1
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Ade N, Teluob S, Viricel A, Piroird C, Alépée N. Amending the U-SENS™ skin sensitization test method for interfering auto-fluorescent chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 81:105353. [PMID: 35346800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of the applicability domain of new approach methodologies (NAM) present a major challenge for the testing of cosmetic ingredients in Europe, as the regulation does not allow to resort to in vivo test method. Therefore, research focused on overcoming such limitations of established in vitro test methods is frequently conducted. Here, we address a limitation of the U-SENS™, an in vitro skin sensitization test method that addresses the key event 3 on activation of dendritic cells of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization. The applicability domain of the U-SENS™ excludes autofluorescent substances that can interfere with the measurement of the expression of CD86, i.e., the primary readout. An evaluation of several fluorochromes identified APC as most suitable for testing auto-fluorescent chemicals. Acceptance criteria were reproducibly met when using the APC-labelled antibody. Equivalent performance in terms of reproducibility and skin sensitisation hazard assessment of the standard FITC-labelled antibodies and the APC-labelled antibodies was demonstrated by testing 40 substances. Finally, the value of the expanded technical applicability domain was highlighted with a case study using sulfuretin. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated the expansion of the U-SENS™ applicability domain to interfering auto-fluorescent chemicals by using APC-labelled antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cécile Piroird
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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2
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Koning JJ, Rodrigues Neves CT, Schimek K, Thon M, Spiekstra SW, Waaijman T, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. A Multi-Organ-on-Chip Approach to Investigate How Oral Exposure to Metals Can Cause Systemic Toxicity Leading to Langerhans Cell Activation in Skin. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:824825. [PMID: 35295125 PMCID: PMC8915798 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.824825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating systemic toxicity in vitro is still a huge challenge. Here, a multi-organ-on-chip approach is presented as a typical case of topical exposure of oral mucosa to metals, which are known to activate the immune system and in turn may result in skin inflammation. Reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) and reconstructed human skin containing MUTZ-3–derived Langerhans cells (MUTZ-LC) in the epidermis (RHS-LC) were incorporated into a HUMIMIC Chip3plus, connected by dynamic flow and cultured for a total period of 72 h. Three independent experiments were performed each with an intra-experiment replicate in order to assess the donor and technical variations. After an initial culture period of 24 h to achieve stable dynamic culture conditions, nickel sulfate was applied topically to RHG for 24 h, and LC activation (maturation and migration) was determined in RHS-LC after an additional 24 h incubation time. A stable dynamic culture of RHG and RHS-LC was achieved as indicated by the assessment of glucose uptake, lactate production, and lactate dehydrogenase release into the microfluidics compartment. Nickel exposure resulted in no major histological changes within RHG or RHS-LC, or cytokine release into the microfluidics compartment, but did result in an increased activation of LC as observed by the increased mRNA levels of CD1a, CD207, HLA-DR, and CD86 in the dermal compartment (hydrogel of RHS-LC (PCR)). This is the first study to describe systemic toxicity and immune cell activation in a multi-organ setting and can provide a framework for studying other organoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte T Rodrigues Neves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Rodrigues Neves C, Gibbs S. Progress on Reconstructed Human Skin Models for Allergy Research and Identifying Contact Sensitizers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:103-129. [PMID: 29934708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the skin is inevitable or desirable for daily life products such as cosmetics, hair dyes, perfumes, drugs, household products, and industrial and agricultural products. Whereas the majority of these products are harmless, a number can become metabolized and/or activate the immunological defense via innate and adaptive mechanisms resulting in sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis upon following exposures to the same substance. Therefore, strict safety (hazard) assessment of actives and ingredients in products and drugs applied to the skin is essential to determine I) whether the chemical is a potential sensitizer and if so II) what is the safe concentration for human exposure to prevent sensitization from occurring. Ex vivo skin is a valuable model for skin penetration studies but due to logistical and viability limitations the development of in vitro alternatives is required. The aim of this review is to give a clear overview of the organotypic in vitro skin models (reconstructed human epidermis, reconstructed human skin, immune competent skin models incorporating Langerhans Cells and T-cells, skin-on-chip) that are currently commercially available or which are being used in a laboratory research setting for hazard assessment of potential sensitizers and for investigating the mechanisms (sensitization key events 1-4) related to allergic contact dermatitis. The limitations of the models, their current applications, and their future potential in replacing animals in allergy-related science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Dermatology Lab, 0/2 Building, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Hz, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Yao W, Ding M, Bao L, Zhao Y, Wang D, Li Y, Qu Y, Hao C. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells as an in vitro alternative model cell to evaluate the immunotoxicity of 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:118-127. [PMID: 32413475 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in science and technology have led to the increasing threats of new chemicals to the public health. It is crucial to evaluate the toxicity, especially immunotoxicology. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be more favorable choices in immunotoxicity evaluations. To obtain and evaluate the value of human monocyte-derived immature DCs (imDCs) in vitro applications in immunotoxicology, compared the results in vitro. DCs were obtained from enriched leukocytes of peripheral blood by using magnetic cell sorting and cytokine (rhGM-CSF + rhIL-4) co-induction. imDCs function in vitro and the surface antigens changes both in imDCs and THP-1 after 24 h of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) exposure were determined. The results were compared with those of DNCB-induced rats. The feasibility of imDCs applications in immunotoxicology was evaluated. In vivo, the splenic nodules, lymphocytes, and CD103+DC surface antigen expression were altered in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. Moreover, DNCB exposure increased CD8+ T cell numbers both in peripheral blood and in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. In vitro, DNCB exposure reduced the antigen uptake capacity and enhanced the T cell proliferative capacity of imDCs. The results are consistent with in vivo, but superior to that of the THP-1. Our results suggest that human monocyte-derived DCs may have potential applications as an attractive in vitro alternative cell model to evaluate the sensitization of DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - YaQian Qu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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5
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Tourneix F, Alépée N, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Ez-Zoubir M, Teissier SM, Noçairi H, Piroird C, Basketter D, Del Bufalo A. Skin sensitisation testing in practice: Applying a stacking meta model to cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104831. [PMID: 32198056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several non-animal approaches contributing to the identification of skin sensitisation hazard have been introduced. Their validation and acceptance has largely been directed towards regulatory classification. Considering the driving force for replacement of in vivo tests centred on cosmetics, it is reasonable to ask how well the new approaches perform in this respect. In the present study, 219 substances, largely cosmetic raw materials (including dyes, preservatives and fragrances), have been evaluated in our Defined Approach integrating a stacking meta model (version 5), incorporating the individual outcomes of 3 in vitro validated methods (Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, Keratinosens™, U-SENS™), 2 in silico tools (TIMES SS, TOXTREE) and physicochemical parameters (volatility, pH). Stacking meta model outcomes were compared with existing local lymph node assay (LLNA) data. Non-sensitisers comprised 68/219; 86 were weak/moderate and 65 were stronger sensitisers. The model version revision demonstrate the gain to discriminate sensitizers to non-sensitiser when the in silico TIMES model is incorporated as input parameter. The 85% to 91% accuracy for the cosmetics categories, indicates the stacking meta model offers value for the next generation risk assessment framework. These results pinpoint the power of the stacking meta model relying on a confidence based on the probability given in any individual prediction.
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6
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Marigliani B, Sehn FP, Silva JVMA, Balottin LBL, Augusto EDFP, Buehler AM. The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 47:174-195. [PMID: 31902222 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919896361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Research and Toxicology, Humane Society International (HSI), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Felipe Perraro Sehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto
- Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Buehler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Kolle SN, Natsch A, Gerberick GF, Landsiedel R. A review of substances found positive in 1 of 3 in vitro tests for skin sensitization. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:352-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Kim MK, Kim KB, Kim HS, Lee BM. Alternative skin sensitization prediction and risk assessment using proinflammatory biomarkers, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:361-378. [PMID: 31025611 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1609183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to animal tests for skin sensitization potency and risk assessment, cell viability and biomarkers related to skin sensitization were analyzed in THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells. Cell viabilities of 90% (CV90) and 75% (CV75) were determined for 24 selected test chemicals. Further biomarkers related to skin sensitization were also determined under equivalent comparative conditions. In cell viability analyses, potent skin sensitizers exhibited high cytotoxicity, but non-sensitizers did not display this tendency. In biomarker analyses, interleukin-I beta (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β+iNOS, and THP-1 IL-1β+Raw 264.7 IL-1β were found to be suitable for prediction of skin sensitization potency following classification as either skin sensitizers or non-sensitizers (accuracies of 91.7%, 87.5%, 83.3%, and 82.6%, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between biomarkers and skin sensitization potency, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.7 or more (correlation coefficients of 0.77, 0.72, 0.7, and 0.84, respectively). Finally, the skin sensitization potency effective threefold concentration (EC) 3% was predicted using a biomarker equation, with resulting prediction rates (match rate with actual data) of 58.3%, 54.2%, 62.5%, and 60.9%, respectively. The prediction accuracy for the EC3 value obtained from animal data was calculated as 83.3%, 79.2%, 79.2%, and 73.9%, respectively. Thus, these biomarkers, IL-1β and iNOS, may be alternatively used to predict skin sensitization potency and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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9
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Kim MK, Kim KB, Yoon K, Kacew S, Kim HS, Lee BM. IL-1α and IL-1β as alternative biomarkers for risk assessment and the prediction of skin sensitization potency. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:830-843. [PMID: 30020862 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1494474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potential biomarkers of skin sensitization in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were investigated as alternatives to animal experiments and risk assessment. The concentrations that resulted in a cell viability of 90% (CV90) and 75% (CV75) were calculated by using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST)-1 assay and used to analyze the skin sensitization potency of 23 experimental materials under equivalent treatment conditions. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-31, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was analyzed utilizing Western blotting. In the cell viability analysis, skin sensitizers were generally more cytotoxic and exhibited increased skin sensitization potency. However, nonsensitizers did not show any marked cytotoxic tendency. Biomarker analysis demonstrated that IL-1α, IL-1β, and the combination of IL-1α and IL-1β (IL-1α + IL-1β) predicted reliably skin sensitization potential (1) sensitivities of 94.4%, 83.3%, and 83.3%, specificities of 100%, 100%, and 100%, and (2) accuracies of 95.7%, 87%, and 87%, respectively. These observations correlated most reliably as indicators for skin sensitization potency. Data suggest that IL-1α and IL-1β may serve as potential biomarkers for skin sensitization and provide an alternative method to animal experiments for prediction of skin sensitization potency and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , South Korea
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- c Lung Cancer Branch , Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Sam Kacew
- d McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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10
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Del Bufalo A, Pauloin T, Alepee N, Clouzeau J, Detroyer A, Eilstein J, Gomes C, Nocairi H, Piroird C, Rousset F, Tourneix F, Basketter D, Martinozzi Teissier S. Alternative Integrated Testing for Skin Sensitization: Assuring Consumer Safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Respiratory sensitization: toxicological point of view on the available assays. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:803-822. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Höper T, Mussotter F, Haase A, Luch A, Tralau T. Application of proteomics in the elucidation of chemical-mediated allergic contact dermatitis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:595-610. [PMID: 30090528 PMCID: PMC6062186 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a widespread hypersensitivity reaction of the skin. The cellular mechanisms underlying its development are complex and involve close interaction of different cell types of the immune system. It is this very complexity which has long prevented straightforward replacement of the corresponding regulatory in vivo tests. Recent efforts have already resulted in the development of several in vitro testing alternatives that address key steps of ACD. Yet identification of suitable biomarkers is still a subject of intense research. Search strategies for the latter encompass transcriptomics, proteomics as well as metabolomics approaches. The scope of this review shall be the application and use of proteomics in the context of ACD. This includes highlighting relevant aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ACD, the exploitation of these mechanisms for testing and biomarkers (e.g., in the context of the OECD's adverse outcome pathway initiative) as well as an outlook on emerging proteome targets, for example during the allergen-induced activation of dendritic cells (DCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Franz Mussotter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
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13
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Clouet E, Kerdine-Römer S, Ferret PJ. Comparison and validation of an in vitro skin sensitization strategy using a data set of 33 chemical references. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:374-385. [PMID: 28539215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an adverse health effect that develops following repeated exposure to skin sensitizing chemicals. An animal testing ban has been applied in EU, leading to development of reliably predictive non-animal methods. Several in vitro methods have been developed as alternatives but one single non-animal test method is not been sufficient to fully address since the LLNA test ban. Here, we have selected an ITS (Integrated Testing Strategy) for skin sensitization which focuses on three in vitro methods that covered the first three steps of the AOP (DPRA, SENS-IS or h-CLAT). The aim of this study was to compare these three methods due to the WoE approach based on a 2-out-of-3-assessment. The results of 33 references were compared to in vivo data (especially human). We have shown that tested firstly DPRA and SENS-IS have permitted to conclude on 29 of 33 chemicals, whereas DPRA and h-CLAT on 25, and SENS-IS and h-CLAT on 23. With this sequence, DPRA and SENS-IS and then h-CLAT in case of equivocal results, we conclude more quickly by performing fewer tests. Thereby, we have shown that it is better to follow a preferential sequence than testing chemicals simultaneously with these three methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Clouet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France; UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- UMR996 - Inflammation, Chemokines and Immunopathology, INSERM, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmetics Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Safety Department, Toulouse, France
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Vukmanović S, Sadrieh N. Skin sensitizers in cosmetics and beyond: potential multiple mechanisms of action and importance of T-cell assays for in vitro screening. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:415-432. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), MD, USA
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15
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Petry T, Bosch A, Coste X, Eigler D, Germain P, Seidel S, Jean PA. Evaluation of in vitro assays for the assessment of the skin sensitization hazard of functional polysiloxanes and silanes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Testing Human Skin and Respiratory Sensitizers-What Is Good Enough? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020241. [PMID: 28125016 PMCID: PMC5343778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative methods for accurate in vitro assessment of skin and respiratory sensitizers are urgently needed. Sensitization is a complex biological process that cannot be evaluated accurately using single events or biomarkers, since the information content is too restricted in these measurements. On the contrary, if the tremendous information content harbored in DNA/mRNA could be mined, most complex biological processes could be elucidated. Genomic technologies available today, including transcriptional profiling and next generation sequencing, have the power to decipher sensitization, when used in the right context. Thus, a genomic test platform has been developed, denoted the Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection (GARD) assay. Due to the high informational content of the GARD test, accurate predictions of both the skin and respiratory sensitizing capacity of chemicals, have been demonstrated. Based on a matured dendritic cell line, acting as a human-like reporter system, information about potency has also been acquired. Consequently, multiparametric diagnostic technologies are disruptive test principles that can change the way in which the next generation of alternative methods are designed.
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17
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Alves VM, Capuzzi SJ, Muratov E, Braga RC, Thornton T, Fourches D, Strickland J, Kleinstreuer N, Andrade CH, Tropsha A. QSAR models of human data can enrich or replace LLNA testing for human skin sensitization. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2016; 18:6501-6515. [PMID: 28630595 PMCID: PMC5473635 DOI: 10.1039/c6gc01836j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a major environmental and occupational health hazard. Although many chemicals have been evaluated in humans, there have been no efforts to model these data to date. We have compiled, curated, analyzed, and compared the available human and LLNA data. Using these data, we have developed reliable computational models and applied them for virtual screening of chemical libraries to identify putative skin sensitizers. The overall concordance between murine LLNA and human skin sensitization responses for a set of 135 unique chemicals was low (R = 28-43%), although several chemical classes had high concordance. We have succeeded to develop predictive QSAR models of all available human data with the external correct classification rate of 71%. A consensus model integrating concordant QSAR predictions and LLNA results afforded a higher CCR of 82% but at the expense of the reduced external dataset coverage (52%). We used the developed QSAR models for virtual screening of CosIng database and identified 1061 putative skin sensitizers; for seventeen of these compounds, we found published evidence of their skin sensitization effects. Models reported herein provide more accurate alternative to LLNA testing for human skin sensitization assessment across diverse chemical data. In addition, they can also be used to guide the structural optimization of toxic compounds to reduce their skin sensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M. Alves
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Stephen J. Capuzzi
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eugene Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Chemical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, 65000, Ukraine
| | - Rodolpho C. Braga
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Thomas Thornton
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Denis Fourches
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Carolina H. Andrade
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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18
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Cottrez F, Boitel E, Ourlin JC, Peiffer JL, Fabre I, Henaoui IS, Mari B, Vallauri A, Paquet A, Barbry P, Auriault C, Aeby P, Groux H. SENS-IS, a 3D reconstituted epidermis based model for quantifying chemical sensitization potency: Reproducibility and predictivity results from an inter-laboratory study. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:248-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wong CL, Lam AL, Smith MT, Ghassabian S. Evaluation of a High-Throughput Peptide Reactivity Format Assay for Assessment of the Skin Sensitization Potential of Chemicals. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 27014067 PMCID: PMC4789461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) is a validated method for in vitro assessment of the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. In the present work, we describe a peptide reactivity assay using 96-well plate format and systematically identified the optimal assay conditions for accurate and reproducible classification of chemicals with known sensitizing capacity. The aim of the research is to ensure that the analytical component of the peptide reactivity assay is robust, accurate, and reproducible in accordance with criteria that are used for the validation of bioanalytical methods. Analytical performance was evaluated using quality control samples (QCs; heptapeptides at low, medium, and high concentrations) and incubation of control chemicals (chemicals with known sensitization capacity, weak, moderate, strong, extreme, and non-sensitizers) with each of three synthetic heptapeptides, viz Cor1-C420 (Ac-NKKCDLF), cysteine- (Ac-RFAACAA), and lysine- (Ac-RFAAKAA) containing heptapeptides. The optimal incubation temperature for all three heptapeptides was 25°C. Apparent heptapeptide depletion was affected by vial material composition. Incubation of test chemicals with Cor1-C420, showed that peptide depletion was unchanged in polypropylene vials over 3-days storage in an autosampler but this was not the case for borosilicate glass vials. For cysteine-containing heptapeptide, the concentration was not stable by day 3 post-incubation in borosilicate glass vials. Although the lysine-containing heptapeptide concentration was unchanged in both polypropylene and borosilicate glass vials, the apparent extent of lysine-containing heptapeptide depletion by ethyl acrylate, differed between polypropylene (24.7%) and glass (47.3%) vials. Additionally, the peptide-chemical complexes for Cor1-C420-cinnamaldehyde and cysteine-containing heptapeptide-2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene were partially reversible during 3-days of autosampler storage. These observations further highlight the difficulty in adapting in vitro methods to high-throughput format for screening the skin sensitization potential of large numbers of chemicals whilst ensuring that the data produced are both accurate and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lin Wong
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ai-Leen Lam
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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20
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A fluorescence high throughput screening method for the detection of reactive electrophiles as potential skin sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Quantin P, Thélu A, Catoire S, Ficheux H. Perspectives and strategies of alternative methods used in the risk assessment of personal care products. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 73:422-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Evaluation of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte derived dendritic cells for the in vitro detection of sensitizers: Results of a ring study in five laboratories. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:976-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Criteria for the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) safety evaluation process for fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82 Suppl:S1-S19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1123] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Wong CL, Ghassabian S, Smith MT, Lam AL. In vitro methods for hazard assessment of industrial chemicals - opportunities and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:94. [PMID: 25999858 PMCID: PMC4419653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction mediated by T-lymphocytes as a result of repeated exposure of an allergen primarily on skin. ACD accounts for up to 95% of occupational skin diseases, with epoxy resins implicated as one of the most common causes of ACD. Efficient high-throughput in vitro screening for accurate identification of compounds and materials that may pose hazardous risks in the workplace is crucial. At present, the murine local lymph node assay is the 'method of choice' for predicting the sensitizing potency of contact allergens. As the 3Rs principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement in animal testing has gained political and economic momentum, several in vitro screening methods have been developed for identifying potential contact allergens. To date, these latter methods have been utilized primarily to assess the skin sensitizing potential of the chemical components of cosmetic products with scant research attention as to the applicability of these methods to industrial chemicals, particularly epoxy resins. Herein we review the currently utilized in vitro methods and identify the knowledge gaps with regard to assessing the generalizability of in vitro screening methods for assessing the skin sensitizing potential of industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lin Wong
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Sussan Ghassabian
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ai-Leen Lam
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Takenouchi O, Fukui S, Okamoto K, Kurotani S, Imai N, Fujishiro M, Kyotani D, Kato Y, Kasahara T, Fujita M, Toyoda A, Sekiya D, Watanabe S, Seto H, Hirota M, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M. Test battery with the human cell line activation test, direct peptide reactivity assay and DEREK based on a 139 chemical data set for predicting skin sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1318-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takenouchi
- Kao Corporation; Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Shiho Fukui
- Kanebo Cosmetics Inc.; Odawara Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Kenji Okamoto
- Kanebo Cosmetics Inc.; Odawara Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Satoru Kurotani
- KOSE Corporation; Itabashi-ku Tokyo Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- KOSE Corporation; Itabashi-ku Tokyo Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Miyuki Fujishiro
- Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd.; Itabashi-ku Tokyo Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Daiki Kyotani
- Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd.; Itabashi-ku Tokyo Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Yoshinao Kato
- Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd.; Nishi-ku Nagoya Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Toshihiko Kasahara
- Fujifilm Corporation; Minamiashigara-shi Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Masaharu Fujita
- Fujifilm Corporation; Minamiashigara-shi Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- Pola Chemical Industries, Inc.; Totsuka-ku Yokohama Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Daisuke Sekiya
- Lion Corporation; Odawara Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Lion Corporation; Odawara Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Hirokazu Seto
- P&G Japan K.K.; Higashinada-ku Kobe Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Morihiko Hirota
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd.; Tsuzuki-ku Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd.; Tsuzuki-ku Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation; Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi Japan
- Working Group for In Vitro Skin Sensitization Evaluation in Japan Cosmetic Industry Association
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26
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Piroird C, Ovigne JM, Rousset F, Martinozzi-Teissier S, Gomes C, Cotovio J, Alépée N. The Myeloid U937 Skin Sensitization Test (U-SENS) addresses the activation of dendritic cell event in the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:901-16. [PMID: 25820135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The U-SENS™ assay, formerly known as MUSST (Myeloid U937 Skin Sensitization Test), is an in vitro method to assess skin sensitization. Dendritic cell activation following exposure to sensitizers was modelled in the U937 human myeloid cell line by measuring the induction of the expression of CD86 by flow cytometry. The predictive performance of U-SENS™ was assessed via a comprehensive comparison analysis with the available human and LLNA data of 175 substances. U-SENS™ showed 79% specificity, 90% sensitivity and 88% accuracy. A four laboratory ring study demonstrated the transferability, reliability and reproducibility of U-SENS™, with a reproducibility of 95% within laboratories and 79% between-laboratories, showing that the U-SENS™ assay is a promising tool in a skin sensitization risk assessment testing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Piroird
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ovigne
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Rousset
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | | | - Charles Gomes
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | - José Cotovio
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Alépée
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 1, Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois Cedex, France.
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27
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Urbisch D, Mehling A, Guth K, Ramirez T, Honarvar N, Kolle S, Landsiedel R, Jaworska J, Kern PS, Gerberick F, Natsch A, Emter R, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H. Assessing skin sensitization hazard in mice and men using non-animal test methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:337-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Cottrez F, Boitel E, Auriault C, Aeby P, Groux H. Genes specifically modulated in sensitized skins allow the detection of sensitizers in a reconstructed human skin model. Development of the SENS-IS assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:787-802. [PMID: 25724174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of genes modulated during the sensitization process either on mice (LLNA) or human (blisters) combined with data mining has allowed the definition of a comprehensive panel of sensitization biomarkers. This set of genes includes already identified markers such as the ARE family and others not yet associated with the sensitization process (the so-called SENS-IS gene subset). The expression of this set of genes has been measured on reconstituted human epidermis models (Episkin) exposed to various sensitizers and non-sensitizers. Fine analysis of their expression pattern indicates that it is the number of modulated genes rather than the intensity of up-regulation that correlates best with the sensitization potential of a chemical. Moreover, sensitizers that are weak inductors of ARE genes tend to be relevant modulators of the SENS-IS subset. By combining the expression data obtained with both gene subsets, it is now possible to identify a wide variety of sensitizers on a test system (in vitro reconstructed human epidermis) that is very similar to the in vivo situation and compatible with a large variety of test substance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elodie Boitel
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
| | - Claude Auriault
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
| | - Pierre Aeby
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France
| | - Hervé Groux
- ImmunoSearch, Les Cyclades, Chemin de Camperousse, Grasse, France.
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29
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Systematic evaluation of non-animal test methods for skin sensitisation safety assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Kimber I, Pemberton MA. Assessment of the skin sensitising potency of the lower alkyl methacrylate esters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:24-36. [PMID: 24956587 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is continued interest in, and imperatives for, the classification of contact allergens according to their relative skin sensitising potency. However, achieving that end can prove problematic, not least when there is an apparent lack of concordance between experimental assessments of potency and the prevalence allergic contact dermatitis as judged by clinical experience. For the purpose of exploring this issue, and illustrating the important considerations that are required to reach sound judgements about potency categorisation, the lower alkyl methacrylate esters (LAM) have been employed here as a case study. Although the sensitising potential of methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been reviewed previously, there is available new information that is relevant for assessment of skin sensitising potency. Moreover, for the purposes of this article, analyses have been extended to include also other LAM for which relevant data are available: ethyl methacrylate (EMA), n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA), and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA). In addressing the skin sensitising activity of these chemicals and in drawing conclusions regarding relative potency, a number of sources of information has been considered, including estimates of potency derived from local lymph node assay (LLNA) data, the results of guinea pig assays, and data derived from in silico methods and from recently developed in vitro approaches. Moreover, clinical experience of skin sensitisation of humans by LAM has also been evaluated. The conclusion drawn is that MMA and other LAM are contact allergens, but that none of these chemicals has any more than weak skin sensitising potency. We have also explored here the possible bases for this modest sensitising activity. Finally, the nature of exposure to LAM has been reviewed briefly and on the basis of that information, together with an understanding of skin sensitising potency, a risk assessment has been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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31
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Peiser M, Hitzler M, Luch A. On the role of co-inhibitory molecules in dendritic cell: T helper cell coculture assays aimed to detect chemical-induced contact allergy. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:115-35. [PMID: 24214622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in sensitization and elicitation of type IV allergic reactions. While T helper cells sustain and maintain the differentiation of further effector cells, regulatory T cells are involved in control of cytokine release and proliferation, and T killer cells execute cellular lysis, thereby leading to certain levels of tissue damage. According to their central role, the widely applied and OECD-supported test method for the assessment of the sensitization potential of a chemical, i.e., the local lymph node assay (LLNA), relies on the detection of the immune-responsive proliferation of lymphocytes. However, most sensitization assays recently developed take advantage of the initiators of sensitization, dendritic cells (DCs) or DC-like cell lines. Here, we focus on inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of DCs and their corresponding receptors on T cells. We summarize insight into the function of CTLA-4, the ligands of inducible co-stimulators (ICOSs), and on the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD). The targeting of immune cell surface receptors by inhibitory molecules holds some promise with regard to the development of T cell-based sensitization assays. Firstly, a broader and more sensitive dynamic range of detection could be achieved by blocking inhibitors or by removing inhibiting regulatory T cells from the assays. Secondly, the actual expression levels of inhibitory molecules could be also a valuable indicator for the process of sensitization. Finally, inhibitory molecules in coculture test systems are supposed to have a major influence on DCs by reverse signaling, thereby affecting their differentiation and maturation status in a feedback loop. In conclusion, inhibitory ligands of DC surface receptors and/or their cognate receptors on T cells could serve as useful tools in cell-based assays, directly influencing toxicological endpoints such as sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany,
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32
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Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Basketter D. In vitroapproaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2013.814882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Hitzler M, Bergert A, Luch A, Peiser M. Evaluation of selected biomarkers for the detection of chemical sensitization in human skin: A comparative study applying THP-1, MUTZ-3 and primary dendritic cells in culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1659-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Fabian E, Vogel D, Blatz V, Ramirez T, Kolle S, Eltze T, van Ravenzwaay B, Oesch F, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in cells used for testing skin sensitization in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1683-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Natsch A, Ryan CA, Foertsch L, Emter R, Jaworska J, Gerberick F, Kern P. A dataset on 145 chemicals tested in alternative assays for skin sensitization undergoing prevalidation. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1337-52. [PMID: 23576290 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a key endpoint for cosmetic ingredients, with a forthcoming ban for animal testing in Europe. Four alternative tests have so far been submitted to ECVAM prevalidation: (i) MUSST and (ii) h-Clat assess surface markers on dendritic cell lines, (iii) the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) measures reactivity with model peptides and (iv) the KeratinoSens(TM) assay which is based on detection of Nrf2-induced luciferase. It is anticipated that only an integrated testing strategy (ITS) based on a battery of tests might give a full replacement providing also a sensitization potency assessment, but this concept should be tested with a data-driven analysis. Here we report a database on 145 chemicals reporting the quantitative endpoints measured in a U937- test, the DPRA and KeratinoSens(TM) . It can serve to develop data-driven ITS approaches as we show in a parallel paper and provides a view as to the current ability to predict with in vitro tests as we are entering 2013. It may also serve as reference database when benchmarking new molecules with in vitro based read-across and find use as a reference database when evaluating new tests. The tests and combinations thereof were evaluated for predictivity, and overall a similar predictivity was found as before on three-fold smaller datasets. Analysis of the dose-response parameters of the individual tests indicates a correlation to sensitization potency. Detailed analysis of chemicals false-negative and false-positive in two tests helped to define limitations in the tests but also in the database derived from animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Mehling A, Eriksson T, Eltze T, Kolle S, Ramirez T, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Non-animal test methods for predicting skin sensitization potentials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1273-95. [PMID: 22707154 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and it is estimated that 15-20 % of the general population suffers from contact allergy, with increasing prevalence. Evaluation of the sensitization potential of a substance is usually carried out in animal models. Nowadays, there is much interest in reducing and ultimately replacing current animal tests. Furthermore, as of 2013, the EU has posed a ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients that includes skin sensitization. Therefore, predictive and robust in vitro tests are urgently needed. In order to establish alternatives to animal testing, the in vitro tests must mimic the very complex interactions between the sensitizing chemical and the different parts of the immune system. This review article summarizes recent efforts to develop in vitro tests for predicting skin sensitizers. Cell-based assays, in chemico methods and, to a lesser extent, in silico methods are presented together with a discussion of their current status. With considerable progress having been achieved during the last years, the rationale today is that data from different non-animal test methods will have to be combined in order to obtain reliable hazard and potency information on potential skin sensitizers.
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McKim JM, Keller DJ, Gorski JR. Anin vitromethod for detecting chemical sensitization using human reconstructed skin models and its applicability to cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medical device safety testing. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:292-305. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.667031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Goebel C, Aeby P, Ade N, Alépée N, Aptula A, Araki D, Dufour E, Gilmour N, Hibatallah J, Keller D, Kern P, Kirst A, Marrec-Fairley M, Maxwell G, Rowland J, Safford B, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Seaman C, Teichert T, Tessier N, Teissier S, Weltzien HU, Winkler P, Scheel J. Guiding principles for the implementation of non-animal safety assessment approaches for cosmetics: skin sensitisation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:40-52. [PMID: 22374415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of skin sensitisation potential is a key endpoint for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients especially when significant dermal exposure to an ingredient is expected. At present the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) remains the 'gold standard' test method for this purpose however non-animal test methods are under development that aim to replace the need for new animal test data. COLIPA (the European Cosmetics Association) funds an extensive programme of skin sensitisation research, method development and method evaluation and helped coordinate the early evaluation of the three test methods currently undergoing pre-validation. In May 2010, a COLIPA scientific meeting was held to analyse to what extent skin sensitisation safety assessments for cosmetic ingredients can be made in the absence of animal data. In order to propose guiding principles for the application and further development of non-animal safety assessment strategies it was evaluated how and when non-animal test methods, predictions based on physico-chemical properties (including in silico tools), threshold concepts and weight-of-evidence based hazard characterisation could be used to enable safety decisions. Generation and assessment of potency information from alternative tools which at present is predominantly derived from the LLNA is considered the future key research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- Procter & Gamble, Berliner Allee 65, 64274 Darmstadt, Germany
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Peiser M, Tralau T, Heidler J, Api AM, Arts JHE, Basketter DA, English J, Diepgen TL, Fuhlbrigge RC, Gaspari AA, Johansen JD, Karlberg AT, Kimber I, Lepoittevin JP, Liebsch M, Maibach HI, Martin SF, Merk HF, Platzek T, Rustemeyer T, Schnuch A, Vandebriel RJ, White IR, Luch A. Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. Current knowledge assembled at an international workshop at BfR, Germany. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:763-81. [PMID: 21997384 PMCID: PMC3276771 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and one of the important challenges for public health and immunology. The German ‘Federal Institute for Risk Assessment’ hosted an ‘International Workshop on Contact Dermatitis’. The scope of the workshop was to discuss new discoveries and developments in the field of contact dermatitis. This included the epidemiology and molecular biology of contact allergy, as well as the development of new in vitro methods. Furthermore, it considered regulatory aspects aiming to reduce exposure to contact sensitisers. An estimated 15–20% of the general population suffers from contact allergy. Workplace exposure, age, sex, use of consumer products and genetic predispositions were identified as the most important risk factors. Research highlights included: advances in understanding of immune responses to contact sensitisers, the importance of autoxidation or enzyme-mediated oxidation for the activation of chemicals, the mechanisms through which hapten-protein conjugates are formed and the development of novel in vitro strategies for the identification of skin-sensitising chemicals. Dendritic cell cultures and structure-activity relationships are being developed to identify potential contact allergens. However, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) presently remains the validated method of choice for hazard identification and characterisation. At the workshop the use of the LLNA for regulatory purposes and for quantitative risk assessment was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Tralau
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Heidler
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. M. Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, NJ USA
| | | | | | - J. English
- Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - T. L. Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - A. A. Gaspari
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - J. D. Johansen
- Department of Derma-allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. T. Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I. Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - M. Liebsch
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - H. I. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - S. F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospitals Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Platzek
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Rustemeyer
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Schnuch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. J. Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - I. R. White
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - A. Luch
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Klein SG, Hennen J, Serchi T, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Potential of coculture in vitro models to study inflammatory and sensitizing effects of particles on the lung. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1516-34. [PMID: 21963807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) like nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the last century due to increased combustion processes, road traffic, etc. In addition, the progress in chemical and cosmetic industry led to many new compounds, e.g. fragrances, which humans are exposed to every day. Many chemicals are known to act as contact and some as respiratory sensitizers, causing allergic reactions. Exposure to small particles of less than 100 nm in diameter is linked with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, such as asthma or rhinitis. To date already more than 1000 customer products contain eNPs without knowing much about the health effects. In comparison to chemicals, the mechanisms by which PM and eNPs can cause sensitization are still not fully understood. Validated and regulatory accepted in vitro models to assess this hazard in its full range are still missing. While a huge number of animal studies contributed to our knowledge about sensitization processes, knowledge on involved cellular mechanisms is still limited. In this review relevant in vitro models to study and elucidate these mechanisms in more detail are presented and their potential to serve as part of a tiered testing strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Klein
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public, Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Johansson H, Lindstedt M, Albrekt AS, Borrebaeck CAK. A genomic biomarker signature can predict skin sensitizers using a cell-based in vitro alternative to animal tests. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:399. [PMID: 21824406 PMCID: PMC3176258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease that affects a significant proportion of the population. This disease is caused by an adverse immune response towards chemical haptens, and leads to a substantial economic burden for society. Current test of sensitizing chemicals rely on animal experimentation. New legislations on the registration and use of chemicals within pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries have stimulated significant research efforts to develop alternative, human cell-based assays for the prediction of sensitization. The aim is to replace animal experiments with in vitro tests displaying a higher predictive power. RESULTS We have developed a novel cell-based assay for the prediction of sensitizing chemicals. By analyzing the transcriptome of the human cell line MUTZ-3 after 24 h stimulation, using 20 different sensitizing chemicals, 20 non-sensitizing chemicals and vehicle controls, we have identified a biomarker signature of 200 genes with potent discriminatory ability. Using a Support Vector Machine for supervised classification, the prediction performance of the assay revealed an area under the ROC curve of 0.98. In addition, categorizing the chemicals according to the LLNA assay, this gene signature could also predict sensitizing potency. The identified markers are involved in biological pathways with immunological relevant functions, which can shed light on the process of human sensitization. CONCLUSIONS A gene signature predicting sensitization, using a human cell line in vitro, has been identified. This simple and robust cell-based assay has the potential to completely replace or drastically reduce the utilization of test systems based on experimental animals. Being based on human biology, the assay is proposed to be more accurate for predicting sensitization in humans, than the traditional animal-based tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, 21184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, 21184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Albrekt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, 21184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl AK Borrebaeck
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, BMC D13, 21184 Lund, Sweden
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In vitro detection of contact allergens: Development of an optimized protocol using human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Nukada Y, Ito Y, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. The relationship between CD86 and CD54 protein expression and cytotoxicity following stimulation with contact allergen in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:313-24. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Aeby P, Ashikaga T, Bessou-Touya S, Schepky A, Gerberick F, Kern P, Marrec-Fairley M, Maxwell G, Ovigne JM, Sakaguchi H, Reisinger K, Tailhardat M, Martinozzi-Teissier S, Winkler P. Identifying and characterizing chemical skin sensitizers without animal testing: Colipa’s research and method development program. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1465-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sakaguchi H, Ryan C, Ovigne JM, Schroeder KR, Ashikaga T. Predicting skin sensitization potential and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) in the European Cosmetics Association (COLIPA) ring trials. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1810-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Migdal C, Foggia L, Tailhardat M, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. Sensitization effect of thimerosal is mediated in vitro via reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling. Toxicology 2010; 274:1-9. [PMID: 20457211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal, a mercury derivative composed of ethyl mercury chloride (EtHgCl) and thiosalicylic acid (TSA), is widely used as a preservative in vaccines and cosmetic products and causes cutaneous reactions. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the immune response, the sensitization potency of chemicals was studied in vitro using U937, a human promyelomonocytic cell line that is used as a surrogate of monocytic differentiation and activation. Currently, this cell line is under ECVAM (European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods) validation as an alternative method for discriminating chemicals. Thimerosal and mercury derivatives induced in U937 an overexpression of CD86 and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion similarly to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), a sensitizer used as a positive control for DC activation. Non-sensitizers, dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), TSA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an irritant, had no effect. U937 activation was prevented by cell pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) but not with thiol-independent antioxidants except vitamin E which affected CD86 expression by preventing lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Thimerosal, EtHgCl and DNCB induced glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 15 min; another peak was detected after 2h for mercury compounds only. MitoSOX, a specific mitochondrial fluorescent probe, confirmed that ROS were essentially produced by mitochondria in correlation with its membrane depolarization. Changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability induced by mercury were reversed by NAC but not by thiol-independent antioxidants. Thimerosal and EtHgCl also induced a calcium (Ca2+) influx with a peak at 3h, suggesting that Ca2+ influx is a secondary event following ROS induction as Ca2+ influx was suppressed after pretreatment with NAC but not with thiol-independent antioxidants. Ca2+ influx was also suppressed when culture medium was deprived of Ca2+ confirming the specificity of the measure. In conclusion, these data suggest that thimerosal induced U937 activation via oxidative stress from mitochondrial stores and mitochondrial membrane depolarization with a primordial effect of thiol groups. A cross-talk between ROS and Ca2+ influx was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Migdal
- EA 41-69, Université Lyon 1, Pavillon R, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France
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Natsch A, Gfeller H, Emter R, Ellis G. Use of in vitro testing to identify an unexpected skin sensitizing impurity in a commercial product: A case study. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:411-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Natsch A, Emter R, Ellis G. Filling the Concept with Data: Integrating Data from Different In Vitro and In Silico Assays on Skin Sensitizers to Explore the Battery Approach for Animal-Free Skin Sensitization Testing. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:106-21. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Kosaka N, Nukada Y, Sakaguchi H, Suzuki H, Nishiyama N. Role of TNF-alpha and extracellular ATP in THP-1 cell activation following allergen exposure. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:71-83. [PMID: 18303186 DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs), play a critical role in the induction phase of allergic contact hypersensitivity. Following exposure to chemical allergens in the skin, LCs undergo a maturation process leading to the up-regulation of expression of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD86, CD54 and CD40. Our previous study revealed that chemical allergens induce phenotype alterations (e.g., CD86, CD54 and CD40) and cytokine production (TNF-alpha and IL-8) in THP-1 cells that possibly reflect the maturation of dendritic cells during skin sensitization. However, the physiological signals for phenotypic alterations by chemical allergens are still not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of TNF-alpha and extracellular ATP on THP-1 cell activation induced by chemical allergens. Kinetic studies revealed that TNF-alpha and IL-8 release occurred in a time-dependent manner with release of two cytokines beginning at 3 hr post-exposure to well-known haptens, DNCB and NiSO(4). While recombinant human TNF-alpha augmented CD54 and CD40 expression in a dose-dependent manner, rhTNF-alpha did not increase CD86 expression. Furthermore, neutralization of TNF-alpha activity strongly inhibited CD54 and CD40 expression induced by allergens. On the contrary, extracellular ATP induced the up-regulation of both CD86 and CD54 expression. In the presence of the P2 receptor antagonist suramin, the up-regulation of CD86 and CD54 expression by allergens was in part suppressed. Therefore, we postulate that not only TNF-alpha but also extracellular ATP may contribute to cell activation following allergen stimulation, which might reflect the mechanism by which DCs respond to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratories, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, Japan.
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Sakaguchi H, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Kosaka N, Ito Y, Yoneyama K, Sono S, Itagaki H, Toyoda H, Suzuki H. The relationship between CD86/CD54 expression and THP-1 cell viability in an in vitro skin sensitization test – human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:109-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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