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Dolinšek Š, Scholz C, Giani S, van Weert JCM, van den Putte B, Meppelink CS. The role of mental well-being in the effects of persuasive health messages: A scoping review. Soc Sci Med 2024; 353:117060. [PMID: 38941728 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence in health communication and psychology suggests that a) exposure to specific persuasive health messages can have unintended effects on the mental well-being of recipients and b) recipients' mental well-being before exposure can influence message processing. Available evidence regarding the relationship between mental well-being and exposure to specific health messages lacks consistency and is scattered across different fields. This scoping review of 24 publications summarizes what is known about mental health effects in health communication and provides a research agenda for future work. Among others, key findings suggest that particularly negative emotional appeals may have broad, negative effects on indicators of hedonic well-being. Further, humor and gain appeals may positively impact mental well-being, although positive message features are strongly understudied in this space. Lower mental well-being prior to message exposure may impact message processing, but not necessarily message effectiveness. We find that potential well-being effects of health communication have been largely ignored, especially outside the realm of mental health research. Yet, initial evidence does underline the importance of such inquiry. This review summarizes initial evidence of systematic, unintended effects of health messaging on mental well-being and highlights fruitful avenues for future work in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Dolinšek
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018, WV, Amsterdam.
| | - Christin Scholz
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018, WV, Amsterdam
| | - Stefano Giani
- University Library, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, 1000, GD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julia C M van Weert
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018, WV, Amsterdam; The Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018, WV, Amsterdam
| | - Corine S Meppelink
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018, WV, Amsterdam
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2
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Raila H, Bouwer A, Moran CA, Kneeland ET, Modi R, Joormann J. The mindful gaze: trait mindful people under an instructed emotion regulation goal selectively attend to positive stimuli. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:256-266. [PMID: 37987770 PMCID: PMC11003715 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2270198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Trait mindfulness confers emotional benefits and encourages skillful emotion regulation, in part because it helps people more deliberately attend to internal experiences and external surroundings. Such heightened attentional control might help skillfully deploy one's attention towards certain kinds of stimuli, which may in turn help regulate emotions, but this remains unknown. Testing how trait mindful people deploy attention when regulating their emotions could help uncover the specific mechanisms of mindfulness that confer its emotional benefits. The present study aimed to determine whether high trait mindfulness is associated with sustained attention biases to (i.e. longer gaze at) emotional scenes, when all participants are given the emotion regulation goal of staying in a positive mood. To measure this, we used eye tracking to assess selective attention to positive, neutral, and negative photographs. Higher trait mindfulness was associated with both a stronger attention bias for positive (vs. neutral and vs. negative) images, as well as greater success staying in a positive mood during viewing. Surprisingly, this attention bias towards the positive images did not mediate the relationship between mindfulness and maintenance of positive mood. Future work should compare visual attention to other emotion regulation strategies that may maximise positive affect for mindful people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Raila
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Annabel Bouwer
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Cole A. Moran
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Elizabeth T. Kneeland
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA
| | - Rhea Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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3
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Hertz-Palmor N, Yosef Y, Hallel H, Bernat I, Lazarov A. Exploring the 'mood congruency' hypothesis of attention allocation - An eye-tracking study. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:619-629. [PMID: 38070744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'mood-congruency' hypothesis of attention allocation postulates that individuals' current emotional states affect their attention allocation, such that mood-congruent stimuli take precedence over non-congruent ones. This hypothesis has been further suggested as an underlying mechanism of biased attention allocation in depression. METHODS The present research explored the mood-congruency hypothesis using a novel video-based mood elicitation procedure (MEP) and an established eye-tracking attention allocation assessment task, elaborating prior research in the field. Specifically, in Study 1 (n = 91), a video-based MEP was developed and rigorously validated. In study 2 (n = 60), participants' attention allocation to sad and happy face stimuli, each presented separately alongside neutral faces, was assessed before and after the video-based MEP, with happiness induced in one group (n = 30) while inducing sadness in the other (n = 30). RESULTS In Study 1, the MEP yielded the intended modification of participants' current mood states (eliciting either sadness or happiness). Study 2 showed that while the MEP modified mood in the intended direction in both groups, replicating the results of Study 1, corresponding changes in attention allocation did not ensue in either group. A Bayesian analysis of pre-to-post mood elicitation changes in attention allocation supported this null finding. Moreover, results revealed an attention bias to happy faces across both groups and assessment points, suggestive of a trait-like positive bias in attention allocation among non-selected participants. CONCLUSION Current results provide no evidence supporting the mood-congruency hypothesis, which suggests that (biased) attention allocation may be better conceptualized as a depressive trait, rather than a mood-congruent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Hertz-Palmor
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yam Yosef
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadar Hallel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Bernat
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Greenaway AM, Hwang F, Nasuto S, Ho A. Webcam-Based Eye-Tracking of Attentional Biases in Alzheimer's Disease: A Proof-Of-Concept Study. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:98-109. [PMID: 37515584 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2240783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure home-based older adults' attentional biases (AB) using webcam-based eye-tracking (WBET) and examine internal consistency. METHODS Twelve participants with and without cognitive impairment completed online self-report anxiety and depression screens, and a 96-trial dot-probe task with eye-gaze tracking. For each trial, participants fixated on a cross, free-viewed sad-neutral, sad-angry, sad-happy, angry-neutral, angry-happy, and happy-neutral facial expression pairings, and then fixated on a dot. In emotional-neutral pairings, the time spent looking (dwell-time) at neutral was averaged and subtracted from the emotional average to indicate biases "away from" (negative score) and "toward" (positive score) each emotional face. Internal consistency was estimated for dwell-times and bias scores using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman - Brown corrected split-half coefficients. RESULTS The full-cohort and a comorbid anxious and depressed sub-group (n = 6) displayed AB away from sad faces, and toward angry and happy faces, with happy-face AB being more pronounced. AB indices demonstrated low reliability except sub-group happy-face indices. Happy-face AB demonstrated the highest reliability. CONCLUSIONS AB measures were in-line with lab-based eye-tracking literature, providing some support for WBET-based measurement. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Establishing the feasibility of WBET-based measures is a step toward an objective home-based clinical tool. Literature-based suggestions are provided to improve reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Greenaway
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Faustina Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Slawomir Nasuto
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Aileen Ho
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Godara M, Sanchez-Lopez A, De Raedt R. The contextual goal dependent attentional flexibility (CoGoDAF) framework: A new approach to attention bias in depression. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104354. [PMID: 37343329 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful adaptation to the environment requires attentional prioritization of emotional information relevant to the current situational demands. Accordingly, the presence of an attention bias (AB) for both positive and negative information may allow preferential processing of stimuli in line with the current situational goals. However, AB for negative information sometimes becomes maladaptive, being antithetical to the current adaptive needs and goals of an individual, such as in the case of affective disorders such as depression. Although difficulties in flexible shifting between emotional stimuli in depression have increasingly become a topic of discussion in the field, an integrative approach towards biased versus flexible emotional attentional processes remains absent. In the present paper, we advance a novel and integrative view of conceptualizing potentially aberrant affective attention patterns in depression as a function of the current contextual features. We propose that flexible emotional attention takes place as a result of attention prioritization towards goal-relevant emotional stimuli depending upon the current context of the individual. Specifically, the roles of context, distal and proximal goals, and approach and avoidance motivation processes are considered in a unified manner. The empirical, clinical, and interventional implications of this integrative framework provide a roadmap for future psychological and neurobiological experimental and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvika Godara
- Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | | | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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6
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Song Y, Tao D, Luximon Y. In robot we trust? The effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on anthropomorphic trustworthiness. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 109:103967. [PMID: 36736181 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Following the evolution of technology and its application in various daily contexts, social robots work as an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) system to interact with humans. However, limited research has been done to discuss the role of emotional expressions and contextual cues in influencing anthropomorphic trustworthiness, especially from the design perspective. To address this research gap, the current study designed a specific robot prototype and conducted two lab experiments to explore the effect of emotional expressions and contextual cues on trustworthiness via a combination of subjective ratings and physiological measures. Results showed that: 1) positive (vs. negative) emotional expressions enjoyed a higher level of anthropomorphic trustworthiness and visual attention; 2) regulatory fit was expanded in parasocial interaction and worked as a prime to activate anthropomorphic trustworthiness for social robots. Theoretical contributions and design implications were also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Song
- College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Convergence Laboratory of Chinese Cultural Inheritance and Global Communication, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Da Tao
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Luximon
- School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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7
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Wang P, Yang H, Hou J, Li Q. A machine learning approach to primacy-peak-recency effect-based satisfaction prediction. Inf Process Manag 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Park HRP, Chilver MR, Montalto A, Jamshidi J, Schofield PR, Williams LM, Gatt JM. Associations between mental wellbeing and fMRI neural bases underlying responses to positive emotion in a twin sample. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1215-1223. [PMID: 37010213 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mental wellbeing has been linked with positive health outcomes, including longevity and improved emotional and cognitive functioning, studies examining the underlying neural mechanisms of both subjective and psychological wellbeing have been sparse. We assessed whether both forms of wellbeing are associated with neural activity engaged during positive and negative emotion processing and the extent to which this association is driven by genetics or environment. METHODS We assessed mental wellbeing in 230 healthy adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins using a previously validated questionnaire (COMPAS-W) and undertook functional magnetic resonance imaging during a facial emotion viewing task. We used linear mixed models to analyse the association between COMPAS-W scores and emotion-elicited neural activation. Univariate twin modelling was used to evaluate heritability of each brain region. Multivariate twin modelling was used to compare twin pairs to assess the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to this association. RESULTS Higher levels of wellbeing were associated with greater neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, localised in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in response to positive emotional expressions of happiness. Univariate twin modelling showed activity in the IFG to have 20% heritability. Multivariate twin modelling suggested that the association between wellbeing and positive emotion-elicited neural activity was driven by common variance from unique environment (r = 0.208) rather than shared genetics. CONCLUSIONS Higher mental wellbeing may have a basis in greater engagement of prefrontal neural regions in response to positive emotion, and this association may be modifiable by unique life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jasielska D. The benefits of thinking about past successes. Recalling agency leads to greater susceptibility to positive cues in ambiguous facial expressions. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2022.2110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Jasielska
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Zhang X, Yang L. Auditory and cross-modal attentional bias toward positive natural sounds: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:949655. [PMID: 35967006 PMCID: PMC9372282 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.949655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have expanded the investigation into attentional biases toward positive stimuli; however, few studies have examined attentional biases toward positive auditory information. In three experiments, the present study employed an emotional spatial cueing task using emotional sounds as cues and auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) or visual stimuli (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) as targets to explore whether auditory or visual spatial attention could be modulated by positive auditory cues. Experiment 3 also examined the temporal dynamics of cross-modal auditory bias toward positive natural sounds using event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results of the three experiments consistently demonstrated that response times to targets were faster after positive auditory cues than they were after neutral auditory cues in the valid condition, indicating that healthy participants showed a selective auditory attentional bias (Experiment 1) and cross-modal attentional bias (Experiment 2 and Experiment 3) toward positive natural sounds. The results of Experiment 3 showed that N1 amplitudes were more negative after positive sounds than they were after neutral sounds, which further provided electrophysiological evidence that positive auditory information enhances attention at early stages in healthy adults. The results of the experiments performed in the present study suggest that humans exhibit an attentional bias toward positive natural sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Libing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Sun W, Liu L, Zheng Z, Jiang Y, Fang P. Why eudemonia bring more happiness: The multiple mediating roles of meaning of life and emotions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Basel D, Aviram T, Lazarov A. Lack of an Attention Bias Away From Relatively Negative Faces in Dysphoria Is Not Related to Biased Emotion Identification. Behav Ther 2022; 53:182-195. [PMID: 35227397 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eye-tracking-based attention research has consistently shown a lack of a normative attentional bias away from dysphoric face stimuli in depression, characterizing the attention system of non-depressed individuals. However, this more equal attention allocation pattern could also be related to biased emotion identification, namely, an inclination of depressed individuals to attribute negative emotions to non-negative stimuli when processing mood-congruent stimuli. Here, we examined emotion identification as a possible mechanism associated with attention allocation when processing emotional faces in depression. Attention allocation and emotion identification of participants with high (HD; n = 30) and low (LD; n = 30) levels of depression symptoms were assessed using two corresponding tasks previously shown to yield significant findings in depression, using the same face stimuli (sad, happy, and neutral faces) across both tasks. We examined group differences on each task and possible between-task associations. Results showed that while LD participants dwelled longer on relatively positive faces compared with relatively negative faces on the attention allocation task, HD participants showed no such bias, dwelling equally on both. Trait anxiety did not affect these results. No group differences were noted for emotion identification, and no between-task associations emerged. Present results suggest that depression is characterized by a lack of a general attention bias toward relatively positive faces over relatively negative faces, which is not related to a corresponding bias in emotion identification.
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13
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Fischer P, Jakobsen KV. Witnessed inclusion improves identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 40:254-270. [PMID: 35048401 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion threatens a person's need to belong and prompts them to behave in ways that often facilitate reaffiliation. For adults, direct exclusion increases attention to social information and facial cues, including an enhanced identification of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, inclusion can buffer or mitigate the effects of exclusion. This study investigated children's (N = 44) and adults' (N = 52) sensitivity to perceptual changes in smiles following witnessed inclusion and exclusion and inclusion's mitigating and buffering effects on perceptual abilities. Contrary to our predictions, participants in our study demonstrated improved accuracy after witnessing inclusion, rather than exclusion, and showed no buffering or mitigating effects of inclusion. This contradiction with previous findings points to a further need to explore the effects of witnessed versus direct inclusion and exclusion, especially if witnessed inclusion and exclusion have the ability to impact perception and shape our behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fischer
- James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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14
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Laméris DW, Verspeek J, Eens M, Stevens JMG. Social and nonsocial stimuli alter the performance of bonobos during a pictorial emotional Stroop task. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23356. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daan W. Laméris
- Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- Antwerp ZOO Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jonas Verspeek
- Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- Antwerp ZOO Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jeroen M. G. Stevens
- Department of Biology Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- Antwerp ZOO Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
- SALTO, Agro‐ and Biotechnology, Odisee University College Brussels Belgium
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Blanco I, Boemo T, Sanchez-Lopez A. An Online Assessment to Evaluate the Role of Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Strategies for Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown of 2020: Structural Equation Modeling Study. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e30961. [PMID: 34517337 PMCID: PMC8565804 DOI: 10.2196/30961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant research supports causal roles of cognitive biases in stress regulation under experimental conditions. However, their contribution to psychological adjustment in the face of ecological major stressors has been largely unstudied. OBJECTIVE We developed a novel online method for the ecological examination of attention and interpretation biases during major stress (ie, the COVID-19 lockdown in March/April 2020) and tested their relations with the use of emotion regulation strategies (ie, reappraisal and rumination) to account for individual differences in psychological adjustment to major COVID-19-related stressors (ie, low depression and anxiety, and high well-being and resilience). METHODS Participants completed an online protocol evaluating the psychological impact of COVID-19-related stressors and the use of emotion regulation strategies in response to them, during the initial weeks of the lockdown of March/April 2020. They also completed a new online cognitive task designed to remotely assess attention and interpretation biases for negative information. The psychometric properties of the online cognitive bias assessments were very good, supporting their feasibility for ecological evaluation. RESULTS Structural equation models showed that negative interpretation bias was a direct predictor of worst psychological adjustment (higher depression and anxiety, and lower well-being and resilience; χ29=7.57; root mean square error of approximation=0.000). Further, rumination mediated the influence of interpretation bias in anxiety (P=.045; 95% CI 0.03-3.25) and resilience (P=.001; 95% CI -6.34 to -1.65), whereas reappraisal acted as a mediator of the influence of both attention (P=.047; 95% CI -38.71 to -0.16) and interpretation biases (P=.04; 95% CI -5.25 to -0.12) in well-being. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights the relevance of individual processes of attention and interpretation during periods of adversity and identifies modifiable protective factors that can be targeted through online interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Blanco
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain.,Cardenal Cisneros University Centre, Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
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16
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Routledge KM, Williams LM, Harris AWF, Schofield PR, Gatt JM. The impact of online brain training exercises on experiences of depression, anxiety and emotional wellbeing in a twin sample. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 134:138-149. [PMID: 33385632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of cognitive and emotional brain training and transfer effects to wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms. 352 healthy adult twins were randomised to a training group where they were asked to play brain training games over a 30-day period, or a waitlist control group. This study focused on the impact of the brain training on explicit and implicit emotional cognition, and analysed effects using both Intention-To-Treat (ITT) and Per-Protocol (PP) approaches. Both analyses revealed significant training effects for improvement in the explicit identification of fear expressions (ITT: p < 0.001, d = 0.33; PP training 3 h+: p < 0.001, d = 0.55), and a reduction in implicit bias for anger expressions amongst males (ITT: p < 0.001, d = 0.94; PP training 3 h+: p = 0.04, d = 0.90). Female participants also showed improvements in implicit bias for happy expressions (ITT: p = 0.003, d = 0.34; PP training 3 h+: p = 0.03, d = 0.47). Improvements resulting from training in emotional cognition did not directly improve wellbeing, depression or anxiety symptoms. Regression modelling also suggested training improvements in emotional cognition yielded no indirect transfer effects for the mental health and wellbeing measures. The results suggest brain training in healthy populations has potential for improving emotional cognition, but the subsequent impact on improving wellbeing and mental health symptoms is still equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5717, United States.
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia; Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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17
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Alexander R, Aragón OR, Bookwala J, Cherbuin N, Gatt JM, Kahrilas IJ, Kästner N, Lawrence A, Lowe L, Morrison RG, Mueller SC, Nusslock R, Papadelis C, Polnaszek KL, Helene Richter S, Silton RL, Styliadis C. The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 121:220-249. [PMID: 33307046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper provides an integrative account regarding neurophysiological correlates of positive emotions and affect that cumulatively contribute to the scaffolding for happiness and wellbeing in humans and other animals. This paper reviews the associations among neurotransmitters, hormones, brain networks, and cognitive functions in the context of positive emotions and affect. Consideration of lifespan developmental perspectives are incorporated, and we also examine the impact of healthy social relationships and environmental contexts on the modulation of positive emotions and affect. The neurophysiological processes that implement positive emotions are dynamic and modifiable, and meditative practices as well as flow states that change patterns of brain function and ultimately support wellbeing are also discussed. This review is part of "The Human Affectome Project" (http://neuroqualia.org/background.php), and in order to advance a primary aim of the Human Affectome Project, we also reviewed relevant linguistic dimensions and terminology that characterizes positive emotions and wellbeing. These linguistic dimensions are discussed within the context of the neuroscience literature with the overarching goal of generating novel recommendations for advancing neuroscience research on positive emotions and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Alexander
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oriana R Aragón
- Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Clemson University, 252 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jamila Bookwala
- Department of Psychology and Program in Aging Studies, Lafayette College, 730 High Road, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Ian J Kahrilas
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Niklas Kästner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alistair Lawrence
- Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia (NGO), Truro, NS, B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert G Morrison
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christos Papadelis
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, 1500 Cooper St, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA; Laboratory of Children's Brain Dynamics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly L Polnaszek
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - S Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Silton
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. Saint Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Charis Styliadis
- Neuroscience of Cognition and Affection group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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18
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Corman M, Aubret D, Ghazal J, Berthon M, Chausse P, Lohou C, Dambrun M. Attentional bias modification with a new paradigm: The effect of the Detection Engagement and Savoring Positivity (DESP) task on eye-tracking of attention. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 68:101525. [PMID: 31739249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We tested the effect of a new Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) task - the Detection Engagement and Savoring Positivity (DESP) task - on attentional biases. The DESP is innovative in that it involves a procedure of savoring the positivity of various pictures. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to the DESP or to a placebo control condition (experiment 1; n = 38) or a condition controlling for savoring (experiment 2; n = 54) in a pre-post/training experimental design. During one week, the participants completed the DESP or the control task once a day between three and six times. We assessed the effects of the DESP task on various attentional biases (i.e. positive, negative and threat) by computing dwell time from an eye-tracking technology before and after the training, and also one week after the post-training session in experiment 2. RESULTS In both experiments, the attentional bias toward positive stimuli between the pre- and the post-training increased significantly more in the DESP task condition than in the control conditions. Negative and threat attentional biases were not significantly affected by the experimental manipulations. Experiment 2 revealed that the DESP task - including the savoring instruction - increased significantly more the positive attentional bias than a task excluding this step and that this effect remained significant one week after the post-training session. LIMITATIONS Our samples were mainly composed of women participants. This prevents generalization of the findings. CONCLUSIONS The DESP task offers promising perspectives for sustainably improving attention to positive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Corman
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Deborah Aubret
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joanne Ghazal
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mickael Berthon
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Chausse
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Lohou
- Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michaël Dambrun
- Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), UMR CNRS 6024, LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Monk JE, Lee C, Dickson E, Campbell DLM. Attention Bias Test Measures Negative But Not Positive Affect in Sheep: A Replication Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081314. [PMID: 32751689 PMCID: PMC7460280 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Attention bias tests may provide a practical measure of emotional states in livestock. An attention bias test has been developed as a measure of negative emotional states in sheep. This study aimed to determine whether the test could also be used to assess positive emotional states. Our results indicated that the attention bias test was unable to differentiate control animals from those in drug-induced positive states (p > 0.05). However, our findings further supported the suggestion that the attention bias test may measure negative emotional states in sheep. With further refinement, the attention bias test may be a useful tool to assess and improve livestock welfare. Abstract An attention bias test has been developed as a measure of negative affective states in sheep. The test measures an individual’s allocation of attention between a threatening (previous location of a dog) and positive (conspecific photo) stimulus over a 3 min period. This study replicated a previously inconclusive study, to determine whether the test could assess positive affective states under more controlled conditions and with a younger population of animals. Pharmacological treatments were used to induce anxious, calm, happy, and control affective states prior to entering the attention bias test arena (n = 20/treatment). We hypothesized that sheep in positive and negative affective states could be differentiated using key measures of attention during testing, including vigilance (head at or above shoulder height) and duration looking towards the valenced stimuli. Anxious sheep were more vigilant than control animals during attention bias testing as predicted (linear mixed effects model, p = 0.002), but the positive groups did not differ from controls (p > 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on looking behaviors (p > 0.05). We suggest this attention bias test paradigm can assess negative but not positive affect in sheep and that modifications to the ethogram or stimuli are needed to more clearly characterize the direction of attention during testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Monk
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
| | - Emily Dickson
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Dana L. M. Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
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20
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Emotional SNARC: emotional faces affect the impact of number magnitude on gaze patterns. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:1885-1893. [PMID: 32572572 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect is characterised by a spatial cognitive representation of low numbers to the left side of space and high numbers to the right side of space. This effect has been found using a diversity of stimuli and experimental paradigms. However, the influence of emotional stimuli on this effect remains unclear. In this study, the SNARC effect is analysed in relation to pairs of emotional facial stimuli (happy-neutral, sad-neutral and happy-sad pairs). Gaze patterns of 151 participants were analysed when exposed to a free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm consisting of pairs of emotional faces preceded by small and large numbers. Replicating previous results, a standard SNARC effect was found independently of the emotional expressions of the faces (i.e., there was a significant linear trend of number magnitude in the frequency of first fixations of the gaze to the left side space). However, specific slope analyses revealed that the SNARC effect was influenced by the spatial position of each emotion presented in the emotional pairs. Specifically, the effect disappeared in happy-neutral trials, when the happy faces were allocated in the right position and also in happy-sad trials when two emotional stimuli were simultaneously displayed. The study revealed that the SNARC effect is sensitive to the spatial position of emotional stimuli which further adds to other known limits of the phenomenon. The limitations of the study and its implications in the area of cognition and emotion are also discussed.
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21
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Ashaie SA, Cherney LR. Eye Tracking as a Tool to Identify Mood in Aphasia: A Feasibility Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:463-471. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968320916160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Persons with aphasia often present with low mood/depression, which can negatively affect their quality of life. The validity and reliability of existing depression measures for aphasia have been called into question. Eye tracking in nonstroke populations is reliable in identifying low mood/depression. Depressed persons are biased to negative emotions compared with nondepressed persons and have an absence of bias to positive emotions. However, nondepressed persons may be biased to positive emotions. Objective. To examine the feasibility of using eye tracking to measure mood in persons with aphasia. Methods. We recruited 22 persons with chronic aphasia and 12 healthy controls. Participants completed 2 self-report measures of mood. They also viewed faces that showed happy, sad, and neutral facial expressions during eye tracking. We analyzed 2 eye tracking indices: initial gaze orientation and gaze maintenance to happy, sad, and neutral faces. Results. For initial gaze orientation, participants with aphasia fixated faster on emotional faces compared with healthy controls but directed their gaze less often to happy faces compared with healthy controls. For gaze maintenance components, the duration of first fixation and total fixation duration were shorter on sad faces for participants with aphasia compared with healthy controls. Conclusion. Use of eye tracking with faces representing different mood states is feasible in persons with aphasia. Although there were some similarities, participants with aphasia had different gaze patterns to emotional faces compared with healthy controls. Further research is needed to establish whether this is a valid and reliable method of mood assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A. Ashaie
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leora R. Cherney
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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CHEN D, QU W, ZHAO J, XIANG Y. MY EYES FOLLOW MY NEEDS: ATTENTIONAL BIASES TOWARDS PRODUCT LABELS WITHIN HIGH-AND LOW-SOCIAL-STATUS GROUPS. PSYCHOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2020-a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Blanco I, Poyato N, Nieto I, Boemo T, Pascual T, Roca P, Vazquez C. Attentional biases in dysphoria when happy and sad faces are simultaneously presented. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101499. [PMID: 31352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Difficulties to engage attention to positive stimuli and to disengage attention from negative stimuli are typically found in depression. Yet, most of the evidence supporting these attentional biases comes from experimental paradigms in which emotional information (e.g., happy or sad faces) is simultaneously presented with neutral information. Few studies have explored attentional biases when emotional stimuli of different valence are presented simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to assess visual scan patterns of non-dysphoric and dysphoric participants when emotional information is presented simultaneously. METHOD Using an eye-tracker methodology, the gradient relation between attentional biases and depression scores as well as differences between groups in their attentional performance were assessed in non-dysphoric participants (N = 84) and dysphoric participants (N = 58). Three different pairs of faces were used: happy-neutral, neutral-sad, and happy-sad. RESULTS First, we found that simultaneous presentation of emotional information (i.e., happy vs. negative faces) reduces the magnitude of attentional biases towards positive information. Second, we also found a significant negative relation between attentional biases towards positive information and depression scores. Finally, compared to non-dysphoric participants, dysphoric individuals marginally spent less time attending positive information in both happy-neutral and happy-sad trials. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional nature of our study does not allow us to make inferences about causality. Further, only one type of simultaneous emotional faces presentation (i.e., happy-sad) was used. CONCLUSIONS These results support the need for further research on the processing of competing emotional stimuli in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Blanco
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Natalia Poyato
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ines Nieto
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teodoro Pascual
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Center for Biomedical Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Roca
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The majority of cognitive bias research has been conducted in Western cultures. We examined cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases, comparing Westerners' and East Asians' performance and acculturation following migration to the opposite culture. Two local (UK, Hong Kong) and four migrant (short-term and long-term migrants to each culture) samples completed culturally validated tasks measuring attentional and interpretation bias. Hong Kong residents were more positively biased than people living in the UK on several measures, consistent with the lower prevalence of psychological disorders in East Asia. Migrants to the UK had reduced positive biases on some tasks, while migrants to Hong Kong were more positive, compared to their respective home counterparts, consistent with acculturation in attention and interpretation biases. These data illustrate the importance of cultural validation of findings and, if replicated, would have implications for the mental health and well-being of migrants.
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25
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Figueiredo GR, Ripka WL, Romaneli EFR, Ulbricht L. Attentional bias for emotional faces in depressed and non-depressed individuals: an eye-tracking study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:5419-5422. [PMID: 31947081 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current assessment tools for clinicians in mental health evaluation relies mostly on patient self-report and clinician's judgement. Recent studies suggest that affective disorders are correlated to attentional bias for visual information. This study used eye-tracking technology to measure attentional bias for faces in depressed and non-depressed individuals. The experiment was based on a free-viewing task of pair of faces including 4 types of expressions: neutral, sad, happy and angry. 69 individuals took part in this study. All the participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms. The attention indexes were total time for eye events, total fixation duration, ratio of total fixation and eye events, and fixation duration on each face. The results showed that depressed individuals have a significant (p = 0.005) difference in the total time of eye events (302.4±41.2) compared to non-depressed individuals (331.5±39.3) and revealed a tendency to disengage from emotional stimuli with differences in the total fixation in pair of faces. The study demonstrated that the use of eye-tracking is a valuable tool to asses attentional bias and important technology that could be used to improve diagnosis technics.
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26
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Monk JE, Lee C, Belson S, Colditz IG, Campbell DLM. The influence of pharmacologically-induced affective states on attention bias in sheep. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7033. [PMID: 31211015 PMCID: PMC6557257 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When an individual attends to certain types of information more than others, the behavior is termed an attention bias. The occurrence of attention biases in humans and animals can depend on their affective states. Based on evidence from the human literature and prior studies in sheep, we hypothesized that an attention bias test could discriminate between pharmacologically-induced positive and negative affective states in sheep. The test measured allocation of attention between a threat and a positive stimulus using key measures of looking time and vigilance. Eighty 7-year-old Merino ewes were allocated to one of four treatment groups; Anxious (m-chlorophenylpiperazine), Calm (diazepam), Happy (morphine) and Control (saline). Drugs were administered 30 min prior to attention bias testing. The test was conducted in a 4 × 4.2 m arena with high opaque walls. An approximately life-size photograph of a sheep was positioned on one wall of the arena (positive stimulus). A small window with a retractable opaque cover was positioned on the opposite wall, behind which a dog was standing quietly (threat). The dog was visible for 3 s after a single sheep entered the arena, then the window was covered and the dog was removed. Sheep then remained in the arena for 3 min while behaviors were recorded. Key behaviors included time looking toward the dog wall or photo wall, duration of vigilance behavior and latency to become non-vigilant. In contrast with our hypothesis, no significant differences were found between treatment groups for duration of vigilance or looking behaviors, although Anxious sheep tended to be more vigilant than Control animals (P < 0.1) and had a longer latency to become non-vigilant (P < 0.001). A total of 24 of 80 animals were vigilant for the entire test duration. This censoring of data may explain why no differences were detected between groups for vigilance duration. Overall, a lack of difference between groups may suggest the test cannot discriminate positive and negative states in sheep. We suggest that the censoring of vigilance duration data, the use of insufficient drug doses, the potential influence of background noise and the age of the sheep may explain a lack of difference between groups. Due to these potential effects, it remains unclear whether the attention bias test can detect positive states in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Monk
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Sheep CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue Belson
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Colditz
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Lazarov A, Ben-Zion Z, Shamai D, Pine DS, Bar-Haim Y. Free viewing of sad and happy faces in depression: A potential target for attention bias modification. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:94-100. [PMID: 29870821 PMCID: PMC6310000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of reliable targets for therapeutic interventions is essential for developing evidence-based therapies. Attention biases toward negative-valenced information and lack of protective positive bias toward positive-valenced stimuli have been implicated in depression. However, extant research has typically used tasks with narrow stimuli arrays and unknown or poor psychometric properties. Here, we recorded eye-tracking data of depressed and non-depressed participants during a free viewing task to address these limitations. METHODS Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 20) and undergraduate students with high (n = 23) and low (n = 20) levels of depression freely viewed 60 different face-based matrices for six seconds each. Each matrix included eight sad and eight happy facial expressions. Gaze patterns on sad and happy areas of interest (AOIs) were explored. Internal consistency for the entire sample and one-week test-retest reliability in the student sub-sample were assessed. RESULTS Compared to undergraduates with low levels of depression, patients with MDD and students with high levels of depression dwelled significantly longer on sad faces. Results also showed a significantly longer dwell time on the happy AOI relative to the sad AOI only in the low depression group. The two depressed groups dwelled equally on the two AOIs. The task demonstrated high internal consistency and acceptable one-week test-retest reliability. LIMITATIONS Only sad and happy facial expressions were used. Relative small sample size. CONCLUSION Relative to non-depressed participants, depressed participants showed prolonged dwelling on sad faces and lack of bias toward happy faces. These biases present viable targets for gaze-contingent attention bias modification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Ziv Ben-Zion
- Tel Aviv Center for Brain Function, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dana Shamai
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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28
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Routledge KM, Williams LM, Harris AWF, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. Genetic correlations between wellbeing, depression and anxiety symptoms and behavioral responses to the emotional faces task in healthy twins. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:385-393. [PMID: 29677622 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is a very limited understanding of how mental wellbeing versus anxiety and depression symptoms are associated with emotion processing behaviour. For the first time, we examined these associations using a behavioural emotion task of positive and negative facial expressions in 1668 healthy adult twins. Linear mixed model results suggested faster reaction times to happy facial expressions was associated with higher wellbeing scores, and slower reaction times with higher depression and anxiety scores. Multivariate twin modelling identified a significant genetic correlation between depression and anxiety symptoms and reaction time to happy facial expressions, in the absence of any significant correlations with wellbeing. We also found a significant negative phenotypic relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms and accuracy for identifying neutral emotions, although the genetic or environment correlations were not significant in the multivariate model. Overall, the phenotypic relationships between speed of identifying happy facial expressions and wellbeing on the one hand, versus depression and anxiety symptoms on the other, were in opposing directions. Twin modelling revealed a small common genetic correlation between response to happy faces and depression and anxiety symptoms alone, suggesting that wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms show largely independent relationships with emotion processing at the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA.
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - C Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Zhang D, Xie H, He Z, Wei Z, Gu R. Impaired Working Memory Updating for Emotional Stimuli in Depressed Patients. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:65. [PMID: 29670515 PMCID: PMC5893857 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although two previous studies have demonstrated that depressed individuals showed deficits in working memory (WM) updating of both negative and positive contents, the effects were confounded by shifting dysfunctions and the detailed neural mechanism associated with the failure in N-back task is not clear. Using a 2-back task, the current study examined the WM updating of positive, negative and neutral contents in depressed patients. It is found that depressed patients performed poorer than healthy controls only when updating positive material. Using event-related potential (ERP) technique, the current study also investigated the neural correlates of updating deficits in depression. According to previous studies, the n-back task was divided into three sub-processes, i.e., encoding, matching and maintaining. Our ERP results showed that depressed patients had smaller occipital P1 for positive material compared to healthy controls, indicating their insensitivity to positive items on early encoding stage. Besides, depressed patients had larger frontal P2 and parietal late positive potential (LPP) than healthy controls irrespective of the valence of the words, reflecting that patients are inefficient during matching (P2) and maintaining (LPP) processes. These two mechanisms (insufficient attention to positive stimuli and low efficiency in matching and maintaining) together lead to the deficits of WM updating in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenhong He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Demeyer I, Sanchez A, De Raedt R. Older adults' attentional deployment: Differential gaze patterns for different negative mood states. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 55:49-56. [PMID: 27914318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Older adults are characterized by an attentional preference for positive over negative information. Since this positivity effect is considered to be an emotion regulation strategy, it should be more pronounced when emotion regulation is needed. In contrast to previous studies that focused on the effects of sad mood on attention, we used a stressor to activate emotion regulation and evaluate the effects of different types of mood state changes. Moreover, we evaluated mood effects on attentional processes using a paradigm that allows disentangling between different attentional engagement and disengagement processes. METHODS Sixty older adults were randomly assigned to receive a stressor or a control task. Before and after this manipulation, mood state levels (happy, sad, nervous, calm) were assessed. Next, attentional processing of happy, sad, and angry faces was investigated using an eye-tracking paradigm in which participants had to either engage their attention towards or disengage their attention away from emotional stimuli. RESULTS Changes in different mood state levels were associated with different attentional disengagement strategies. As expected, older adults who increased in sad mood level showed a larger positivity effect as evidenced by a longer time to disengage attention from happy faces. However, older adults who received the tension induction and who decreased in calm mood level were characterized by longer times to disengage attention from sad faces. LIMITATIONS The stressor was only partially effective as it led to changes in calm mood, but not in nervous mood. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that older adults may deploy a positivity effect in attention (i.e., longer times to disengage from positive information) in order to regulate sad mood, but that this effect may be hampered during the confrontation with stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Demeyer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Vazquez C, Blanco I, Sanchez A, McNally RJ. Attentional bias modification in depression through gaze contingencies and regulatory control using a new eye-tracking intervention paradigm: study protocol for a placebo-controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:439. [PMID: 27931196 PMCID: PMC5146883 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional biases, namely difficulties both to disengage attention from negative information and to maintain it on positive information, play an important role in the onset and maintenance of the disorder. Recently, researchers have developed specific attentional bias modification (ABM) techniques aimed to modify these maladaptive attentional patterns. However, the application of current ABM procedures has yielded, so far, scarce results in depression due, in part, to some methodological shortcomings. The aim of our protocol is the application of a new ABM technique, based on eye-tracker technology, designed to objectively train the specific attentional components involved in depression and, eventually, to reduce depressive symptoms. METHODS Based on sample size calculations, 32 dysphoric (BDI ≥13) participants will be allocated to either an active attentional bias training group or a yoked-control group. Attentional training will be individually administered on two sessions in two consecutive days at the lab. In the training task series of pairs of faces (i.e. neutral vs. sad; neutral vs. happy; happy vs. sad) will be displayed. Participants in the training group will be asked to localize as quickly as possible the most positive face of the pair (e.g., the neutral face in neutral vs. sad trials) and maintain their gaze on it for 750 ms or 1500 ms, in two different blocks, to advance to the next trial. Participants' maintenance of gaze will be measured by an eye-tracking apparatus. Participants in the yoked-control group will be exposed to the same stimuli and the same average amount of time than the experimental participants but without any instruction to maintain their gaze or any feedback on their performance. Pre and post training measures will be obtained to assess cognitive and emotional changes after the training. DISCUSSION The findings from this research will provide a proof-of-principle of the efficacy of eye-tracking paradigms to modify attentional biases and, consequently, to improve depressed mood. If the findings are positive, this new training approach may result in the improvement of cognitive bias modification procedures in depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was retrospectively registered on July 28, 2016 with the ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02847793 registration number and the title 'Attentional Bias Modification Through Eye-tracker Methodology (ABMET)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Vazquez
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University at Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University at Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard J. McNally
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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Khayeri F, Rabiei L, Shamsalinia A, Masoudi R. Effect of Fordyce Happiness Model on depression, stress, anxiety, and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 25:130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li M, Lu S, Wang G, Feng L, Fu B, Zhong N. Alleviated negative rather than positive attentional bias in patients with depression in remission: an eye-tracking study. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:1072-1086. [PMID: 27688684 PMCID: PMC5536561 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516662134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate attentional bias toward happy and sad faces in remitted depressed (RD) patients compared with healthy control (HC) subjects. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled RD patients and sex- and age-matched HC subjects. Eye movement data were acquired for all study participants while free viewing a 2 × 2 matrix of emotional faces. The attentional bias toward different emotional faces and whether the attention maintenance components generated attentional bias in the RD patients were analysed by comparing the attentional modes of the RD group with the HC group. Results A total of 27 RD patients and 27 HC subjects were analysed in this study. The RD and HC groups exhibited no significant differences toward first fixation location and initial attentional maintenance. In later attentional maintenance, the RD group showed significantly less attentional bias toward happy faces, but there were no significant differences in their attentional bias toward sad faces, compared with the HC group. Conclusions This present study showed that the negative attentional bias of RD patients was successfully eased, but their positive attentional bias was still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- The International Web Intelligence Consortium (WIC) Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- The Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
- The Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Shengfu Lu
- The International Web Intelligence Consortium (WIC) Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- The Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
- The Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Mood Disorders Centre & China Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Centre of Depression, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Mood Disorders Centre & China Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Fu
- Mood Disorders Centre & China Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- The International Web Intelligence Consortium (WIC) Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- The Beijing International Collaboration Base on Brain Informatics and Wisdom Services, Beijing, China
- The Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi-City, Japan
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Effects of Engaging in Repeated Mental Imagery of Future Positive Events on Behavioural Activation in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016; 41:369-380. [PMID: 28515538 PMCID: PMC5410208 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with decreased engagement in behavioural activities. A wide range of activities can be promoted by simulating them via mental imagery. Mental imagery of positive events could thus provide a route to increasing adaptive behaviour in depression. The current study tested whether repeated engagement in positive mental imagery led to increases in behavioural activation in participants with depression, using data from a randomized controlled trial (Blackwell et al. in Clin Psychol Sci 3(1):91–111, 2015. doi:10.1177/2167702614560746). Participants (N = 150) were randomized to a 4-week positive imagery intervention or an active non-imagery control condition, completed via the internet. Behavioural activation was assessed five times up to 6 months follow-up using the Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale (BADS). While BADS scores increased over time in both groups, there was an initial greater increase in the imagery condition. Investigating mental imagery simulation of positive activities as a means to promote behavioural activation in depression could provide a fruitful line of enquiry for future research.
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Wellenzohn S, Proyer RT, Ruch W. Humor-based online positive psychology interventions: A randomized placebo-controlled long-term trial. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1137624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Soundy A, Roskell C, Adams R, Elder T, Dawes H. Understanding Health Care Professional-Patient Interactions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojtr.2016.44018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Beyond resilience: Positive mental health and the nature of cognitive processes involved in positive appraisals. Behav Brain Sci 2015; 38:e125. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough the PASTOR model provides a comprehensive framework to study resilience, it faces some challenges. First, some higher-order concepts (e.g., meaning) may be difficult to model in the laboratory. Second, defining resilience as an absence of pathology might be conceptually restrictive. Finally, the proposal that the severity of the event is associated to different appraisal mechanisms needs further evidence.
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Double attention bias for positive and negative emotional faces in clinical depression: evidence from an eye-tracking study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 46:107-14. [PMID: 25305417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES According to cognitive models, attentional biases in depression play key roles in the onset and subsequent maintenance of the disorder. The present study examines the processing of emotional facial expressions (happy, angry, and sad) in depressed and non-depressed adults. METHODS Sixteen unmedicated patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 34 never-depressed controls (ND) completed an eye-tracking task to assess different components of visual attention (orienting attention and maintenance of attention) in the processing of emotional faces. RESULTS Compared to ND, participants with MDD showed a negative attentional bias in attentional maintenance indices (i.e. first fixation duration and total fixation time) for sad faces. This attentional bias was positively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the MDD group spent a marginally less amount of time viewing happy faces compared with the ND group. No differences were found between the groups with respect to angry faces and orienting attention indices. LIMITATIONS The current study is limited by its cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that attentional biases in depression are specific to depression-related information and that they operate in later stages in the deployment of attention.
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