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Valsalakumari R, Pandya AD, Prasmickaite L, Kvalvaag A, Myrann AG, Åslund AKO, Kjos MS, Fontecha-Cuenca C, Haroon HB, Ribeiro ARS, Horejs-Hoeck J, Moghimi SM, Mørch Ý, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Mælandsmo GM, Iversen TG. Preclinical Efficacy of Cabazitaxel Loaded Poly(2-alkyl cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticle Variants. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3009-3029. [PMID: 38562610 PMCID: PMC10982070 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s450283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Biodegradable poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles (NPs) are receiving increasing attention in anti-cancer nanomedicine development not only for targeted cancer chemotherapy, but also for modulation of the tumor microenvironment. We previously reported promising results with cabazitaxel (CBZ) loaded poly(2-ethylbutyl cyanoacrylate) NPs (PEBCA-CBZ NPs) in a patient derived xenograft (PDX) model of triple-negative breast cancer, and this was associated with a decrease in M2 macrophages. The present study aims at comparing two endotoxin-free PACA NP variants (PEBCA and poly(2-ethylhexyl cyanoacrylate); PEHCA), loaded with CBZ and test whether conjugation with folate would improve their effect. Methods Cytotoxicity assays and cellular uptake of NPs by flow cytometry were performed in different breast cancer cells. Biodistribution and efficacy studies were performed in PDX models of breast cancer. Tumor associated immune cells were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. Results In vitro studies showed similar NP-induced cytotoxicity patterns despite difference in early NP internalization. On intravenous injection, the liver cleared the majority of NPs. Efficacy studies in the HBCx39 PDX model demonstrated an enhanced effect of drug-loaded PEBCA variants compared with free drug and PEHCA NPs. Furthermore, the folate conjugated PEBCA variant did not show any enhanced effects compared with the unconjugated counterpart which might be due to unfavorable orientation of folate on the NPs. Finally, analyses of the immune cell populations in tumors revealed that treatment with drug loaded PEBCA variants affected the myeloid cells, especially macrophages, contributing to an inflammatory, immune activated tumor microenvironment. Conclusion We report for the first time, comparative efficacy of PEBCA and PEHCA NP variants in triple negative breast cancer models and show that CBZ-loaded PEBCA NPs exhibit a combined effect on tumor cells and on the tumor associated myeloid compartment, which may boost the anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Valsalakumari
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Abhilash D Pandya
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Lina Prasmickaite
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Anne Grethe Myrann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Andreas K O Åslund
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF AS, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
| | | | - Cristina Fontecha-Cuenca
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hajira B Haroon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana R S Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ýrr Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF AS, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Tore Geir Iversen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
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An inter-laboratory comparison of an NLRP3 inflammasome activation assay and dendritic cell maturation assay using a nanostructured lipid carrier and a polymeric nanomedicine, as exemplars. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2225-2242. [PMID: 35838879 PMCID: PMC9360168 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles including nanomedicines are known to be recognised by and interact with the immune system. As these interactions may result in adverse effects, for safety evaluation, the presence of such interactions needs to be investigated. Nanomedicines in particular should not unintendedly interact with the immune system, since patient’s exposure is not minimised as in the case of ‘environmental’ nanoparticles, and repeated exposure may be required. NLRP3 inflammasome activation and dendritic cell (DC) maturation are two types of immune mechanisms known to be affected by nanoparticles including nanomedicines. NLRP3 inflammasome activation results in production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as a specific type of cell death, pyroptosis. Moreover, chronic NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been related to several chronic diseases. Upon maturation, DC activate primary T cells; interference with this process may result in inappropriate activation and skewing of the adaptive immune response. Here, we evaluated the effect of two nanomedicines, representing nanostructured lipid carriers and polymers, on these two assays. Moreover, with a view to possible future standardisation and regulatory application, these assays were subject to an inter-laboratory comparison study using common SOPs. One laboratory performed three independent NLRP3 inflammasome activation experiments, while the other performed a single experiment. Two laboratories each performed three independent DC maturation experiments. While the nanostructured lipid carrier only showed marginal effects, the polymers showed major cytotoxicity. No evidence for inflammasome activation or DC maturation was demonstrated. Intra- and inter-laboratory comparison showed clearly reproducible results.
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Interlaboratory evaluation of a digital holographic microscopy-based assay for label-free in vitro cytotoxicity testing of polymeric nanocarriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2207-2224. [PMID: 35799027 PMCID: PMC9263039 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art in vitro test systems for nanomaterial toxicity assessment are based on dyes and several staining steps which can be affected by nanomaterial interference. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM), an interferometry-based variant of quantitative phase imaging (QPI), facilitates reliable proliferation quantification of native cell populations and the extraction of morphological features in a fast and label- and interference-free manner by biophysical parameters. DHM therefore has been identified as versatile tool for cytotoxicity testing in biomedical nanotechnology. In a comparative study performed at two collaborating laboratories, we investigated the interlaboratory variability and performance of DHM in nanomaterial toxicity testing, utilizing complementary standard operating procedures (SOPs). Two identical custom-built off-axis DHM systems, developed for usage in biomedical laboratories, equipped with stage-top incubation chambers were applied at different locations in Europe. Temporal dry mass development, 12-h dry mass increments and morphology changes of A549 human lung epithelial cell populations upon incubation with two variants of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles were observed in comparison to digitonin and cell culture medium controls. Digitonin as cytotoxicity control, as well as empty and cabazitaxel-loaded PACA nanocarriers, similarly impacted 12-h dry mass development and increments as well as morphology of A549 cells at both participating laboratories. The obtained DHM data reflected the cytotoxic potential of the tested nanomaterials and are in agreement with corresponding literature on biophysical and chemical assays. Our results confirm DHM as label-free cytotoxicity assay for polymeric nanocarriers as well as the repeatability and reproducibility of the technology. In summary, the evaluated DHM assay could be efficiently implemented at different locations and facilitates interlaboratory in vitro toxicity testing of nanoparticles with prospects for application in regulatory science.
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Eder KM, Marzi A, Wågbø AM, Vermeulen JP, de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn LJJ, Rösslein M, Ossig R, Klinkenberg G, Vandebriel RJ, Schnekenburger J. Standardization of an in vitro assay matrix to assess cytotoxicity of organic nanocarriers: a pilot interlaboratory comparison. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2187-2206. [PMID: 35794354 PMCID: PMC9360155 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies such as nanoparticles are established components of new medical devices and pharmaceuticals. The use and distribution of these materials increases the requirement for standardized evaluation of possible adverse effects, starting with a general cytotoxicity screening. The Horizon 2020 project "Regulatory Science Framework for Nano(bio)material-based Medical Products and Devices (REFINE)" identified in vitro cytotoxicity quantification as a central task and first step for risk assessment and development for medical nanocarriers. We have performed an interlaboratory comparison on a cell-assay matrix including a kinetic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release cell death and WST-8 cell viability assay adapted for testing organic nanocarriers in four well-characterized cell lines of different organ origins. Identical experiments were performed by three laboratories, namely the Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the University of Münster, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) of the Netherlands according to new standard operating procedures (SOPs). The experiments confirmed that LipImage™ 815 lipidots® are non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 128 µg/mL and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles for drug delivery of cytostatic agents caused dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on the cell lines starting from 8 µg/mL. PACA nanoparticles loaded with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) cabazitaxel showed a less pronounced dose-dependent effect with the lowest concentration of 2 µg/mL causing cytotoxic effects. The mean within laboratory standard deviation was 4.9% for the WST-8 cell viability assay and 4.0% for the LDH release cell death assay, while the between laboratory standard deviation was 7.3% and 7.8% for the two assays, respectively. Here, we demonstrated the suitability and reproducibility of a cytotoxicity matrix consisting of two endpoints performed with four cell lines across three partner laboratories. The experimental procedures described here can facilitate a robust cytotoxicity screening for the development of organic nanomaterials used in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Moritz Eder
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Anne Marzi
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ane Marit Wågbø
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jolanda P Vermeulen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Rösslein
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Ossig
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Geir Klinkenberg
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Eder KM, Marzi A, Barroso Á, Ketelhut S, Kemper B, Schnekenburger J. Label-Free Digital Holographic Microscopy for In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect Quantification of Organic Nanoparticles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040644. [PMID: 35203295 PMCID: PMC8870653 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity quantification of nanoparticles is commonly performed by biochemical assays to evaluate their biocompatibility and safety. We explored quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with digital holographic microscopy (DHM) as a time-resolved in vitro assay to quantify effects caused by three different types of organic nanoparticles in development for medical use. Label-free proliferation quantification of native cell populations facilitates cytotoxicity testing in biomedical nanotechnology. Therefore, DHM quantitative phase images from measurements on nanomaterial and control agent incubated cells were acquired over 24 h, from which the temporal course of the cellular dry mass was calculated within the observed field of view. The impact of LipImage™ 815 lipidots® nanoparticles, as well as empty and cabazitaxel-loaded poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles on the dry mass development of four different cell lines (RAW 264.7, NIH-3T3, NRK-52E, and RLE-6TN), was observed vs. digitonin as cytotoxicity control and cells in culture medium. The acquired QPI data were compared to a colorimetric cell viability assay (WST-8) to explore the use of the DHM assay with standard biochemical analysis methods downstream. Our results show that QPI with DHM is highly suitable to identify harmful or low-toxic nanomaterials. The presented DHM assay can be implemented with commercial microscopes. The capability for imaging of native cells and the compatibility with common 96-well plates allows high-throughput systems and future embedding into existing experimental routines for in vitro cytotoxicity assessment.
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