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Pirow R, Bernauer U, Blume A, Cieszynski A, Flingelli G, Heiland A, Herzler M, Huhse B, Riebeling C, Rosenthal E, Sy M, Tietz T, Trubiroha A, Luch A. Mono-n-hexyl phthalate: exposure estimation and assessment of health risks based on levels found in human urine samples. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03835-x. [PMID: 39153032 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Mono-n-hexyl phthalate (MnHexP) is a primary metabolite of di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHexP) and other mixed side-chain phthalates that was recently detected in urine samples from adults and children in Germany. DnHexP is classified as toxic for reproduction category 1B in Annex VI of Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 and listed in Annex XIV of the European chemical legislation REACH; thereby, its use requires an authorisation. Health-based guidance values for DnHexP are lacking and a full-scale risk assessment has not been carried out under REACH. The detection of MnHexP in urine samples raises questions about the sources of exposure and concerns of consumer safety. Here, we propose the calculation of a provisional oral tolerable daily intake value (TDI) of 63 µg/kg body weight/day for DnHexP and compare it to intake levels corresponding to levels of MnHexP found in urine. The resulting mean intake levels correspond to less than 0.2% of the TDI, and maximum levels to less than 5%. The TDI was derived by means of an approximate probabilistic analysis using the credible interval from benchmark dose modelling of published ex vivo data on reduced foetal testosterone production in rats. Thus, for the dose associated to a 20% reduction in testosterone production, a lower and upper credible interval of 14.9 and 30.0 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, was used. This is considered a conservative approach, since apical developmental endpoints (e.g. changed anogenital distance) were only observed at higher doses. In addition, we modelled various scenarios of the exposure to the precursor substance DnHexP from different consumer products, taking measured contamination levels into account, and estimated systemic exposure doses. Of the modelled scenarios including the application of sunscreen (as a lotion or pump spray), the use of lip balm, and the wearing of plastic sandals, and considering conservative assumptions, the use of DnHexP-contaminated sunscreen was highlighted as a major contributing factor. A hypothetical calculation using conservative assumptions for the latter resulted in a margin of safety in relation to the lower credible interval of 3267 and 1007 for adults and young children, respectively. Most importantly, it was found that only a fraction of the TDI is reached in all studied exposure scenarios. Thus, with regard to the reported DnHexP exposure, a health risk can be considered very unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Bernauer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrian Cieszynski
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Flingelli
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Heiland
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Rosenthal
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moustapha Sy
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Tietz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Trubiroha
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Li X, Qian H, Ye H, Zhao H, Cui J, Fang X, Ge Z, Shi J, Qi W, Ye L. DEHP induces apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid via Rap1 signaling pathway: In vivo and in vitro study. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114609. [PMID: 38522500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DEHP has thyroid toxicity and affects thyroid function. However, the mechanism is unclear. METHODS The offspring of SD rats were gavaged with different doses of DEHP from in utero to 8 or 12 weeks old. We observed the thyroid morphology with HE and autophagosomes with TEM. The THs levels were tested with ELISA. The apoptosis level was tested by flow cytometry. The levels of apoptosis-related genes, autophagy-related genes and Rap1 pathway genes, were measured with qRT-PCR and Western blot. We established an MEHP-treated Nthy-ori 3-1 cell model and inhibited the Rap1 to verify the mechanism. RESULTS DEHP could cause pathological damage and ultrastructure damage of thyroids in offspring rats. After DEHP exposure, the THs levels were altered, the apoptosis levels increased, and autophagosomes appeared. DEHP significantly affected the levels of apoptosis-related genes and autophagy-related genes. DEHP also affected the levels of Rap1 pathway, which was correlated with the levels of apoptosis and autophagy. After inhibiting Rap1 in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells, the THs levels were altered. Rap1 pathway was inhibited and the levels of apoptosis and autophagy were down-regulated. CONCLUSION DEHP could induce the apoptosis and autophagy of the thyroid, and Rap1 signaling pathway may play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Haotang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoqi Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhili Ge
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Mansuri A, Trivedi C, Parikh A, Kumar A. Mitigating phthalate toxicity: The protective role of humic acid and clay in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141756. [PMID: 38513954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This research study aimed to explore the mitigating effects of humic acid and clay on the toxicity induced by three different phthalates (DBP, DEP, DEHP) on zebrafish larvae growth. Prolonged exposure to DBP resulted in a concerning 87.33% mortality rate, significantly reduced to 7.3% when co-administered with humic acid. A similar reduction in mortality was observed for the other two phthalates (DEP and DEHP). Additionally, the introduction of phthalates with humic acid, clay, or their combination led to a significant decrease in the malformation rate in larvae. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phthalates in treatments revealed a noteworthy decline in their concentration when combined with humic acid and clay. This suggests a reduced bioavailability of phthalates to larvae, aligning with diminished toxicity, lower mortality, fewer malformations, and improved organ development, as well as less oxidative stress. Furthermore, measurements of larval length and morphological scoring affirmed the protective role of humic acid and clay in promoting the normal growth of zebrafish. This study underscores the potential of environment modulators, such as humic acid and clay, as effective bioremediation agents against phthalate toxicity. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicative of oxidative stress, was markedly higher in larvae treated solely with phthalates compared to the control. Conversely, larvae treated with a combination of phthalates and humic acid or clay exhibited a significant decrease in ROS generation, signaling a decline in oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis of adult fish subjected to various treatments revealed significant damage to vital organs like the liver and intestine when treated with phthalates alone. However, when phthalates were introduced with humic acid, clay, or both, the morphology closely resembled that of the control, reinforcing the protective role of humic acid and clay in zebrafish development against administered phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkhalik Mansuri
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Charvi Trivedi
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Aashi Parikh
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Li Y, Liu C, Yang H, He W, Li B, Zhu X, Liu S, Jia S, Li R, Tang KHD. Leaching of chemicals from microplastics: A review of chemical types, leaching mechanisms and influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167666. [PMID: 37820817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
It is widely known that microplastics are present everywhere and they pose certain risks to the ecosystem and humans which are partly attributed to the leaching of additives and chemicals from them. However, the leaching mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This review paper aims to comprehensively and critically illustrate the leaching mechanisms in biotic and abiotic environments. It analyzes and synthesizes the factors influencing the leaching processes. It achieves the aims by reviewing >165 relevant scholarly papers published mainly in the past 10 years. According to this review, flame retardants, plasticizers and antioxidants are the three main groups of additives in microplastics with the potentials to disrupt endocrine functions, reproduction, brain development and kidney functions. Upon ingestion, the MPs are exposed to digestive fluids containing enzymes and acids which facilitate their degradation and leaching of chemicals. Fats and oils in the digestive tracts also aid the leaching and transport of these chemicals particularly the fat-soluble ones. Leaching is highly variable depending on chemical properties and bisphenols leach to a larger extent than other endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, the rates of leaching remain poorly understood, owing probably to multiple factors at play. Diffusion and partitioning are two main mechanisms of leaching in biotic and abiotic environments. Photodegradation is more predominant in the latter, generating reactive oxygen species which cause microplastic aging and leaching with minimal destruction of the chemicals leached. Effects of microplastic sizes on leaching are governed by Sherwood number, thickness of aqueous boundary layer and desorption half-life. This review contributes to better understanding of leaching of chemicals from microplastics which affect their ecotoxicities and human toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yage Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haotian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Wenhui He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Beibei Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shuyan Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shihao Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Rachid O, Akkbik M, Alkilany AM, Makhlouf A, Al Shaikh L, Alinier G. Can we use normal saline stored under stress conditions? A simulated prehospital emergency medical setting. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20377. [PMID: 37790963 PMCID: PMC10543540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data on stability and suitability to use normal saline stored under stress conditions in ambulances is lacking. Objective We aimed to study the impact of exposure to extreme temperature variations on normal saline stability and compatibility with its packaging. Methods Normal saline in 96 polyolefin bags were exposed to continuous temperature of 22, 50, and 70 °C or to a cyclic temperature of 70 °C per 8 h and 22 °C per 16 h. The bags were sampled at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks in the short- and long-term experiments, respectively. Solution inside the bags was evaluated for any evidence of crystallization, discoloration, turbidity, or pH changes. A sample of normal saline was withdrawn from each bag to analyze sodium and chloride levels. Results Precipitation, discoloration, or turbidity were not observed in the solution inside normal saline bags. The average pH was 5.59 at 22 °C, 5.73 at 50 °C, 5.86 at 70 °C and 5.79 at cyclic exposure. In the short- and long-term experiments, sodium and chloride concentrations were within 100.2-111.27% and 99.04-110.95%, respectively. Leaching of the plastic components in the polyolefin bag into the normal saline solution was not detected. Conclusions Sodium and chloride levels of normal saline were stable and compatible with polyolefin bags stored in simulated continuous and cyclic extreme temperatures for around one month. The effect of storage in the cabinet of operational ambulance vehicles during different seasons in arid countries is yet to be evaluated in real-world conditions, to further confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousama Rachid
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Akkbik
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Central Laboratories Unit, Office of VP for Research & Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Makhlouf
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
| | - Loua Al Shaikh
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
| | - Guillaume Alinier
- Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, Doha, Qatar
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Deng Y, Yan W, Guo Y, Wang Q, Bi Y, Dong C, Fan L. Highly sensitive and selective photoelectrochemical aptasensing of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate based on graphene quantum dots decorated TiO 2 nanotube arrays. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128107. [PMID: 34971987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was constructed using graphene quantum dots decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays (GQDs-decorated TiO2 NTs) as the transducer species and the anti-DEHP aptamer as the biological recognition element. GQDs were synthesized using the alkali-mediated hydrothermal method, and then anchored onto the TiO2 NTs uniformly and intimately via pronounced electrostatic interaction. Coupling GQDs with TiO2 NTs not only enhanced visible-light absorption, but promoted charge separation and transportation, exhibiting excellent photocurrent response, and PEC activity. Various means were conducted to explore morphologies, optical, structural and PEC properties of the materials. As an identification unit, the anti-DEHP aptamer molecules were immobilized on GQDs-decorated TiO2 NTs using a cross-linking coupling method. The developed PEC sensing platform exhibits excellent sensing behavior for DEHP, and provides a low detection limit of 0.1 ng/L, high selectivity and stability. Meanwhile, its application in real environmental samples was evaluated and satisfying results were achieved. Thus, the established sensing platform provides a promising tool to detect DEHP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Analytical Instrumentation Center and State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Analytical Instrumentation Center and State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Yingpu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
| | - Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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Tao Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Jiao Y, Qu J, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Effects of common environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals on zebrafish behavior. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117826. [PMID: 34785404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a type of exogenous organic pollutants, are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments. Therefor, this review focused on the use of the zebrafish as a model to explore the effect of different EDCs on behavior, as well as the molecular mechanisms that drive these effects. Furthermore, our study summarizes the current knowledge on the neuromodulatory effects of different EDCs in zebrafish. This study also reviews the current state of zebrafish behavior research, in addition to the potential mechanisms of single and mixed pollutant-driven behavioral dysregulation at the molecular level, as well as the applications of zebrafish behavior experiments for neuroscience research. This review broadens our understanding of the influence of EDCs on zebrafish behavior and provides guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zixu Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yaqi Jiao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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UV light impact on phthalates migration from children’s toys into artificial saliva. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc210928097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates has been widely used in children?s toys as plastic plasticizers and softeners. Therefore, attention should be paid to plastic toys, especially those that children can put in their mouths. In this paper quantification of five phthalates: DMP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP and DnOP in plastic toys, as well as irradiation of toys with UV light was performed. After sample preparation and development of the liquid?liquid phthalate extraction method from artificial saliva phthalate quantitative determination using the GC?MS technique was performed. The mean recovery value for DEHP is 77.03?2.76 %. The determination of phthalate in the recipient models (artificial saliva and n-hexane) was performed after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test using the GC?MS technique. Based on the known mass % DEHP in the analyzed toys, the percentage of phthalate migration from each analyzed toy to the recipient model after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test was calculated. The results show that there is no significant migration of DEHP into artificial saliva, due to high polarity of the recipient (artificial saliva is polar), unlike n-hexane where the migration of DEHP is significant because it is a non-polar solvent.
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Ding S, Qi W, Xu Q, Zhao T, Li X, Yin J, Zhang R, Huo C, Zhou L, Ye L. Relationships between di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism in adolescents: Human data and experimental rat model analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117570. [PMID: 34438493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of lipid metabolism disorders in adolescents has gradually increased, and the effects of DEHP on lipid metabolism have received widespread attention. In this study, 463 adolescents aged 16-19 years were enrolled as subjects. This study analyzed the associations between the urinary levels of DEHP metabolites (MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP, MCMHP, and ∑DEHP) and BMI, WHR, WtHR, VAI, LAP, the plasma levels of lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C), and the peripheral blood leukocyte mRNA levels of SREBP-2, SR-BI, LDLR, and NR1H3. Animal experiments were performed to confirm and expand findings. Wistar rats were administered DEHP at 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks. The serum and liver levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and the liver mRNA and protein levels of SREBP-2, SR-BI, LDLR, and NR1H3 were measured. The results showed that WHR, VAI, and LAP were significantly positively associated with the urinary levels of MECPP and ∑DEHP; the plasma HDL-C level was significantly negatively associated with the levels of MECPP, MCMHP and ∑DEHP; the peripheral blood leukocyte mRNA levels of SREBP-2, NR1H3, and LDLR were significantly positively correlated with the MCMHP level; and the SR-BI mRNA level was significantly positively correlated with the levels of MECPP and MCMHP in adolescents. Moreover, the results of animal experiments showed that DEHP exposure significantly increased the serum levels of TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C in 500 mg/kg/d group, as well as the liver levels of TC and HDL-C, up-regulated SREBP-2 mRNA and protein expression in 50 and 500 mg/kg/d groups. DEHP exposure significantly down-regulated SR-BI and NR1H3 protein expression in the liver of the 500 mg/kg/d group rats. Our findings indicate that DEHP exposure can affect lipid metabolism in adolescents by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruxuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanyi Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Bioaccessibility study and simultaneous quantification of endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A and phthalates) in utensils and toys for infants using HPLC–UV. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xu H, Sheng J, Wu X, Zhan K, Tao S, Wen X, Liu W, Cudjoe O, Tao F. Moderating effects of plastic packaged food on association of urinary phthalate metabolites with emotional symptoms in Chinese adolescents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112171. [PMID: 33812210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous research reports that diet is the main source of phthalate exposure to adolescents, and phthalate is associated with adolescent mental and behavioral problems. However, no study has explored the moderating effects of eating behavior in this association. This study aimed to analyze the moderating effects of plastic packaged food consumption in the longitudinal association between phthalate metabolite concentration and emotional symptoms in adolescents. This school-based survey was carried out among adolescents in two Chinese provinces. We conducted a baseline and follow-up surveys for 893 freshmen using the purposive sampling method from December 2018 to November 2019. We used food frequency questionnaire to assess eating behavior. The Chinese version of 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scales was used to assess emotional symptoms, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the concentration of six urine phthalate metabolites. The results of latent moderation model indicated that plastic packaged food consumption moderated the association of low molecular weight phthalate (LMWP) with depressive symptoms (β = 0.27, P = 0.002), anxiety symptoms (β = 0.89, P < 0.01), and stress symptoms (β = 0.23, P = 0.019). The moderating effects were significant at the higher scores (β = 0.14-0.35, P < 0.05) and/or the lower scores (β = -0.35 to -0.12, P < 0.05) of plastic packaged food consumption. The results suggest that plastic packaged food consumption to some extent moderates the longitudinal association of phthalate exposure with emotional symptoms in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglv Xu
- School of Medicine, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming 650214, Yunnan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shuman Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xing Wen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Obed Cudjoe
- University of Cape Coast, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department and the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China.
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Zhao Y, Ma DX, Wang HG, Li MZ, Talukder M, Wang HR, Li JL. Lycopene Prevents DEHP-Induced Liver Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Inhibiting the HIF-1α-Induced PPARα/PPARγ/FXR/LXR System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11468-11479. [PMID: 32962341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widespread pollutant that badly affects animals and human health. Lycopene (LYC) has been used as a dietary supplement that has effective antioxidant and antiobesity functions. The present goal was to understand the molecular mechanisms of LYC preventing DEHP-induced lipid metabolism of the liver. The mice were intragastrically administered with LYC (5 mg/kg) and/or DEHP (500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg). Here, we found that LYC attenuated DEHP-caused hepatic histopathological lesions including steatosis. Hematological and biochemical analyses revealed that LYC ameliorated DEHP-caused liver function and lipid metabolism disorders. DEHP caused lipid metabolism disorders via activating the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α/γ (PPARα/γ) signal transducer and Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/liver X receptor (LXR) signaling pathway. As a major regulator of lipid metabolism, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) system was elevated with increased fatty degeneration under DEHP exposure. However, LYC could decrease the levels of HIF-1α/PPARα/PPARγ/FXR/LXR signaling pathway-related factors. Our research indicated that LYC could prevent DEHP-induced lipid metabolism disorders via inhibiting the HIF-1α-mediated PPARα/PPARγ/FXR/LXR system. This study may provide a possible molecular mechanism for fatty liver induced by DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong-Guang Wang
- The Technical Identification Station of Agricultural Products and Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150000, P. R. China
| | | | - Milton Talukder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
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