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Kleppesto TH, Eilertsen EM, van Bergen E, Sunde HF, Zietsch B, Nordmo M, Eftedal NH, Havdahl A, Ystrom E, Torvik FA. Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: genetic and environmental pathways. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1309-1317. [PMID: 37920986 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172300315x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigate if covariation between parental and child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) behaviors can be explained by environmental and/or genetic transmission. METHODS We employed a large children-of-twins-and-siblings sample (N = 22 276 parents and 11 566 8-year-old children) of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. This enabled us to disentangle intergenerational influences via parental genes and parental behaviors (i.e. genetic and environmental transmission, respectively). Fathers reported on their own symptoms and mothers on their own and their child's symptoms. RESULTS Child ADHD behaviors correlated with their mother's (0.24) and father's (0.10) ADHD behaviors. These correlations were largely due to additive genetic transmission. Variation in children's ADHD behaviors was explained by genetic factors active in both generations (11%) and genetic factors specific to the children (46%), giving a total heritability of 57%. There were small effects of parental ADHD behaviors (2% environmental transmission) and gene-environment correlation (3%). The remaining variability in ADHD behaviors was due to individual-specific environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS The intergenerational resemblance of ADHD behaviors is primarily due to genetic transmission, with little evidence for parental ADHD behaviors causing children's ADHD behaviors. This contradicts theories proposing environmental explanations of intergenerational transmission of ADHD, such as parenting theories or psychological life-history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Kleppesto
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Espen Moen Eilertsen
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsje van Bergen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Fredrik Sunde
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brendan Zietsch
- Centre for Psychology and Evolution, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Magnus Nordmo
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Nikolai Haahjem Eftedal
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nic Waals Institute, Spångbergveien 25, 0853 Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fartein Ask Torvik
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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de la Paz L, Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Neighbor C, Antovich D, Nigg JT, Nikolas MA. Youth Polygenic Scores, Youth ADHD Symptoms, and Parenting Dimensions: An Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:665-677. [PMID: 36645612 PMCID: PMC10560546 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parenting practices and parental symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been linked to severity and course of youth ADHD. However, genetically influenced behaviors related to ADHD in youth may also influence parenting behaviors. Polygenic scores (PGS) have been widely used to quantify genetic vulnerability for ADHD but has rarely been used to examine gene-environment correlation effects. The current study examined the direct effects of youth ADHD PGS and its evocative effects on parenting behaviors via youth ADHD symptoms. 803 youth aged 6-18 years (58.5% male) completed a multistage, multi-informant assessment that included measures of parenting practices and youth and parental ADHD symptoms. A mediation model was used to evaluate direct and evocative effects. Furthermore, we examined if these evocative effects remain after controlling for parental ADHD symptoms. Sensitivity analyses across age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) as well as restricting ancestry groups to European only ancestry were also conducted. Results indicated that youth ADHD PGS reliably predicted youth ADHD symptoms across all models (βs ranging from 0.18 to 0.26), including across age, sex, and SES and held even with ancestry restricted to the largest group (northern European). Evocative effects emerged such that higher youth PGS significantly predicted more youth ADHD symptoms, which in turn, significantly predicted lower levels of parental involvement and higher levels of poor supervision/monitoring and inconsistent discipline. These effects remained after controlling for parent ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiana de la Paz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Bldg., 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Michael A Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Dylan Antovich
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Bldg., 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Examining Relations Between Parent and Child Psychopathology in Children with ADHD: Do Parent Cognitions Matter? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-023-10023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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4
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Li Z, Xu X, Xing X. The intergenerational transmission of executive function: The mediating effect of parental harsh discipline. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 136:106019. [PMID: 36608402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important roles of parental EF in shaping children's EF is less clear, especially in Chinese families. Moreover, it is suggested that the negative parenting behavior may be important environmental mechanisms underlying the EF transmission. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the transmission of EF across generations and the mediating roles of parental harsh discipline in this transmission in a Chinese sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 311 Chinese preschool-aged children and their fathers and mothers were recruited from three public kindergartens in Beijing. METHODS The Chinese version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), Parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschooler Version (BRIEF-P) were respectively used to assess parental EF, harsh discipline and children's EF. RESULTS Both paternal and maternal EF positively predicted children's EF (βpaternal = 0.16, p < .01; βmaternal = 0.42, p < .001), and maternal but not paternal psychological aggression (standardized indirect estimate = 0.03, p < .05) and corporal punishment (standardized indirect estimate = 0.02, p < .05) mediated the above transmission. CONCLUSIONS These findings broaden our understanding of the distal or proximal factors and processes that account for the development of child EF in Chinese culture. Interventions focusing on improving parental especially maternal parenting practices would be helpful to shape children's EF or to interrupt the transmission of poor EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopei Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Jendreizik LT, von Wirth E, Döpfner M. Familial Factors Associated With Symptom Severity in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Supplemental Review. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:124-144. [PMID: 36326291 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ADHD, but associations between risk factors and ADHD symptom severity in affected children remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the association between familial factors and symptom severity in children with ADHD (PROSPERO CRD42020076440). METHOD PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for eligible studies. RESULTS Forty-three studies (N = 11,123 participants) were meta-analyzed. Five additional studies (N = 2,643 participants) were considered in the supplemental review. Parenting stress (r = .25), negative parenting practices (r = .19), broken parental partnership (r = .19), critical life events (r = .17), parental psychopathologies (r = .14-.16), socioeconomic status (r = -.10), and single-parent family (r = .10) were significantly associated with ADHD symptom severity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that psychosocial familial factors show small but significant associations with symptom severity in children with ADHD. Implications are discussed.
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Murray AL, Taut D, Baban A, Hemady CL, Walker S, Osafo J, Sikander S, Tomlinson M, Toit SD, Marlow M, Ward CL, Fernando A, Madrid B, Van Thang V, Tuyen HD, Dunne M, Hughes C, Fearon P, Valdebenito S, Eisner M. Associations Between ADHD Symptoms and Maternal and Birth Outcomes: An Exploratory Analysis in a Multi-Country Cohort of Expectant Mothers. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1882-1894. [PMID: 35815439 PMCID: PMC9597155 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD symptoms can adversely impact functioning in a range of domains relevant for maternal well-being and fetal development; however, there has been almost no research examining their impact during pregnancy. We aimed to address this gap. METHOD We used data (n = 1,204) from a longitudinal birth cohort study spanning eight countries to address this gap. RESULTS ADHD symptoms in the third trimester of pregnancy were associated with lower social support from family (b = -0.16, p = .031), friends (b = -0.16, p = .024), and significant others (b = -0.09, p = .001); higher stress (b = 0.34, p < .001) and depressive symptoms (b = 0.31, p < .001), and increased likelihood of an unwanted pregnancy (b = 0.30, p = .009). Significant associations with tobacco use (b = 0.36, p = .023) and premature birth (b = 0.35, p = .007) did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and there were no significant associations with alcohol use, low birth weight, or unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION Results suggest that women with ADHD symptoms could benefit from earlier, more regular screening for mental health difficulties and greater mental health support during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja Louise Murray
- University of Edinburgh, UK,Aja Louise Murray, Department of
Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Diana Taut
- Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
| | | | | | - Susan Walker
- The University of the West Indies,
Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | - Mark Tomlinson
- Stellenbosch Uni`versity, Cape Town,
South Africa,Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Dunne
- Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Eisner
- University of Cambridge, UK,University of Zurich,
Switzerland
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Khoury NM, Radonjić NV, Albert AB, Faraone SV. From Structural Disparities to Neuropharmacology: A Review of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Treatment. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:343-361. [PMID: 35697389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset disorder with many functional impairments and psychiatric comorbidities. Although no treatment fully mitigates impairments associated with ADHD, effective management is possible with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are remarkably complex and the disorder is continuously distributed in the population. While these findings have been well documented in studies with predominantly white samples, ADHD may affect racial and ethnic minorities differentially, given diagnostic and treatment disparities. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, etiology, neurobiology, and neuropharmacology of ADHD, addressing racial and ethnic disparities whereby data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla M Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nevena V Radonjić
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Avery B Albert
- Clinical Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 3707, 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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El-Deen GMS, Yousef AM, Mohamed AE, Ibrahim AS. Socio-demographic and clinical correlates of parenting style among parents having ADHD children: a cross-section study. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
ADHD affects 7.8% of the school-aged population, making it one of the most common childhood brain illnesses. It is characterized by abnormally high levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity at a young age. Being a parent of a child with ADHD is a real challenge, as the parents tend to be more disapproving, critical, and provide more impulse control directions; such parenting style can have an impact on the illnesses course, accentuate its signs and symptoms, and lead to secondary development of co-morbid psychiatric and behavioral problems. This makes the parent-child effect a matter of clinical importance that needs to be carefully assessed and managed. We aimed to estimate the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of parenting attitudes among parents having ADHD children. This cross-sectional study included 48 ADHD children from both sexes, aged from 6 to 12 years old, and their parents. In our study, we applied the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th edition, the Conner’s Parent Rating Scale-revised, the parenting style as perceived by children questionnaire, and the Fahmy and El-Sherbini questionnaire for the measurement of socioeconomic status.
Results
Mothers of ADHD children had significantly lower scores of over-protections parenting style than the fathers; the current study showed a significant increase in total parenting scores and warmth/support in mild ADHD cases than in moderate and severe ones, and there is a significant increase in the mother’s positive parenting style toward ADHD children with lower levels of social problems, mild cases, and older age. There is a significant increase of positive parenting style toward ADHD children exerted by post graduated, professionally working, and high social class fathers and by working mothers among rural residents and high social class mothers. There is a positive correlation between IQ and a mother’s warmth/support.
Conclusion
ADHD children with mild symptoms, higher social functioning of the child, high socioeconomic level of the family, better education, and professional occupations of parents were associated with positive parenting style.
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Lugo-Candelas C, Corbeil T, Wall M, Posner J, Bird H, Canino G, Fisher PW, Suglia SF, Duarte CS. ADHD and risk for subsequent adverse childhood experiences: understanding the cycle of adversity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:971-978. [PMID: 33289088 PMCID: PMC8169708 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are more likely to develop Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The reverse relationship - ADHD predicting subsequent ACEs - is vastly understudied, although it may be of great relevance to underserved populations highly exposed to ACEs. METHODS Participants were 5- to 15-year-olds (48% females) with (9.9%) and without ADHD (DSM-IV criteria except age of onset) in a longitudinal population-based study of Puerto Rican youth. In each wave (3 yearly assessments, W1-3), ten ACEs (covering parental loss and maladjustment and child maltreatment) were examined, plus exposure to violence. Logistic regression models examined ADHD (including subtypes) and subsequent risk for ACEs. Also considered were interactions by age, sex, number of W1 ACEs, and recruitment site. RESULTS Children with W1 ADHD were more likely to experience subsequent adversity (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.12-2.37) accounting for child age, sex, public assistance, maternal education, site, disruptive behavior disorders, and W1 ACEs. Inattentive (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.09-3.66), but not hyperactive/impulsive or combined ADHD, predicted future ACEs. CONCLUSIONS ADHD predicts subsequent risk for ACEs, and the inattentive presentation may confer the most risk. Inattentive presentations could pose a bigger risk given differences in symptom persistence, latency to access to treatment, and treatment duration. The present study suggests a pathway for the perpetuation of adversity, where bidirectional relationships between ADHD and ACEs may ensnare children in developmental pathways predictive of poor outcomes. Understanding the mechanism underlying this association can help the development of interventions that interrupt the cycle of adversity exposure and improve the lives of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lugo-Candelas
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - Thomas Corbeil
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - Melanie Wall
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - Jonathan Posner
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - Hector Bird
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | - Glorisa Canino
- Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR,USA
| | - Prudence W. Fisher
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
| | | | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY,USA
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10
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Moderation of parenting by inhibitory control in the prediction of the common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 32:909-921. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study examined whether the interaction between parenting and inhibitory control predicts hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention in 195 children. Observation data of positive parenting were collected at 4 years, and mother reports of coercive parenting at 5 years, inhibitory control at 6 years, and hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention at 7 years were obtained. The common and unique variance of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention symptoms were examined as outcomes using a bifactor model. Results indicated that positive parenting practices predicted lower levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity/inattention behaviors at age 7 only when children's inhibitory control was high. These results support the vantage sensitivity model, which posits that some individuals show an increased sensitivity to positive experiences exclusively, and support the appropriateness of a targeted prevention approach in early childhood.
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11
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Kalig-Amir M, Berger I, Rigbi A, Bar-Shalita T. An exploratory study of parent-child association in sensory modulation disorder involving ADHD-related symptoms. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:221-226. [PMID: 30986817 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory modulation disorder (SMD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can co-occur and have overlapping symptoms, thus challenging practitioners. This study aimed to phenotypically explore parent-child associations in SMD, and the interplay between SMD- and ADHD-related symptoms in children with SMD and their parents. METHODS A cross-sectional study examined 70 parents (n = 35 mothers; n = 35 fathers) and their 35 children with and without SMD, aged 4-6 years. Parents completed care-giver reports: The Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and the ADHD Rating Scale, and self-reports: The Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ) and the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). RESULTS In the entire sample, we found a mother-offspring correlation between SSP and SRQ-Aversive scores (rs = -0.68; p < 0.001), but no such father-offspring correlation. However, when testing the ADHD Rating Scale and ASRS scores, we found correlations between mothers and offspring (rs = 0.54, p = 0.0008), and between fathers and offspring (rs = 0.34, p = 0.0494). In the entire sample a high correlation was found between SSP and ADHD Rating Scale scores (rs = -0.837, p < 0.001). We further found a high correlation in mothers (rs = 0.70, p < 0.001), and a moderate correlation in fathers (rs = 0.40, p = 0.019) between SRQ-Aversive and ASRS scores. CONCLUSIONS Novel findings reveal that parents-offspring heritability patterns differ in both these related conditions. These may contribute to familial practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Kalig-Amir
- Child Development Unit, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Neurology Service, Pediatric Division, Asssuta Ashdod University Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - Amihai Rigbi
- Faculty of Education, Beit-Berl Academic College, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Tami Bar-Shalita
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Wang X, Martinez MP, Chow T, Walthall JC, Guber KM, Xiang AH. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Risk: Interaction Between Parental Age and Maternal History of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2019; 40:321-329. [PMID: 31206451 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the interaction between maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) history and young parental age on child's ADHD risk. METHODS The study included 321,272 singleton children born between 1995 and 2012 from hospitals within a single integrated health care organization. The children were prospectively followed up through electronic medical record systems from birth until the first date of the following: date of clinical diagnosis of ADHD, last date of continuous health plan membership, death due to any cause, or December 31, 2017. Risks of ADHD associated with a maternal history of ADHD before pregnancy and young parental age were assessed by using Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The children were followed up for a median (interquartile range) of 8.9 (6.2, 13.6) years from birth. Among them, 5.1% had ADHD diagnosis, 1.8% had a maternal history of ADHD before the pregnancy, and 4.4% had mothers <20 years and 2.3% had fathers <20 years at date of birth. The hazard ratio (HR) of ADHD in children associated with parental age <20 years varied by maternal history of ADHD (p < 0.005 for both multiplicative and additive interactions). For children without a maternal history of ADHD, the HR associated with at least 1 parent <20 years was 1.14 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.24). However, for children with a maternal history of ADHD, the HR associated with at least 1 parent <20 years was 1.92 (95% confidence interval 1.31-2.82). CONCLUSION High ADHD risk in offspring associated with young parenthood was predominantly observed among children with a maternal history of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ting Chow
- Departments of Research & Evaluation and
| | | | - Kevin M Guber
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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13
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Miller NV, Degnan KA, Hane AA, Fox NA, Chronis-Tuscano A. Infant temperament reactivity and early maternal caregiving: independent and interactive links to later childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:43-53. [PMID: 29889314 PMCID: PMC6289898 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with origins early in life. There is growing evidence that individual differences in temperament reactivity are predictive of ADHD symptoms, yet little is known about the relations between temperament reactivity in early infancy and later ADHD symptoms or the combined effect of reactivity with early environmental factors on ADHD symptom development. Using a 9-year prospective longitudinal design, this study tested the independent and interactive contributions of infant reactivity and maternal caregiving behaviors (MCB) on parent- and teacher-reported childhood ADHD symptoms. METHODS Participants included 291 children (135 male; 156 female) who participated in a larger study of temperament and social-emotional development. Reactivity was assessed by behavioral observation of negative affect, positive affect, and motor activity during novel stimuli presentations at 4 months of age. MCB were observed during a series of semistructured mother-infant tasks at 9 months of age. Finally, ADHD symptoms were assessed by parent- and teacher-report questionnaires at 7 and 9 years, respectively. RESULTS Reactivity was predictive of ADHD symptoms, but results were sex specific. For boys, infant motor activity was positively predictive of later ADHD symptoms, but only at lower quality MCB. For girls, infant positive affect was positively predictive of later ADHD symptoms at lower quality MCB, and-unexpectedly-infant positive affect and motor activity were negatively predictive of later ADHD symptoms at higher quality MCB. CONCLUSIONS These results point to early parenting as a moderating factor to mitigate temperament-related risk for later ADHD, suggesting this as a potential intervention target to mitigate risk for ADHD among reactive infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V. Miller
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Kathryn A. Degnan
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
| | - Amie A. Hane
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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14
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Fenesy MC, Lee SS. Executive Functioning Mediates Predictions of Youth Academic and Social Development from Parenting Behavior. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:729-750. [PMID: 30299975 PMCID: PMC6391311 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1525384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using multiple mediation with bootstrapping, dimensions of executive functioning (i.e., inhibitory control, working memory, set shifting) were tested as mediators of predictions of academic and social outcomes from observed positive and negative parenting in 131 children followed prospectively into early adolescence. Inhibitory control and working memory mediated predictions of academic achievement, whereas inhibitory control meditated predictions of school competence from positive parenting. Additionally, working memory mediated predictions of negative social preference, but not social competence, from positive parenting. Executive functioning did not mediate predictions from negative parenting. The role of parenting in shaping youth outcomes through executive functioning is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Fenesy
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles , CA 90095-1563 , USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- a Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles , CA 90095-1563 , USA
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15
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Evinç ŞG, Özdemir DF, Karadağ F, Akdemir D, Gençöz T, Sürücü Ö, Ünal F. A qualitative study on corporal punishment and emotionally abusive disciplinary practices among mothers of children with ADHD. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1505284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ş. Gülin Evinç
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ferda Karadağ
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akdemir
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tülin Gençöz
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sürücü
- Freelance Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ünal
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Humphreys KL, Tottenham N, Lee SS. Risky decision-making in children with and without ADHD: A prospective study. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 24:261-276. [PMID: 27937142 PMCID: PMC6156794 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1264578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Learning from past decisions can enhance successful decision-making. It is unclear whether difficulties in learning from experience may contribute to risky decision-making, which may be altered among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study follows 192 children with and without ADHD aged 5 to 10 years for approximately 2.5 years and examines their risky decision-making using the Balloon Emotional Learning Task (BELT), a computerized assessment of sequential risky decision-making in which participants pump up a series of virtual balloons for points. The BELT contains three task conditions: one with a variable explosion point, one with a stable and early explosion point, and one with a stable and late explosion point. These conditions may be learned via experience on the task. Contrary to expectations, ADHD status was not found to be related to greater risk-taking on the BELT, and among younger children ADHD status is in fact associated with reduced risk-taking. In addition, the typically-developing children without ADHD showed significant learning-related gains on both stable task conditions. However, the children with ADHD demonstrated learning on the condition with a stable and early explosion point, but not on the condition with the stable and late explosion point, in which more pumps are required before learning when the balloon will explode. Learning during decision-making may be more difficult for children with ADHD. Because adapting to changing environmental demands requires the use of feedback to guide future behavior, negative outcomes associated with childhood ADHD may partially reflect difficulties in learning from experience.
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17
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Fleming AP, McMahon RJ, King KM. Structured Parent-Child Observations Predict Development of Conduct Problems: the Importance of Parental Negative Attention in Child-Directed Play. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017; 18:257-267. [PMID: 27318952 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Structured observations of parent-child interactions are commonly used in research and clinical settings, but require additional empirical support. The current study examined the capacity of child-directed play, parent-directed play, and parent-directed chore interaction analogs to uniquely predict the development of conduct problems across a 6-year follow-up period. Parent-child observations were collected from 338 families from high-risk neighborhoods during the summer following the child's first-grade year. Participating children were 49.2 % female, 54.4 % white, and 45.6 % black, and had an average age of 7.52 years at the first assessment. Conduct problems were assessed via parent report and teacher report at five assessment points between first grade and seventh grade. Latent growth curve modeling was used to analyze predictors of conduct problem trajectory across this 6-year follow-up period. When race, sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal depressive symptoms were controlled, parental negative attention during child-directed play predicted higher levels of parent-reported conduct problems concurrently and after a 6-year follow-up period. Parental negative attention during child-directed play also predicted higher teacher-reported conduct problems 6 years later. Findings support the use of child-directed play and parent-directed chore analogs in predicting longitudinal development of conduct problems. The presence of parental negative attention during child-directed play appears to be an especially important predictor of greater conduct problems over time and across multiple domains. Additionally, the potential importance of task-incongruent behavior is proposed for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,The Seattle Clinic, 3245 Fairview Ave E, Suite 210, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Mediators and Moderators of the Relation between Parental ADHD Symptomatology and the Early Development of Child ADHD and ODD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:443-456. [PMID: 27752934 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined mediators and moderators of the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and the development of child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms across the preschool years. Participants included 258 (138 boys) 3-year-old children (M = 44.13 months, SD = 3.39) with and without behavior problems and their parents who took part in a 3-year longitudinal study. Maternal ADHD symptoms predicted later ADHD symptoms in children, controlling for early child symptomatology. Both family history of ADHD and paternal comorbid psychopathology predicted later child ADHD and ODD symptoms, but they did not account for the association between maternal and child ADHD symptoms. Although paternal ADHD symptoms were associated with age 3 child ADHD symptoms, they did not significantly predict later child ADHD symptoms controlling for early symptomatology. Family adversity moderated the relation between maternal ADHD and child ADHD symptoms, such that the relation between maternal and child ADHD symptoms was stronger for families with less adversity. Maternal overreactive parenting mediated the relation between maternal ADHD symptoms and later child ADHD and ODD symptoms. Our findings suggest that targeting paternal comorbid psychopathology and maternal parenting holds promise for attenuating the effects of parental ADHD on children's ADHD.
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19
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Nikolas MA, Momany AM. DRD4 Variants Moderate the Impact of Parental Characteristics on Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Exploratory Evidence from a Multiplex Family Design. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:429-442. [PMID: 28138806 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental ADHD symptomatology and related impairments have been robustly associated with youth ADHD across decades of work. Notably, these factors may impede typical development of child self-regulation capabilities through both neurobiological and interpersonal processes. High heritability of estimates for the disorder further suggest that these effects are likely genetically-mediated, at least in part. Variation within the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been shown to moderate parental influences on youth ADHD. Use of a multiplex family design (i.e., samples of families that included multiple affected members) may facilitate identification of additional gene variants of interest and advance understanding of gene-environment interplay in regard to parenting. Thirty multiplex families consisting of 114 individuals (66 youth, 48 parents) completed a multi-stage, multi-informant diagnostic and neurocognitive assessment, measures of parenting, and provided saliva samples for DNA analyses. Sanger sequencing of the DRD4 gene yielded 16 rare variants; a polygenic risk score was computed for both parents and youth. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) examined the predictive effects of parental ADHD symptoms, parental neurocognitive functioning, and poor parenting dimensions on youth ADHD as well as moderation of these effects by parental and youth DRD4 variants. Findings indicated that parental DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental ADHD and neurocognitive functioning on youth ADHD symptoms. Youth DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental inconsistent discipline on child ADHD. In all cases, stronger associations were observed for those individuals with more risk variants. These exploratory findings highlight the potential utility of a multiplex family design for examining the interplay between parent and child characteristics in predicting youth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Allison M Momany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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20
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Auerbach JG, Zilberman-Hayun Y, Atzaba-Poria N, Berger A. The Contribution of Maternal ADHD Symptomatology, Maternal DAT1, and Home Atmosphere to Child ADHD Symptomatology at 7 Years of Age. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:415-427. [PMID: 27873141 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Children of mothers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased genetic and environmental risk for ADHD. The unique and interactive contributions of a maternal dopamine receptor gene (DAT1), maternal ADHD symptoms (hyperactive- impulsive, inattentive), and home atmosphere to the prediction of ADHD symptoms (hyperactive- impulsive, inattentive) in 7- year-old boys (N = 96) were examined using data from a longitudinal study of familial risk for ADHD. During the first 6 months of the study, mothers and their spouses completed a questionnaire about the mother's ADHD symptoms. Home atmosphere questionnaire data were collected 4 years later. At the 7-year assessment, mothers reported on their child's ADHD symptoms. Negative home atmosphere was significantly associated with child hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms. Maternal inattentive symptoms were significantly correlated with both child symptom dimensions. Regression models, with child genotype and maternal education controlled, showed main effects for maternal inattentive symptoms, maternal DAT1 10/10 genotype, and home atmosphere in the prediction of child inattentive symptoms. Only home atmosphere predicted child hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. There was a significant home atmosphere x maternal hyperactive-impulsive symptoms interaction in the prediction of child hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Boys with higher levels of symptoms came from homes characterized by higher levels of negative atmosphere and had mothers with higher levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. There was also a trend (p = 0.075) for a maternal DAT1 x home atmosphere interaction. Boys with higher levels of inattentive symptoms came from homes with higher levels of negative atmosphere and had mothers with the homozygous 10/10 genotype. The maternal heterozygous 9/10 genotype did not predict child symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G Auerbach
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501.
| | - Yael Zilberman-Hayun
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
| | - Naama Atzaba-Poria
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 8410501
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21
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Morgan JE, Caplan B, Tung I, Noroña AN, Baker BL, Lee SS. COMT and DAT1 polymorphisms moderate the indirect effect of parenting behavior on youth ADHD symptoms through neurocognitive functioning. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:823-843. [PMID: 28675949 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1346067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although gene × environment interactions contribute to youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, the pathways mediating these influences are unknown. We tested genetic moderation of indirect effects from parenting behavior to youth ADHD symptoms through multiple neurocognitive factors. Two hundred and twenty-nine youth with and without ADHD were assessed at baseline (Wave 1; ages 5-10) and at a 2-year follow-up (Wave 2; ages 7-13). At Wave 1, youth completed a neurocognitive battery including measures of response inhibition, visuospatial working memory, and fluid reasoning, and a standardized parent-child interaction task yielding observational measures of positive and negative parenting. At Wave 2, youth psychopathology was rated by parents and teachers using multiple methods (i.e., structured interview, rating scale). We employed moderated multiple mediation and compared conditional indirect effects across youth genotypes at two biologically plausible genetic loci. Controlling for parent ADHD symptoms as well as youth demographic factors and co-occurring externalizing symptoms, these genetic factors moderated the indirect effect from Wave 1 parenting to multi-method/informant Wave 2 ADHD symptoms through Wave 1 neurocognitive functioning. This preliminary study is the first to identify genetic moderation of mediated effects underlying ADHD symptoms and suggests that specific gene × parenting interactions may underlie neurocognitive functioning deficits and subsequent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Morgan
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Barbara Caplan
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Irene Tung
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | | | - Bruce L Baker
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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22
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Parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 56:25-39. [PMID: 28601690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists throughout the lifespan, and there are known impairments associated with adult ADHD. Understanding ADHD-related impairments in the parenting domain is particularly important given that the children of adults with ADHD also are likely to have ADHD, and there is potential for parenting to alter the developmental outcomes of these children. The present study quantitatively synthesizes evidence regarding the associations between parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors. Across 32 studies, this meta-analysis found that parental ADHD symptoms accounted for 2.9%, 3.2%, and 0.5% of the variance of harsh, lax, and positive parenting, respectively. Greater parental ADHD symptoms were associated with less positive and more harsh and lax parenting behaviors. Variables, such as the proportion of children in the sample diagnosed with ADHD, child gender, and method/rater variance, moderated the strength of these relations. Results also suggest more similarities than differences in the associations between parenting behaviors and the two dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. Overall, parental ADHD symptoms are significantly associated with parenting behaviors with effect sizes similar to the associations found between other parental psychopathologies and parenting, although the associations remain relatively small. The paper concludes with comments regarding remaining gaps in the literature that warrant further research and the clinical implications of the associations between parental ADHD symptoms and parenting.
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23
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Babinski DE, Waxmonsky JG, Waschbusch DA, Humphery H, Pelham WE. Parent-Reported Improvements in Family Functioning in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Lisdexamfetamine for Treatment of Parental Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:250-257. [PMID: 27991835 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the effects of parental stimulant medication treatment on parent ratings of parent-child functioning. Ratings of parent-child functioning in the home setting and immediately following a laboratory-based parent-child interaction were collected. METHOD Participants were 20 parents who along with their children (ages 5-12 years) were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parents completed an open-label titration to determine their optimal dose of lisdexamfetamine (30, 50, or 70 mg/day) and then completed a month-long double-blind randomized pharmacological intervention for parental ADHD. Effects of parental stimulant medication administered for an extended duration were assessed by parent ratings of parent-child functioning in the home setting and immediately following a laboratory parent-child interaction task conducted at an academic mental health center. Data were collected from September 2010 to June 2013. RESULTS Stimulant medication versus placebo was associated with larger reductions in parental ADHD (d = 1.01-1.09), impairment (d = 0.67-0.82), and executive dysfunction (d = 0.74-0.94) in the home setting. No significant benefits of stimulant medication emerged in measures of parenting or child behavior at home. In the laboratory setting, parents treated with stimulant medication versus placebo reported fewer ADHD symptoms (d = 1.01-1.05) and their interaction was more successful (d = 0.83) and pleasant (d = 0.92). Several additional trends emerged showing beneficial effects of stimulant medication on parent-child functioning. CONCLUSION Parents treated with stimulant medication evidenced some improvements in parent-child functioning, which support the use of pharmacological intervention to improve functioning in families with parent-child ADHD. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01127607.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James G Waxmonsky
- 1 Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,2 Center for Children and Families, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | | | - Hugh Humphery
- 2 Center for Children and Families, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
| | - William E Pelham
- 2 Center for Children and Families, Florida International University , Miami, Florida
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24
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Friedrich A, Moning J, Weiss J, Schlarb AA. The Effects of Parental ADHD Symptoms on Parenting Behaviors. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.97077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Williamson D, Johnston C, Noyes A, Stewart K, Weiss MD. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Mothers and Fathers: Family Level Interactions in Relation to Parenting. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:485-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Externalizing Outcomes of Youth with and without ADHD: Time-Varying Prediction by Parental ADHD and Mediated Effects. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:457-470. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Brammer WA, Galán CA, Mesri B, Lee SS. Parental ADHD and Depression: Time-Varying Prediction of Offspring Externalizing Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 47:S137-S149. [PMID: 27398972 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1183495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parental attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression are risk factors for negative child outcomes, but given their frequent co-occurrence and variability over time, developmentally sensitive studies are needed. To characterize change in parental ADHD and depression as predictors of change in child ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 230 five- to ten-year-old children with (n = 110) and without (n = 120) ADHD were followed prospectively for 2 years with 90% retention. At baseline and again 2 years later (i.e., Wave 2), parents self-reported their ADHD and depression; parents and teachers also separately rated child ADHD and ODD, as well as broader attention and externalizing problems. Controlling for child sex, race-ethnicity, age, and parental depression, generalized estimating equations revealed that 2-year decreases in parental ADHD significantly predicted reduced child ADHD symptoms, but only among non-ADHD youth. Alternatively, increasing parental depression positively predicted change in teacher-rated ODD symptoms. These findings provide quasi-experimental evidence that parental ADHD and depression may be time-varying risk factors with respect to key dimensions of child externalizing behavior problems. We consider the potential dynamic and reciprocal interrelations among parental ADHD and depression with developmental change in offspring ADHD and ODD. We also discuss implications of parent psychopathology in the development of interventions to reduce the burden of youth ADHD and associated externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bita Mesri
- a Department of Psychology , University of California
| | - Steve S Lee
- a Department of Psychology , University of California
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28
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Humphreys KL, Galán CA, Tottenham N, Lee SS. Impaired Social Decision-Making Mediates the Association Between ADHD and Social Problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:1023-32. [PMID: 26486935 PMCID: PMC6613588 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reliably predicts social dysfunction, ranging from poor social competence and elevated peer rejection to inadequate social skills. Yet, the factors mediating predictions of social problems from childhood ADHD are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated social functioning in 186 (69 % male) 6 to 10 year-old (M = 7.88, SD = 1.17) children with (n = 98) and without (n = 87) ADHD who were followed prospectively for two years. We implemented a well-validated measure of social problems as well as a novel social decision-making task assessing dynamic response to changing affective cues at the two-year follow-up. According to separate parent and teacher report, baseline ADHD symptoms positively predicted social problems at the two-year follow-up; individual differences on the social decision-making task mediated this association. This finding was replicated when ADHD dimensions (i.e., inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) were separately examined. These findings suggest that the deficient use of affective cues to effectively guide behavior may partially underlie poor social functioning among children with ADHD. If replicated, these preliminary findings suggest that social skills interventions that target interpretation of affective cues to aid in social decision-making behavior may improve social outcomes negatively affected by early ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steve S Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Associations between Inadequate Parenting Practices and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:683062. [PMID: 26844292 PMCID: PMC4710942 DOI: 10.1155/2015/683062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents with ADHD present behaviors such as impulsiveness, inattention, and difficulties with personal organization that represent an overload for parents. Moreover, it also increases their level of stress and leads them to resort to inadequate educational strategies. The present study verifies associations between inadequate parenting practices and behavioral profiles of children and adolescents with ADHD. The sample was composed of 22 children with ADHD (age range 6–16 years) and their mothers. Spearman correlation analyses were made with the scores of Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) and Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6–18 (CBCL/6–18). Results indicate statistically significant associations between behavioral problems and the use of punishment practices and negligence. When assessing a child with ADHD, it is important to verify the predominant types of parenting practices that can influence both immediate interventions and the prognosis of the disorder.
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30
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Bridgett DJ, Burt NM, Edwards ES, Deater-Deckard K. Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: A multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:602-654. [PMID: 25938878 PMCID: PMC4422221 DOI: 10.1037/a0038662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review examines mechanisms contributing to the intergenerational transmission of self-regulation. To provide an integrated account of how self-regulation is transmitted across generations, we draw from over 75 years of accumulated evidence, spanning case studies to experimental approaches, in literatures covering developmental, social, and clinical psychology, and criminology, physiology, genetics, and human and animal neuroscience (among others). First, we present a taxonomy of what self-regulation is and then examine how it develops--overviews that guide the main foci of the review. Next, studies supporting an association between parent and child self-regulation are reviewed. Subsequently, literature that considers potential social mechanisms of transmission, specifically parenting behavior, interparental (i.e., marital) relationship behaviors, and broader rearing influences (e.g., household chaos) is considered. Finally, evidence that prenatal programming may be the starting point of the intergenerational transmission of self-regulation is covered, along with key findings from the behavioral and molecular genetics literatures. To integrate these literatures, we introduce the self-regulation intergenerational transmission model, a framework that brings together prenatal, social/contextual, and neurobiological mechanisms (spanning endocrine, neural, and genetic levels, including gene-environment interplay and epigenetic processes) to explain the intergenerational transmission of self-regulation. This model also incorporates potential transactional processes between generations (e.g., children's self-regulation and parent-child interaction dynamics that may affect parents' self-regulation) that further influence intergenerational processes. In pointing the way forward, we note key future directions and ways to address limitations in existing work throughout the review and in closing. We also conclude by noting several implications for intervention work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M Burt
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University
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31
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Pappa I, Mileva-Seitz VR, Szekely E, Verhulst FC, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH. DRD4 VNTRs, observed stranger fear in preschoolers and later ADHD symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:982-6. [PMID: 25262643 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fear of strangers is a developmental milestone in childhood that encompasses behavioral inhibition and decreased novelty seeking. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit fearless and impulsive behaviors, similar to those observed in children with atypically low levels of stranger fear. It is currently unknown whether these behaviors share common underlying biological mechanisms. Polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4) have been implicated in the risk for developing ADHD symptoms in childhood. Here we investigate whether (1) DRD4 variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are associated with both stranger fear and ADHD symptoms, and (2) stranger fear in preschoolers mediates the link between DRD4 VNTRs and ADHD in later childhood. Stranger fear was observed in a large sample (N=589) of 3-year-old Caucasian children and ADHD symptoms were assessed by a validated, mother-rated questionnaire at 6 years. We found evidence that longer DRD4 variants were associated with increased ADHD symptoms at 6 years, and that this relationship was partially mediated by lower levels of observed stranger fear at 3 years. Our results suggest a common underlying neurobiological mechanism in the association between low stranger fear and ADHD symptoms; variation in DRD4 may be an important contributor to this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eszter Szekely
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children׳s Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands.
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