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Taveekitworachai P, Chanmas G, Paliyawan P, Thawonmas R, Nukoolkit C, Dajpratham P, Thawonmas R. A systematic review of major evaluation metrics for simulator-based automatic assessment of driving after stroke. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32930. [PMID: 39021930 PMCID: PMC11252877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Simulator-based driving assessments (SA) have recently been used and studied for various purposes, particularly for post-stroke patients. Automating such assessment has potential benefits especially on reducing financial cost and time. Nevertheless, there currently exists no clear guideline on assessment techniques and metrics available for SA for post-stroke patients. Therefore, this systematic review is conducted to explore such techniques and establish guidelines for evaluation metrics. Objective: This review aims to find: (a) major evaluation metrics for automatic SA in post-stroke patients and (b) assessment inputs and techniques for such evaluation metrics. Methods: The study follows the PRISMA guideline. Systematic searches were performed on PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library for articles published from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2023. This review targeted journal articles written in English about automatic performance assessment of simulator-based driving by post-stroke patients. A narrative synthesis was provided for the included studies. Results: The review included six articles with a total of 239 participants. Across all of the included studies, we discovered 49 distinct assessment inputs. Threshold-based, machine-learning-based, and driving simulator calculation approaches are three primary types of assessment techniques and evaluation metrics identified in the review. Discussion: Most studies incorporated more than one type of input, indicating the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of driving abilities. Threshold-based techniques and metrics were the most commonly used in all studies, likely due to their simplicity. An existing relevant review also highlighted the limited number of studies in this area, underscoring the need for further research to establish the validity and effectiveness of simulator-based automatic assessment of driving (SAAD). Conclusions: More studies should be conducted on various aspects of SAAD to explore and validate this type of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pittawat Taveekitworachai
- Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, 567-8570, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gunt Chanmas
- Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, 567-8570, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pujana Paliyawan
- Ritsumeikan Center for Game Studies, Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita, 603-8577, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ramita Thawonmas
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chakarida Nukoolkit
- School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, 10140, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyapat Dajpratham
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Siriraj, Bangkok Noi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruck Thawonmas
- Department of Information Science and Engineering, College School of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, 567-8570, Osaka, Japan
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Guan DX, Churchill NW, Fischer CE, Graham SJ, Schweizer TA. Neuroanatomical correlates of distracted straight driving performance: a driving simulator MRI study across the lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1369179. [PMID: 38706457 PMCID: PMC11066182 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1369179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Driving is the preferred mode of transportation for adults across the healthy age span. However, motor vehicle crashes are among the leading causes of injury and death, especially for older adults, and under distracted driving conditions. Understanding the neuroanatomical basis of driving may inform interventions that minimize crashes. This exploratory study examined the neuroanatomical correlates of undistracted and distracted simulated straight driving. Methods One-hundred-and-thirty-eight participants (40.6% female) aged 17-85 years old (mean and SD = 58.1 ± 19.9 years) performed a simulated driving task involving straight driving and turns at intersections in a city environment using a steering wheel and foot pedals. During some straight driving segments, participants responded to auditory questions to simulate distracted driving. Anatomical T1-weighted MRI was used to quantify grey matter volume and cortical thickness for five brain regions: the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), precentral gyrus (PG), superior temporal cortex (STC), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and cerebellum. Partial correlations controlling for age and sex were used to explore relationships between neuroanatomical measures and straight driving behavior, including speed, acceleration, lane position, heading angle, and time speeding or off-center. Effects of interest were noted at an unadjusted p-value threshold of 0.05. Results Distracted driving was associated with changes in most measures of straight driving performance. Greater volume and cortical thickness in the PPC and cerebellum were associated with reduced variability in lane position and heading angle during distracted straight driving. Cortical thickness of the MFG, PG, PPC, and STC were associated with speed and acceleration, often in an age-dependent manner. Conclusion Posterior regions were correlated with lane maintenance whereas anterior and posterior regions were correlated with speed and acceleration, especially during distracted driving. The regions involved and their role in straight driving may change with age, particularly during distracted driving as observed in older adults. Further studies should investigate the relationship between distracted driving and the aging brain to inform driving interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan X. Guan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan W. Churchill
- Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne E. Fischer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J. Graham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A. Schweizer
- Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wang Y, Lyu N, Wu C, Du Z, Deng M, Wu H. Investigating the impact of HMI on drivers' merging performance in intelligent connected vehicle environment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 198:107448. [PMID: 38340472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Intelligent Connected Vehicle (ICV) is considered one of the most promising active safety technologies to address current transportation challenges. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) plays a vital role in enhancing user driving experience with ICV technology. However, in an ICV environment, drivers may exhibit excessive reliance on HMI, resulting in diminished proactive observation and analysis of the road environment, and subsequently leading to a potential decrease in drivers' situational awareness. This reduced situational awareness may consequently lead to a decline in their overall engagement in driving tasks. Therefore, to comprehensively investigate the impact of HMI on driver performance in various ICV environments, this study incorporates three distinct HMI systems: Control group, Warning group, and Guidance group. The Control group provides basic information, the Warning group adds front vehicle icon and real-time headway information, while the Guidance group further includes speed and voice guidance features. Additionally, the study considers three types of mainline vehicle gaps, namely, 30 m, 20 m, and 15 m. Through our self-developed ICV testing platform, we conducted driving simulation experiments on 43 participants in a freeway interchange merging area. The findings reveal that, drivers in the Guidance group exhibited explicit acceleration while driving on the ramp. Drivers in the Guidance and Warning groups demonstrated smoother speed change trends and lower mean longitudinal acceleration upon entering the acceleration lane compared to the Control group, indicating a preference for more cautious driving strategies. During the pre-merging section, drivers in the Warning group demonstrated a more cautious and smooth longitudinal acceleration. The Guidance group's HMI system assisted drivers in better speed control during the post-merging section. Differences in mainline vehicle gaps did not significantly impact the merging positions of participants across the three HMI groups. Drivers in the Guidance group merged closest to the left side of the taper section, while the Control group merged farthest. The research findings offer valuable insights for developing dynamic human-machine interfaces tailored to specific driving scenarios in the environment of ICVs. Future research should investigate the effects of various HMIs on driver safety, workload, energy efficiency, and overall driving experience. Conducting real-world tests will further validate the findings obtained from driving simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wang
- Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Nengchao Lyu
- Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China.
| | - Chaozhong Wu
- Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China; National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Zijun Du
- Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
| | - Min Deng
- Wuhan Zhongjiao Traffic Engineering CO.,Ltd, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Haoran Wu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, Hubei, China
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Leonardo J, Dickerson A, Wu Q. A Comparison of Night Hazard Detection between Younger and Older Drivers under Driving Simulation and Real-World Conditions. Occup Ther Health Care 2024; 38:59-77. [PMID: 38241185 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2232034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
''Using eye-tracking technology, this study examined hazard detection at night. Using a 2 (younger versus older) x 2 (simulator versus on road) repeated-measures mixed design, 16 older adults and 17 younger adults drove their own vehicle and on a driving simulator under nighttime conditions wearing eye tracking technology. Both driving conditions had three roadway hazards of pedestrians looking at their cell phone while posed to cross the roadway. Pupil glances were recorded using outcome measures of total fixation duration, number of fixations, and time to first fixation. Results showed older adults detected hazards similarly to younger adults, especially during on-road performance. Night hazard detection was similar across driving conditions except for time to first fixation, which was faster on-road for both age groups. Results support potential use of driving simulators as a proxy for on-road with night driving needed for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Dickerson
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Sagara A, Nagahama A, Aki H, Yoshimura H, Hiraide M, Shimizu T, Sano M, Yumoto T, Hosoe T, Tanaka K. Potential risk of driving performance under combined conditions of taking second-generation antihistamines and attending calls using a hands-free function. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2023; 25:36-40. [PMID: 37815801 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2265002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although second-generation antihistamines have reduced sedation-related side effects compared to first-generation antihistamines, sedation may still impair motor vehicle driving performance. Moreover, receiving/making phone calls using a hands-free function can negatively affect driving performance. Therefore, herein, driving performance was evaluated using a driving simulator to gain insights into the hazards of driving by combining second-generation antihistamines and a calling task, i.e., simulated calls using a hands-free function. METHODS In this study, 20 subjects drove in a driving simulator in the absence or presence of a calling task while taking or not taking second-generation antihistamines. Driving performances for nonemergency and emergency events were determined, and a comparative analysis of intra-individual variability when taking and not taking second-generation antihistamines was conducted. RESULTS First, when nonemergency and emergency were examined in the absence of a calling task, no significant difference in driving performance was observed between taking and not taking second-generation antihistamines. Next, when the nonemergency event was examined in the presence of a calling task, no significant difference in driving performance was observed between taking and not taking second-generation antihistamines. However, when the emergency event was examined in the presence of a calling task, a significant difference in driving performance was observed between taking and not taking second-generation antihistamines, thus resulting in reduced driving performance. CONCLUSIONS The new system with added calling tasks allowed the extraction of the potential risks of driving performance of second-generation antihistamines that may have been previously overlooked. This study suggests that pharmacists and other healthcare professionals may need to instruct people taking any second-generation antihistamine to focus on driving and not on subtasks that require cognitive load such as talking while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Sagara
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahama
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Aki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hiraide
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsune Shimizu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yumoto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hosoe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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Fernandes B, Macedo E, Bandeira JM. Beyond Basics: Can a Driving Simulator Reliably Reproduce Real Vehicle Dynamics? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8980. [PMID: 37960679 PMCID: PMC10650305 DOI: 10.3390/s23218980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite constant technological innovation, road transport remains a significant source of pollutant emissions, and effective driver-behaviour changes can be considered as solutions that can increase the sustainability of road traffic in a short period. Thus, understanding driver behaviour plays a key role in assessing traffic-related impacts. Since real-world experiments entail some risks and are often not flexible, simulator-based experiments can be relevant to studying vehicle dynamics and driver behaviour. However, the reliability of the simulation results' accuracy must be ensured. The primary objective of this paper is to present an exploratory analysis focused on the study of the reliability of a driving simulator to reproduce driving parameters that can then be used for emission estimation. For that purpose, tests were conducted by two drivers for urban and highway scenarios performed on a driving simulator and in real-world environments. Different road singularities composed events that were microscopically analysed. Second-by-second vehicle dynamic variables were recorded, and the pollutant emissions were estimated using the vehicle specific power (VSP) methodology. The results of this exploratory validation analysis showed that the total average emissions of all events were not significantly different (958.39 g for simulated and 998.06 g for empirical tests). Overall, the driving simulator can replicate vehicle dynamics from a microscopic perspective, especially for the urban scenario. This may be due to the more complex traffic conditions and road specificities that require more restrained driving behaviour. Nevertheless, VSP mode distributions did not follow the same pattern in 4 out of 10 events, meaning that the drivers displayed different behaviours in the simulated and empirical tests for those events. The relative errors range between 4 and 29% for carbon dioxide emissions and between 2 and 33% for nitrogen oxides emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernandes
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Eloisa Macedo
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Bandeira
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Martino F, Castro-Torres JJ, Casares-López M, Ortiz-Peregrina S, Granados-Delgado P, Anera RG. Effects of alcohol consumption on driving performance in the presence of interocular differences simulated by filters. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17694. [PMID: 37848610 PMCID: PMC10582114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of interocular differences simulated by filters (fog filter and Bangerter foil) on visual and driving performance in alcohol users was assessed. We found that the binocular visual function deteriorates significantly in terms of contrast sensitivity (from 6 to 18 cpd). Additionally, driving performance is significantly impaired under these conditions as evidenced by increased mean speed, standard deviation of the lateral position, distance traveled outside the lane, reaction time and number of collisions. Furthermore, we found that interocular differences due to intraocular scattering and straylight are directly related to an overall reduction in visual and driving performance. This provided a comprehensive perspective from which to understand the relationship between binocular visual function, interocular differences, and driving performance. In practice, our findings contribute to the understanding of the importance of limiting interocular differences, which can be common among presbyopes corrected using the monovision technique, as well as in cases of cataract or other ocular pathology affecting only one eye, or even in cases of cataract surgery of the first eye. These interocular differences can have an adverse impact on road safety, especially when combined with moderate alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martino
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José J Castro-Torres
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miriam Casares-López
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Granados-Delgado
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario G Anera
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ouellette DS, Kaplan S, Rosario ER. Back on the Road: Comparing Cognitive Assessments to Driving Simulators in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010054. [PMID: 36672036 PMCID: PMC9856901 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare established clinical outcome assessments for predicting behind the wheel driving readiness and driving simulator results across age groups and in traumatic brain injury. Methods: Participants included adults who had a traumatic brain injury ranging in age from 31 to 57 years and a non-impaired adult population ranging in age from 18 to 80 years. Physical and cognitive outcomes measures were collected included range of motion and coordination, a “Rules of the Road Test” a “Sign Identification Test,” Trails A and B, and the clock drawing test. Visual measures included the Dynavision D2 system and motor-free visual perceptual test-3 (MVPT-3). Finally, the driving simulators (STIÒ version M300) metro drive assessment was used, which consisted of negotiating several obstacles in a metropolitan area including vehicles abruptly changing lanes, pedestrians crossing streets, and negotiating construction zones. Results: Our findings suggest that the standard paper-pencil cognitive assessments and sign identification test significantly differentiate TBI from a non-impaired population (Trails A, B and Clock drawing test p < 0.001). While the driving simulator did not show as many robust differences with age, the TBI population did have a significantly greater number of road collisions (F3, 78 = 3.5, p = 0.02). We also observed a significant correlation between the cognitive assessments and the simulator variables. Conclusions: Paper-pencil cognitive assessments and the sign identification test highlight greater differences than the STI Driving Simulator between non-impaired and TBI populations. However, the driving simulator may be useful in assessing cognitive ability and training for on the road driving.
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Romer S, Dickerson A, Wu Q. Driving Performance of Experienced Young Adult Drivers with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder While Listening to Music on Two Scenarios: Hazards versus Wayfinding. Occup Ther Health Care 2022; 38:92-109. [PMID: 36112015 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2022.2116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of music on the driving performance of experienced young adult drivers with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using an interactive driving simulator with two types of scenarios. A 2 (Group: autism/neurotypical) × 2 (Music: music/no music) × 2 (Scenario: hazards/wayfinding) factorial design was used with the order of scenarios and music conditions counterbalanced. Participants were 34 neurotypical drivers and 5 drivers with ASD, all with at least 3 years of driving experience. Paired sample t-tests demonstrated no effect of music for any condition. Overall, the drivers with ASD had higher performance means than the neurotypical group with significant differences in the wayfinding scenario and the category for following regulations. Neurotypical drivers had better performance on the wayfinding scenario than the hazard scenario in maneuvers and being attentive to the environment. Although this study had a low number of drivers with ASD, it suggests drivers with ASD can perform better than neurotypical drivers, possibly because they follow road rule guidelines more consistently than neurotypical peers. In addition, this is the first study to examine wayfinding skills in teens/young adults with and without ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Romer
- All About Kids Therapy Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Dickerson
- Department of Occupational Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Zamarripa CA, Novak MD, Weerts EM, Vandrey R, Spindle TR. The effects of oral and vaporized cannabis alone, and in combination with alcohol, on driving performance using the STISIM driving simulator: A two-part, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical laboratory protocol. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:964749. [PMID: 36147331 PMCID: PMC9486093 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.964749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The legalization of cannabis for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, and the corresponding increase in diversity of cannabis products, has resulted an urgent need for cannabis regulatory science. Among the most pressing needs is research related to impairment due to cannabis exposure, especially on driving performance. The present project was designed to evaluate the impact of oral and vaporized cannabis, when administered alone or in combination with alcohol, on simulated driving performance (STISIM driving simulator), cognitive/psychomotor ability, and field sobriety performance. Healthy adults will complete two, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover clinical laboratory studies, one with oral cannabis (16 men/16 women) and the second with vaporized cannabis (16 men/16 women). In each study, participants will complete seven experimental sessions during which acute doses of placebo or high Δ9-THC cannabis containing 0, 10, or 25 mg Δ9-THC will be administered both alone and in combination with placebo or alcohol-containing beverages (target breath alcohol concentrations, BAC, of 0.0% or 0.05%). A positive control session (i.e., alcohol at target BAC of 0.08% with placebo cannabis) will also be completed. Simulated driving performance tests (available for download; see Methods), field sobriety assessments, subjective drug effect questionnaires, a mobile device impairment test (DRUID app), and collection of whole blood specimens will be completed repeatedly during each session. Linear mixed models will be used to test for differences across experimental conditions and a priori planned comparisons will be used to determine differences between conditions of interest (e.g., cannabis alone vs cannabis with alcohol). This research is designed to extend prior studies of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance by using oral and vaporized routes of cannabis administration. By increasing understanding of impairment associated with co-use of alcohol and these novel forms of cannabis, this research could inform impairment detection standards for cannabis and alcohol and have important implications for law enforcement, public policy decisions regarding accessibility of these substances, and education of the general population who may use cannabis and/or alcohol. Lastly, this manuscript provides interested researchers with access to the simulated driving scenarios and data extraction tools developed for this study as a means of facilitating future cross-study comparisons, which is important given the heterogeneity in methods used across laboratories in prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tory R. Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Biebl B, Arcidiacono E, Kacianka S, Rieger JW, Bengler K. Opportunities and Limitations of a Gaze-Contingent Display to Simulate Visual Field Loss in Driving Simulator Studies. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2022; 3:916169. [PMID: 38235462 PMCID: PMC10790882 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2022.916169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Research on task performance under visual field loss is often limited due to small and heterogenous samples. Simulations of visual impairments hold the potential to account for many of those challenges. Digitally altered pictures, glasses, and contact lenses with partial occlusions have been used in the past. One of the most promising methods is the use of a gaze-contingent display that occludes parts of the visual field according to the current gaze position. In this study, the gaze-contingent paradigm was implemented in a static driving simulator to simulate visual field loss and to evaluate parallels in the resulting driving and gaze behavior in comparison to patients. Methods The sample comprised 15 participants without visual impairment. All the subjects performed three drives: with full vision, simulated left-sided homonymous hemianopia, and simulated right-sided homonymous hemianopia, respectively. During each drive, the participants drove through an urban environment where they had to maneuver through intersections by crossing straight ahead, turning left, and turning right. Results The subjects reported reduced safety and increased workload levels during simulated visual field loss, which was reflected in reduced lane position stability and greater absence of large gaze movements. Initial compensatory strategies could be found concerning a dislocated gaze position and a distorted fixation ratio toward the blind side, which was more pronounced for right-sided visual field loss. During left-sided visual field loss, the participants showed a smaller horizontal range of gaze positions, longer fixation durations, and smaller saccadic amplitudes compared to right-sided homonymous hemianopia and, more distinctively, compared to normal vision. Conclusion The results largely mirror reports from driving and visual search tasks under simulated and pathological homonymous hemianopia concerning driving and scanning challenges, initially adopted compensatory strategies, and driving safety. This supports the notion that gaze-contingent displays can be a useful addendum to driving simulator research with visual impairments if the results are interpreted considering methodological limitations and inherent differences to the pathological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Biebl
- Chair of Ergonomics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Elena Arcidiacono
- Chair of Ergonomics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Severin Kacianka
- Chair of Software and Systems Engineering, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jochem W. Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Bengler
- Chair of Ergonomics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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12
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Lantoine P, Lecocq M, Bougard C, Dousset E, Marqueste T, Bourdin C, Allègre JM, Bauvineau L, Mesure S. Influence of car seat firmness on seat pressure profiles and perceived discomfort during prolonged simulated driving. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 100:103666. [PMID: 34923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During a driving task, the seat-driver interface is particularly influenced by the external environment and seat features. This study compares the effect of two different seats (S1 - soft & S2 - firm) and the effect of visual simulation of different road types (city, highway, mountain, country), on pressure distribution and perceived discomfort during prolonged driving. Twenty participants drove two 3-h sessions (one per seat) on a static simulator. Contact Pressure (CP), Contact Surface (CS), and Seat Pressure Distribution Percentage (SPD%) were analyzed throughout, using two pressure mats positioned on seat cushion and backrest. Whole-body and local discomfort for each body part were rated every 20 min. The softer seat, S1, induced a greater contact surface on cushion and backrest and a lower SPD%, reflecting better pressure distribution. Pressure profiles were asymmetrical for both S1 and S2, with higher CP under left buttock (LBu) and right lower back (RLb) and greater CS under thighs and RLb. Pressure distribution was less homogeneous on mountain and city roads than on monotonous roads (highway and country). Despite the pressure differences between the seats, however, both led to similar increases in perceived whole-body discomfort throughout the driving session. Moreover, the highest discomfort scores were in the neck and the lower back areas, whatever the seat. These findings on pressure variables may have implications for the design of backrests and cushions to ensure more homogeneous pressure distribution, even though this is not shown to minimize perceived driver discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Lantoine
- Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, Cedex, France; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Mathieu Lecocq
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Clément Bougard
- Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, Cedex, France.
| | - Erick Dousset
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Christophe Bourdin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Allègre
- Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent Bauvineau
- Stellantis, Centre Technique de Vélizy, Vélizy-Villacoublay, Cedex, France.
| | - Serge Mesure
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, (UMR 7287), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, CC910, 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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13
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Abstract
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) enable drivers to devote their primary attention to non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs). Consequently, AVs must provide intelligibility services appropriate to drivers’ in-situ states and in-car activities to ensure driver safety, and accounting for the type of NDRT being performed can result in higher intelligibility. We discovered that sleeping is drivers’ most preferred NDRT, and this could also result in a critical scenario when a take-over request (TOR) occurs. In this study, we designed TOR situations where drivers are woken from sleep in a high-fidelity AV simulator with motion systems, aiming to examine how drivers react to a TOR provided with our experimental conditions. We investigated how driving performance, perceived task workload, AV acceptance, and physiological responses in a TOR vary according to two factors: (1) feedforward timings and (2) presentation modalities. The results showed that when awakened by a TOR alert delivered >10 s prior to an event, drivers were more focused on the driving context and were unlikely to be influenced by TOR modality, whereas TOR alerts delivered <5 s prior needed a visual accompaniment to quickly inform drivers of on-road situations. This study furthers understanding of how a driver’s cognitive and physical demands interact with TOR situations at the moment of waking from sleep and designs effective interventions for intelligibility services to best comply with safety and driver experience in AVs.
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Maxwell H, Weaver B, Gagnon S, Marshall S, Bédard M. The Validity of Three New Driving Simulator Scenarios: Detecting Differences in Driving Performance by Difficulty and Driver Gender and Age. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:1449-1464. [PMID: 32644820 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820937520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the convergent and discriminant validity of three driving simulation scenarios by comparing behaviors across gender and age groups, considering what we know about on-road driving. BACKGROUND Driving simulators offer a number of benefits, yet their use in real-world driver assessment is rare. More evidence is needed to support their use. METHOD A total of 104 participants completed a series of increasingly difficult driving simulation scenarios. Linear mixed models were estimated to determine if behaviors changed with increasing difficulty and whether outcomes varied by age and gender, thereby demonstrating convergent and discriminant validity, respectively. RESULTS Drivers adapted velocity, steering, acceleration, and gap acceptance according to difficulty, and the degree of adaptation differed by gender and age for some outcomes. For example, in a construction zone scenario, drivers reduced their mean velocities as congestion increased; males drove an average of 2.30 km/hr faster than females, and older participants drove more slowly than young (5.26 km/hr) and middle-aged drivers (6.59 km/hr). There was also an interaction between age and difficulty; older drivers did not reduce their velocities with increased difficulty. CONCLUSION This study provides further support for the ability of driving simulators to elicit behaviors similar to those seen in on-road driving and to differentiate between groups, suggesting that simulators could serve a supportive role in fitness-to-drive evaluations. APPLICATION Simulators have the potential to support driver assessment. However, this depends on the development of valid scenarios to benchmark safe driving behavior, and thereby identify deviations from safe driving behavior. The information gained through simulation may supplement other forms of assessment and possibly eliminate the need for on-road testing in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Weaver
- 7890 Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shawn Marshall
- 27337 University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital, ON, Canada
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15
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Li Z, Xing G, Zhao X, Li H. Impact of the connected vehicle environment on tunnel entrance zone. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 157:106145. [PMID: 34020757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The drastic changes of the space environment at the tunnel entrance can lead to frequent accidents with higher levels. The connected vehicle environment provides drivers with surrounding traffic information and improve their driving behavior by helping them make safe decisions efficiently. As such, this study is to examine the effects of the connected vehicle environment on driving behavior and safety at the tunnel entrance zone. To this end, this research simulates a connected vehicle environment and provides driving aids through the Human-Machine Interface (HMI). Secondly, 40 participants with diverse backgrounds drove the simulator under two different driving conditions: HMI-OFF (traditional driving environment) and HMI-ON (connected vehicle environment). Finally, indicators are selected from speed control, stability and urgency to analyze the impact of the connected vehicle environment on drivers' behaviors and safety at the warning zone and tunnel entrance zone. The results show that in the connected vehicle environment, the drivers' speed control in the warning zone is improved and their deceleration behavior is advanced. The driver's speed control and stability are improved while the danger level of the accident is reduced 100 m ahead of the tunnel entrance. Besides, the driver's speed control and stability have been both improved 300 m after the tunnel entrance. Overall, in the connected vehicle environment, the driver can recognize the tunnel in advance and adjust his driving speed in time to ensure his safety at the tunnel entrance. The results of this study play a critical role in the design and research of warning systems in a connected vehicle environment, and will also guide vehicle manufacturers in designing safety-related functions of automated vehicles. In this research, a connected vehicle environment test platform based on driving simulation technology is constructed and tested in specific tunnel entrance scenarios, which provides a reference for realizing active protection of vehicles at the tunnel entrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, N0. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Guanyang Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, N0. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, N0. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Haijian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, N0. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China.
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Wang K, Zhang W, Feng Z, Yu H, Wang C. Reasonable driving speed limits based on recognition time in a dynamic low-visibility environment related to fog-A driving simulator study. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 154:106060. [PMID: 33706024 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To determine a reasonable speed limit and ensure traffic safety in a dynamic low-visibility environment with fog, a driving simulator study was conducted. A total of 31 young participants were recruited, and each completed 5 driving simulator trials under varying visibility conditions and speed levels during the daytime. The combined coupling effect of the visibility and driving speed on drivers' recognition times was explored, and a quantitative model of the recognition time, visibility, and driving speed was established. A determination method and suggested value of a reasonable driving speed limit in dynamic low-visibility conditions were proposed based on the stopping sight distance model. The results show that there are significant differences in the recognition times of drivers under different visibility and speed conditions. The reasonable driving speed limit values in dynamic low-visibility conditions should be based on visibility changes. When the stopping sight distance is 75 m and the visibility is less than 35 m, the speed limit should be 20 km/h. When the visibility is between 35 m and 60 m, the speed limit should be 30 km/h. When the visibility is between 60 m and 140 m, the speed limit should be 50 km/h. When the visibility is greater than 140 m, the speed limit should be 60 km/h. These research results can provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of a VSL in a dynamic low-visibility environment related to fog and reduce crash risk in conditions of inadequate visibility in fog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Weihua Zhang
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Zhongxiang Feng
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, PR China.
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Martino F, Castro-Torres JJ, Casares-López M, Ortiz-Peregrina S, Ortiz C, Anera RG. Deterioration of binocular vision after alcohol intake influences driving performance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8904. [PMID: 33903669 PMCID: PMC8076280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the influence of moderate alcohol intake on binocular vision, vergence system and simulated driving performance by analyzing the interactions between visual deterioration and driving variables. Thirty young healthy subjects were recruited. For the analysis, we measured: visual function (visual acuity and stereoacuity), phorias and fusional reserves. Also, we checked Sheard's and Percival's criteria at near and far. The accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio was calculated and vergence facility was also obtained at near. A driving simulator was used to assess driving performance under natural conditions and after alcohol consumption with a breath alcohol content of 0.40 mg/l. Alcohol intake significantly reduced binocular visual performance and vergence function, except for vertical phorias, horizontal phoria at near and Sheard's and Percival's criteria at near. Driving performance parameters also presented a statistically significant deterioration after alcohol consumption. A statistically significant correlation was found between the deterioration in overall visual function and overall driving performance, highlighting the influence of the visual deterioration on the driving performance. Moderate alcohol consumption impairs binocular visual and simulated driving performances, implying a greater safety hazard. In addition, deteriorations in binocular visual function and vergence correlated with simulated driving impairment, which indicates that the deterioration of binocular vision due to alcohol consumption affects driving, thus reducing road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martino
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - José Juan Castro-Torres
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miriam Casares-López
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario G Anera
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications (LabVisGra), Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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18
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Zhang M, Ihme K, Drewitz U, Jipp M. Understanding the Multidimensional and Dynamic Nature of Facial Expressions Based on Indicators for Appraisal Components as Basis for Measuring Drivers' Fear. Front Psychol 2021; 12:622433. [PMID: 33679538 PMCID: PMC7930214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.622433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions are one of the commonly used implicit measurements for the in-vehicle affective computing. However, the time courses and the underlying mechanism of facial expressions so far have been barely focused on. According to the Component Process Model of emotions, facial expressions are the result of an individual's appraisals, which are supposed to happen in sequence. Therefore, a multidimensional and dynamic analysis of drivers' fear by using facial expression data could profit from a consideration of these appraisals. A driving simulator experiment with 37 participants was conducted, in which fear and relaxation were induced. It was found that the facial expression indicators of high novelty and low power appraisals were significantly activated after a fear event (high novelty: Z = 2.80, p < 0.01, rcontrast = 0.46; low power: Z = 2.43, p < 0.05, rcontrast = 0.50). Furthermore, after the fear event, the activation of high novelty occurred earlier than low power. These results suggest that multidimensional analysis of facial expression is suitable as an approach for the in-vehicle measurement of the drivers' emotions. Furthermore, a dynamic analysis of drivers' facial expressions considering of effects of appraisal components can add valuable information for the in-vehicle assessment of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klas Ihme
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Drewitz
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meike Jipp
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center/Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Groeger JA, Murphy G. Driving and cognitive function in people with stroke and healthy age-matched controls. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 32:1075-1098. [PMID: 33428553 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1869566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The decision to return to driving is both complex and difficult. It is often made with clinician support, perhaps on the basis of results from standardized paper and pencil tests, and less frequently an assessment of on-road driving. However, the resources required and inherent reliability and validity challenges suggest that greater use of computerization and driving simulation may play a useful role in the assessment process. In this study, thirty-six age-matched healthy and post-stroke drivers completed standard psychometric assessments (including NART, MMSE, BADS, IADL), computer delivered cognitive assessments (including SART, N-Back, Simple Reaction Time), as well as simulated and on-road assessments of driving. While significantly different in terms of psychometric and computer-based assessments, the healthy and post-stroke drivers who completed the on-road test did not differ. In contrast, driving in the portable simulator showed impaired driving, on some but not all driving manoeuvres, for those who failed the on-road test or had voluntarily ceased to drive. These results are discussed in terms of the implications they have for the multi-faceted nature of driving as a skill, and the need to involve simulation when assessing fitness to drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Groeger
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Alkan U, Nachalon Y, Weiss P, Ritter A, Feinmesser R, Gilat H, Bachar G. Effects of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive function and driving performance. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:1593-1600. [PMID: 33394325 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-020-02285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a significantly increased risk of motor vehicle accidents in addition to such cognitive impairments as attention and memory deficits. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of upper airway surgery for OSA on driving and cognitive function. METHODS Adult patients who underwent surgery for OSA at a tertiary medical center in 2016-2019 were prospectively recruited. Patients were assessed before and 3-6 months after surgery with a self-report and neurocognitive battery and a driving simulation platform. RESULTS The cohort included 32 patients of average age 46.9 ± 11.6 years. During the 3 years before treatment, 9 patients had been involved in road accidents and 18 were detained by police for traffic violations. After surgery, there was a significant decrease in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (13.7 vs. 8.1, p 0.043) and a significant reduction in time to completion of the Color Trail Test (part 1: 21.4 vs 18.7 s, p = 0.049; part 2: 46.8 vs 40.5 s, p = 0.038). Improvements in divided attention and selective attention response times were noted on the advanced stages of the Useful Field of Vision Scale (p = 0.013, p = 0.054). Before surgery, patients showed a high tendency to drive over the speed limit and to cross the dividing line to the opposite lane on the simulation test. Nevertheless, all considered themselves good drivers. These tendencies decreased after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Surgery for OSA can significantly improve driving performance and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Alkan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yuval Nachalon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Penina Weiss
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Driving Rehabilitation Services, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Amit Ritter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raphael Feinmesser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanna Gilat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Bachar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, 39 Jabotinsky St., 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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21
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Monsalve B, Aliane N, Puertas E, Andrés JF. Think Aloud Protocol Applied in Naturalistic Driving for Driving Rules Generation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20236907. [PMID: 33287222 PMCID: PMC7730657 DOI: 10.3390/s20236907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding naturalistic driving in complex scenarios is an important step towards autonomous driving, and several approaches have been adopted for modeling driver's behaviors. This paper presents the methodology known as "Think Aloud Protocol" to model driving. This methodology is a data-gathering technique in which drivers are asked to verbalize their thoughts as they are driving which are then recorded, and the ensuing analysis of the audios and videos permits to derive driving rules. The goal of this paper is to show how think aloud methodology is applied in the naturalistic driving area, and to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach to derive driving rules. The paper presents, firstly, the background of the think aloud methodology and then presents the application of this methodology to driving in roundabouts. The general deployment of this methodology consists of several stages: driver preparation, data collection, audio and video processing, generation of coded transcript files, and the generation of driving rules. The main finding of this study is that think aloud protocol can be applied to naturalistic driving, and even some potential limitations as discussed in the paper, the presented methodology is a relatively easy approach to derive driving rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Monsalve
- Science, Computing and Technology Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nourdine Aliane
- Industrial and Aerospace Engineering Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Enrique Puertas
- Science, Computing and Technology Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Fernández Andrés
- Industrial and Aerospace Engineering Department, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (J.F.A.)
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22
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Nguyen H, Di Tanna GL, Coxon K, Brown J, Ren K, Ramke J, Burton MJ, Gordon I, Zhang JH, Furtado JM, Mdala S, Kitema GF, Keay L. Associations between vision impairment and driving and the effectiveness of vision-related interventions: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040881. [PMID: 33154062 PMCID: PMC7646345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Driving is one of the main modes of transport with safe driving requiring a combination of visual, cognitive and physical skills. With population ageing, the number of people living with vision impairment is set to increase in the decades ahead. Vision impairment may negatively impact an individual's ability to safely drive. The association between vision impairment and motor vehicle crash involvement or driving participation has yet to be systematically investigated. Further, the evidence for the effectiveness of vision-related interventions aimed at decreasing crashes and driving errors has not been synthesised. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A search will be conducted for relevant studies on Medline (Ovid), EMBASE and Global Health from their inception to March 2020 without date or geographical restrictions. Two investigators will independently screen abstracts and full texts using Covidence software with conflicts resolved by a third investigator. Data extraction will be conducted on all included studies, and their quality assessed to determine the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Outcome measures include crash risk, driving cessation and surrogate measures of driving safety (eg, driving errors and performance). The results of this review will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guideline. Meta-analysis will be undertaken for outcomes with sufficient data and reported following the Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. Where statistical pooling is not feasible or appropriate, narrative summaries will be presented following the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis in systematic reviews guideline. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This review will only report on published data thus no ethics approval is required. Results will be included in the Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health, published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020172153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nguyen
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristy Coxon
- School of Health Sciences, and the Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Brown
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie Ren
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Gordon
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justine H Zhang
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - João M Furtado
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shaffi Mdala
- Opthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gatera Fiston Kitema
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Lisa Keay
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kavouras C, Economou A, Liozidou A, Kiosseoglou G, Yannis G, Kosmidis MH. Off-road assessment of cognitive fitness to drive. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:775-785. [PMID: 32905706 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1810041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Road safety is a major issue in every society. The assessment of driving ability with a real vehicle is a lengthy and costly process; therefore, there is a growing need for the development of a neuropsychological battery that can provide a fast and reliable evaluation of a person's cognitive fitness to drive. In the present study, we examined the relationship of an off-road lab-type test, namely, the Driving Scenes test, with performance on a driving simulator, as well as the influence of cognitive factors on driving ability as evaluated by Driving Scenes. Our results demonstrated a relationship between Driving Scenes and driving simulator performance. They also showed that some cognitive factors (namely, selective attention and verbal memory), were predictive of driving ability (as determined by the Driving Scenes test), but not others (namely visuospatial perception/memory, working memory, and visuospatial recognition). In addition, age strongly predicted performance on this test (younger age was associated with better performance). The conclusions derived from the present study highlight the need to identify off-road tools with high predictive value in assessing driving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Kavouras
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Economou
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Liozidou
- Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Psychology Department, The Scientific College of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Kiosseoglou
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Yannis
- Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens - Zografou Campus, Zografou, Greece
| | - Mary H Kosmidis
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Casares-López M, Castro-Torres JJ, Martino F, Ortiz-Peregrina S, Ortiz C, Anera RG. Contrast sensitivity and retinal straylight after alcohol consumption: effects on driving performance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13599. [PMID: 32788613 PMCID: PMC7423611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on visual function and driving performance, as well as on the relationship between these. A total of 40 healthy participants took part in three experimental sessions: one baseline session and two further sessions after consuming two different quantities of alcohol (300 ml and 450 ml of red wine). The breath alcohol content (BrAC) was measured using a breath analyzer. The contrast sensitivity and retinal straylight due to the forward intraocular scattering were measured to characterize visual function, and driving performance was assessed in three different scenarios using a driving simulator. The results showed a deterioration in contrast sensitivity and retinal straylight after drinking alcohol, in addition to an impaired ability to drive, especially for the highest alcohol intake. We also observed that the deteriorated driving performance was a function of the contrast sensitivity and retinal straylight under the effects of alcohol, indicating that these visual variables can partially predict driving performance in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casares-López
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - José J Castro-Torres
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francesco Martino
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Peregrina
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario G Anera
- Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications, Department of Optics, Facultad de Ciencias (Edificio Mecenas), University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Pan D, Pellicori P, Walklett C, Green A, Masse AR, Wood J, Purdy J, Clark AL. Driving Habits and Reaction Times on a Driving Simulation in Older Drivers With Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2020; 26:555-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Narad ME, Nalepka P, Miley AE, Beebe DW, Kurowski BG, Wade SL. Driving after pediatric traumatic brain injury: Impact of distraction and executive functioning. Rehabil Psychol 2020; 65:268-278. [PMID: 32525341 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to examine the driving performance of young drivers with a history of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with an uninjured control group. The impact of cell phone related distraction (conversation and texting) and executive functioning (EF) were also explored. METHOD Individuals aged 16-25 years with (n = 19) and without (n = 19) a history of TBI engaged in a simulated drive under 3 distraction conditions (no distraction, cell phone conversation, and texting). Mean speed, maximum speed, standard deviation of speed, standard deviation of lane position, and crash rates were used as outcomes. The Global Executive Composite (GEC) from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) was used to measure EF. RESULTS Significant Injury × Distraction × GEC interaction effects were noted on max speed and speed variability, with a trending Distraction × GEC interaction noted for lane position variability. The effect of distraction was most notable among individuals with greater GEC scores, across both injury groups. CONCLUSIONS A history of pediatric TBI did not specifically impact driving performance independent of EF, with EF playing a central role in functioning across domains of driving performance. Consistent effect of EF suggests that deficits in driving performance may be associated with EF specifically, with individuals with EF difficulties following TBI at greater risk for poor driving performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Narad
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology
| | | | | | - Dean W Beebe
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology
| | | | - Shari L Wade
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
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Alshaer A, O'Hare D, Archambault P, Shirley M, Regenbrecht H. How to Observe Users' Movements in Virtual Environments: Viewpoint Control in a Power Wheelchair Simulator. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:656-670. [PMID: 31306040 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819853682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe a networked, two-user virtual reality (VR) power wheelchair (PWC) simulator system in which an actor (client) and an observer (clinician) meet. We then present a study with 15 observers (expert clinicians) evaluating the effect of three principal forms of viewpoint control (egocentric-egomotion, egocentric-tethered, and client-centric) on the observer's assessment of driving tasks in a virtual environment (VE). BACKGROUND VR allows for the simulation and assessment of real-world tasks in a controlled, safe, and repeatable environment. Observing users' movement behavior in such a VE requires appropriate viewpoint control for the observer. The VR viewpoint user interface should allow an observer to make judgments equivalent or even superior to real-world situations. METHOD A purpose-built VR PWC simulator was developed. In a series of PWC driving tasks, we measured the perceived ease of use and sense of presence of the observers and compared the virtual assessment with real-world "gold standard" scores, including confidence levels in judgments. RESULTS Findings suggest that with more immersive techniques, such as egomotion and tethered egocentric viewpoints, judgments are both more accurate and more confident. The ability to walk and/or orbit around the view significantly affected the observers' sense of presence. CONCLUSION Incorporating the observer into the VE, through egomotion, is an effective method for assessing users' behavior in VR with implications for the transferability of virtual experiences to the real world. APPLICATION Our application domain serves as a representative example for tasks where the movement of users through a VE needs to be evaluated.
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Caffò AO, Tinella L, Lopez A, Spano G, Massaro Y, Lisi A, Stasolla F, Catanesi R, Nardulli F, Grattagliano I, Bosco A. The Drives for Driving Simulation: A Scientometric Analysis and a Selective Review of Reviews on Simulated Driving Research. Front Psychol 2020; 11:917. [PMID: 32528360 PMCID: PMC7266970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving behaviors and fitness to drive have been assessed over time using different tools: standardized neuropsychological, on-road and driving simulation testing. Nowadays, the great variability of topics related to driving simulation has elicited a high number of reviews. The present work aims to perform a scientometric analysis on driving simulation reviews and to propose a selective review of reviews focusing on relevant aspects related to validity and fidelity. A scientometric analysis of driving simulation reviews published from 1988 to 2019 was conducted. Bibliographic data from 298 reviews were extracted from Scopus and WoS. Performance analysis was conducted to investigate most prolific Countries, Journals, Institutes and Authors. A cluster analysis on authors' keywords was performed to identify relevant associations between different research topics. Based on the reviews extracted from cluster analysis, a selective review of reviews was conducted to answer questions regarding validity, fidelity and critical issues. United States and Germany are the first two Countries for number of driving simulation reviews. United States is the leading Country with 5 Institutes in the top-ten. Top Authors wrote from 3 to 7 reviews each and belong to Institutes located in North America and Europe. Cluster analysis identified three clusters and eight keywords. The selective review of reviews showed a substantial agreement for supporting validity of driving simulation with respect to neuropsychological and on-road testing, while for fidelity with respect to real-world driving experience a blurred representation emerged. The most relevant critical issues were the a) lack of a common set of standards, b) phenomenon of simulation sickness, c) need for psychometric properties, lack of studies investigating d) predictive validity with respect to collision rates and e) ecological validity. Driving simulation represents a cross-cutting topic in scientific literature on driving, and there are several evidences for considering it as a valid alternative to neuropsychological and on-road testing. Further research efforts could be aimed at establishing a consensus statement for protocols assessing fitness to drive, in order to (a) use standardized systems, (b) compare systematically driving simulators with regard to their validity and fidelity, and (c) employ shared criteria for conducting studies in a given sub-topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Oronzo Caffò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Tinella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lopez
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Spano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ylenia Massaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Catanesi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Nardulli
- Commissione Medica Locale Patenti Speciali, Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Grattagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Yadav AK, Velaga NR. An investigation on the risk factors associated with driving errors under the influence of alcohol using structural equation modeling. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2020; 21:288-294. [PMID: 32364839 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1753039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Driving errors contribute to traffic crashes and thus the causal factors associated with driving errors are of great interest to the road safety researchers. The present study attempts to identify and quantify the effects of various risk factors that are likely to influence driving error with the application of structural equation modeling (SEM). These risk factors include blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels (0%, 0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.08%), different driving environments (rural, urban), and driver attributes (such as age, gender, education).Method: Eighty-two licensed drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment. They completed driving under the influence of 4 BAC levels in the driving environments within the framework of a full-factorial within-subjects design. Driving error was modeled as an unobserved latent variable based on several driving simulator indicators. An SEM approach was utilized to examine the influence of BAC level, driving environment, and driver attributes on the latent variable pertaining to driving error.Results: The findings suggest the suitability of an SEM approach in the investigation of driving error. The results revealed that all 3 positive BACs (0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.08%) had a significant positive influence on driving error compared to 0% BAC, and the tendency toward driving error increased with increasing BAC (factor loadings for 0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.08% BAC were 0.22, 0.31, and 0.37, respectively). Moreover, driving in an urban environment led to more driving errors compared to a rural environment, including sober drivers. Among the driver attributes, gender and awareness about drink and drive laws were the only factors influencing driving error.Conclusion: This study highlights a novel approach to investigate driving error by modeling it as a latent variable instead of modeling individual performance measures. The successful execution of SEM in alcohol impairment research may serve as a significant step in the human factors field moving from piecemeal analysis to a combined analysis where interrelationships among numerous risk factors and driving error can be established. The study outcomes may serve as a reference while developing strategies to enhance road traffic safety where special emphasis can be given to the critical risk factors influencing driving error identified in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Yadav
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Powai, Mumbai, India
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30
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Gefen N, Rigbi A, Archambault PS, Weiss PL. Comparing children's driving abilities in physical and virtual environments. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019; 16:653-660. [PMID: 31805790 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2019.1693644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare children's driving abilities in a physical and virtual environment and to validate the McGill Immersive Wheelchair Simulator (MiWe-C) for the use of children with disabilities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants included 30 children (17 males, 13 females; mean age 14 y 1 mo, [SD 3 y 6 mo]; range: 5-18 y) with cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disease and spinal cord injury. All children were proficient drivers with more than 3 months' experience, who had their own powered wheelchairs. Participants drove a 15-minute physical route and high-fidelity simulation of that route in a counterbalanced order. Performance of the two routes was compared using the 32 item Powered Mobility Programme (PMP). Differences between the driving modes were analyzed with the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS The scores for the total PMP score as rated during both simulator wheelchair driving and during physical driving were very high (M = 4.90, SD = 0.20; M = 4.96, SD = 0.12, respectively) with no significant difference between them (z= -1.69, p = .09). Five out of the 32 PMP tasks showed significant differences between driving modes (narrow corridors, crowded corridors, doorway, sidewalks), with higher scores for the physical driving mode. CONCLUSIONS Having a validated powered mobility simulator for children provides a viable option for an additional practice mode. The MiWe-C simulator is affordable and a user-friendly simulator that can be used anywhere including at home and in school. Children can be independent when practicing even if they are not yet proficient drivers since continual adult assistance is not needed.Implications for rehabilitationHaving a validated powered mobility simulator for children provides a viable option for an additional practice mode.The MiWe-C is now validated to be used with children 5-18 years with physical disabilities.The MiWe-C is one of the few options for children to practice outside of a research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gefen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, ALYN Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Phillipe S Archambault
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Canada
| | - Patrice L Weiss
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Yuris NC, Wiggins MW, Auton JC, Gaicon L, Sturman D. Higher cue utilization in driving supports improved driving performance and more effective visual search behaviors. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 71:59-66. [PMID: 31862045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Once qualified, drivers rarely receive objective feedback concerning their performance. This is especially the case in the context of cognitive skills such as situation assessment. The aim of this study was to test the construct validity of an online assessment of motor-vehicle driver cue utilization that forms the foundation for situation assessment. METHOD Seventy-one undergraduate Psychology students with broadly comparable driving experience completed a motor-vehicle driving version of EXPERTise 2.0, an online tool that enables inferences concerning the utilization of cues based on responses to task-related stimuli. They also completed a simulated driving task while fitted with an eye tracking device, during which a range of hazards were presented with participants' responses recorded. RESULTS The results indicated that higher cue utilization was associated with fewer driving errors and collisions, fewer visual fixations, and fewer saccades in comparison to participants with lower cue utilization. CONCLUSION The results provide support for the construct validity of EXPERTise 2.0 as an effective measure of cue utilization in the context of driving. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Providing comparative feedback to drivers concerning their development of situation assessment skills may provide opportunities for further training and development, thereby reducing the likelihood of motor-vehicle accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya C Yuris
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- The University of Adelaide, Hughes, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Leia Gaicon
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Daniel Sturman
- Macquarie University, 4 First Walk, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Robbins CJ, Allen HA, Chapman P. Comparing drivers' visual attention at Junctions in Real and Simulated Environments. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 80:89-101. [PMID: 31280814 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Driving simulation is widely used to answer important applied research questions, however, it is vital for specific driving tasks to undergo appropriate behavioural validation testing. Many previous validation studies have used simple driving tasks and measured relatively low-level vehicle control. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether drivers' visual attention at intersections with different levels of demand, are similar in the simulator and on the road. Unlike simpler driving tasks, crossing intersections requires complex interactions with other vehicles governed by sequences of head and eye movements that may not be accurately captured in a simulated environment. In the current study we directly compare performance at simulated junctions with the same participants' behaviour in a real car. We compared drivers' visual attention in a high-fidelity driving simulator (instrumented car, 360-degree screen) and on-road in both low and medium demand driving situations. The low and medium demand driving situations involved the same motor movements, containing straight on, right turn and left turn manoeuvres. The low demand situations were controlled by the road environment and traffic lights, whereas medium demand situations required the driver to scan the environment and decide when it was safe to pull out into the junction. Natural junctions in Nottingham were used for the on-road phase and the same junctions were recreated in the simulator with traffic levels matched to those that were encountered on the real roads. The frequency and size of drivers' head movements were not significantly different between manoeuvres performed in the simulator and those conducted when driving on real roads. This suggests that drivers' broad search strategies in the simulator are representative of real-world driving. These strategies did change as a function of task demand - compared to low demand situations, behaviour at the medium demand junctions was characterised by longer junction crossing times, more head movements, shorter fixation durations and larger saccadic amplitudes. Although patterns of head movements were equivalent on road and in the simulator, there were differences in more fine-grained measures of eye-movements. Mean fixation durations were longer in the simulator compared to on-road, particularly in low-demand situations. We interpret this as evidence for lower levels of visual engagement with the simulated environment compared to the real world, at least when the task demands are low. These results have important implications for driving research. They suggest that high fidelity driving simulators can be useful tools for investigating drivers' visual attention at junctions, particularly when the driving task is of at least moderate demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Robbins
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Zhao X, Xu W, Ma J, Li H, Chen Y, Rong J. Effects of connected vehicle-based variable speed limit under different foggy conditions based on simulated driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 128:206-216. [PMID: 31055185 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In response to developing and/or diminishing foggy conditions, the variable speed limit application in a connected vehicle environment (CV-VSL) can estimate and deliver recommended travel speeds to individual drivers, which can help to reduce crashes when visibility conditions change. This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of the CV-VSL application by exploring drivers' reactions to warnings (e.g., recommended travel speeds). In order to analyze the effectiveness of the CV-VSL application, a connected vehicle testing platform was established based on a driving simulator, and characteristics of the drivers' speed adjustments after receiving warnings were analyzed with respect to different levels of visibility (i.e., no fog, slight fog, and heavy fog). This study also examined the effect of warnings on drivers in different impact zones (i.e., clear zone, transition zone, and fog zone). Three indicators were identified: 1) speed at the end of the clear zone, 2) maximum deceleration rate in the transition zone, and 3) average speed reduction in the fog zone. Throughout the experiment, the relationship between speed adjustments and the level of visibility was explored. The results indicated that the CV-VSL application is effective in making drivers reduce travel speeds in all three types of zones. Furthermore, it appeared that the CV-VSL application could help manage travel speeds prior to vehicles entering the transition zone, and influence drivers' braking decisions upon encountering reduced visibility. It was also found that the CV-VSL application was more effective in heavy fog conditions than in light fog conditions. The connected vehicle testing platform based on the driving simulator provided a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging generated by connected vehicle applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Urban Transportation Maintenance and Operations, College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China.
| | - Wenxiang Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Urban Transportation Maintenance and Operations, College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Jianming Ma
- The Texas Department of Transportation, 9500 N. Lake Creek Parkway, Austin, TX, 78717, USA
| | - Haijian Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Urban Transportation Maintenance and Operations, College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Urban Transportation Maintenance and Operations, College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Jian Rong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Urban Transportation Maintenance and Operations, College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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Huizinga CR, Zuiker RG, de Kam ML, Ziagkos D, Kuipers J, Mejia Y, van Gerven JM, Cohen AF. Evaluation of simulated driving in comparison to laboratory-based tests to assess the pharmacodynamics of alprazolam and alcohol. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:791-800. [PMID: 30912701 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119836198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Assessment of the effects of medicines on the risks of car driving must be derived from laboratory tests, simulated driving or real on-road driving tests. Relevance of tests is determined by their sensitivity and predictive ability for the probability of accidents or damage. This cannot be determined directly, but methods should be able to at least detect the effects of a positive control in dosage known to be clearly associated with increased risk. OBJECTIVES A driving simulator was evaluated in comparison with a battery of validated tests of CNS performance, the NeuroCart®. Alcohol in a concentration exactly at the legal limit (0.5 g L-1) and well above (1.0 g L-1) as well as alprazolam (1 mg) was used as positive control. METHODS This was a randomised, cross-over study using a double dummy blinded design in 24 healthy study subjects (12 M, 12 F) aged 20-43 years. Alcohol was infused intravenously using a validated clamping protocol to obtain concentrations of 0.5 g L-1 and on another occasion 1.0 g L-1. Alprazolam was given orally. Driving tests and lab tests were done at regular time intervals during a study day. RESULTS Alprazolam and alcohol significantly affected the main parameters of driving in the simulator and affected scores of safe driving and alprazolam increased the odds ratio of a virtual crash. Several laboratory measurements of psychomotor performance were affected by the reference substances as expected and correlated significantly with the driving performance. CONCLUSIONS The driving simulator can detect effects of reference substances at levels that are known to negatively affect driving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob G Zuiker
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Mejia
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam F Cohen
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bian D, Wade J, Swanson A, Weitlauf A, Warren Z, Sarkar N. Design of a Physiology-based Adaptive Virtual Reality Driving Platform for Individuals with ASD. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON ACCESSIBLE COMPUTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3301498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Driving is essential for many people in developed countries to achieve independence. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in addition to having social skill deficits, may experience difficulty in learning to drive due to deficits in attention-shifting, performing sequential tasks, integrating visual-motor responses, and coordinating motor response. Lacking confidence and feeling anxiety further exacerbates these concerns. While there is a growing body of research regarding assessment of driving behavior or comparisons of driving behaviors between individuals with and without ASD, there is a lack of driving simulator that is catered toward the needs of individuals with ASD. We present the development of a novel closed-loop adaptive Virtual Reality (VR) driving simulator for individuals with ASD that can infer one's engagement based on his/her physiological responses and adapts driving task difficulty based on engagement level in real-time. We believe that this simulator will provide opportunities for learning driving skills in a safe and individualized environment to individuals with ASD and help them with independent living. We also conducted a small user study with teenagers with ASD to demonstrate the feasibility and tolerability of such a driving simulator. Preliminary results showed that the participants found the engagement-sensitive system more engaging and more enjoyable than a purely performance-sensitive system. These findings could support future work into driving simulator technologies, which could provide opportunities to practice driving skills in cost-effective, supportive, and safe environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Bian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Joshua Wade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy Swanson
- Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy Weitlauf
- Department of Pediatrics, Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Zachary Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry, Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nilanjan Sarkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Guo F, Lv W, Liu L, Wang T, Duffy VG. Bibliometric analysis of simulated driving research from 1997 to 2016. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:64-71. [PMID: 30888870 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1511896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the evolution footprints of simulated driving research in the past 20 years through rigorous and systematic bibliometric analysis, to provide insights regarding when and where the research was performed and by whom and how the mainstream content evolved over the years. METHODS The analysis began with data retrieval in Web of Science with defined search terms related to simulated driving. BibExcel and CiteSpace were employed to conduct the performance analysis and co-citation network analysis; that is, probe of the performance of institutes, journals, authors, and research hotspots. RESULTS A total of 3,766 documents were filtered out and presented an exponential growth from 1997 to 2016. The United States contributed the most publications as well as international collaborations followed by Germany and China. In addition, several universities in The Netherlands and the United States dominated the list of contributing institutes. The leading journals were in transportation and ergonomics. The leading researchers were also recognized among the 8,721 contributing authors, such as J. D. Lee, D. L. Fisher, J. H. Kim, and K. A. Brookhuis. Finally, the co-citation analysis illuminated the evolution of simulated driving research that covered the following topics roughly in chronological order: task-induced stress, drivers with neurological disorders, alertness and sleepiness while driving, trust toward driving assistance systems, driver distraction, the effect of drug use, the validity of simulators, and automated driving. CONCLUSIONS This article employed bibliometric tools to probe the contributing countries, institutes, journals, authors, and mainstream hotspots of simulated driving research in the past 20 years. A systematic bibliometric analysis of this field will help researchers realize the panorama of global simulated driving and establish future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Guo
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Tianbo Wang
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Vincent G Duffy
- b School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana
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Cochran LM, Dickerson AE. Driving while navigating: On-road driving performance using GPS or printed instructions. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2019; 86:61-69. [PMID: 30836790 DOI: 10.1177/0008417419831390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Route navigation is a high-level skill and requires intact executive functioning to successfully find one's way while driving in unfamiliar environments. PURPOSE. Driving performances were compared while navigating using electronic devices and printed directions on unfamiliar driving routes as well as in an interactive driving simulator. METHOD. Twenty-four participants drove two on-road routes using GPS and printed directions, and navigated using printed directions in the simulator, using a point system to evaluate performance. The two unfamiliar routes, order of simulator and on-road driving, and use of GPS and printed directions were counterbalanced. Paired t test were used to compare both GPS versus printed directions and performance between on-road driving and the simulator. FINDINGS. Participants' performance using GPS on the road was significantly better than with printed directions. There was no significant difference between performance in the simulator and on the road. IMPLICATIONS. Using GPS may be an effective strategy for improving safety. Using a driving simulator may be an efficient means of evaluating the strategic level of driving, executive function, and readiness to drive.
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Classen S, Jeghers M, Morgan-Daniel J, Winter S, King L, Struckmeyer L. Smart In-Vehicle Technologies and Older Drivers: A Scoping Review. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2019; 39:97-107. [DOI: 10.1177/1539449219830376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In-vehicle technologies may decrease crash risk in drivers with age-related declines. Researchers determined the impact of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) or advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) on driving. Through a scoping review, the effect of IVIS or ADAS on older drivers’ convenience (i.e., meets one’s needs), comfort (i.e., physical or psychological ease), or safety (i.e., absence of errors or crashes) was examined. Researchers synopsized findings from 28 studies, including driving simulators and on-road environments. Findings indicated that IVIS or ADAS enhanced safety and mitigated age-related declines. Notably, IVIS may reduce cognitive workload, but may jeopardize safety if the systems are overly complicated. The ADAS enhanced safety and comfort by increasing speed control, lane maintenance, and braking responses. However, no studies addressed convenience. In-vehicle technologies may enhance safety and comfort while driving, if one’s cognitive workload is not compromised. Naturalistic studies are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits of IVIS and ADAS for older drivers.
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Ungewiss J, Kübler T, Sippel K, Aehling K, Heister M, Rosenstiel W, Kasneci E, Papageorgiou E. Agreement of driving simulator and on-road driving performance in patients with binocular visual field loss. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:2429-2435. [PMID: 30251198 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE On-road testing is considered the standard for assessment of driving performance; however, it lacks standardization. In contrast, driving simulators provide controlled experimental settings in a virtual reality environment. This study compares both testing conditions in patients with binocular visual field defects due to bilateral glaucomatous optic neuropathy or due to retro-chiasmal visual pathway lesions. METHODS Ten glaucoma patients (PG), ten patients with homonymous visual field defects (PH), and 20 age- and gender-matched ophthalmologically normal control subjects (CG and CH, respectively) participated in a 40-min on-road driving task using a dual brake vehicle. A subset of this sample (8 PG, 8 PH, 8 CG, and 7 CH) underwent a subsequent driving simulator test of similar duration. For both settings, pass/fail rates were assessed by a masked driving instructor. RESULTS For on-road driving, hemianopia patients (PH) and glaucoma patients (PG) showed worse performance than their controls (CH and CG groups): PH 40%, CH 30%, PG 60%, CG 0%, failure rate. Similar results were obtained for the driving simulator test: PH 50%, CH 29%, PG 38%, CG 0%, failure rate. Twenty-four out of 31 participants (77%) showed concordant results with regard to pass/fail under both test conditions (p > 0.05; McNemar test). CONCLUSIONS Driving simulator testing leads to results comparable to on-road driving, in terms of pass/fail rates in subjects with binocular (glaucomatous or retro-chiasmal lesion-induced) visual field defects. Driving simulator testing seems to be a well-standardized method, appropriate for assessment of driving performance in individuals with binocular visual field loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ungewiss
- Study course Ophthalmic Optics, University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kübler
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Sippel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Aehling
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heister
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Enkelejda Kasneci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleni Papageorgiou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo Area, 41222, Larissa, Greece.
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Micallef J, Dupouey J, Jouve E, Truillet R, Lacarelle B, Taillard J, Daurat A, Authié C, Blin O, Rascol O, Philip P, Mestre D. Cannabis smoking impairs driving performance on the simulator and real driving: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:558-570. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Micallef
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13385 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine; INS - Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Julien Dupouey
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13385 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine; INS - Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Elisabeth Jouve
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13385 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine; INS - Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Romain Truillet
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13385 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine; INS - Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Bruno Lacarelle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Jacques Taillard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Sommeil Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413; Bordeaux France
| | - Agnès Daurat
- Université Toulouse II, CNRS, EPHE, CLLE-LTC UMR 5263; Toulouse France
| | - Colas Authié
- Institut de la Vision, CNRS, UPMC, INSERM, UMR 7210; Paris France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance & CIC-CPCET; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille; 264 Rue Saint Pierre 13385 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine; INS - Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes INSERM UMR 1106 Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM CIC1436 and Clinique Spatiale MEDES; University Hospital and University of Toulouse3; Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Sommeil Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, USR 3413; Bordeaux France
| | - Daniel Mestre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, UMR 7287; Marseille France
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Driving habits and behaviors of patients with brain tumors: a self-report, cognitive and driving simulation study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4635. [PMID: 29545606 PMCID: PMC5854700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to determine driving habits and behaviors of patients with brain tumors in order to better inform discussions around driving safety in this population. Eight-four patients with brain tumors participated in a survey on their driving behaviors since their diagnosis. Thirteen of these patients and thirteen sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in cognitive testing and several driving simulation scenarios in order to objectively assess driving performance. Survey responses demonstrated that patients with brain tumors engage in a variety of driving scenarios with little subjectve difficulty. On the driving simulation tasks, patients and healthy controls performed similarly except that patients had more speed exceedances (U = 41, p < 0.05) and a greater variability in speed (U = 57, p < 0.05). Performance on the selective attention component of the UFOV was significantly associated with greater total errors in the Bus Following task for patients with brain tumors compared to healthy controls (rs = 0.722, p < 0.05, CI [0.080, 0.957]). Better comprehensive driving assessments are needed to identify patients with driving behaviors that put themselves and others at risk on the road.
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Hird MA, Vesely KA, Fischer CE, Graham SJ, Naglie G, Schweizer TA. Investigating Simulated Driving Errors in Amnestic Single- and Multiple-Domain Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:447-452. [PMID: 27983557 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The areas of driving impairment characteristic of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remain unclear. This study compared the simulated driving performance of 24 individuals with MCI, including amnestic single-domain (sd-MCI, n = 11) and amnestic multiple-domain MCI (md-MCI, n = 13), and 20 age-matched controls. Individuals with MCI committed over twice as many driving errors (20.0 versus 9.9), demonstrated difficulty with lane maintenance, and committed more errors during left turns with traffic compared to healthy controls. Specifically, individuals with md-MCI demonstrated greater driving difficulty compared to healthy controls, relative to those with sd-MCI. Differentiating between different subtypes of MCI may be important when evaluating driving safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hird
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin A Vesely
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne E Fischer
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Naglie
- Department of Medicine and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Science, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gianfranchi E, Tagliabue M, Spoto A, Vidotto G. Sensation Seeking, Non-contextual Decision Making, and Driving Abilities As Measured through a Moped Simulator. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2126. [PMID: 29321751 PMCID: PMC5732172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The general aim of the present study was to explore the relations between driving style (assessed through a moped riding simulator) and psychological variables such as sensation seeking and decision making. Because the influences of sensation seeking and decision making on driving styles have been studied separately in the literature, we have tried to investigate their mutual relations so as to include them in a more integrated framework. Participants rode the Honda Riding Trainer (HRT) simulator, filled in the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSS V), and performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). A cluster analysis of the HRT riding indexes identified three groups: Prudent, Imprudent, and Insecure riders. First, the results showed that Insecure males seek thrills and adventure less than both Prudent males and Insecure females, whereas Prudent females are less disinhibited than both Prudent males and Insecure females. Moreover, concerning the relations among SSS, decision making as measured by the IGT, and riding performance, high thrill and adventure seekers performed worse in the simulator only if they were also bad decision makers, indicating that these two traits jointly contribute to the quality of riding performance. From an applied perspective, these results also provide useful information for the development of protocols for assessing driving abilities among novice road users. Indeed, the relation between risk proneness and riding style may allow for the identification of road-user populations who require specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulio Vidotto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Yun M, Zhao J, Zhao J, Weng X, Yang X. Impact of in-vehicle navigation information on lane-change behavior in urban expressway diverge segments. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 106:53-66. [PMID: 28577392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lane-changing behaviors frequently occur at upstream of the urban expressway off-ramp, which possibly cause bottleneck or accident. This paper studies how in-vehicle navigation information impacts lane-changing behavior at this urban expressway diverge segments with comparison to the traditional road signs by conducting a series of driving simulator experiments, in consideration of variation of the first provision time point and traffic flow density. Firstly, the driving simulator is validated by comparing data of lane-changing position and merging gap from both field survey and simulator. Then comparison study was performed for twelve scenarios which comprise four information provision design schemes under three different traffic flow density status. Lane-changing characteristics are analyzed by selecting six indicators, which are lane-changing merging gap, lane-changing position, lane change delay, lane-changing steering angle, lane-changing deceleration, and the safe distance of lane-changing. The results show that the impact of in-vehicle navigation information on lane-changing behavior varies with traffic flow density and the time point of the first navigation information provided. The in-vehicle navigation information had significant positive impact on lane-changing safety under medium to high density condition. However, the effect is not significant under light density condition. Moreover, more improvement in operational safety and smooth could be gained when the in-vehicle navigation information is provided earlier within range of 2km upstream of the exit gore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Yun
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Traffic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xuyan Weng
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai, PR China.
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Beratis IN, Andronas N, Kontaxopoulou D, Fragkiadaki S, Pavlou D, Papatriantafyllou J, Economou A, Yannis G, Papageorgiou SG. Driving in mild cognitive impairment: The role of depressive symptoms. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:470-476. [PMID: 27936937 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1265648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies indicate a negative association between depression and driving fitness in the general population. Our goal was to cover a gap in the literature and to explore the link between depressive symptoms and driving behavior in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through the use of a driving simulator experiment. METHODS Twenty-four individuals with MCI (mean age = 67.42, SD = 7.13) and 23 cognitively healthy individuals (mean age = 65.13, SD = 7.21) were introduced in the study. A valid driving license and regular car use served as main inclusion criteria. Data collection included a neurological/neuropsychological assessment and a driving simulator evaluation. Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). RESULTS Significant interaction effects indicating a greater negative impact of depressive symptoms in drivers with MCI than in cognitively healthy drivers were observed in the case of various driving indexes, namely, average speed, accident risk, side bar hits, headway distance, headway distance variation, and lateral position variation. The associations between depressive symptoms and driving behavior remained significant after controlling for daytime sleepiness and cognition. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms could be a factor explaining why certain patients with MCI present altered driving skills. Therefore, interventions for treating the depressive symptoms of individuals with MCI could prove to be beneficial regarding their driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion N Beratis
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikos Andronas
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Dionysia Kontaxopoulou
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Stella Fragkiadaki
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Pavlou
- b Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering , School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - John Papatriantafyllou
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Alexandra Economou
- c Department of Psychology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, Athens , Greece
| | - George Yannis
- b Department of Transportation Planning and Engineering , School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- a Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital , Athens , Greece
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Gutman SA, Brown T, Ho YS. A Bibliometric Analysis of Highly Cited and High Impact Occupational Therapy Publications by American Authors. Occup Ther Health Care 2017. [PMID: 28644694 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2017.1326192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis was completed of peer-reviewed literature from 1991-2015, written by American occupational therapists, to examine US high impact scholarship with "occupational therapy" and "occupational therapist(s)" used as keywords to search journal articles' publication title, abstract, author details, and keywords. Results included 1,889 journal articles from 1991-2015 published by American occupational therapists as first or corresponding author. Sixty-nine articles attained a TotalCitation2015 ≥ 50 and 151 attained a Citation2015 ≥ 5 indicating that they were the most highly cited literature produced in this period. Although the majority (58%) of this literature was published in occupational therapy-specific journals, 41% was published in interdisciplinary journals. Results illustrate that the volume of highly cited American occupational therapy peer-reviewed literature has grown over the last two decades. There is need for the profession to strategize methods to enhance the publication metrics of occupational therapy-specific journals to reduce the loss of high quality publications to external periodicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Gutman
- a Programs in Occupational Therapy , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ted Brown
- b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , Monash University-Peninsula Campus , Frankston , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yuh-Shan Ho
- c Trend Research Centre , Asia University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Modeling the Real World Using STISIM Drive® Simulation Software: A Study Contrasting High and Low Locality Simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Eriksson A, Banks VA, Stanton NA. Transition to manual: Comparing simulator with on-road control transitions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 102:227-234. [PMID: 28342410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst previous research has explored how driver behaviour in simulators may transfer to the open road, there has been relatively little research showing the same transfer within the field of driving automation. As a consequence, most research into human-automation interaction has primarily been carried out in a research laboratory or on closed-circuit test tracks. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether research into non-critical control transactions in highly automated vehicles performed in driving simulators correlate with road driving conditions. METHOD Twenty six drivers drove a highway scenario using an automated driving mode in the simulator and twelve drivers drove on a public motorway in a Tesla Model S with the Autopilot activated. Drivers were asked to relinquish, or resume control from the automation when prompted by the vehicle interface in both the simulator and on road condition. RESULTS Drivers were generally faster to resume control in the on-road driving condition. However, strong positive correlations were found between the simulator and on road driving conditions for drivers transferring control to and from automation. No significant differences were found with regard to workload, perceived usefulness and satisfaction between the simulator and on-road drives. CONCLUSION The results indicate high levels of relative validity of driving simulators as a research tool for automated driving research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eriksson
- Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Boldrewood Campus, SO16 7QF, UK.
| | - V A Banks
- Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - N A Stanton
- Transportation Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Boldrewood Campus, SO16 7QF, UK
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Zhao J, Liu Y. Safety evaluation of intersections with dynamic use of exit-lanes for left-turn using field data. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 102:31-40. [PMID: 28259022 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a newly proposed unconventional intersection design, the exit-lanes for left-turn (EFL) intersection is found to be effective in increasing the intersection capacity with high level of application flexibility, especially under heavy left-turn traffic conditions. However, the operational safety of EFL is of most concern to the authority prior to its implementation. This paper evaluates the safety of the EFL intersections by studying the behavior of left-turn maneuvers using field data collected at 7 locations in China. A total of 22830 left-turn vehicles were captured, in which 9793 vehicles turned left using the mixed-usage area. Four potential safety problems, including the red-light violations, head-on collision risks, trapped vehicles, and rear-end crash risks, were discussed. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the safety risk between the EFL intersection and the conventional one. Results indicate that the safety problems of EFL intersections mainly lie in higher percentages in red-light violations at the pre-signal (1.83% higher), wrong-way violation problems during the peak hours (the violation rate reaches up to 11.07%), and the lower travel speeds in the mixed-usage area (18.75% lower). Such risks can be counteracted, however, by providing more guiding information, installing cameras to investigate and punish violation maneuvers, and adjusting design parameter values for layout design and signal timing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Traffic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, P.O. Box 784, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Vallejo V, Wyss P, Chesham A, Mitache AV, Müri RM, Mosimann UP, Nef T. Evaluation of a new serious game based multitasking assessment tool for cognition and activities of daily living: Comparison with a real cooking task. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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