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Miranda M, Volmer Z, Cornick A, Goody A, Cardoso C, Pais AACC, Brown M, Vitorino C. In vitro studies into establishing therapeutic bioequivalence of complex topical products: Weight of evidence. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124012. [PMID: 38537923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, topically applied drug products have experienced extraordinary price increases, due to the shortage of multisource generic drug products. This occurrence is mainly related to the underlying challenges evolved in topical bioequivalence documentation. Although there has been continuing regulatory efforts to present surrogate in vitro methods to clinical endpoint studies, there is still a continued need for cost- and time-efficient alternatives that account for product specificities. Hence, this work intended to expose bioequivalence assessment issues for complex topical formulations, and more specifically those related with product efficacy guidance. As a model drug and product, a bifonazole 10 mg/g cream formulation was selected and two different batches of the commercially available Reference Product (RP) were used: RP1 that displayed lower viscosity and RP4 which presented high, but not the highest, viscosity. In vitro human skin permeation testing (IVPT) was carried out and the results were evaluated by means of the traditional bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the EMA, as well as by the Scaled Average Bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the FDA. Based on previous experience, there was an expectation of a high level of variability in the results, thus alternative methods to evaluate local drug skin availability were developed. More specifically, an infected skin disease model, where ex vivo human skin was infected and ATP levels were used as a biological marker for monitoring antifungal activity after product application. The results showed that permeation equivalence could not be supported between the different RP batches. In contrast, this statistical difference between the formulation batches was not indicated in the disease model. Nevertheless, in pivotal IVPT studies, the lowest permeant formulation (RP4) evidenced a higher antifungal in vitro activity as reported by the lower levels of ATP. A critical appraisal of the results is likewise presented, focusing on an outlook of the real applicability of the regulatory guidances on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Monte de Caparica, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zoe Volmer
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Alicia Cornick
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Aidan Goody
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga Santa Comba Polo 3, Coimbra, 3000-548 Portugal.
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Chedik L, Baybekov S, Cosnier F, Marcou G, Varnek A, Champmartin C. An update of skin permeability data based on a systematic review of recent research. Sci Data 2024; 11:224. [PMID: 38383523 PMCID: PMC10881585 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous absorption parameters of xenobiotics are crucial for the development of drugs and cosmetics, as well as for assessing environmental and occupational chemical risks. Despite the great variability in the design of experimental conditions due to uncertain international guidelines, datasets like HuskinDB have been created to report skin absorption endpoints. This review updates available skin permeability data by rigorously compiling research published between 2012 and 2021. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been selected to build the most harmonized and reusable dataset possible. The Generative Topographic Mapping method was applied to the present dataset and compared to HuskinDB to monitor the progress in skin permeability research and locate chemotypes of particular concern. The open-source dataset (SkinPiX) includes steady-state flux, maximum flux, lag time and permeability coefficient results for the substances tested, as well as relevant information on experimental parameters that can impact the data. It can be used to extract subsets of data for comparisons and to build predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Shamkhal Baybekov
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire de Chémoinformatique UMR 7140 CNRS, Institut Le Bel, University of Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Champmartin
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité pour la prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles (INRS), Dept Toxicologie et Biométrologie, 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Massoumi S, Rizvi Z, Cázares U, Maibach H. Overcoming False-Negative Patch Tests: A Systematic Literature Review. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38181174 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous allergens, found in cosmetic products, jewelry items, antiseptics and antibacterials, plants, and solvents, can cause clinical allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). To help identify and discern which allergen is causing ACD, clinicians use patch tests, but they can yield false-negative results at times. Examining potential reasoning for false negatives is particularly helpful when a patient's history and physical examination strongly suggest ACD, and the patch test is negative. A strong history and physical presentation suggestive of ACD warrants additional patch testing or other methods to verify a false-negative patch test result. We conducted a literature review to compile various reasonings and solutions for false-negative patch tests in suspected ACD patients. Utilizing EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholars, 49 articles were included by using search terms such as "False negative patch test" or "False-negative patch test" and "allergic contact dermatitis," or "ACD." Common factors that led to false-negative patch test results include low allergen concentration, inadequate percutaneous penetration, technique error, immunosuppressive therapy, and ultraviolet exposure. Potential solutions include using different vehicles, concentration, increasing reading time, repeating the patch test, intradermal testing, and repeat open application testing. If a false-negative patch test is suspected, then intradermal testing can be administered to ensure the specificity of the patch test result. Considering the main contributing factors and solutions to false-negative patch tests, clinicians can accurately diagnose ACD and administer proper treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Massoumi
- From the Department of Dermatology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California, USA
| | - Zehra Rizvi
- From the Department of Dermatology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California, USA
| | - Ulysses Cázares
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Matsuzono K, Mita Y, Imai G, Fujimoto S. Improper Application of a Rivastigmine Patch to the Back of the Neck Induced Toxic Symptoms. Intern Med 2023; 62:3247-3250. [PMID: 36948626 PMCID: PMC10686733 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine is a highly effective drug for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, its addiction can be fatal, so proper use of this transdermal drug is needed. We herein report an 85-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease who inappropriately placed rivastigmine patches on the back of her neck. She suffered from acute cholinergic syndrome, hypersalivation, anorexia, dyspnea, and vomiting. These symptoms disappeared when the improper use of rivastigmine patches was ceased. This case serves as a warning to physicians and pharmacists of the risk associated with the improper placement of rivastigmine patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imai Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Goro Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imai Hospital, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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Demonstrating Biological Fate of Nanoparticle-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles with Aggregation-Caused Quenching Probes: Influence of Application Sites. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010169. [PMID: 36678798 PMCID: PMC9867466 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and nanocarriers (NC) holds great potential in transdermal drug delivery because it can simultaneously overcome the stratum corneum barrier and achieve efficient and controlled drug delivery. However, different skin sites with different thicknesses and compositions can affect the transdermal diffusion of NC-loaded DMNs. There are few reports on the biological fate (especially transdermal diffusion) of NC-loaded DMNs, and inaccurate bioimaging information of intact NC limits the accurate understanding of the in vivo fate of NC-loaded DMNs. The aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) probes P4 emitted intense fluorescence signals in intact NC while quenched after the degradation of NC, had been demonstrated the feasibility of label intact NC. In this study, P4 was loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and further encapsulated into DMNs, to track the transdermal diffusion of SLNs delivered at different skin sites. The results showed that SLNs had excellent stability after being loaded into DMNs with no significant changes in morphology and fluorescence properties. The in vivo live and ex vivo imaging showed that the transdermal diffusion rate of NC-loaded DMNs was positively correlated with skin thickness, with the order ear > abdomen > back. In conclusion, this study confirmed the site-dependency of transdermal diffusion in NC-loaded DMNs.
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In-Vivo Tape Stripping Study with Caffeine for Comparisons on Body Sites, Age and Washing. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1935-1944. [PMID: 35725844 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessing the percutaneous absorption of cosmetic ingredients using in-vitro human skin reveals certain limitations, such as restricted anatomical sites and repeated exposure, and to overcome these issues, in-vivo studies are required. The aim of the study is to develop a robust non-invasive in-vivo protocol that should be applicable to a wide range of application. METHODS A robust tape stripping protocol was therefore designed according to recent recommendations, and the impact of two different washing procedures on caffeine distribution in tape strips was investigated to optimise the protocol. The optimised protocol was then used to study the effect of age and anatomical area on the percutaneous absorption of caffeine, including facial areas which are not readily available for in-vitro studies. RESULTS With tape stripping, a difference between the percutaneous absorption on the face (forehead, cheek) and the volar forearm was observed. No obvious difference was observed between percutaneous absorption in young and post-menopausal women, but this could be due to the limited number of subjects. CONCLUSION This tape stripping protocol is now to be deployed to address many other factors, such as percutaneous absorption in other anatomical areas (e.g. abdomen, axilla, etc.), impact of repeated applications and effect of formulation.
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A new conceptional model for deriving average dermal absorption estimates from studies with multiple tested concentrations for non-dietary risk assessment of pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2429-2445. [PMID: 35704048 PMCID: PMC9325830 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dermal absorption values are used to translate external dermal exposure into potential systemic exposure for non-dietary risk assessment of pesticides. While the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States of America (US EPA) derives a common dermal absorption factor for active substances covering all related products, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requests specific product-based estimates for individual concentrations covering the intended use rates. The latter poses challenges, because it disconnects exposure dose from applied dose in absorption studies, which may not be suitable in scenarios where concentration is not relevant. We analyzed the EFSA dermal absorption database, collected 33 human in vitro studies from CropLife Europe (CLE) companies, where ≥3 in-use dilution concentrations were tested, and 15 dermal absorption triple pack datasets. This shows that absolute dermal absorption correlates with absolute applied dose on a decadic logarithm-scale, which is concordant with the toxicological axiom that risk is driven by exposure dose. This method is radically different from the current European approach focused on concentrations and offers new insights into the relationship of internal and external exposure doses when utilizing data from in vitro studies. A single average dermal absorption value can be simply derived from studies with multiple tested concentrations, by calculating the y-intercept of a linear model on a decadic logarithm scale while assuming a slope of 1. This simplifies risk assessment and frees resources to explore exposure refinements. It also serves as a basis to harmonize dermal absorption estimation globally for use in exposure-driven risk assessments.
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Feschuk AM, Kashetsky N, Chiang C, Burli A, Burdick H, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in in vitro human models: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:97-112. [PMID: 35094673 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2032517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous absorption is of importance given its role in topical medicaments, transdermal drug systems, and dermatotoxicology. Many factors influence percutaneous penetration, including anatomical region, although little is currently known regarding this parameter. Hence, the aim of this study was to summarize existing data on regional variation in percutaneous penetration in in vitro human models. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and US patent literature were explored, and relevant data collected. Eight eligible articles were identified, which together, explored 15 anatomical locations. Four investigations compared percutaneous penetration between scalp and abdominal skin, and all concluded that the former was more permeable. Within those four studies, 10 penetrants of varying physical/chemical properties were tested indicating that in those particular study conditions, anatomical location exerted a greater effect on percutaneous absorption than the physicochemical properties of the penetrants. In addition, torso area was less absorptive than scrotum in both studies in which these sites were compared. In conclusion, the scrotum and scalp appear to be highly susceptible to percutaneous absorption compared to other locations such as the abdomen. This is postulated to be largely due to the high density of hair follicles in these areas, enabling greater penetration via the appendageal pathway. However, there is a paucity of conclusive data regarding the penetrability of other anatomical locations. Investigations testing and ranking the susceptibility of different anatomical regions is of vital importance given the importance of (1) transdermal drug delivery and decontamination protocols and (2) understanding the underlying mechanisms and degree of these variances might aid our pharmacologic/toxicologic judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chavy Chiang
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anuk Burli
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Halie Burdick
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Liu X, Anissimov YG, Grice JE, Cheruvu HS, Ghosh P, Raney SG, Maibach HI, Roberts MS. Relating transdermal delivery plasma pharmacokinetics with in vitro permeation test (IVPT) findings using diffusion and compartment-in-series models. J Control Release 2021; 334:37-51. [PMID: 33857564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis is being placed on using in vitro permeation test (IVPT) results for topical products as a surrogate for their in vivo behaviour. This study sought to relate in vivo plasma concentration - time pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles after topical application of drug products to IVPT findings with mechanistic diffusion and compartment models that are now widely used to describe permeation of solutes across the main skin transport barrier, the stratum corneum. Novel in vivo forms of the diffusion and compartment-in-series models were developed by combining their IVPT model forms with appropriate in vivo disposition functions. Available in vivo and IVPT data were then used with the models in data analyses, including the estimation of prediction intervals for in vivo plasma concentrations derived from IVPT data. The resulting predicted in vivo plasma concentration - time profiles for the full models corresponded closely with the observed results for both nitroglycerin and rivastigmine at all times. In contrast, reduced forms of these in vivo models led to discrepancies between model predictions and observed results at early times. A two-stage deconvolution procedure was also used to estimate the in vivo cumulative amount absorbed and shown to be linearly related to that from IVPT, with an acceptable prediction error. External predictability was also shown using a separate set of in vitro and in vivo data for different nitroglycerin patches. This work suggests that mechanistic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models can be used to predict in vivo behaviour from IVPT data for topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Hanumanth Srikanth Cheruvu
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Therapeutics Research Centre, University of South Australia Division of Clinical and Health Sciences, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
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11
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Loman L, Uter W, Armario‐Hita JC, Ayala F, Balato A, Ballmer‐Weber BK, Bauer A, Bircher AJ, Buhl T, Czarnecka‐Operacz M, Dickel H, Fuchs T, Giménez Arnau A, John SM, Kränke B, Kręcisz B, Mahler V, Rustemeyer T, Sadowska‐Przytocka A, Sánchez‐Pérez J, Scherer Hofmeier K, Schliemann S, Simon D, Spiewak R, Spring P, Valiukevičienė S, Wagner N, Weisshaar E, Pesonen M, Schuttelaar MLA. European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): Characteristics of patients patch tested and diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:186-197. [PMID: 33729576 PMCID: PMC8360089 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is caused by the acute locally toxic effect of a strong irritant, or the cumulative exposure to various weaker physical and/or chemical irritants. OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of patients with ICD in the population patch tested in the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA; www.essca-dc.org) database. METHODS Data collected by the ESSCA in consecutively patch-tested patients from January 2009 to December 2018 were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 68 072 patients, 8702 were diagnosed with ICD (without concomitant allergic contact dermatitis [ACD]). Hand and face were the most reported anatomical sites, and 45.7% of the ICD was occupational ICD (OICD). The highest proportions of OICD were found in metal turners, bakers, pastry cooks, and confectionery makers. Among patients diagnosed with ICD, 45% were found sensitized with no relevance for the current disease. CONCLUSIONS The hands were mainly involved in OICD also in the subgroup of patients with contact dermatitis, in whom relevant contact sensitization had been ruled out, emphasizing the need for limiting irritant exposures. However, in difficult-to-treat contact dermatitis, unrecognized contact allergy, or unrecognized clinical relevance of identified allergies owing to incomplete or wrong product ingredient information must always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Loman
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and EpidemiologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen/NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - José C. Armario‐Hita
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital of Puerto Real, University of CádizCádizSpain
| | - Fabio Ayala
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Anna Balato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Barbara K. Ballmer‐Weber
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital Zürich and Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St GallenZürichSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Andreas J. Bircher
- Department of DermatologyAllergy Unit, University Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Ana Giménez Arnau
- Department of DermatologyHospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Swen M. John
- Department of Dermatology and Environmental MedicineInstitute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB)OsnabrückGermany
| | - Birger Kränke
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Beata Kręcisz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceInstitute of Medical Science, Jan Kochanowski UniversityKielcePoland
- Department of DermatologyNofer Institute of Occupational MedicineŁódźPoland
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
- Division of AllergologyPaul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutLangenGermany
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology‐Allergology and Occupational DermatologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sibylle Schliemann
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyUniversity Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of DermatologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Radoslaw Spiewak
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Faculty of PharmacyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Philip Spring
- Dermatologie et vénéréologie FMH, Center Médical d'EpalingesEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal DiseasesLithuanian University of Health SciencesKaunasLithuania
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Dermatology, Occupational DermatologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Division Occupational MedicineFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marie L. A. Schuttelaar
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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