1
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Hou P, Peschtrich S, Feuerstein W, Schoch R, Hohloch S, Breher F, Paradies J. Imidazolyl-Substituted Benzo- and Naphthodithiophenes as Precursors for the Synthesis of Transient Open-Shell Quinoids. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300003. [PMID: 36703547 PMCID: PMC10661821 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of three novel imidazolyl-substituted sulfur-containing heteroacenes is reported. These heteroacenes consisting of annelated benzo- and naphthothiophenes serve as precursors for the generation of open-shell quinoid heteroacenes by oxidation with alkaline ferric cyanide. Spectroscopic and computational experiments support the formation of reactive open-shell quinoids, which, however, quickly produce paramagnetic polymeric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Sebastian Peschtrich
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
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2
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Hajduk B, Jarka P, Bednarski H, Tański T. Variable Temperature Spectroscopic Ellipsometry as a Tool for Insight into the Optical Order in the P3HT:PC70BM and PC70BM Layers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3752. [PMID: 37765605 PMCID: PMC10535426 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two combined ellipsometric techniques-variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) and variable temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry (VTSE)-were used as tools to study the surface order and dielectric properties of thin films of a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) mixture with a fullerene derivative (6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester) (PC70BM). Under the influence of annealing, a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the blend films. The dielectric function of the ordered PC70BM was determined for the first time and used in the ellipsometric modeling of the physical properties of the P3HT:PC70BM blend films, such as their dielectric function and thickness. The applied ellipsometric optical model of the polymer-fullerene blend treats the components of the blend as a mixture of optically ordered and disordered phases, using the effective medium approximation for this purpose. The results obtained using the constructed model showed that a layer of the ordered PC70BM phase was formed on the surface of the layer of the polymer and fullerene mixture. Namely, as a result of thermal annealing, the thickness of the layer of the ordered fullerene phase increased, while the thickness of the underlying material layer decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Paweł Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (T.T.)
| | - Henryk Bednarski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.J.); (T.T.)
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3
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Arshad MN, Shafiq I, Khalid M, Asad M, Asiri AM, Alotaibi MM, Braga AAC, Khan A, Alamry KA. Enhancing the Photovoltaic Properties via Incorporation of Selenophene Units in Organic Chromophores with A 2-π 2-A 1-π 1-A 2 Configuration: A DFT-Based Exploration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061508. [PMID: 36987288 PMCID: PMC10051165 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, polymer organic solar cells (POSCs) are widely utilized due to their significant application, such as low-cost power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Therefore, we designed a series of photovoltaic materials (D1, D2, D3, D5 and D7) by the incorporation of selenophene units (n = 1-7) as π1-spacers by considering the importance of POSCs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were accomplished at MPW1PW91/6-311G (d, p) functional to explore the impact of additional selenophene units on the photovoltaic behavior of the above-mentioned compounds. A comparative analysis was conducted for designed compounds and reference compounds (D1). Reduction in energy gaps (∆E = 2.399 - 2.064 eV) with broader absorption wavelength (λmax = 655.480 - 728.376 nm) in chloroform along with larger charge transference rate was studied with the addition of selenophene units as compared to D1. A significantly higher exciton dissociation rate was studied as lower values of binding energy (Eb = 0.508 - 0.362 eV) were noted in derivatives than in the reference (Eb = 0.526 eV). Moreover, transition density matrix (TDM) and density of state (DOS) data also supported the efficient charge transition origination from HOMOs to LUMOs. Open circuit voltage (Voc) was also calculated for all the aforesaid compounds to check the efficiency, and significant results were seen (1.633-1.549 V). All the analyses supported our compounds as efficient POSCs materials with significant efficacy. These compounds might encourage the experimental researchers to synthesize them due to proficient photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Arshad
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqra Shafiq
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Asad
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M Alotaibi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ataualpa A C Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Material Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Saravanan C, Anbu Sujitha SD, Senthilkumaran M, Shanmugavelan P, Durai Murugan K, Muthu Mareeswaran P. Photophysical Properties of Linear, Net-structured and Branched Polybenzimidazoles. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:125-134. [PMID: 36282346 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybenzimidazoles with three different network structures are synthesized by condensation polymerization between the conventional monomer 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine and three different acid monomers. The synthesised polymer networks are characterized using several characterization techniques such as FT-IR, powder XRD, HR-SEM and TG-DTA analyses. The polybenzimidazoles are amorphous in nature with excellent thermal stability up to 450 ºC. The photophysical properties of polybenzimidazoles are studied using UV-visible absorption and Emission spectral techniques. Further, the excited state photoluminescence decay time measurement shows a functional group dependant decay behaviour. All the three polymers display narrow optical band gap energy and could be applied as a material for solar energy conversion and semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chokalingam Saravanan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugumar Daisylin Anbu Sujitha
- Department of Science and Humanities, Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, West Tambaram, Chennai, 600 044, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Poovan Shanmugavelan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tamilnadu Open University, Saidapet, Chennai, 600 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandhasamy Durai Murugan
- Department of Chemistry, Syed Hameetha Arts and Science College, Keelakarai, 623 806, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamilnadu, India.
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5
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Al-Azzawi AGS, Aziz SB, Dannoun EMA, Iraqi A, Nofal MM, Murad AR, M. Hussein A. A Mini Review on the Development of Conjugated Polymers: Steps towards the Commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010164. [PMID: 36616512 PMCID: PMC9853510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article covers the synthesis and design of conjugated polymers for carefully adjusting energy levels and energy band gap (EBG) to achieve the desired photovoltaic performance. The formation of bonds and the delocalization of electrons over conjugated chains are both explained by the molecular orbital theory (MOT). The intrinsic characteristics that classify conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials come from the EBG of organic molecules. A quinoid mesomeric structure (D-A ↔ D+ = A-) forms across the major backbones of the polymer as a result of alternating donor-acceptor segments contributing to the pull-push driving force between neighboring units, resulting in a smaller optical EBG. Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors in achieving excellent performance of the polymer is improving the morphology of the active layer. In order to improve exciton diffusion, dissociation, and charge transport, the nanoscale morphology ensures nanometer phase separation between donor and acceptor components in the active layer. It was demonstrated that because of the exciton's short lifetime, only small diffusion distances (10-20 nm) are needed for all photo-generated excitons to reach the interfacial region where they can separate into free charge carriers. There is a comprehensive explanation of the architecture of organic solar cells using single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices. The short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) all have a significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Since the BHJ concept was first proposed, significant advancement and quick configuration development of these devices have been accomplished. Due to their ability to combine great optical and electronic properties with strong thermal and chemical stability, conjugated polymers are unique semiconducting materials that are used in a wide range of applications. According to the fundamental operating theories of OSCs, unlike inorganic semiconductors such as silicon solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices are unable to produce free carrier charges (holes and electrons). To overcome the Coulombic attraction and separate the excitons into free charges in the interfacial region, organic semiconductors require an additional thermodynamic driving force. From the molecular engineering of conjugated polymers, it was discovered that the most crucial obstacles to achieving the most desirable properties are the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers toward optimal p-type materials. Along with plastic solar cells (PSCs), these materials have extended to a number of different applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Additionally, the topics of fluorene and carbazole as donor units in conjugated polymers are covered. The Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling reactions widely used to synthesize alternating D-A copolymers are also presented. Moreover, conjugated polymers based on anthracene that can be used in solar cells are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. S. Al-Azzawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul, Mosul 00964, Iraq
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- The Development Center for Research and Training (DCRT), University of Human Development, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- Associate Chair of the Department of Mathematics and Science, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahang M. Hussein
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
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6
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Al-Azzawi AGS, Dannoun EMA, Aziz SB, Iraqi A, Al-Saeedi SI, Nofal MM, Murad AR. Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers Containing Ethynylene and Ethynylene-Thiophene Based Alternating Polymers Containing 2,1,3-Linked Naphthothiadiazole Units as Acceptor Linked with Fluorine as Donor: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194139. [PMID: 36236087 PMCID: PMC9571599 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ethynylene or ethynylene-thiophene spacers on the band gap of alternating polymers, containing 4,9-naphthothiadiazole units as an acceptor and 2,7-linked fluorene repeat units as a donor, were investigated. The Sonogashira coupling reaction was employed to prepare the two novel copolymers, namely ((9,9-dioctyl-fluorene)-2,7-diethynylene-alt-4,9-2,1,3-naphthothiadiazole (PFDENT) and poly(5,5'-(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl)bis(ethynyl-2-thienyl)-alt-4,9-(2,1,3-naphthothiadiazole) (PFDTENT). The optical, electrochemical and thermal properties of the two obtained polymers were widely investigated and compared. Both resulting polymers showed low solubility in common organic solvents and moderate molecular weights. It is believed that the introduction of acetylene linkers rather than acetylene-thiophene spacers on the polymer chains reduces the steric hindrance between the donor and acceptor units which leads to the adoption of more planar structures of polymeric chains, resulting in decreased molecular weights of the resulting conjugated polymers. Thus, both ethynylene-based polymers and ethynylene-thiophene-based polymers showed red-shifted absorption maxima compared to their counterpart (thiophene-based polymer), owing to the adoption of more planar structures. Optical studies revealed that the new ethynylene and ethynylene-thiophene-based polymers displayed low band gaps compared to their thiophene analogue polymer PFDTNT. Both resulting polymers showed good thermal stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of both polymers revealed that PFDENT and PFDTENT possessed an amorphous nature in solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. S. Al-Azzawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- The Development Center for Research and Training (DCRT), University of Human Development, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
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7
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Hou P, Peschtrich S, Huber N, Feuerstein W, Bihlmeier A, Krummenacher I, Schoch R, Klopper W, Breher F, Paradies J. Impact of Heterocycle Annulation on NIR Absorbance in Quinoid Thioacene Derivatives. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200478. [PMID: 35254693 PMCID: PMC9314731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of a homologous series of quinoid sulfur-containing imidazolyl-substituted heteroacenes is described. The optoelectronic and magnetic properties were investigated by UV/vis, fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy as well as quantum-chemical calculations, and were compared to those of the corresponding benzo congener. The room-temperature and atmospherically stable quinoids display strong absorption in the NIR region between 678 and 819 nm. The dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene and the thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene derivatives were EPR active at room temperature. For the latter, variable-temperature EPR spectroscopy revealed the presence of a thermally accessible triplet state, with a singlet-triplet separation of 14.1 kJ mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Straße 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Sebastian Peschtrich
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Straße 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Nils Huber
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Kaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Angela Bihlmeier
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Kaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Straße 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Kaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Chemistry DepartmentPaderborn UniversityWarburger Straße 10033098PaderbornGermany
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8
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High-performance floating-gate organic phototransistors based on n-type core-expanded naphthalene diimides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Madrid-Úsuga D, Ortiz A, Reina JH. Photophysical Properties of BODIPY Derivatives for the Implementation of Organic Solar Cells: A Computational Approach. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3963-3977. [PMID: 35155892 PMCID: PMC8829925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar cells based on organic compounds are a proven emergent alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. Here, we provide a computational study of power conversion efficiency optimization of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives by means of their associated open-circuit voltage, short-circuit density, and fill factor. In doing so, we compute for the derivatives' geometrical structures, energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals, absorption spectra, light collection efficiencies, and exciton binding energies via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations. We fully characterize four D-π-A (BODIPY) molecular systems of high efficiency and improved J sc that are well suited for integration into bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells as electron-donor materials in the active layer. Our results are twofold: we found that molecular complexes with a structural isoxazoline ring exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), a useful result for improving the BHJ current, and, on the other hand, by considering the molecular systems as electron-acceptor materials, with P3HT as the electron donor in the active layer, we found a high PCE compound favorability with a pyrrolidine ring in its structure, in contrast to the molecular systems built with an isoxazoline ring. The theoretical characterization of the electronic properties of the BODIPY derivatives provided here, computed with a combination of ab initio methods and quantum models, can be readily applied to other sets of molecular complexes to hierarchize optimal power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duvalier Madrid-Úsuga
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Quantum
Technologies, Information and Complexity Group—QuanTIC, Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ortiz
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Heterocyclic
Compounds Research Group—GICH, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - John H. Reina
- Centre
for Bioinformatics and Photonics—CIBioFi, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia
- Quantum
Technologies, Information and Complexity Group—QuanTIC, Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
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10
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Mutual Diffusion of Model Acceptor/Donor Bilayers under Solvent Vapor Annealing as a Novel Route for Organic Solar Cell Fabrication. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) is primarily based on a phase demixing during solution deposition. This spontaneous process is triggered when, as a result of a decrease in the solvent concentration, interactions between donor and acceptor molecules begin to dominate. Herein, we present that interdiffusion of the same molecules is possible when a bilayers of donors and acceptors are exposed to solvent vapor. Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT), and poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) were used as donors and two types of fullerene derivatives were used as acceptors: phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM), Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling revealed that the interpenetration of donors and acceptors induced by solvent vapor annealing was dependent on solvent vapor and component compatibility. Exposure to chloroform vapor resulted in a complete intermixing of both components. The mutual mixing increased efficiency of inverted solar cells prepared by solvent vapor annealing of model donor/acceptor bilayers. These results provide a new means for mixing incompatible components for the fabrication of organic solar cells.
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11
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12
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Synthesis, optical, electrochemical and theoretical studies of 2,3-Di(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline amine derivatives as blue-orange emitters for organic electronics. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Li X, Lou Y, Wang Z. Light-emission organic solar cells with MoO 3:Al interfacial layer-preparation and characterizations. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:499-506. [PMID: 36637757 PMCID: PMC9743872 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A light-emitting organic solar cell (LE-OSC) with electroluminescence (EL) and photovoltaic (PV) properties is successfully fabricated by connecting the EL and PV units using a MoO3:Al co-evaporation interfacial layer, which has suitable work function and good transmittance. PV and EL units are fabricated based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-indene-C60 bisadduct (IC60BA) blends, and 4,4'-bis (N-carbazolyl) biphenyl-factris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium (Ir(ppy)3), respectively. The work function and the transmittance of the MoO3:Al co-evaporation are measured and adjusted by the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the optical spectrophotometer to obtain the better bi-functional device performance. The forward- and reverse-biased current density-voltage characteristics in dark and under illumination are evaluated to better understand the operational mechanism of the LE-OSCs. A maximum luminance of 1550 cd/m2 under forward bias and a power conversion efficiency of 0.24% under illumination (100 mW/cm2) are achieved in optimized LE-OSCs. The proposed device structure is expected to provide valuable information in the film conditions for understanding the polymer blends internal conditions and meliorating the film qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yanhui Lou
- College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Zhaokui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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14
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TiO2-HfN Radial Nano-Heterojunction: A Hot Carrier Photoanode for Sunlight-Driven Water-Splitting. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of active, stable, earth-abundant, and visible-light absorbing materials to replace plasmonic noble metals is a critical obstacle for researchers in developing highly efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems. Herein, a core–shell nanotube catalyst was fabricated consisting of atomic layer deposited HfN shell and anodic TiO2 support layer with full-visible regime photoactivity for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The HfN active layer has two unique characteristics: (1) A large bandgap between optical and acoustic phonon modes and (2) No electronic bandgap, which allows a large population of long life-time hot carriers, which are used to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance. The photocurrent density (≈2.5 mA·cm−2 at 1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) obtained in this study under AM 1.5G 1 Sun illumination is unprecedented, as it is superior to most existing plasmonic noble metal-decorated catalysts and surprisingly indicates a photocurrent response that extends to 730 nm. The result demonstrates the far-reaching application potential of replacing active HER/HOR noble metals such as Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, etc. with low-cost plasmonic ceramics.
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15
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Babu NS, Vuai SAH. Theoretical studies of optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of D-A polymer monomers by Density Functional Theory (DFT). Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:224-237. [PMID: 34366700 PMCID: PMC8317939 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1956209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research article, the new donor–acceptor (D–A) monomers developed using 4-methoxy-9-methyl-9 H-carbazole (MMCB) as electron donors and various electron acceptors. DFT and TD-DFT methods at the level of B3LYP with a 6–311 G basis set in a gas and chloroform solvent were used to calculate electronic and optoelectronic properties. To dissect the relationship between the molecular and optoelectronic structures, the impacts of specific acceptors on the geometry of molecules and optoelectronic properties of these D–A monomers were discussed. The calculations are also carried out on HOMO–LUMO, atomic orbital densities. The calculated band gap Eg of the monomers considered increases 3,6-MMCB-OCP ≈ 3,6-MMCB-BCO < 3,6-MMCB-SDP < 3,6-MMCB-SCP < 3,6-MMCB-TCP < 3,6-MMCB-TDP < 3,6-MMCB-BCS < 3,6-MMCB-BCT in both in the gas and solvent phases. Subsequently, the optoelectrical properties of EHOMO, ELUMO, Eopt, and EB energies were critically updated. Compared to different monomers, the far lower Eg of the 3,6-MMCB-OCP and 3,6-CB-BCO has shown optoelectronic applications in organic solar cells like BHJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numbury Surendra Babu
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, the University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Said A H Vuai
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, the University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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16
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Synthesis, photophysical properties, and computational studies of benzothiadiazole and/or phenothiazine based donor/acceptor π-conjugated copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Vuai SAH, Babu NS. Theoretical design of low bandgap donor-acceptor (D-A) monomers for polymer solar cells: DFT and TD-DFT study. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:123-135. [PMID: 34104070 PMCID: PMC8118470 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1921923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endeavors have been made to construct new donor-acceptor (D-A) monomers utilizing 9 H-carbazole (CB) as electron donors and different electron acceptors. All estimations were finished using DFT and TD-DFT, and B3LYP level with a 6-311 G basis set in the gas and chloroform solvent. The impacts of the distinctive acceptors on the geometry of molecules and optoelectronic properties of these D-A monomers were discussed to dissect the connection connecting the molecular structures and the optoelectronic properties. Likewise, the HOMO - LUMO energies, atomic orbital densities are calculated theoretically. Notwithstanding the charge transfer measure between the carbazole electron donor unit and the electron acceptor one is upheld by breaking down the optical spectra of the acquired monomers and the restriction of involved HOMO and LUMO. The outcomes show that the D-A monomers, CB-ODP, CB-TDP, and CB-SDP, are acceptable for optoelectronic applications in organic solar cells like BHJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said A H Vuai
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Numbury Surendra Babu
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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18
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Intelligent Polymers, Fibers and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091427. [PMID: 33925249 PMCID: PMC8125737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligent materials, also known as smart materials, are capable of reacting to various external stimuli or environmental changes by rearranging their structure at a molecular level and adapting functionality accordingly. The initial concept of the intelligence of a material originated from the natural biological system, following the sensing–reacting–learning mechanism. The dynamic and adaptive nature, along with the immediate responsiveness, of the polymer- and fiber-based smart materials have increased their global demand in both academia and industry. In this manuscript, the most recent progress in smart materials with various features is reviewed with a focus on their applications in diverse fields. Moreover, their performance and working mechanisms, based on different physical, chemical and biological stimuli, such as temperature, electric and magnetic field, deformation, pH and enzymes, are summarized. Finally, the study is concluded by highlighting the existing challenges and future opportunities in the field of intelligent materials.
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19
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Socol M, Preda N. Hybrid Nanocomposite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1117. [PMID: 33925952 PMCID: PMC8145415 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuing growth in global energy consumption and the growing concerns regarding climate change and environmental pollution are the strongest drivers of renewable energy deployment. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest renewable energy source available. Nowadays, photovoltaic technologies can be regarded as viable pathways to provide sustainable energy generation, the achievement attained in designing nanomaterials with tunable properties and the progress made in the production processes having a major impact in their development. Solar cells involving hybrid nanocomposite layers have, lately, received extensive research attention due to the possibility to combine the advantages derived from the properties of both components: flexibility and processability from the organic part and stability and optoelectronics features from the inorganic part. Thus, this review provides a synopsis on hybrid solar cells developed in the last decade which involve composite layers deposited by spin-coating, the most used deposition method, and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation, a relatively new deposition technique. The overview is focused on the hybrid nanocomposite films that can use conducting polymers and metal phthalocyanines as p-type materials, fullerene derivatives and non-fullerene compounds as n-type materials, and semiconductor nanostructures based on metal oxide, chalcogenides, and silicon. A survey regarding the influence of various factors on the hybrid solar cell efficiency is given in order to identify new strategies for enhancing the device performance in the upcoming years.
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20
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Chang JK, Huang YY, Lin DL, Tau JI, Chen TH, Chen MH. Solution-processed, semitransparent organic photovoltaics integrated with solution-doped graphene electrodes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20010. [PMID: 33203945 PMCID: PMC7673027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, by applying a transfer method simultaneously with a solution doping process for graphene as top electrodes, we demonstrate a solution-processed semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPV). The work function of doped graphene under various doping conditions was investigated via photoemission spectroscopy. The transparent device was fabricated using PEDOT-doped graphene as electrodes, which provide an energetically favorable band alignment for carrier extractions. The solution-processed semitransparent organic photovoltaics exhibit the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.2%, which is 85.7% of the PCE of control devices based on metallic reflecting electrodes, while maintaining good transparency at most visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Huang
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Lun Lin
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jieh-I Tau
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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21
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R. Murad A, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, N. Abdullah S, Brza MA. Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2627. [PMID: 33182241 PMCID: PMC7695322 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Department of Civil engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia;
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22
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Jiang H, Cao Y, Yang Q, Xian L, Tao Y, Chen R, Huang W. Organic Resonance Materials: Molecular Design, Photophysical Properties, and Optoelectronic Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7739-7754. [PMID: 32804505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic optoelectronic molecules with resonance effects are a striking class of functional materials that have witnessed booming progress in recent years. Various resonances induced by particularly constructed molecular structures can effectively influence key photophysical processes to afford particular optoelectronic properties of the organic resonance materials. The charge transport behaviors were tuned to be dynamic and self-adaptive; emission spectra were made to be very narrow with high color purity; optical bandgaps were significantly reduced, and intersystem crossing was greatly promoted. Therefore, great success has been achieved in various optoelectronic devices by using organic resonance materials to function as smart host materials with high triplet energies, highly luminescent emitters with high quantum yields and narrow emission bands, efficient organic afterglow molecules, and sensitive fluorescent probes. In this Perspective, material design principles, molecular structures and properties, and device performance of organic resonance materials are highlighted and future directions and challenges for this series of amazing materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lijie Xian
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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23
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Aziz SB, Brza MA, Nofal MM, Abdulwahid RT, Hussen SA, Hussein AM, Karim WO. A Comprehensive Review on Optical Properties of Polymer Electrolytes and Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3675. [PMID: 32825367 PMCID: PMC7503865 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes and composites have prevailed in the high performance and mobile marketplace during recent years. Polymer-based solid electrolytes possess the benefits of low flammability, excellent flexibility, good thermal stability, as well as higher safety. Several researchers have paid attention to the optical properties of polymer electrolytes and their composites. In the present review paper, first, the characteristics, fundamentals, advantages and principles of various types of polymer electrolytes were discussed. Afterward, the characteristics and performance of various polymer hosts on the basis of specific essential and newly published works were described. New developments in various approaches to investigate the optical properties of polymer electrolytes were emphasized. The last part of the review devoted to the optical band gap study using two methods: Tauc's model and optical dielectric loss parameter. Based on recently published literature sufficient quantum mechanical backgrounds were provided to support the applicability of the optical dielectric loss parameter for the band gap study. In this review paper, it was demonstrated that both Tauc's model and optical dielectric loss should be studied to specify the type of electron transition and estimate the optical band gap accurately. Other parameters such as absorption coefficient, refractive index and optical dielectric constant were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (S.A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq
| | - M. A. Brza
- Manufacturing and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rebar T. Abdulwahid
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (S.A.H.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Regional Government, Old Campus, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sarkawt A. Hussen
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (S.A.H.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Ahang M. Hussein
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq; (R.T.A.); (S.A.H.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Wrya O. Karim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq;
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24
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Xie X, Liu X, Zeng D, Zhao L. The Potentials in Solar Cells for
MEH‐PPV
Derivatives: Molecular Design and Performance Prediction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xie
- Environmental School of Green and IntelligenceYangtze Normal University Chongqing 408100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Environmental School of Green and IntelligenceYangtze Normal University Chongqing 408100 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Environmental School of Green and IntelligenceYangtze Normal University Chongqing 408100 People's Republic of China
| | - Longfeng Zhao
- Environmental School of Green and IntelligenceYangtze Normal University Chongqing 408100 People's Republic of China
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25
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Hajduk B, Bednarski H, Domański M, Jarząbek B, Trzebicka B. Thermal Transitions in P3HT:PC60BM Films Based on Electrical Resistance Measurements. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1458. [PMID: 32629756 PMCID: PMC7407113 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present research on thermal transition temperature determination in poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM), and their blends, which are materials that are conventionally used in organic optoelectronics. Here, for the first time the results of electrical resistance measurements are explored to detect thermal transitions temperatures, such as glass transition Tg and cold crystallization Tcc of the film. To confirm these results, the variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of the same samples were performed. The thermal transitions temperatures obtained with electrical measurements are well suited to phase diagram, constructed on the basis of ellipsometry in our previous work. The data presented here prove that electrical resistance measurements alone are sufficient for qualitative thermal analysis, which lead to the identification of characteristic temperatures in P3HT:PC60BM films. Based on the carried studies, it can be expected that the determination of thermal transition temperatures by means of electrical resistance measurements will also apply to other semi-conducting polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hajduk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (H.B.); (M.D.); (B.J.)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (H.B.); (M.D.); (B.J.)
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26
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Dikcal F, Topal S, Unal M, Ozturk T. Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Properties of Polymers Based on Dithienothiophene and Bithiazole. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Dikcal
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science & LettersIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Istanbul Sisli Vocational School Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sebahat Topal
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science & LettersIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Murat Unal
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science & LettersIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science & LettersIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- TUBITAK-UMEChemistry Group Laboratories Kocaeli Turkey
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27
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Atlı GÖ, Yılmaz EA, Aslan ST, Udum YA, Toppare L, Çırpan A. Synthesis and characterization of optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of selenophene bearing benzodithiophene based alternating polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Kanekar DN, Chacko S, Kamble RM. Synthesis and investigation of the photophysical, electrochemical and theoretical properties of phenazine–amine based cyan blue-red fluorescent materials for organic electronics. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a study of the effect of modulating the donor system fused with a central phenazine core to understand the tuning of the optoelectrochemical properties in the designed phenazine–amine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajeev Chacko
- Department of Physics
- University of Mumbai
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
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29
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Solid-state fluorescence of two zinc coordination polymers from bulky dicyano-phenylenevinylene and bis-azobenzene cores. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Mahadik SS, Chacko S, Kamble RM. 2,3‐Di(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinoxaline Amine Derivatives: Yellow‐Blue Fluorescent Materials for Applications in Organic Electronics. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj S. Mahadik
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400 098 India
| | - Sajeev Chacko
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400 098 India
| | - Rajesh M. Kamble
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Mumbai, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400 098 India
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31
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Brza MA, Aziz SB, Anuar H, Al Hazza MHF. From Green Remediation to Polymer Hybrid Fabrication with Improved Optical Band Gaps. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3910. [PMID: 31405255 PMCID: PMC6721056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work proposed a novel approach for transferring high-risk heavy metals tometal complexes via green chemistry remediation. The method of remediation of heavy metals developed in the present work is a great challenge for global environmental sciences and engineering because it is a totally environmentally friendly procedure in which black tea extract solution is used. The FTIR study indicates that black tea contains enough functional groups (OH and NH), polyphenols and conjugated double bonds. The synthesis of copper complex was confirmed by the UV-vis, XRD and FTIR spectroscopic studies. The XRD and FTIR analysis reveals the formation of complexation between Cu metal complexes and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) host matrix. The study of optical parameters indicates that PVA-based hybrids exhibit a small optical band gap, which is close to inorganic-based materials. It was noted that the absorption edge shifted to lower photon energy. When Cu metal complexes were added to PVA polymer, the refractive index was significantly tuned. The band gap shifts from 6.2 eV to 1.4 eV for PVA incorporated with 45 mL of Cu metal complexes. The nature of the electronic transition in hybrid materials was examined based on the Taucs model, while a close inspection of the optical dielectric loss was also performed in order to estimate the optical band gap. The obtained band gaps of the present work reveal that polymer hybrids with sufficient film-forming capability could be useful to overcome the drawbacks associated with conjugated polymers. Based on the XRD results and band gap values, the structure-property relationships were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Shujahadeen B Aziz
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq.
- Komar Research Center (KRC), Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq.
| | - H Anuar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia
| | - Muataz Hazza F Al Hazza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia
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32
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Xie X, Liu Y, Zhao L, Zhao X. The effects of electronic and structural properties of two small molecules on their photovoltaic performances. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Investigation of complexation behavior of the dithiocarbamates of N,N-dicinnamylalkane-1,n-diamines with metals. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Gusain A, Faria RM, Miranda PB. Polymer Solar Cells-Interfacial Processes Related to Performance Issues. Front Chem 2019; 7:61. [PMID: 30809519 PMCID: PMC6379278 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy with solar cells based on organic materials (in particular polymeric solar cells) is an attractive alternative to silicon-based solar cells due to the advantages of lower weight, flexibility, lower manufacturing costs, easier integration with other products, low environmental impact during manufacturing and operations and short energy payback times. However, even with the latest efficiencies reported up to 17%, the reproducibility of these efficiencies is not up to par, with a significant variation in the efficiencies reported across the literature. Since these devices are based on ultrathin multilayer organic films, interfaces play a major role in their operation and performance. This review gives a concise account of the major interfacial issues that are responsible for influencing the device performance, with emphasis on their physical mechanisms. After an introduction to the basic principles of polymeric solar cells, it briefly discusses charge generation and recombination occurring at the donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction interface. It then discusses interfacial morphology for the active layer and how it affects the performance and stability of these devices. Next, the formation of injection and extraction barriers and their role in the device performance is discussed. Finally, it addresses the most common approaches to change these barriers for improving the solar cell efficiency, including the use of interface dipoles. These issues are interrelated to each other and give a clear and concise understanding of the problem of the underperformance due to interfacial phenomena occurring within the device. This review not only discusses some of the implemented approaches that have been adopted in order to address these problems, but also highlights interfacial issues that are yet to be fully understood in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Gusain
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Faria
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo B Miranda
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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35
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Singh PS, Chacko S, Kamble RM. The design and synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline amine derivatives as yellow-blue emissive materials for optoelectrochemical study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00248k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Yellow-blue emitting, donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) based bipolar quinoxaline–amine derivatives were designed and synthesized for their optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
| | - Sajeev Chacko
- Department of Physics
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
| | - Rajesh M. Kamble
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
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36
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Zhao X, Ge C, Xu X, Huang J, Yang X, Peng Q, Li WS, Gao X. Dithieno[3,2-a:3',2'-j][5,6,11,12]chrysene diimides: a versatile electron-deficient building block for polymeric semiconductors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10234-10237. [PMID: 31393461 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, dithieno[3,2-a:3',2'-j][5,6,11,12]chrysene diimides (DTCDI), an electron-deficient π-building block, were firstly incorporated into polymer main chains by using the 3,9-positions of chrysene and the α,α'-positions of thiophene units of DTCDI to connect with the 2,2'-bithiophene unit, affording copolymers P1 and P2, respectively. Due to their different connection ways the two polymers feature different optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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37
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Singh PS, Badani PM, Kamble RM. Impact of the donor substituent on the optoelectrochemical properties of 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline amine derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An opto-electrochemical study of D–A based indolo-quinoxaline amine derivatives was performed by varying the strength of the amine substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
| | - Purav M. Badani
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
| | - Rajesh M. Kamble
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Mumbai
- Santacruz (E)
- Mumbai 400 098
- India
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38
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Xie X, Feng X, Zhao X. The effects of electronic structures of four benzodithiophene-based copolymers on their photovoltaic performances. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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36% Enhanced Efficiency of Ternary Organic Solar Cells by Doping a NT-Based Polymer as an Electron-Cascade Donor. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070703. [PMID: 30960628 PMCID: PMC6403668 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ternary organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have been dedicated to improving power conversion efficiency (PCE) by broadening optical absorption spectra. Ternary OPVs with different poly[thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl-alt-4,9-bis(4-(2-decyltetradecyl)thien-2-yl)naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole-5,5'-diyl] (PTT-DTNT-DT) doping concentrations were designed and the effect of PTT-DTNT-DT as a complementary electron donor on the performance of OPVs was investigated. The optimized PCE of OPVs was increased from 3.42% to 4.66% by doping 20 wt % PTT-DTNT-DT. The remarkable improvement in the performance of the ternary device is mainly attributed to the sharp increase in the short-circuit current density and fill-factor. The major reasons have been systematically studied from atomic force microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, surface energy, space charge limited current and photocurrent behavior. It has been found that the separation of excitons and the transportation of charge are enhanced while light absorption is increased, and the charge recombination also decreases due to the optimization of the cascade energy level and the morphology of the ternary active layer. The results show that it is feasible to improve the performance of ternary OPVs by their complementary absorption.
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40
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Zheng H, Zhao Y, Song MX, Wang J, Chen LQ, Sun L, Bai FQ. Influences of donor/acceptor ratio on the optical and electrical properties of the D/A alternating model oligomers: A density functional theory study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 199:260-270. [PMID: 29626817 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We adopted an ingenious method that cut out the DA alternating oligomers from the corresponding DA alternating copolymers. From analyzing the orbital compositions of the HOMOs and LUMOs as well as the reorganization energies, we found the level of charge transfer is increased with the increasing of D/A ratio, but ionization potentials and electron affinities show a contrary trend. Moreover, with the greater ratio, the trend in the nearness of two transitions results in broadening the absorption band in the visible range. That is why experimentally improving the ratio is beneficial for the copolymers used as the p-type materials in the BHJ solar cells. This method is impossible to take the real copolymer system, however, it could provide a strategy to avoid the limitation of the theory level and perform reliable result to study the intrinsic properties of DA alternating copolymers, which can provide a guidance to experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Network and Information Center, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Network and Information Center, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Ming-Xing Song
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- Innovation & Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
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41
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Theoretical Study on the Photoelectric Properties of a Class of Copolymers Based on Benzodithiophene for Solar Cells. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/3270313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural, electronic, and optical properties of PBDTTBT are comprehensively studied by density functional theory to rationalize the experimentally observed properties. Periodic boundary conditions method is employed to simulate the polymer block and calculate effective charge mass from the band structure calculation to describe charge transport properties. Moreover, both time-dependent density functional theory and a set of multidimensional visualization techniques are used to characterize the exciton dissociation ability in the PCBM: PBDTTBT interface. These theoretical methods and calculation techniques not only promote deep understanding of the connection between chemical structures and optical and electronic properties of the donor-acceptor system but also can be used to rationally design a novel donor-acceptor system. Based on the same calculated methods as PBDTTBT, four copolymers PBDTTTP, PBDTTTO, PBDTTTPD, and PBDTTFPD are designed to study their potentials as donors in polymer BHJ. The results indicate that PBDTTBT’s well conjugation benefits its good stability, and its wide and strong absorption spectra in the range of visible light, appropriate FMO levels, well charge transport, and favorable exciton dissociation lead to its photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, through comparing the four designed polymers with PBDTTBT, we conclude that the four designed polymers have stronger exciton dissociation ability and larger open-circuit voltage and external quantum efficiencies. Consequently, the four designed copolymers are promising candidates for polymer BHJ solar cells.
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42
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Synthesis and studies of carbazole-based donor polymer for organic solar cell applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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43
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Zhang S, Qin Y, Zhu J, Hou J. Over 14% Efficiency in Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Chlorinated Polymer Donor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800868. [PMID: 29602243 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-contained polymers, which have been widely used in highly efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs), are rather costly due to their complicated synthesis and low yields in the preparation of components. Here, the feasibility of replacing the critical fluorine substituents in high-performance photovoltaic polymer donors with chlorine is demonstrated, and two polymeric donors, PBDB-T-2F and PBDB-T-2Cl, are synthesized and compared in parallel. The synthesis of PBDB-T-2Cl is much simpler than that of PBDB-T-2F. The two polymers have very similar optoelectronic and morphological properties, except the chlorinated polymer possess lower molecular energy levels than the fluorinated one. As a result, the PBDB-T-2Cl-based PSCs exhibit higher open circuit voltage (Voc ) than the PBDB-T-2F-based devices, leading to an outstanding power conversion efficiency of over 14%. This work establishes a more economical design paradigm of replacing fluorine with chlorine for preparing highly efficient polymer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Qin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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44
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Kanekar DN, Chacko S, Kamble RM. Synthesis, Opto-electrochemical and Theoretical Investigation of Pyrazino[2, 3-b
]phenazine Amines for Organic Electronics. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali N. Kanekar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E); Mumbai 400 098 India
| | - Sajeev Chacko
- Department of Physics; University of Mumbai; Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400 098 India
| | - Rajesh M. Kamble
- Department of Chemistry; University of Mumbai, Santacruz (E); Mumbai 400 098 India
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45
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Bruchlos K, Trefz D, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Heinze J, Ruff A, Ludwigs S. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) revisited – Influence of film deposition on the electrochemical behaviour and energy levels. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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CdS/PVA In-Situ Polymerization Composite Films with Enhanced Structural, Optics, Limiting Effect and Electrical Properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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Ansari MA, Mohiuddin S, Kandemirli F, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-hexylthiophene): improvement of regioregularity and energy band gap. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8319-8328. [PMID: 35541991 PMCID: PMC9078512 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic solar cell (OSC) is a current hot topic in the context of energy related issues in order to capture energy in an economic and environmentally friendly manner from the most abundant natural source, the sun. However, the efficiency of OSCs achieved so far is not up to the mark. Major components of OSCs are the electron acceptor material, such as fullerene, and the electron donor material, such as poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT. Fullerene is an ideal acceptor material but molecular level engineering of P3HT is required to enhance the efficiency of OSCs. Optoelectronic properties of P3HT can be improved by controlling the regioregularity, energy band gap, and molar mass of the polymer. Additionally, p-doping of the semiconducting polymer can also help in broadening the optical spectrum of P3HT. In this study, we propose methods for the improvement of the above-mentioned properties during the synthesis of P3HT. The main focus was the improvement of the regioregularity of the synthesized P3HT, which was achieved by polymerization of 3-hexylthiophene under an electric field for the first time. The effect of molar mass and p-doping on the band gap is evaluated systematically and theoretical predictions are confirmed by experimental results. The regioregularity and band gap of P3HT, an organic solar cell donor polymer, were improved. Oxidative coupling enhanced regioregularity, voltammetric p-doping broadened the optical absorption band and a molar mass increase reduced the band gap.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatma Kandemirli
- Biomedical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
- Kastamonu University
- Kastamonu
- Turkey
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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48
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Zieleniewska A, Lodermeyer F, Roth A, Guldi DM. Fullerenes – how 25 years of charge transfer chemistry have shaped our understanding of (interfacial) interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:702-714. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00728k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 25 years research in charge transfer chemistry are highlighted in terms of interfacial interactions between fullerenes and porphyrins in electron donor–acceptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zieleniewska
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - F. Lodermeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - A. Roth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - D. M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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49
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Dong BX, Strzalka J, Jiang Z, Li H, Stein GE, Green PF. Crystallization Mechanism and Charge Carrier Transport in MAPLE-Deposited Conjugated Polymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:44799-44810. [PMID: 29168635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although spin casting and chemical surface reactions are the most common methods used for fabricating functional polymer films onto substrates, they are limited with regard to producing films of certain morphological characteristics on different wetting and nonwetting substrates. The matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique offers advantages with regard to producing films of different morphologies on different types of substrates. Here, we provide a quantitative characterization, using X-ray diffraction and optical methods, to elucidate the additive growth mechanism of MAPLE-deposited poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films on substrates that have undergone different surface treatments, enabling them to possess different wettabilities. We show that MAPLE-deposited films are composed of crystalline phases, wherein the overall P3HT aggregate size and crystallite coherence length increase with deposition time. A complete pole figure constructed from X-ray diffraction measurements reveals that in these MAPLE-deposited films, there exist two distinct crystallite populations: (i) highly oriented crystals that grow from the flat dielectric substrate and (ii) misoriented crystals that preferentially grow on top of the existing polymer layers. The growth of the highly oriented crystals is highly sensitive to the chemistry of the substrate, whereas the effect of substrate chemistry on misoriented crystal growth is weaker. The use of a self-assembled monolayer to treat the substrate greatly enhances the population and crystallite coherence length at the buried interfaces, particularly during the early stage of deposition. The evolution of the in-plane carrier mobilities during the course of deposition is consistent with the development of highly oriented crystals at the buried interface, suggesting that this interface plays a key role toward determining carrier transport in organic thin-film transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Gila E Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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50
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Wang M, Li J, Ma X, Lv J, Zhang C, Xia Y. Enhanced efficiency of ternary organic solar cells by doping a polymer material in P3HT:PC61
BM. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Xuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Jie Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Caizhen Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
| | - Yangjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry; Lanzhou Jiaotong University; Lanzhou Gansu 730070 China
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