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Alcolea-Rodriguez V, Portela R, Calvino-Casilda V, Bañares MA. In chemico methodology for engineered nanomaterial categorization according to number, nature and oxidative potential of reactive surface sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2024; 11:3744-3760. [PMID: 39280766 PMCID: PMC11392058 DOI: 10.1039/d3en00810j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Methanol probe chemisorption quantifies the number of reactive sites at the surface of engineered nanomaterials, enabling normalization per reactive site in reactivity and toxicity tests, rather than per mass or physical surface area. Subsequent temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) of chemisorbed methanol identifies the reactive nature of surface sites (acidic, basic, redox or combination thereof) and their reactivity. Complementary to the methanol assay, a dithiothreitol (DTT) probe oxidation reaction is used to evaluate the oxidation capacity. These acellular approaches to quantify the number, nature, and reactivity of surface sites constitute a new approach methodology (NAM) for site-specific classification of nanomaterials. As a proof of concept, CuO, CeO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, CuFe2O4, Co3O4 and two TiO2 nanomaterials were probed. A harmonized reactive descriptor for ENMs was obtained: the DTT oxidation rate per reactive surface site, or oxidative turnover frequency (OxTOF). CuO and CuFe2O4 ENMs exhibit the largest reactive site surface density and possess the highest oxidizing ability in the series, as estimated by the DTT probe reaction, followed by CeO2 NM-211 and then titania nanomaterials (DT-51 and NM-101) and Fe3O4. DTT depletion for ZnO NM-110 was associated with dissolved zinc ions rather than the ZnO particles; however, the basic characteristics of the ZnO NM-110 particles were evidenced by methanol TPSR. These acellular assays allow ranking the eight nanomaterials into three categories with statistically different oxidative potentials: CuO, CuFe2O4 and Co3O4 are the most reactive; ceria exhibits a moderate reactivity; and iron oxide and the titanias possess a low oxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alcolea-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC Marie Curie 2 28049-Madrid Spain
| | - R Portela
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC Marie Curie 2 28049-Madrid Spain
| | - V Calvino-Casilda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Control, Telemática y Química Aplicada a la Ingeniería, E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales, UNED Juan del Rosal 12 28040-Madrid Spain
| | - M A Bañares
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, ICP-CSIC Marie Curie 2 28049-Madrid Spain
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2
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Nguyen AM, Pradas del Real AE, Durupthy O, Lanone S, Chanéac C, Carenco S. Risk Analysis and Technology Assessment of Emerging (Gd,Ce) 2O 2S Multifunctional Nanoparticles: An Attempt for Early Safer-by-Design Approach. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:422. [PMID: 35159767 PMCID: PMC8840297 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acceptability and relevance of nanoparticles in the society is greatly improved using a safer-by-design strategy. However, this is difficult to implement when too late in the development process or when nanoparticles are already on the market (e.g., TiO2). We employ this strategy for emerging nanoparticles of lanthanide oxysulfide of formula (Gd,Ce)2O2S, relevant for photocatalysis as well as for multimodal imaging, as the bandgap of the nanoparticles, related to their Ce content, impacts their ability to absorb visible light. As a first step, we investigated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a function of cerium content, in abiotic conditions and in vitro using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. We demonstrate that, at sub-lethal doses, Ce-containing oxysulfide nanoparticles are responsible for a higher ROS intracellular formation than cerium-free Gd2O2S nanoparticles, although no significant inflammatory response or oxidative stress was measured. Moreover, there was no significant loss of cerium as free cation from the nanoparticles, as evidenced by X-ray fluorescence mapping. Based on these results, we propose a risk analysis for lanthanide oxysulfide nanoparticles, leading to a technology assessment that fulfills the safer-by-design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Minh Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France; (A.-M.N.); (O.D.)
- INSERM, IMRB, University Paris Est Creteil, 94010 Creteil, France
| | | | - Olivier Durupthy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France; (A.-M.N.); (O.D.)
| | - Sophie Lanone
- INSERM, IMRB, University Paris Est Creteil, 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Corinne Chanéac
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France; (A.-M.N.); (O.D.)
| | - Sophie Carenco
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France; (A.-M.N.); (O.D.)
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3
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Zhao Z, Luo XS, Jing Y, Li H, Pang Y, Wu L, Chen Q, Jin L. In vitro assessments of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PM 2.5 trace metals in respiratory and digestive systems and their oxidative potential. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124638. [PMID: 33308920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious environmental issue. As a key aerosol component, PM2.5 associated toxic trace metals pose significant health risks by inhalation and ingestion, but the evidences and mechanisms were insufficient and not well understood just by their total environmental concentrations. To accurately assess the potential risks of airborne metals, a series of in vitro physiologically based tests with synthetic human lung and gastrointestinal fluids were conducted to assess both the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of various PM2.5 bound metals in the respiratory and digestive systems from both urban and industrial areas of Nanjing city. Moreover, the chemical acellular toxicity test [dithiothreitol (DTT) assay] and source analysis were performed. Generally, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of investigated metals were element and body fluid dependent. Source oriented metals in PM2.5 showed diverse bioaccessibility in different human organs. The PM2.5 induced oxidative potential was mainly contributed by the bioaccessible/bioavailable transition metals such as Fe, Ni and Co from metallurgic dust and traffic emission. Future researches on the toxicological mechanisms of airborne metals incorporating the bioaccessibility, bioavailability and toxicity tests are directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lichun Wu
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Chen
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Deline AR, Frank BP, Smith CL, Sigmon LR, Wallace AN, Gallagher MJ, Goodwin DG, Durkin DP, Fairbrother DH. Influence of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on the Environmental Properties, Transformations, and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11651-11697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Deline
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Casey L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Leslie R. Sigmon
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexa N. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miranda J. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David G. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - D. Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.
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Charrier JG, McFall AS, Vu KKT, Baroi J, Olea C, Hasson A, Anastasio C. A bias in the "mass-normalized" DTT response - an effect of non-linear concentration-response curves for copper and manganese. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2016; 144:325-334. [PMID: 27667959 PMCID: PMC5031483 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is widely used to measure the oxidative potential of particulate matter. Results are typically presented in mass-normalized units (e.g., pmols DTT lost per minute per microgram PM) to allow for comparison among samples. Use of this unit assumes that the mass-normalized DTT response is constant and independent of the mass concentration of PM added to the DTT assay. However, based on previous work that identified non-linear DTT responses for copper and manganese, this basic assumption (that the mass-normalized DTT response is independent of the concentration of PM added to the assay) should not be true for samples where Cu and Mn contribute significantly to the DTT signal. To test this we measured the DTT response at multiple PM concentrations for eight ambient particulate samples collected at two locations in California. The results confirm that for samples with significant contributions from Cu and Mn, the mass-normalized DTT response can strongly depend on the concentration of PM added to the assay, varying by up to an order of magnitude for PM concentrations between 2 and 34 μg mL-1. This mass dependence confounds useful interpretation of DTT assay data in samples with significant contributions from Cu and Mn, requiring additional quality control steps to check for this bias. To minimize this problem, we discuss two methods to correct the mass-normalized DTT result and we apply those methods to our samples. We find that it is possible to correct the mass-normalized DTT result, although the correction methods have some drawbacks and add uncertainty to DTT analyses. More broadly, other DTT-active species might also have non-linear concentration-responses in the assay and cause a bias. In addition, the same problem of Cu- and Mn-mediated bias in mass-normalized DTT results might affect other measures of acellular redox activity in PM and needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Charrier
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Alexander S. McFall
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Kennedy K-T Vu
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno
| | - James Baroi
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno
| | - Catalina Olea
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno
| | - Alam Hasson
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
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7
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Roberts JR, Mercer RR, Stefaniak AB, Seehra MS, Geddam UK, Chaudhuri IS, Kyrlidis A, Kodali VK, Sager T, Kenyon A, Bilgesu SA, Eye T, Scabilloni JF, Leonard SS, Fix NR, Schwegler-Berry D, Farris BY, Wolfarth MG, Porter DW, Castranova V, Erdely A. Evaluation of pulmonary and systemic toxicity following lung exposure to graphite nanoplates: a member of the graphene-based nanomaterial family. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:34. [PMID: 27328692 PMCID: PMC4915050 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graphene, a monolayer of carbon, is an engineered nanomaterial (ENM) with physical and chemical properties that may offer application advantages over other carbonaceous ENMs, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT). The goal of this study was to comparatively assess pulmonary and systemic toxicity of graphite nanoplates, a member of the graphene-based nanomaterial family, with respect to nanoplate size. Methods Three sizes of graphite nanoplates [20 μm lateral (Gr20), 5 μm lateral (Gr5), and <2 μm lateral (Gr1)] ranging from 8–25 nm in thickness were characterized for difference in surface area, structure,, zeta potential, and agglomeration in dispersion medium, the vehicle for in vivo studies. Mice were exposed by pharyngeal aspiration to these 3 sizes of graphite nanoplates at doses of 4 or 40 μg/mouse, or to carbon black (CB) as a carbonaceous control material. At 4 h, 1 day, 7 days, 1 month, and 2 months post-exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to collect fluid and cells for analysis of lung injury and inflammation. Particle clearance, histopathology and gene expression in lung tissue were evaluated. In addition, protein levels and gene expression were measured in blood, heart, aorta and liver to assess systemic responses. Results All Gr samples were found to be similarly composed of two graphite structures and agglomerated to varying degrees in DM in proportion to the lateral dimension. Surface area for Gr1 was approximately 7-fold greater than Gr5 and Gr20, but was less reactive reactive per m2. At the low dose, none of the Gr materials induced toxicity. At the high dose, Gr20 and Gr5 exposure increased indices of lung inflammation and injury in lavage fluid and tissue gene expression to a greater degree and duration than Gr1 and CB. Gr5 and Gr20 showed no or minimal lung epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and no development of fibrosis by 2 months post-exposure. In addition, the aorta and liver inflammatory and acute phase genes were transiently elevated in Gr5 and Gr20, relative to Gr1. Conclusions Pulmonary and systemic toxicity of graphite nanoplates may be dependent on lateral size and/or surface reactivity, with the graphite nanoplates > 5 μm laterally inducing greater toxicity which peaked at the early time points post-exposure relative to the 1–2 μm graphite nanoplate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0145-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Robert R Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Usha K Geddam
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | | | - Vamsi K Kodali
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Tina Sager
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Allison Kenyon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Suzan A Bilgesu
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - James F Scabilloni
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Natalie R Fix
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Michael G Wolfarth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | - Aaron Erdely
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC/NIOSH/HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS4020, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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8
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Sauvain JJ, Rossi MJ. Quantitative Aspects of the Interfacial Catalytic Oxidation of Dithiothreitol by Dissolved Oxygen in the Presence of Carbon Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:996-1004. [PMID: 26683500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic nature of particulate matter is often advocated to explain its ability to generate reactive oxygen species, but quantitative data are lacking. We have performed molecular characterization of three different carbonaceous nanoparticles (NP) by 1. identifying and quantifying their surface functional groups based on probe gas-particle titration; 2. studying the kinetics of dissolved oxygen consumption in the presence of suspended NP's and dithiothreitol (DTT). We show that these NP's can reversibly change their oxidation state between oxidized and reduced functional groups present on the NP surface. By comparing the amount of O2 consumed and the number of strongly reducing sites on the NP, its average turnover ranged from 35 to 600 depending on the type of NP. The observed quadratic rate law for O2 disappearance points to a Langmuir-Hinshelwood surface-based reaction mechanism possibly involving semiquinone radical. In the proposed model, the strongly reducing surface site is assumed to be a polycyclic aromatic hydroquinone whose oxidation to the corresponding conjugated quinone is rate-limiting in the catalytic chain reaction. The presence and strength of the reducing surface functional groups are important for explaining the catalytic activity of NP in the presence of oxygen and a reducing agent like DTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Institute for Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva , Route de la Corniche 2, CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel J Rossi
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC) , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Sauvain JJ, Deslarzes S, Storti F, Riediker M. Oxidative Potential of Particles in Different Occupational Environments: A Pilot Study. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:882-94. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Wang XZ, Yang Y, Li R, McGuinnes C, Adamson J, Megson IL, Donaldson K. Principal component and causal analysis of structural and acute in vitro toxicity data for nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8:465-76. [PMID: 23586395 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.796534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Structure toxicity relationship analysis was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) for a panel of nanoparticles that included dry powders of oxides of titanium, zinc, cerium and silicon, dry powders of silvers, suspensions of polystyrene latex beads and dry particles of carbon black, nanotubes and fullerene, as well as diesel exhaust particles. Acute in vitro toxicity was assessed by different measures of cell viability, apoptosis and necrosis, haemolytic effects and the impact on cell morphology, while structural properties were characterised by particle size and size distribution, surface area, morphology, metal content, reactivity, free radical generation and zeta potential. Different acute toxicity measures were processed using PCA that classified the particles and identified four materials with an acute toxicity profile: zinc oxide, polystyrene latex amine, nanotubes and nickel oxide. PCA and contribution plot analysis then focused on identifying the structural properties that could determine the acute cytotoxicity of these four materials. It was found that metal content was an explanatory variable for acute toxicity associated with zinc oxide and nickel oxide, while high aspect ratio appeared the most important feature in nanotubes. Particle charge was considered as a determinant for high toxicity of polystyrene latex amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Z Wang
- Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
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Zhao J, Riediker M. Detecting the oxidative reactivity of nanoparticles: a new protocol for reducing artifacts. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 16:2493. [PMID: 25076842 PMCID: PMC4092240 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidative reactivity of nanoparticles (NPs; <100 nm) could substantially contribute to explaining their toxicity. We attempted to refine the use of 2'7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) to characterize NP generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several fluorescent probes have been applied to testing oxidative reactivity, but despite DCFH being one of the most popular for the detection of ROS, when it has been applied to NPs there have been an unexplainably wide variability in results. Without a uniform methodology, validating even robust results is impossible. This study, therefore, identified sources of conflicting results and investigated ways of reducing occurrence of artificial results. Existing techniques were tested and combined (using their most desirable features) to form a more reliable method for the measurement of NP reactivity in aqueous dispersions. We also investigated suitable sample ranges necessary to determine generation of ROS. Specifically, ultrafiltration and time-resolved scan absorbance spectra were used to study possible optical interference when using high sample concentrations. Robust results were achieved at a 5 µM DCFH working solution with 0.5 unit/mL horseradish peroxidase (HRP) dissolved in ethanol. Sonication in DCFH-HRP working solution provided more stable data with a relatively clean background. Optimal particle concentration depends on the type of NP and in general was in the µg/mL range. Major reasons for previously reported conflicting results due to interference were different experimental approaches and NP sample concentrations. The protocol presented here could form the basis of a standardized method for applying DCFH to detect generation of ROS by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhao
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne, Rte de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges – Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne, Rte de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges – Lausanne, Switzerland
- SAFENANO, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Singapore, 048622 Singapore
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12
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Charrier JG, Anastasio C. On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:11317-11350. [PMID: 23393494 PMCID: PMC3564657 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-12-11317-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rate of consumption of dithiothreitol (DTT) is increasingly used to measure the oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM), which has been linked to the adverse health effects of PM. While several quinones are known to be very reactive in the DTT assay, it is unclear what other chemical species might contribute to the loss of DTT in PM extracts. To address this question, we quantify the rate of DTT loss from individual redox-active species that are common in ambient particulate matter. While most past research has indicated that the DTT assay is not sensitive to metals, our results show that seven out of the ten transition metals tested do oxidize DTT, as do three out of the five quinones tested. While metals are less efficient at oxidizing DTT compared to the most reactive quinones, concentrations of soluble transition metals in fine particulate matter are generally much higher than those of quinones. The net result is that metals appear to dominate the DTT response for typical ambient PM(2.5) samples. Based on particulate concentrations of quinones and soluble metals from the literature, and our measured DTT responses for these species, we estimate that for typical PM(2.5) samples approximately 80 % of DTT loss is from transition metals (especially copper and manganese), while quinones account for approximately 20 %. We find a similar result for DTT loss measured in a small set of PM(2.5) samples from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Because of the important contribution from metals, we also tested how the DTT assay is affected by EDTA, a chelator that is sometimes used in the assay. EDTA significantly suppresses the response from both metals and quinones; we therefore recommend that EDTA should not be included in the DTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Charrier
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C. Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Charrier JG, Anastasio C. On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012. [PMID: 23393494 DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-9321-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rate of consumption of dithiothreitol (DTT) is increasingly used to measure the oxidative potential of particulate matter (PM), which has been linked to the adverse health effects of PM. While several quinones are known to be very reactive in the DTT assay, it is unclear what other chemical species might contribute to the loss of DTT in PM extracts. To address this question, we quantify the rate of DTT loss from individual redox-active species that are common in ambient particulate matter. While most past research has indicated that the DTT assay is not sensitive to metals, our results show that seven out of the ten transition metals tested do oxidize DTT, as do three out of the five quinones tested. While metals are less efficient at oxidizing DTT compared to the most reactive quinones, concentrations of soluble transition metals in fine particulate matter are generally much higher than those of quinones. The net result is that metals appear to dominate the DTT response for typical ambient PM(2.5) samples. Based on particulate concentrations of quinones and soluble metals from the literature, and our measured DTT responses for these species, we estimate that for typical PM(2.5) samples approximately 80 % of DTT loss is from transition metals (especially copper and manganese), while quinones account for approximately 20 %. We find a similar result for DTT loss measured in a small set of PM(2.5) samples from the San Joaquin Valley of California. Because of the important contribution from metals, we also tested how the DTT assay is affected by EDTA, a chelator that is sometimes used in the assay. EDTA significantly suppresses the response from both metals and quinones; we therefore recommend that EDTA should not be included in the DTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Charrier
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA ; Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, USA
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14
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Uzu G, Sauvain JJ, Baeza-Squiban A, Riediker M, Hohl MSS, Val S, Tack K, Denys S, Pradère P, Dumat C. In vitro assessment of the pulmonary toxicity and gastric availability of lead-rich particles from a lead recycling plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7888-95. [PMID: 21800914 DOI: 10.1021/es200374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies in urban areas have linked increasing respiratory and cardiovascular pathologies with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from anthropic activities. However, the biological fate of metal-rich PM industrial emissions in urban areas of developed countries remains understudied. Lead toxicity and bioaccessibility assessments were therefore performed on emissions from a lead recycling plant, using complementary chemical acellular tests and toxicological assays, as a function of PM size (PM(10-2.5), PM(2.5-1) and PM(1)) and origin (furnace, refining and channeled emissions). Process PM displayed differences in metal content, granulometry, and percentage of inhalable fraction as a function of their origin. Lead gastric bioaccessibility was relatively low (maximum 25%) versus previous studies; although, because of high total lead concentrations, significant metal quantities were solubilized in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Regardless of origin, the finest PM(1) particles induced the most significant pro-inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, this biological response correlated with pro-oxidant potential assay results, suggesting some biological predictive value for acellular tests. Pulmonary effects from lead-rich PM could be driven by thiol complexation with either lead ions or directly on the particulate surface. Finally, health concern of PM was discussed on the basis of pro-inflammatory effects, accellular test results, and PM size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Uzu
- Université de Toulouse, UPS (OMP), LA (Laboratoire d'Aérologie), 14 Av Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France CNRS, LA, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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15
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Luna-Velasco A, Field JA, Cobo-Curiel A, Sierra-Alvarez R. Inorganic nanoparticles enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the autoxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:19-25. [PMID: 21737115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns over the toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are growing due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. An important mechanism of nanotoxicity is oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the chemical production of ROS by inorganic NPs oxidizing the mammalian phenolic compound, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) was evaluated using a ROS sensitive dye, 2',7'-diclorodihydrofluorescin (DCFH). CeO(2), Fe(2)O(3) and Fe(0) NPs enhanced ROS production during the autoxidation of L-dopa by more than four-fold in reactions that were dependent on O(2). This is the first report of chemical ROS production due to interaction of phenolic compounds with NPs. Mn(2)O(3) oxidized DCFH in a reaction that did not require O(2) or L-dopa, suggesting a direct redox reaction between the Mn(2)O(3) and the dye. CeO(2), Mn(2)O(3) and to a lesser extent Fe(0) formed clear electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signature for hydroxyl radicals when incubated in aerobic aqueous suspensions with spin traps. The results indicate that NPs can generate ROS via chemical reactions with medium components and biomolecules susceptible to oxidation, such as L-dopa. NPs were reactive whereas micron-sized particles were not. The combined assay with L-dopa and DCFH is a method proposed to screen for chemical ROS production by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Luna-Velasco
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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16
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Sanfins E, Dairou J, Hussain S, Busi F, Chaffotte AF, Rodrigues-Lima F, Dupret JM. Carbon black nanoparticles impair acetylation of aromatic amine carcinogens through inactivation of arylamine N-acetyltransferase enzymes. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4504-11. [PMID: 21526848 DOI: 10.1021/nn103534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CB NPs) and their respirable aggregates/agglomerates are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. In certain industrial work settings, CB NPs coexist with aromatic amines (AA), which comprise a major class of human carcinogens. It is therefore crucial to characterize the interactions of CB NPs with AA-metabolizing enzymes. Here, we report molecular and cellular evidence that CB NPs interfere with the enzymatic acetylation of carcinogenic AA by rapidly binding to arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the major AA-metabolizing enzyme. Kinetic and biophysical analyses showed that this interaction leads to protein conformational changes and an irreversible loss of enzyme activity. In addition, our data showed that exposure to CB NPs altered the acetylation of 2-aminofluorene in intact lung Clara cells by impairing the endogenous NAT-dependent pathway. This process may represent an additional mechanism that contributes to the carcinogenicity of inhaled CB NPs. Our results add to recent data suggesting that major xenobiotic detoxification pathways may be altered by certain NPs and that this can result in potentially harmful pharmacological and toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sanfins
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC4413, 75013, Paris, France
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17
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Sauvain JJ, Setyan A, Wild P, Tacchini P, Lagger G, Storti F, Deslarzes S, Guillemin M, Rossi MJ, Riediker M. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and its association with the urinary reducing capacity in bus maintenance workers. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6:18. [PMID: 21619715 PMCID: PMC3135575 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particles (PM) induces adverse health effects (cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases). A key-role in these adverse effects seems to be played by oxidative stress, which is an excess of reactive oxygen species relative to the amount of reducing species (including antioxidants), the first line of defense against reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to document the oxidative stress caused by exposure to respirable particles in vivo, and to test whether exposed workers presented changes in their urinary levels for reducing species. METHODS Bus depot workers (n = 32) exposed to particles and pollutants (respirable PM4, organic and elemental carbon, particulate metal content, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NOx, O3) were surveyed over two consecutive days. We collected urine samples before and after each shift, and quantified an oxidative stress biomarker (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), the reducing capacity and a biomarker of PAH exposure (1-hydroxypyrene). We used a linear mixed model to test for associations between the oxidative stress status of the workers and their particle exposure as well as with their urinary level of reducing species. RESULTS Workers were exposed to low levels of respirable PM4 (range 25-71 μg/m3). However, urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine increased significantly within each shift and between both days for non-smokers. The between-day increase was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the concentrations of organic carbon, NOx, and the particulate copper content. The within-shift increase in 8OHdG was highly correlated to an increase of the urinary reducing capacity (Spearman ρ = 0.59, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that exposure to components associated to respirable particulate matter causes a systemic oxidative stress, as measured with the urinary 8OHdG. The strong association observed between urinary 8OHdG with the reducing capacity is suggestive of protective or other mechanisms, including circadian effects. Additional investigations should be performed to understand these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Sauvain
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,University of California, Davis; Department of Environmental Toxicology, 4422 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Pascal Wild
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Grégoire Lagger
- EDEL Therapeutics S.A., PSE-B/EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Storti
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Deslarzes
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guillemin
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel J Rossi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne + Geneva, 21 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Pal AK, Bello D, Budhlall B, Rogers E. Screening for Oxidative Stress Elicited by Engineered Nanomaterials: Evaluation of Acellular DCFH Assay. Dose Response 2011; 10:308-30. [PMID: 22942866 PMCID: PMC3430394 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-036.pal] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DCFH assay is commonly used for measuring free radicals generated by engineered nanomaterials (ENM), a well-established mechanism of ENM toxicity. Concerns exist over susceptibility of the DCFH assay to: assay conditions, adsorption of DCFH onto ENM, fluorescence quenching and light scattering. These effects vary in magnitude depending on ENM physiochemical properties and concentration. A rigorous evaluation of this method is still lacking. The objective was to evaluate performance of the DCFH assay for measuring ENM-induced free radicals. A series of diverse and well-characterized ENM were tested in the acellular DCFH assay. We investigated the effect of sonication conditions, dispersion media, ENM concentration, and the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the DCFH results. The acellular DCFH assay suffers from high background signals resulting from dye auto-oxidation and lacks sensitivity and robustness. DCFH oxidation is further enhanced by HRP. The number of positive ENM in the assay and their relative ranking changed as a function of experimental conditions. An inverse dose relationship was observed for several Carbon-based ENM. Overall, these findings indicate the importance of having standardized assays for evaluating ENM toxicity and highlights limitations of the DCFH assay for measuring ENM-induced free radicals.
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Applications of particle-tracking analysis to the determination of size distributions and concentrations of nanoparticles in environmental, biological and food samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Setyan A, Sauvain JJ, Rossi MJ. The use of heterogeneous chemistry for the characterization of functional groups at the gas/particle interface of soot and TiO2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:6205-17. [PMID: 19606331 DOI: 10.1039/b902509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Six gases [N(CH(3))(3), NH(2)OH, CF(3)COOH, HCl, NO(2) and O(3)] were selected to probe the surface of seven different types of combustion aerosol samples (amorphous carbon, flame soot) and three types of TiO(2) nanoparticles using heterogeneous, i.e. gas-surface reactions. The gas uptake to saturation of the probes was measured under molecular flow conditions in a Knudsen flow reactor and expressed as a density of surface functional groups on a particular aerosol, namely acidic (carboxylic) and basic (conjugated oxides such as pyrone, N-heterocycle and amine) sites, carbonyl (R(1)-C(O)-R(2)) and oxidizable (olefinic, -OH) groups. The limit of detection was generally well below 1% of a formal monolayer of adsorbed probe gas. With few exceptions most investigated aerosol samples interacted with all probe gases to various extents which points to the coexistence of different functional groups on the same aerosol surface such as acidic and basic groups. Generally, the carbonaceous particles displayed significant differences in surface group density: Printex 60 amorphous carbon had the lowest density of surface functional groups throughout, whereas Diesel soot recovered from a Diesel particulate filter had the largest. The presence of basic oxides on carbonaceous aerosol particles was inferred from the ratio of uptakes of CF(3)COOH and HCl owing to the larger stability of the acetate compared to the chloride counterion in the resulting pyrylium salt. Both soots generated from a rich and a lean hexane diffusion flame had a large density of oxidizable groups similar to amorphous carbon FS 101. TiO(2) 15 had the lowest density of functional groups studied for all probe gases among the three TiO(2) nanoparticles despite the smallest size of its primary particles. The technique used enabled the measurement of the uptake probability of the probe gases on the various supported aerosol samples. The initial uptake probability, gamma(0), of the probe gas onto the supported nanoparticles differed significantly among the various investigated aerosol samples but was roughly correlated with the density of surface groups, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setyan
- Institut Universitaire Romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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