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Littleton H, Dolezal ML, Allen AB, Benight CC. Random intercept cross-lagged relations among trauma coping self-Efficacy, trauma coping, and PTSD symptoms among rural hurricane survivors. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:45-59. [PMID: 37167294 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2208524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The trajectories of recovery and non-recovery following a disaster are well-documented, but the mechanisms of post-disaster adaptation remain poorly understood. Rooted in social cognitive theory and the transactional model of stress and coping, this study longitudinally investigated the reciprocal relations among coping self-efficacy (CSE), coping behaviors (approach and avoidant), and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among highly exposed hurricane survivors. DESIGN 261 Hurricane Florence survivors completed measures of hurricane-related CSE, coping behaviors, and hurricane-related PTSS across three timepoints, beginning 5-8.5 months after Hurricane Florence. METHOD Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models investigated the relations among study variables. RESULTS Reciprocal, cross-lagged relations were identified between higher CSE and approach coping from T2 to T3. The lagged relations between approach coping at T1 and T2 were significant, as well as between avoidant coping at T2 and T3. Significant cross-sectional relations were also present for CSE, coping behaviors, and PTSS at T3. CONCLUSIONS Results provide partial support for the positive feedback loop involving CSE and approach coping, but not for the negative feedback loop involving avoidant coping. CSE may be an important mechanism in longer-term disaster recovery, in part by increasing use of approach coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Littleton
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Michael L Dolezal
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | | | - Charles C Benight
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Johnson J, Sattler D, Van Hiel A, Dierckx K, Luo S, Vezzali L. Violent Assault on a Chinese Man: COVID-19 Psychosocial Resource Loss Diminishes Right Wing Authoritarianism Variability in Societal Reactions. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5542-5563. [PMID: 36112879 PMCID: PMC9478194 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221123301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether prejudice-related personality characteristics (i.e., right wing authoritarianism [RWA]) and COVID-19-driven psychological resource loss might predict perpetrator-directed punitive responding (i.e., support for criminal charges) to a COVID-19-related attack on a Chinese victim by a White male. Across two studies, participants completed an RWA measure and reported the extent they had experienced COVID-19-related psychosocial resource loss. They then read a passage describing the COVID-19-related physical assault. For both studies, at low resource loss levels, low RWA participants reported greater punitive responding toward the perpetrator than high RWA participants. This RWA-punitive responding association was mediated by greater victim-directed suffering sensitivity (i.e., empathy) for Study 1 and greater anti-perpetrator reactions (i.e., hate crime perceptions) for Study 2. The RWA association with the relevant outcome variables (i.e., suffering sensitivity, anti-perpetrator bias, and punitive responding) was eliminated at high psychological resource loss levels. Specifically, low and high RWA participants reported similar reactions. While previous research has demonstrated that high RWA individuals tend to report greater outgroup-directed prejudicial responses due to COVID-19-driven perceptions of threat, our findings demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic can also elicit feelings of resource loss that can diminish the egalitarian reactions typically reported by low RWA individuals. In sum, we demonstrate that experiencing difficult life circumstances such as COVID-19 psychosocial resource loss can diminish supportive reactions toward victimized minority group members even among low RWA participants who are typically expected to be more sensitive to the struggles of those who are disadvantaged.
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Barnicot K, McCabe R, Bogosian A, Papadopoulos R, Crawford M, Aitken P, Christensen T, Wilson J, Teague B, Rana R, Willis D, Barclay R, Chung A, Rohricht F. Predictors of Post-Traumatic Growth in a Sample of United Kingdom Mental and Community Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3539. [PMID: 36834236 PMCID: PMC9965513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of adversity can generate positive psychological effects alongside negative impacts. Little research to date has evaluated predictors of post-traumatic growth in mental or community healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a survey of 854 community and mental healthcare staff in the United Kingdom in July to September 2020, multiple linear regression was used to determine the association between hypothesised risk and protective factors (personal, organisational and environmental variables) and total scores on the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Version. Positive self-reflection activities, black and minority ethnic status, developing new healthcare knowledge and skills, connecting with friends and family, feeling supported by senior management, feeling supported by the UK people, and anxiety about the personal and work-related consequences of COVID-19 each significantly independently predicted greater post-traumatic growth. Working in a clinical role and in mental healthcare or community physical healthcare predicted lower post-traumatic growth. Our research supports the value of taking an organisational growth-focused approach to occupational health during times of adversity, by supporting staff to embrace opportunities for personal growth. Valuing staff's cultural and religious identity and encouraging self-reflective activities, such as mindfulness and meditation, may help to promote post-traumatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Barnicot
- Department of Health Services Research and Management, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rose McCabe
- Department of Health Services Research and Management, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
| | - Angeliki Bogosian
- Department of Health Services Research and Management, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
| | - Renos Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychosocial and Psychoanalytic Studies, University of Essex, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Mike Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | | - Jonathan Wilson
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR6 5BE, UK
| | - Bonnie Teague
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR6 5BE, UK
| | - Ravi Rana
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London E1 8DE, UK
| | - Donna Willis
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London E1 8DE, UK
| | - Ryan Barclay
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London E1 8DE, UK
| | - Amy Chung
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, London E1 8DE, UK
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Sattler DN, Bishkhorloo B, Lawley KA, Hackler R, Byambajav C, Munkhbat M, Smith-Galeno B. Stigma, Post-traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Vaccination Intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2084. [PMID: 36767449 PMCID: PMC9915119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Stigma and discrimination during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have increased precipitously worldwide. This multinational study examines how stigma, blaming groups for virus spread, concern regarding contracting the virus, resource loss, life satisfaction, and protective behaviors that help control the spread of COVID-19 are associated with post-traumatic stress and vaccine intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States. Method: 1429 people in Mongolia, India, and the United States completed measures assessing stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-traumatic stress, blame, protective behaviors, and vaccine intent. Results: Mean post-traumatic stress scores in all three countries exceeded the cut-off that is commonly used to determine probable post-traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress was associated with COVID-19 stigma experience, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, blaming groups for the spread of COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, and resource loss. In India and the United States, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, anger at individuals spreading COVID-19, and perceived susceptibility to illness were positively associated with vaccine intent. Conclusions: Stigma is a collateral stressor during the pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of prompt action to address stigma as a deleterious consequence of the pandemic. The findings illuminate potential barriers to receiving the vaccine and provide direction for future research to address barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Sattler
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Boldsuren Bishkhorloo
- Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Kendall A. Lawley
- Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents, and Children, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruth Hackler
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Chuluunbileg Byambajav
- Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Michidmaa Munkhbat
- Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Brooklyn Smith-Galeno
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
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Sattler DN, Graham JM, Whippy A, Atienza R, Johnson J. Developing a Climate Change Risk Perception Model in the Philippines and Fiji: Posttraumatic Growth Plays Central Role. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1518. [PMID: 36674273 PMCID: PMC9864743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This two-study paper developed a climate change risk perception model that considers the role of posttraumatic growth (i.e., a reappraisal of life priorities and deeper appreciation of life), resource loss, posttraumatic stress, coping, and social support. METHOD In Study 1, participants were 332 persons in the Philippines who experienced Super Typhoon Haiyan. In Study 2, participants were 709 persons in Fiji who experienced Cyclone Winston. Climate change can increase the size and destructive potential of cyclones and typhoons as a result of warming ocean temperatures, which provides fuel for these storms. Participants completed measures assessing resource loss, posttraumatic stress, coping, social support, posttraumatic growth, and climate change risk perception. RESULTS Structural equation modeling was used to develop a climate change risk perception model with data collected in the Philippines and to confirm the model with data collected in Fiji. The model showed that climate change risk perception was influenced by resource loss, posttraumatic stress, coping activation, and posttraumatic growth. The model developed in the Philippines was confirmed with data collected in Fiji. CONCLUSIONS Posttraumatic growth played a central role in climate change risk perception. Public health educational efforts should focus on vividly showing how climate change threatens life priorities and that which gives life meaning and can result in loss, stress, and hardship. Disaster response organizations may also use this approach to promote preparedness for disaster threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Sattler
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - James M. Graham
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA
| | - Albert Whippy
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Richard Atienza
- Department of American Ethnic Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-4380, USA
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Mordeno IG, Baroquillo LDA, Macalimbon NA, Jebulan CVR, Hall BJ. The paradoxical effect of interpersonal support from the social media on the post-relocation adjustment difficulties among Filipino typhoon survivors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Quan L, Lü B, Sun J, Zhao X, Sang Q. The relationship between childhood trauma and post-traumatic growth among college students: The role of acceptance and positive reappraisal. Front Psychol 2022; 13:921362. [PMID: 36033045 PMCID: PMC9412742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the relationship among childhood trauma, acceptance, positive reappraisal and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among college students. Methods Research participants were selected by random cluster sampling. 1,028 college students (62.6% female, 30.5% only-children) from 8 universities were investigated using manuscript-pencil survey versions of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–Chinese version (CERQ-C) and Post traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Results Traumatic childhood experience significantly negatively predicts post traumatic growth in college students. Exposure to traumatic experiences in childhood can directly negatively predict post-traumatic growth and indirectly positively predict post traumatic growth via acceptance. Conclusion Acceptance plays a mediating role between childhood traumatic experience and post traumatic growth. The mediating effect of acceptance is moderated by the positive reappraisal. When individuals have a lower level of positive reappraisal, the mediating effect between traumatic experience and post traumatic growth is significant. Several clinical implications for clinical psychology and psychological intervention are highlighted. Starting with changing individual cognition and helping individuals adopt positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies can help individuals actively reevaluate traumatic experience, so as to gain better and faster counseling results.
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Zalta AK, Tirone V, Orlowska D, Blais RK, Lofgreen A, Klassen B, Held P, Stevens NR, Adkins E, Dent AL. Examining moderators of the relationship between social support and self-reported PTSD symptoms: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2021; 147:33-54. [PMID: 33271023 PMCID: PMC8101258 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Social support is one of the most robust predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, little is known about factors that moderate the relationship between social support and PTSD symptom severity. This meta-analysis estimated the overall effect size of the relationship between self-reported social support and PTSD severity and tested meaningful demographic, social support, and trauma characteristics that may moderate this association using both cross-sectional and longitudinal effect sizes. A comprehensive search identified 139 studies with 145 independent cross-sectional effect sizes representing 62,803 individuals and 37 studies with 38 independent longitudinal effect sizes representing 25,792 individuals. Study samples had to comprise trauma-exposed, nonclinical adult populations to be included in the analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed a near medium overall effect size (rcross = -.27; 95% CI [-.30, -.24]; rlong = -.25; 95% CI [-.28, -.21]) with a high degree of heterogeneity (cross-sectional I2 = 91.6, longitudinal I2 = 86.5). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal moderator analyses revealed that study samples exposed to natural disasters had a weaker effect size than samples exposed to other trauma types (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence), studies measuring negative social reactions had a larger effect size than studies assessing other types of social support, and veteran samples revealed larger effect sizes than civilian samples. Several other methodological and substantive moderators emerged that revealed a complex relationship between social support and PTSD severity. These findings have important clinical implications for the types of social support interventions that could mitigate PTSD severity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson K. Zalta
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Vanessa Tirone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Daria Orlowska
- University Libraries, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI
| | | | - Ashton Lofgreen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian Klassen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip Held
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalie R. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Elizabeth Adkins
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Amy L. Dent
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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Zhang Y, Cao X, Wang P, Wang G, Lei G, Shou Z, Xie S, Huang F, Luo N, Luo M, Bian Y, Zhang J, Xiao Q. Emotional "inflection point" in public health emergencies with the 2019 new coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in China. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:797-803. [PMID: 32738664 PMCID: PMC7369017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of the new coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in Wuhan, Hubei, has caused very serious consequences and severely affected people's lives and mental health. The outbreak will cause bad emotions such as tension, anxiety, fear, and so on. College students who have returned home from school face infection, isolation, and delay in starting school, and thus, their emotional stress should be observed. METHODS This study used self-designed questionnaires and artificial intelligence (AI) to assess and analyze the emotional state of over 30,000 college students during the outbreak period in January (T1) and home quarantine in February (T2). This survey used online questionnaire (www.wjx.cn) to investigate the emotion information of college students. RESULTS In the T1 survey, the "Typhoon Eye Effect" appeared. College students in Hubei are calmer than those outside Hubei in T1. However, in T2, an emotional "infection point" appeared, there was an "Exposure Effect", the negative emotions of students in Hubei largely increased and became higher than students outside Hubei. CONCLUSION This survey found that there is an emotional "infection point" in February among college students, especially in the Hubei area. College students in Hubei are calmer than those outside Hubei in T1. In contrast, college students in Hubei were more nervous and scared than those outside Hubei in T2. This epidemic has caused the students to experience significant pressure and negative emotions. Therefore, universities and society should pay attention to their emotional adjustment, there are some suggestions such as establish the mental health organizations, test students' emotion status regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaochen Cao
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in The Seventh Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, Guangzhou, China; Institute of medical robots of Shang Hai Jiao Tong University, Shang Hai, China.
| | - Guixiang Wang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; City of College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Lei
- Center of Student Development Research and Guidance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Simiao Xie
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Luo
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyan Luo
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueran Bian
- School of Educational Science, Central China Think Tank, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Center of Student Development Research and Guidance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Gerstner RMF, Lara-Lara F, Vasconez E, Viscor G, Jarrin JD, Ortiz-Prado E. Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:347. [PMID: 32616034 PMCID: PMC7331255 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ecuadorian earthquake in April 16th was the second strongest and deadliest in 2016 worldwide, with approximately one million people affected. In this paper, we analyzed the psychological impact and the relationship between mental health events and various earthquake-related stressors related to the earthquake, 9 months after the event. METHODS We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study, applying an anonymous survey to 316 adolescents (13-19 years old) from Muisne, Ecuador. Suicidal tendency, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTSD) were evaluated via the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS), Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, Okasha Suicidality Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the adapted seven-questions earthquake-related stressors survey. RESULTS We found a high prevalence of suicidal ideations and behavior, posttraumatic stress, depression and anxiety compared to international studies. Even though adolescents currently living in shelters had higher levels of anxiety, their suicidal tendency was significantly lower than those living in their own or their relatives' home. Finally, the earthquake-related stressors were not associated with suicidality and mental health events, with the exception of economic damage suffered by the family. CONCLUSIONS High levels of depression, post-traumatic stress and anxiety among high-school students were found, especially among those who have suffered serious economic damage. The economic impact in their families and high unemployment rates among their parents seems to be related to lack of hope and favorable perspectives for their future, situation that might lead to lead to emotional disturbances and psychological disorders. Although prolonged homelessness experience in shelters may be a stressful occurrence, might also be related with spiritual growth among adolescents, and may work as a protective factor against suicidal ideations and attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka M. F. Gerstner
- grid.412527.70000 0001 1941 7306Department of Psico-etichs, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, sede PUCE Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Lara-Lara
- grid.412527.70000 0001 1941 7306Department of Psico-etichs, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, sede PUCE Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Vasconez
- grid.442184.f0000 0004 0424 2170OneHealth Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Las Americas, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, 170137 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ginés Viscor
- grid.7898.e0000 0001 0395 8423Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan D. Jarrin
- grid.7898.e0000 0001 0395 8423Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- OneHealth Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Las Americas, Calle de los Colimes y Avenida De los Granados, 170137, Quito, Ecuador. .,Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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N. Sattler D, Claramita M, Muskavage B. Natural Disasters in Indonesia: Relationships Among Posttraumatic Stress, Resource Loss, Depression, Social Support, and Posttraumatic Growth. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2017.1415740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Sattler
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Mora Claramita
- Department of Medical Education and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Brett Muskavage
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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12
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Rosellini AJ, Dussaillant F, Zubizarreta JR, Kessler RC, Rose S. Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder following a natural disaster. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 96:15-22. [PMID: 28950110 PMCID: PMC5726547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Earthquakes are a common and deadly natural disaster, with roughly one-quarter of survivors subsequently developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite progress identifying risk factors, limited research has examined how to combine variables into an optimized post-earthquake PTSD prediction tool that could be used to triage survivors to mental health services. The current study developed a post-earthquake PTSD risk score using machine learning methods designed to optimize prediction. The data were from a two-wave survey of Chileans exposed to the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that occurred in February 2010. Respondents (n = 23,907) were interviewed roughly three months prior to and again three months after the earthquake. Probable post-earthquake PTSD was assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale. We applied super learning, an ensembling machine learning method, to develop the PTSD risk score from 67 risk factors that could be assessed within one week of earthquake occurrence. The super learner algorithm had better cross-validated performance than the 39 individual algorithms from which it was developed, including conventional logistic regression. The super learner also had a better area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.79) than existing post-disaster PTSD risk tools. Individuals in the top 5%, 10%, and 20% of the predicted risk distribution accounted for 17.5%, 32.2%, and 51.4% of all probable cases of PTSD, respectively. In addition to developing a risk score that could be implemented in the near future, these results more broadly support the utility of super learning to develop optimized prediction functions for mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rosellini
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - José R Zubizarreta
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Decision, Risk and Operations, and Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherri Rose
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Correlation Between Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient: A Meta-Analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2017; 205:380-389. [PMID: 27875386 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The literature on posttraumatic growth (PTG) is burgeoning, with the inconsistencies in the literature of the relationship between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms becoming a focal point of attention. Thus, this meta-analysis aims to explore the relationship between PTG and PTSD symptoms through the Pearson correlation coefficient. A systematic search of the literature from January 1996 to November 2015 was completed. We retrieved reports on 63 studies that involved 26,951 patients. The weighted correlation coefficient revealed an effect size of 0.22 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.18 to 0.25. Meta-analysis provides evidence that PTG may be positively correlated with PTSD symptoms and that this correlation may be modified by age, trauma type, and time since trauma. Accordingly, people with high levels of PTG should not be ignored, but rather, they should continue to receive help to alleviate their PTSD symptoms.
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Suar D, Sekhar Das S, Alat P, Kumar R. Exposure, Loss, and Support Predicting the Dimensions of Posttsunami Trauma. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2017.1310499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damodar Suar
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sitanshu Sekhar Das
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Priya Alat
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Michélsen H, Therup-Svedenlöf C, Backheden M, Schulman A. Posttraumatic growth and depreciation six years after the 2004 tsunami. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1302691. [PMID: 28451069 PMCID: PMC5399995 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1302691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been reported after various types of potentially traumatic events, as a part of the personal recovery process among survivors. Even negative changes in survivors' life view, known as posttraumatic depreciation (PTD), have been identified as an additional aspect in the personal recovery processes. Objective: To examine how the type of exposure experienced by survivors of a natural disaster, the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami, influenced self-reported PTG and PTD six years later (T2). Additionally, the study examined the relations between psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 14 months after the disaster (T1), to PTG and PTD, respectively at T2. Finally, the study examined whether psychological distress and PTSS (T1) could have a mediating effect on PTG and PTD at T2. Method: The participants were 848 tsunami survivors living in Stockholm, Sweden who responded to a questionnaire at 14 months (T1) and six years (T2) after the tsunami. The material was analysed using linear regression and pathway analysis. PTG and PTD were measured on separate scales. Results: The type of exposure was significant related to both PTG and PTD six years later (T2). Those experiencing a combination of various types of exposure (including threat to life and bereavement) reported higher scores for both PTG and PTD. There were significant positive correlations between PTSS at T1 and PTG /PTD at T2, and somewhat lower correlations between psychological distress at T1 and PTG/PTD at T2. Both PTSS and psychological distress at T1 were significant mediating variables for both PTG and PTD at T2. Conclusions: Studying survivors' various types of exposure and subsequent changed view of life - both PTG and PTD - resulted in a broadened understanding of the complexity of reactions and the recovery process among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Michélsen
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Therup-Svedenlöf
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Magnus Backheden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbe Schulman
- Crisis and Disaster Psychology, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Shigemoto Y, Low B, Borowa D, Robitschek C. Function of Personal Growth Initiative on Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression Over and Above Adaptive and Maladaptive Rumination. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:1126-1145. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evaluation of a Group-Based Resilience Intervention for Typhoon Haiyan Survivors. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of Katatagan, a culturally adapted, group-based, and mindfulness-informed resilience intervention developed for disaster survivors in the Philippines. The intervention aimed to teach six adaptive coping skills: harnessing strengths, managing physical reactions, managing thoughts and emotions, seeking solutions and support, identifying positive activities, and planning for the future. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted with 163 Typhoon Haiyan survivors. Six-month follow-up assessments were obtained for 37 participants. Pre- and post-results showed improvements in participants’ self-efficacy on all six coping skills. The 6-month follow-up revealed significant improvements in four of the six coping skills. Focus group discussions conducted at follow-up revealed that mindfulness, self-care, strengths, and reframing were some of the topics that were most memorable to participants. Among these, participants identified mindfulness as a skill that they continued to use. Participants also shared that they felt stronger because of the intervention and have shared what they learned with others in their communities.
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Sattler DN, Boyd B, Kirsch J. Trauma-exposed firefighters: relationships among posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, resource availability, coping and critical incident stress debriefing experience. Stress Health 2014; 30:356-65. [PMID: 25476961 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This project examines protective factors associated with resilience/posttraumatic growth and risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress among firefighters exposed to critical incidents. The participants were 286 (257 men and 29 women) volunteer and paid firefighters in Whatcom County, Washington. Participants completed an anonymous survey asking about demographics, critical incident exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, posttraumatic growth, resource availability, coping, occupational stress and critical incident stress debriefing experience. Most participants had significant critical incident exposure, and about half had attended critical incident stress debriefing sessions. Posttraumatic growth was associated with being female, critical incident exposure, critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic stress symptoms (negative association), occupational support, occupation satisfaction, occupational effort, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping and personal characteristic resources. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively associated with years of firefighting, burnout, occupational effort and disengagement coping and negatively associated with critical incident stress debriefing attendance, posttraumatic growth, social support, internal locus of control, personal characteristic resources, energy resources and condition resources. The findings support conservation of resources stress theory and show that the maintenance and acquisition of resources can offset losses and facilitate resilience/posttraumatic growth. Implications of the findings for enhancing firefighter resources, facilitating resilience and minimizing occupational stressors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Sattler
- Department of Psychology, Western Institute for Social Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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