchmark dose (BMD) modeling and the BMDL10 was used to estimate the biological potency of PM2.5 exposure. PM2.5 samples were collected from three typical megacities of China (Beijing, BJ; Wuhan, WH; Guangzhou, GZ) in typical seasons (winter and summer). The total PM, water-soluble fractions (WSF), and organic extracts (OE) were prepared and subjected to examination of toxic effects. The biological potencies for cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity were generally higher in winter samples, while the inflammatory potency of PM2.5 was higher in summer samples. The relative health risk (RHR) was determined by integration of the biological potencies and the cumulative exposure level, and the ranks of RHR were BJ-W > WH-W > BJ-S > WH-S > GZ-W > GZ-S. Notably, we note that different PM2.5 compositions were associated with distinct biological effects, and the health effects distribution of PM2.5 varied in regions and seasons. These findings demonstrate that the approach of integrated cell-based bioassays could be used for the evaluation of health effects of PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaonen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Yafei Tan
- Wuhan Children's Hospital & Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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21
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Chen YY, Wang CC, Kao TW, Yang HF, Sun YS, Chen WL. Detrimental association between quadriceps strength and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in elderly adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:829-834. [PMID: 31955601 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants primarily from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Myriads of studies have reported the associations between PAH exposure with several adverse health outcomes. However, no previous study had explored the relationship between PAH exposure with muscle strength in the elderly population. In the present study, we included 473 elderly adults who were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001-2006). PAH metabolites were measured in urine samples. Muscle strength was determined as the isokinetic strength of the quadriceps. Pertinent variables were analyzed by various standard measurements. The association between PAH exposure and muscle strength was examined using multivariable linear regression models. After fully adjusting for covariables, PAH metabolites had a negative relationship with muscle strength, especially 3-fluorene (β = -0.021, 95% CI: -0.042, 0.000) and 2-fluorene (β = -0.020, 95% CI: -0.034, -0.005). Notably, the relationship remained significant in males, but not in females. PAH exposure is associated with decreased muscle strength in the US elderly population. Further studies are needed to bring to light the underlying mechanisms for these findings. In addition, it is important to provide interventions and determine strategies for treating the adverse impact of PAH exposure on dynapenia. Novelty PAH exposure is associated with decreased muscle strength in elderly adults. The adverse impact remains in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ching Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Shan Sun
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Sarma SN, Kimpe LE, Doyon VC, Blais JM, Chan HM. A metabolomics study on effects of polyaromatic compounds in oil sand extracts on the respiratory, hepatic and nervous systems using three human cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108680. [PMID: 31473503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyaromatic compounds (PACs) are by-products of combustion and are the major pollutants from the oil and gas industry. However, the mechanism of PACs induced toxicity still remains elusive. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of a typical mixture of PACs found in oil sand extract (OSE) on the respiratory, hepatic and nervous systems in humans using in vitro cell culture models followed by non-targeted metabolomics analysis. OSE collected from Alberta, Canada was fractionated into PAC and alkane fractions, and their effects after 24 h exposure on the cell viability measured by MTT assay in three human cell lines (A549, HepG2, and SK-N-SH) were studied. The PAC fractions showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity. A549 cells showed the highest sensitivity to OSE extracts, followed by SK-N-SH and HepG2. In contrast, the alkane fractions showed no effects on cell viability. The three human cell lines were further exposed with the PACs at 10% and 20% lethal concentration for 24 h. Metabolomics analysis of the cell extracts indicated that PACs treatments showed different disruptions on possible metabolic pathways on the three cell lines. PACs altered the sex steroid hormone metabolism and regulated the levels of leukotrienes metabolites in all three cell types. The amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-tyrosine that are known to cause respiratory effects were significantly up-regulated in A549 cells. The PACs treated HepG2 cells showed down-regulation in metabolites responsible for the inflammatory mediation. Treatment of the differentiated SK-N-SH cells showed up-regulated metabolites involved with butanoate, fatty acid, and pyrimidine metabolism. Leukotriene metabolites were found to be significantly increased in all PACs treated cells. In conclusion, our results showed that PACs in OSE can alter the metabolism of the human lung, liver and neuronal cells and may induce toxicity in multiple target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra N Sarma
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie C Doyon
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada.
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Luo K, Gao Q, Hu J. Determination of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene Glucuronide/Sulfate Conjugates in Human Urine and Their Association with 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1367-1373. [PMID: 31204473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) is a preferable biomarker to assess human exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a sensitive and simple method is lacking. In this study, a specific and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for direct analysis of 3-OHBaP glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples without enzymatic hydrolysis. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.06 ng L-1 for BaP-3-sulfate (BaP-3-S) and 0.16 ng L-1 for BaP-3-glucuronide (BaP-3-G), which showed high sensitivity. Both compounds showed excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99) in the range of 0.01-10 μg L-1 in the instrumental calibration. The absolute recoveries of the target analytes spiked in human urine for the entire analytical procedure were 68.3 ± 4.96% (mean ± SD) and 63.7 ± 5.47% for BaP-3-S and BaP-3-G, respectively. This method was applied to quantify BaP-3-G and BaP-3-S in 150 urine samples collected from healthy volunteers. The mean concentration of BaP-3-S was 0.67 ng g-1 creatinine (<LOD to 10.20 ng g-1 creatinine), about 10-fold lower than that of BaP-3-G (6.73 ng g-1 creatinine, < LOD to 52.64 ng g-1 creatinine). For comparison, we also detected the concentration of free 3-OHBaP in 15 randomly selected samples without enzymatic hydrolysis and found at least >98% of 3-OHBaP is excreted mainly in these two conjugated forms in human urine. A statistically significant positive association was observed between urinary 3-OHBaP conjugates and urinary 8-OHdG levels (p < 0.001) in the general population. This study developed a sensitive and simple method to determine urinary glucuronide/sulfate conjugated BaP metabolites and for the first time found that BaP exposure associated with 8-OHdG levels in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Qun Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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24
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Thiäner JB, Richter-Brockmann S, Achten C. Analysis of 6- and 7-ring PAH and other non-EPA PAH by atmospheric pressure laser ionization – mass spectrometry (APLI-MS) in environmental certified reference materials NIST 1941b, NIST 1649b, BAM CC013a and IRMM BCR 535. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1581-1582:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Sensitive neurotoxicity assessment of bisphenol A using double immunocytochemistry of DCX and MAP2. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:1098-1107. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Richter-Brockmann S, Achten C. Analysis and toxicity of 59 PAH in petrogenic and pyrogenic environmental samples including dibenzopyrenes, 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, 5-methylchrysene and 1-methylpyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:495-503. [PMID: 29505926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study 59 PAH were analyzed in samples of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources as well as mixed environmental matrices. Among the analytes, PAH of molecular weights from 128 Da to 302 Da in alkylated and in native form were included. Results show that non-EPA PAH make up 69.3–95.1% of the overall toxic equivalents (TEQ) as based on the toxic equivalent factors (TEF) of 24 PAH. Particularly 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, dibenzopyrene isomers and alkylated PAH (in particular 5-methylchrysene and 1-methylpyrene) turned out to have a huge impact on the toxicity and must not be neglected in future risk assessment. In detail, dibenzopyrenes have a high impact on toxicity predominantly in pyrogenic materials (21% to 84%; mean: 59%) whereas 7H-benzo[c]fluorene dominates toxicity of petrogenic materials (up to 80%; mean: 26%). However, in the studied mixed environmental samples the toxic impact of both groups together is as high as about 80%. Many non-EPA PAH are not considered in risk assessment and amongst them there are some very toxic ones. This needs to be carefully evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Richter-Brockmann
- University Münster, Institute of Geology and Paleontology - Applied Geology, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- University Münster, Institute of Geology and Paleontology - Applied Geology, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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27
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Dzobo K, Hassen N, Senthebane DA, Thomford NE, Rowe A, Shipanga H, Wonkam A, Parker MI, Mowla S, Dandara C. Chemoresistance to Cancer Treatment: Benzo-α-Pyrene as Friend or Foe? Molecules 2018; 23:E930. [PMID: 29673198 PMCID: PMC6017867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Environmental pollution such as exposure to pro-carcinogens including benzo-α-pyrene is becoming a major problem globally. Moreover, the effects of benzo-α-pyrene (BaP) on drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug resistance warrant further investigation, especially in cancer outpatient chemotherapy where exposure to environmental pollutants might occur. Method: We report here on the effects of benzo-α-pyrene on esophageal cancer cells in vitro, alone, or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin, 5-flurouracil, or paclitaxel. As the study endpoints, we employed expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation, drug metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, colony formation, migration, and signaling cascades in the WHCO1 esophageal cancer cell line after 24 h of treatment. Results: Benzo-α-pyrene had no significant effect on WHCO1 cancer cell proliferation but reversed the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs by reducing drug-induced cell death and apoptosis by 30−40% compared to drug-treated cells. The three drugs significantly reduced WHCO1 cell migration by 40−50% compared to control and BaP-treated cells. Combined exposure to drugs was associated with significantly increased apoptosis and reduced colony formation. Evaluation of survival signaling cascades showed that although the MEK-ERK and Akt pathways were activated in the presence of drugs, BaP was a stronger activator of the MEK-ERK and Akt pathways than the drugs. Conclusion: The present study suggest that BaP can reverse the effects of drugs on cancer cells via the activation of survival signaling pathways and upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Our data show that BaP contribute to the development of chemoresistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Naseeha Hassen
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Arielle Rowe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Hendrina Shipanga
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shaheen Mowla
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Collet Dandara
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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28
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Lim DS, Lim SK, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Roh TH, Choi SM, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Formation and inhibition of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics under pH, temperature, and fluorescent, ultraviolet, and visual light. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:241-253. [PMID: 29473797 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), a type of nitrosamine, is a possible human carcinogen that may form in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to examine the formation and inhibition of NDELA through chemical reactions of secondary amines including mono-ethanolamine, di-ethanolamine (DEA), and tri-ethanolamine (TEA), and sodium nitrite (SN) under varying conditions such as pH, temperature, and fluorescent, ultraviolet (UV), and visual light (VIS) using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In a mixture of TEA and SN under acidic conditions pH 2, residual NDELA concentrations rose significantly under various storage conditions in the following order: 50°C > 40°C > UV (2 W/m2) > VIS (4000 lux) > fluorescent light > 25°C > 10°C. In a mixture of DEA and SN under the same acidic pH 2 conditions, NDELA formation was significantly elevated in the following order: UV (2 W/m2) > VIS (4000 lux) > 50°C > 40°C > fluorescent light > 25°C > 10°C. Inhibition of NDELA formation by d-mannitol, vitamin C (Vit C), or vitamin E (Vit E) was determined under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and fluorescent, UV, and VIS. At high concentrations of 100 or 1000 µg/ml, Vit E significantly decreased residual NDELA compared with control levels under acidic pH 2, but not under basic pH 6. Among various antioxidants, Vit E reacted more effectively with many nitrosating agents such as nitrate and nitrite found in cosmetic products. Therefore, to reduce NDELA, it is recommended that cosmetics be stored under cool/amber conditions and that Vit E or Vit C inhibitors of nitrosation be optimally added to cosmetic formulations at concentrations between 100 and 1000 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Kwang Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kwon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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29
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Lee S, Park HR, Lee JY, Cho JH, Song HM, Kim AH, Lee W, Lee Y, Chang SC, Kim HS, Lee J. Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:254-265. [PMID: 29473799 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxin known to produce neurotoxicity characterized by ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, and numbness of the extremities. Previously, investigators reported that high-dose (50 mg/kg) ACR impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increased neural progenitor cell death; however, the influence of subchronic environmentally relevant low dose-(2, 20, or 200 μg/kg) ACRs have not been examined in adult neurogenesis or cognitive function in mice. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether low-dose ACR adversely affected mouse hippocampal neurogenesis and neurocognitive functions. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered vehicle or ACR at 2, 20, or 200 μg/kg/day for 4 weeks. ACR did not significantly alter the number of newly generated cells or produce neuroinflammation or neuronal loss in hippocampi. However, behavioral studies revealed that 200 μg/kg ACR produced learning and memory impairment. Furthermore, incubation of ACR with primary cultured neurons during the developmental stage was found to delay neuronal maturation without affecting cell viability indicating the presence of developmental neurotoxicity. These findings indicate that although exposure to in vivo low-dose ACR daily for 4 weeks exerted no apparent marked effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, in vitro observations in primary cultured neurons noted adverse effects on learning and memory impairment suggestive of neurotoxic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ra Park
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Cho
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Song
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Hyun Kim
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjong Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- b Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- c School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
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30
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Kim JN, Lee BM. Risk management of free radicals involved in air travel syndromes by antioxidants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:47-60. [PMID: 29341860 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1427914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Frequent air travelers and airplane pilots may develop various types of illnesses. The environmental risk factors associated with air travel syndromes (ATS) or air travel-related adverse health outcomes raised concerns and need to be assessed in the context of risk management and public health. Accordingly, the aim of the present review was to determine ATS, risk factors, and mechanisms underlying ATS using scientific data and information obtained from Medline, Toxline, and regulatory agencies. Additional information was also extracted from websites of organizations, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers (IAMAT), and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Air travelers are known to be exposed to environmental risk factors, including circadian rhythm disruption, poor cabin air quality, mental stress, high altitude conditions, hormonal dysregulation, physical inactivity, fatigue, biological infections, and alcoholic beverage consumption. Consequences of ATS attributed to air travel include sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia), mental/physical stress, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory diseases, circulatory-related dysfunction, such as cardiac arrest and thrombosis and, at worst, mechanical and terrorism-related airplane crashes. Thus safety measures in the cabin before or after takeoff are undertaken to prevent illnesses or accidents related to flight. In addition, airport quarantine systems are strongly recommended to prepare for any ultimate adverse circumstances. Routine monitoring of environmental risk factors also needs to be considered. Frequently, the mechanisms underlying these adverse manifestations involve free radical generation. Therefore, antioxidant supplementation may help to reduce or prevent adverse outcomes by mitigating health risk factors associated with free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeum-Nam Kim
- a Department of Airline Service , Howon University , Gunsan-si , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- b Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon , South Korea
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