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A 20-years+ review of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): Psychometric properties and findings. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been shown to be more prevalent among populations living with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is crucial for populations living with HIV as it significantly increases the likelihood of attaining and maintaining viral suppression. Previous findings on the association between CSA and ART adherence have been mixed. The current mixed-methods systematic review aimed to identify quantitative and qualitative studies from CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science examining the relationship between CSA and ART adherence. Authors were also contacted if relevant data were unpublished. Studies had to be published from January 1, 2000 to April 1, 2019, written in English, and examined CSA as an exposure and ART adherence as an outcome. Four domains were combined: 1) childhood sexual abuse; 2) child; 3) antiretroviral; and 4) adherence. Eight quantitative and two qualitative studies were retained. The results showed that four quantitative studies found no association while the other four found factors such as timing of victimization, mental health and gender influenced the association between CSA and ART adherence. Themes emerging from the qualitative studies included use of ART evoking memories of CSA; CSA impacting mental health; and mental health treatment improving ART adherence. Mixed insights included the intricate links between CSA and ART adherence and the role of external factors on the relationship. ART adherence intervention programs may be needed for people who have experienced CSA. However, future studies are needed that will examine the association between CSA and ART adherence and include subgroup analyses.
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Patterson SL, Sagui‐Henson S, Prather AA. Measures of Psychosocial Stress and Stressful Exposures. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72 Suppl 10:676-685. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.24228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mujumdar V, Pierson D, Briceño B, Cummer E, Hemal K, Golden SL, Tanner AE, Schafer KR. Gathering Trauma Narratives: A Qualitative Study on the Impact of Self-Identified Traumas on People Living with HIV (PLWH). N C Med J 2020; 81:149-156. [PMID: 32366621 PMCID: PMC9853875 DOI: 10.18043/ncm.81.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma-emotional, physical, and psychological-is common and associated with increased risk behaviors, low rates of care engagement and viral suppression, and overall poor health outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH). This article presents the results of 15 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with PLWH in the Southeastern United States in which participants identified a trauma and described its long-lasting impact on their lives. Participants' trauma narratives described a wide range of traumas, including childhood sexual abuse, the loss of a loved one, and their HIV diagnosis.METHODS Systematic qualitative analysis was used to delineate beliefs about causes, symptoms, treatments, quality of life, and health implications of trauma.RESULTS: Fifteen participants completed semi-structured interviews that lasted on average 32 minutes. Participants described a wide spectrum of personal trauma that occurred both prior and subsequent to their HIV diagnosis. The types of trauma identified included physical, sexual, and psychological abuse inflicted by intimate partners, family members, and/or strangers.LIMITATIONS A chief limitation of this study is selection bias. Additionally, the participant selection and content of the trauma narratives might have been affected by the surrounding context of the parent study centered on HIV, aging, and psychosocial stress. It is also difficult to interpret the distinction between discrete trauma experiences and the diagnosis of HIV, leading to potential information bias.CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of social support in coping with trauma and the effect of trauma on health-related behaviors. It also illustrates the need for additional research on the topic of trauma and trauma-informed care for PLWH. Understanding how different types of trauma affect individuals' lives is necessary to inform recommendations to provide better care for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Mujumdar
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Doris Pierson
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Brittany Briceño
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Elaina Cummer
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kshipra Hemal
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shannon L. Golden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Qualitative and Patient-Reported Outcomes Developing Shared Resource, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amanda E. Tanner
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Katherine R. Schafer
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Section on Infectious Diseases, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Kearney MA, Zeligman M, Brack JL, Payne E. Trauma and Dissociation: Predictors of Loneliness in Students at an Urban University. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jocc.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moriah A. Kearney
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services; Georgia State University
| | - Melissa Zeligman
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services; Georgia State University
| | - Jane L. Brack
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services; Georgia State University
| | - Ellyce Payne
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services; Georgia State University
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The Impact of Stigma and Social Support on Development of Post-traumatic Growth Among Persons Living with HIV. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2018; 23:126-34. [PMID: 26611361 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-015-9447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Given high rates of trauma in people living with HIV (PLH) and the health benefits of posttraumatic growth (PTG), understanding how to foster PTG in PLH exposed to trauma could be of interest to clinical psychologists working with this population. The current study examined factors theoretically related to development of PTG in PLH, namely HIV-related stigma, disclosure of HIV status, and emotional support. A sample of 334 HIV-positive adults answered a battery of self-report questionnaires. HIV-related stigma, disclosure to sexual partners, and emotional support were significant predictors of PTG: stigma was associated with lower PTG, whereas disclosure and emotional support were associated with higher PTG. Disclosure and emotional support remained significantly associated with PTG in the model including demographic factors and stigma. These findings highlight the need for development of interventions that can aid PLH in disclosing their HIV status to sexual partners and increasing available social support.
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Nijenhuis ER. Ten reasons for conceiving and classifying posttraumatic stress disorder as a dissociative disorder. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ahmed-Leitao F, Spies G, van den Heuvel L, Seedat S. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to childhood abuse or maltreatment: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 256:33-43. [PMID: 27669407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We systematically reviewed differences in hippocampal and amygdala volumes between adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy controls. Using the terms "adults", "MRI", "magnetic resonance imaging", with "posttraumatic stress disorder" "PTSD", "child abuse", and "child maltreatment", we conducted searches on several electronic databases. We identified 10 studies that met our inclusion criteria; 7 of which were included in a meta-analysis of hippocampal volume and 4 that were included in a meta-analysis of amygdala volume. Mean hippocampal and amygdala volumes were used to determine effect sizes. We found bilateral reduction of both the hippocampus and amygdala in the PTSD group compared to healthy controls, with effect sizes of -0.66 and -0.67 for the left and right hippocampus (p<0.00001 and p=0.002) and -1.08 and -1.15 for the left and right amygdala, (p=0.013 and p=0.003), respectively. Confidence intervals were -0.93,-0.39 and -1.26,-0.29 for the left and right hippocampus, respectively. For the amygdala, confidence intervals were -1.92,-0.23 and -1.19, -0.39 for the left and right amygdala. The relatively few studies available for analysis is a limitation. Additionally, sex diverse MRI studies in PTSD are needed to determine whether sex plays a significant role in the hippocampal effects associated with childhood-onset trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahmed-Leitao
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | | | - Soraya Seedat
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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Cremeans-Smith JK, Greene K, Delahanty DL. Trauma history as a resilience factor for patients recovering from total knee replacement surgery. Psychol Health 2015; 30:1005-16. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.1001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The syndemic illness of HIV and trauma: implications for a trauma-informed model of care. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2014; 56:107-18. [PMID: 25597836 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV infection are disproportionately burdened by trauma and the resultant negative health consequences, making the combination of HIV infection and trauma a syndemic illness. Despite the high co-occurrence and negative influence on health, trauma and posttraumatic sequelae in people living with HIV infection often go unrecognized and untreated because of the current gaps in medical training and lack of practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE We set out to review the current literature on HIV infection and trauma and propose a trauma-informed model of care to target this syndemic illness. METHODS We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane review databases for articles that contained the following search terms: HIV AND either trauma (specifically violent trauma), PTSD, intimate partner violence (IPV), abuse, or trauma-informed care. Articles were limited to primary clinical research or metanalyses published in English. Articles were excluded if they referred to HIV-associated posttraumatic stress disorder or HIV-associated posttraumatic growth. RESULTS We confirm high, but variable, rates of trauma in people living with HIV infection demonstrated in multiple studies, ranging from 10%-90%. Trauma is associated with (1) increased HIV-risk behavior, contributing to transmission and acquisition of the virus; (2) negative internal and external mediators also associated with poor health and high-risk HIV behavior; (3) poor adherence to treatment; (4) poor HIV-related and other health outcomes; and (5) particularly vulnerable special populations. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider using a model of trauma-informed care in the treatment of people living with HIV infection. Its adoption in different settings needs to be matched to available resources.
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Chaney MP, Burns-Wortham CM. The Relationship Between Online Sexual Compulsivity, Dissociation, and Past Child Abuse Among Men Who Have Sex with Men. JOURNAL OF LGBTQ ISSUES IN COUNSELING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2014.895663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yiaslas TA, Kamen C, Arteaga A, Lee S, Briscoe-Smith A, Koopman C, Gore-Felton C. The relationship between sexual trauma, peritraumatic dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and HIV-related health in HIV-positive men. J Trauma Dissociation 2014; 15:420-35. [PMID: 24354509 PMCID: PMC4119469 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2013.873376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested a novel extension of P. P. Schnurr and B. L. Green's (2004) model of the relationships between trauma symptoms and health outcomes with specific application to HIV-positive men. A diverse sample of 167 HIV-positive men recruited from San Francisco Bay Area HIV clinics completed demographic, medical, trauma history, and symptom questionnaires. Mediation analyses were conducted using the method proposed by R. Baron and D. Kenny (1986). Regression analyses found that sexual revictimization (SR) significantly mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and peritraumatic dissociation (PD), and PD mediated the relationship between SR and current posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom severity. PTS symptoms partially mediated the relationship between SR and current HIV symptom severity. The findings indicate that among HIV-positive men, sexually revictimized men constitute a vulnerable group that is prone to PD, which places them at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and worsened HIV-related health. Furthermore, traumatic stress symptoms were associated with worse HIV-related symptoms, suggesting that PTS symptoms mediate the link between trauma and health outcomes. This study highlights the need for future research to identify the biobehavioral mediators of the PTSD-health relationship in HIV-positive individuals.
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Teicher MH, Samson JA. Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:1114-33. [PMID: 23982148 PMCID: PMC3928064 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood maltreatment increases risk for psychopathology. For some highly prevalent disorders (major depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder) a substantial subset of individuals have a history of maltreatment and a substantial subset do not. The authors examined the evidence to assess whether those with a history of maltreatment represent a clinically and biologically distinct subtype. METHOD The authors reviewed the literature on maltreatment as a risk factor for these disorders and on the clinical differences between individuals with and without a history of maltreatment who share the same diagnoses. Neurobiological findings in maltreated individuals were reviewed and compared with findings reported for these disorders. RESULTS Maltreated individuals with depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders have an earlier age at onset, greater symptom severity, more comorbidity, a greater risk for suicide, and poorer treatment response than nonmaltreated individuals with the same diagnoses. Imaging findings associated with these disorders, such as reduced hippocampal volume and amygdala hyperreactivity, are more consistently observed in maltreated individuals and may represent a maltreatment-related risk factor. Maltreated individuals also differ from others as a result of epigenetic modifications and genetic polymorphisms that interact with experience to increase risk for psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic expression of psychopathology may be strongly influenced by exposure to maltreatment, leading to a constellation of ecophenotypes. While these ecophenotypes fit within conventional diagnostic boundaries, they likely represent distinct subtypes. Recognition of this distinction may be essential in determining the biological bases of these disorders. Treatment guidelines and algorithms may be enhanced if maltreated and nonmaltreated individuals with the same diagnostic labels are differentiated.
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Stein DJ, Koenen KC, Friedman MJ, Hill E, McLaughlin KA, Petukhova M, Ruscio AM, Shahly V, Spiegel D, Borges G, Bunting B, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, de Girolamo G, Demyttenaere K, Florescu S, Haro JM, Karam EG, Kovess-Masfety V, Lee S, Matschinger H, Mladenova M, Posada-Villa J, Tachimori H, Viana MC, Kessler RC. Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from the world mental health surveys. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:302-12. [PMID: 23059051 PMCID: PMC3589990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the proposal for a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-5 is supported by considerable clinical and neurobiological evidence, this evidence comes mostly from referred samples in Western countries. Cross-national population epidemiologic surveys were analyzed to evaluate generalizability of the subtype in more diverse samples. METHODS Interviews were administered to 25,018 respondents in 16 countries in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month DSM-IV PTSD and other common DSM-IV disorders. Items from a checklist of past-month nonspecific psychological distress were used to assess dissociative symptoms of depersonalization and derealization. Differences between PTSD with and without these dissociative symptoms were examined across a variety of domains, including index trauma characteristics, prior trauma history, childhood adversity, sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment seeking. RESULTS Dissociative symptoms were present in 14.4% of respondents with 12-month DSM-IV/Composite International Diagnostic Interview PTSD and did not differ between high and low/middle income countries. Symptoms of dissociation in PTSD were associated with high counts of re-experiencing symptoms and net of these symptom counts with male sex, childhood onset of PTSD, high exposure to prior (to the onset of PTSD) traumatic events and childhood adversities, prior histories of separation anxiety disorder and specific phobia, severe role impairment, and suicidality. CONCLUSION These results provide community epidemiologic data documenting the value of the dissociative subtype in distinguishing a meaningful proportion of severe and impairing cases of PTSD that have distinct correlates across a diverse set of countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kong SS, Bae JH. Impact of Childhood Trauma on Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms and Dissociation: Mediating Effect of Bullying. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12934/jkpmhn.2013.22.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Sook Kong
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Chonan, Korea
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