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Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Gondor OK, Pál M, Janda T, Szalai G. The role of methyl salicylate in plant growth under stress conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153809. [PMID: 36099699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate is a volatile compound, the synthesis of which takes place via the salicylic acid pathway in plants. Both compounds can be involved in the development of systemic acquired resistance and they play their role partly independently. Salicylic acid transport has an important role in long-distance signalling, but methyl salicylate has also been suggested as a phloem-based mobile signal, which can be demethylated to form salicylic acid, inducing the de-novo synthesis of salicylic acid in distal tissue. Despite the fact that salicylic acid has a protective role in abiotic stress responses and tolerance, very few investigations have been reported on the similar effects of methyl salicylate. In addition, as salicylic acid and methyl salicylate are often treated simply as the volatile and non-volatile forms of the same compound, and in several cases they also act in the same way, it is hard to highlight the differences in their mode of action. The main aim of the present review is to reveal the individual role and action mechanism of methyl salicylate in systemic acquired resistance, plant-plant communication and various stress conditions in fruits and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary.
| | - Magda Pál
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
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3
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Carlotto N, Robles-Luna G, Nedo A, Wang X, Attorresi A, Caplan J, Lee JY, Kobayashi K. Evidence for reduced plasmodesmata callose accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with increased symplastic cell-to-cell communication caused by RNA processing defects of chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:58-64. [PMID: 35313145 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA processing defects in chloroplasts were previously associated with increased plasmodesmata (PD) permeability. However, the underlying mechanisms for such association are still unknown. To provide insight into this, we silenced the expression of chloroplast-located INCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT 2 (ISE2) RNA helicase in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and determined an increase in PD permeability which is caused by a reduction of PD callose deposition. Moreover, the silencing of two other nuclear genes encoding chloroplastic enzymes involved in RNA processing, RH3, and CLPR2, also increased PD permeability accompanied by reduced callose accumulation at PD. In addition, we quantified the plastidic hydrogen peroxide levels using the chloroplast-targeted fluorescent sensor, HyPer, in ISE2, RH3, and CLPR2 silenced N. benthamiana leaves. The levels of chloroplastic hydrogen peroxide were not correlated with the increased cell-to-cell movement of the marker protein GFP2X. We, therefore, propose that defects in chloroplast RNA metabolism mediate PD gating by suppressing PD callose deposition, and hydrogen peroxide levels in the organelles are not directly linked to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carlotto
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular - Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada, FCEN UBA - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428, EGA, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Robles-Luna
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA; Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Alejandra Attorresi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425, FQD, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey Caplan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Jung Y Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, 19711, USA
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular - Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada, FCEN UBA - CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428, EGA, Argentina.
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4
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Liu J, Zhang L, Yan D. Plasmodesmata-Involved Battle Against Pathogens and Potential Strategies for Strengthening Hosts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644870. [PMID: 34149749 PMCID: PMC8210831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect adjacent cells to mediate symplastic communication in plants. These intercellular channels enable cell-to-cell trafficking of various molecules essential for plant development and stress responses, but they can also be utilized by pathogens to facilitate their infection of hosts. Some pathogens or their effectors are able to spread through the PD by modifying their permeability. Yet plants have developed various corresponding defense mechanisms, including the regulation of PD to impede the spread of invading pathogens. In this review, we aim to illuminate the various roles of PD in the interactions between pathogens and plants during the infection process. We summarize the pathogenic infections involving PD and how the PD could be modified by pathogens or hosts. Furthermore, we propose several hypothesized and promising strategies for enhancing the disease resistance of host plants by the appropriate modulation of callose deposition and plasmodesmal permeability based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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5
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Adigun OA, Nadeem M, Pham TH, Jewell LE, Cheema M, Thomas R. Recent advances in bio-chemical, molecular and physiological aspects of membrane lipid derivatives in plant pathology. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1-16. [PMID: 33034375 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens pose a significant threat to the food industry and food security accounting for 10-40% crop losses annually on a global scale. Economic losses from plant diseases are estimated at $300B for major food crops and are associated with reduced food availability and accessibility and also high food costs. Although strategies exist to reduce the impact of diseases in plants, many of these introduce harmful chemicals to our food chain. Therefore, it is important to understand and utilize plants' immune systems to control plant pathogens to enable more sustainable agriculture. Lipids are core components of cell membranes and as such are part of the first line of defense against pathogen attack. Recent developments in omics technologies have advanced our understanding of how plant membrane lipid biosynthesis, remodelling and/or signalling modulate plant responses to infection. Currently, there is limited information available in the scientific literature concerning lipid signalling targets and their biochemical and physiological consequences in response to plant pathogens. This review focusses on the functions of membrane lipid derivatives and their involvement in plant responses to pathogens as biotic stressors. We describe major plant defense systems including systemic-acquired resistance, basal resistance, hypersensitivity and the gene-for-gene concept in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H5G4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H5G4, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H5G4, Canada
| | - Linda Elizabeth Jewell
- St. John's Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 204 Brookfield Rd, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1E 6J5, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H5G4, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment/Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H5G4, Canada
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6
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Yan D, Liu Y. Diverse regulation of plasmodesmal architecture facilitates adaptation to phloem translocation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2505-2512. [PMID: 31872215 PMCID: PMC7210759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic trafficking plays an important role in accomplishing this task. To facilitate intercellular transport, plants have evolved diverse plasmodesmata with distinct internal architecture at different cell-cell interfaces along the trafficking route. Correspondingly, different underlying mechanisms for regulating plasmodesmal structures have been gradually revealed. In this review, we highlight recent studies on various plasmodesmal architectures, as well as relevant regulators of their de novo formation and transition, responsible for phloem loading, transport, and unloading specifically. We also discuss the interesting but unaddressed questions relating to, and potential studies on, the adaptation of functional plasmodesmal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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7
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Chivasa S, Goodman HL. Stress-adaptive gene discovery by exploiting collective decision-making of decentralized plant response systems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2307-2313. [PMID: 31625607 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite having a network of cytoplasmic interconnections (plasmodesmata) facilitating rapid exchange of metabolites and signal molecules, plant cells use the extracellular matrix as an alternative route for cell-cell communication. The need for extracellular signalling in plasmodesmata-networked tissues is baffling. A hypothesis is proposed that this phenomenon defines the plant extracellular matrix as a 'democratic space' for collective decision-making in a decentralized system, similar to quorum-sensing in bacteria. Extracellular communication enables signal integration and coordination across several cell layers through ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors. Recent results from drought stress-adaptive responses and light-mediated signalling in cell death activation show operational utility of this decision-making process. Opportunities are discussed for new innovations in drought gene discovery using platforms targeting the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chivasa
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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8
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Han X, Huang LJ, Feng D, Jiang W, Miu W, Li N. Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122946. [PMID: 31212892 PMCID: PMC6627144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenhan Jiang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Wenzhuo Miu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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9
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Liu J, Sherif SM. Hormonal Orchestration of Bud Dormancy Cycle in Deciduous Woody Perennials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1136. [PMID: 31620159 PMCID: PMC6759871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Woody perennials enter seasonal dormancy to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Plant hormones are the critical mediators regulating this complex process, which is subject to the influence of many internal and external factors. Over the last two decades, our knowledge of hormone-mediated dormancy has increased considerably, primarily due to advancements in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics. These advancements have enabled the elucidation of several aspects of hormonal regulation associated with bud dormancy in various deciduous tree species. Plant hormones interact with each other extensively in a context-dependent manner. The dormancy-associated MADS (DAM) transcription factors appear to enable hormones and other internal signals associated with the transition between different phases of bud dormancy. These proteins likely hold a great potential in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of dormancy initiation, maintenance, and release. In this review, a recent understanding of the roles of plant hormones, their cross talks, and their potential interactions with DAM proteins during dormancy is discussed.
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10
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Gerlitz N, Gerum R, Sauer N, Stadler R. Photoinducible DRONPA-s: a new tool for investigating cell-cell connectivity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:751-766. [PMID: 29654648 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of multicellular plants relies on the ability of their cells to exchange solutes, proteins and signalling compounds through plasmodesmata, symplasmic pores in the plant cell wall. The aperture of plasmodesmata is regulated in response to developmental cues or external factors such as pathogen attack. This regulation enables tight control of symplasmic cell-to-cell transport. Here we report on an elegant non-invasive method to quantify the passive movement of protein between selected cells even in deeper tissue layers. The system is based on the fluorescent protein DRONPA-s, which can be switched on and off repeatedly by illumination with different light qualities. Using transgenic 35S::DRONPA-s Arabidopsis thaliana and a confocal microscope it was possible to activate DRONPA-s fluorescence in selected cells of the root meristem. This enabled us to compare movement of DRONPA-s from the activated cells into the respective neighbouring cells. Our analyses showed that pericycle cells display the highest efflux capacity with a good lateral connectivity. In contrast, root cap cells showed the lowest efflux of DRONPA-s. Plasmodesmata of quiescent centre cells mediated a stronger efflux into columella cells than into stele initials. To simplify measurements of fluorescence intensity in a complex tissue we developed software that allows simultaneous analyses of fluorescence intensities of several neighbouring cells. Our DRONPA-s system generates reproducible data and is a valuable tool for studying symplasmic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Gerlitz
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Biophysics, University of Erlangen, Henkestrasse 91, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
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11
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Wang X, Zhu P, Qu S, Zhao J, Singh PK, Wang W. Ectodomain of plasmodesmata-localized protein 5 in Arabidopsis: expression, purification, crystallization and crystallographic analysis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:532-535. [PMID: 28876233 PMCID: PMC5619746 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1701250x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata-localized protein 5 (PDLP5) is a cysteine-rich receptor-like protein which is localized on the plasmodesmata of Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of PDLP5 can reduce the permeability of the plasmodesmata and further affect the cell-to-cell movement of viruses and macromolecules in plants. The ectodomain of PDLP5 contains two DUF26 domains; however, the function of these domains is still unknown. Here, the ectodomain of PDLP5 from Arabidopsis was cloned and overexpressed using an insect expression system and was then purified and crystallized. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.90 Å resolution and were indexed in space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 41.9, b = 48.1, c = 62.2 Å, α = 97.3, β = 103.1, γ = 99.7°. Analysis of the crystal content indicated that there are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, with a Matthews coefficient of 2.51 Å3 Da-1 and a solvent content of 50.97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Wang
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Zhu
- Henan University Minsheng College, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Qu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Prashant K. Singh
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Singh A, Lim GH, Kachroo P. Transport of chemical signals in systemic acquired resistance. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:336-344. [PMID: 28304135 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of broad-spectrum resistance induced in response to local infections that protects uninfected parts against subsequent secondary infections by related or unrelated pathogens. SAR signaling requires two parallel branches, one regulated by salicylic acid (SA), and the other by azelaic acid (AzA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). AzA and G3P function downstream of the free radicals nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). During SAR, SA, AzA and G3P accumulate in the infected leaves, but only a small portion of these is transported to distal uninfected leaves. SA is preferentially transported via the apoplast, whereas phloem loading of AzA and G3P occurs via the symplast. The symplastic transport of AzA and G3P is regulated by gating of the plasmodesmata (PD). The PD localizing proteins, PDLP1 and PDLP5, regulate SAR by regulating PD gating as well as the subcellular partitioning of a SAR-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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13
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Iswanto ABB, Kim JY. Lipid Raft, Regulator of Plasmodesmal Callose Homeostasis. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6020015. [PMID: 28368351 PMCID: PMC5489787 DOI: 10.3390/plants6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts facilitate cellular signal transduction by controlling the assembly of signaling molecules and membrane protein trafficking. Another specialized compartment of plant cells, the plasmodesmata (PD), which regulates the symplasmic intercellular movement of certain molecules between adjacent cells, also contains a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The dynamic permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) is highly controlled by plasmodesmata callose (PDC), which is synthesized by callose synthases (CalS) and degraded by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). In recent studies, remarkable observations regarding the correlation between lipid raft formation and symplasmic intracellular trafficking have been reported, and the PDC has been suggested to be the regulator of the size exclusion limit of PDs. It has been suggested that the alteration of lipid raft substances impairs PDC homeostasis, subsequently affecting PD functions. In this review, we discuss the substantial role of membrane lipid rafts in PDC homeostasis and provide avenues for understanding the fundamental behavior of the lipid raft-processed PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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